voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines masin s. c. university...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Voluntary attention increases
the phenomenal length
of briefly flashed lines
Masin S. C.University of Padua
![Page 2: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The study reported here is about the possible effect of attention on the phenomenal length of
briefly flashed lines.
![Page 3: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The study reported here is about the possible effect of attention on the phenomenal length of
briefly flashed lines.
A briefly flashed line is, for example, a black line as this:
![Page 4: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The study reported here is about the possible effect of attention on the phenomenal length of
briefly flashed lines.
A briefly flashed line is, for example, a black line as this:
![Page 5: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The study reported here is about the possible effect of attention on the phenomenal length of
briefly flashed lines.
A briefly flashed line is, for example, a black line as this:
![Page 6: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
There have been many attempts at determining whether attention affects the phenomenal
length of briefly presented lines.
![Page 7: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
There have been many attempts at determining whether attention affects the phenomenal
length of briefly presented lines.
However, although previous studies claim that attention influences phenomenal length, in
reality the results of these studies do not allow one to distinguish the effect of attention on
phenomenal length from the effect of attention on remembered length.
![Page 8: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
There have been many attempts at determining whether attention affects the phenomenal
length of briefly presented lines.
However, although previous studies claim that attention influences phenomenal length, in
reality the results of these studies do not allow one to distinguish the effect of attention on
phenomenal length from the effect of attention on remembered length.
The reason for this confusion is the following.
![Page 9: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
For example, PRINZMETAL and WILSON (1997) studied the effect of attention on line length by presenting a fixation cross as this:
![Page 10: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
For example, PRINZMETAL and WILSON (1997) studied the effect of attention on line length by presenting a fixation cross as this:
![Page 11: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The fixation cross was followed by a stimulus like this:
![Page 12: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The fixation cross was followed by a stimulus like this:
![Page 13: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The fixation cross was followed by a stimulus like this:(The duration of the stimulus was about 50 msec)
![Page 14: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The fixation cross was followed by a stimulus like this:
Subjects had the taskto detect a letter inthis matrix.
(The duration of the stimulus was about 50 msec)
![Page 15: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The fixation cross was followed by a stimulus like this:
Subjects had the taskto detect a letter inthis matrix.
(The duration of the stimulus was about 50 msec)
This test line wassimultaneous with thematrix or appeared 0.5 secafter the matrix.
![Page 16: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The fixation cross was followed by a stimulus like this:
Subjects had the taskto detect a letter inthis matrix.
(The duration of the stimulus was about 50 msec)
This test line wassimultaneous with thematrix or appeared 0.5 secafter the matrix.Thus the test line received more attention
when it appeared after the matrix.
![Page 17: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Several seconds after the test line and the matrix had disappeared,subjects varied the length of a comparison line such as this…
![Page 18: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Several seconds after the test line and the matrix had disappeared,subjects varied the length of a comparison line such as this…
![Page 19: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Several seconds after the test line and the matrix had disappeared,subjects varied the length of a comparison line such as this……to make it equal to the length of
the test line.
![Page 20: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Several seconds after the test line and the matrix had disappeared,subjects varied the length of a comparison line such as this……to make it equal to the length of
the test line.
![Page 21: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Several seconds after the test line and the matrix had disappeared,subjects varied the length of a comparison line such as this……to make it equal to the length of
the test line.
Clearly, the comparison line was compared with the memory of the test line, not with the phenomenal length of the test line, because the comparison occurred…
![Page 22: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Several seconds after the test line and the matrix had disappeared,subjects varied the length of a comparison line such as this……to make it equal to the length of
the test line.
Clearly, the comparison line was compared with the memory of the test line, not with the phenomenal length of the test line, because the comparison occurred…
![Page 23: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Several seconds after the test line and the matrix had disappeared,subjects varied the length of a comparison line such as this……to make it equal to the length of
the test line.
Clearly, the comparison line was compared with the memory of the test line, not with the phenomenal length of the test line, because the comparison occurred…
![Page 24: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PRINZMETAL and WILSON (1997) found that the adjusted comparison line was longer when the test line received more attention.
![Page 25: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
However, as we have just seen, this effect of attention could well have been a memory effect rather than a phenomenal effect.
PRINZMETAL and WILSON (1997) found that the adjusted comparison line was longer when the test line received more attention.
![Page 26: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
However, as we have just seen, this effect of attention could well have been a memory effect rather than a phenomenal effect.
To resolve this issue, the following study was carried out.
PRINZMETAL and WILSON (1997) found that the adjusted comparison line was longer when the test line received more attention.
![Page 27: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
In the following experiment, a white fixation cross was presented on each trial.
![Page 28: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
In the following experiment, a white fixation cross was presented on each trial.
![Page 29: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The subjects were instructed to direct their attention on the side of the crossindicated by the blackening of one arm.
![Page 30: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The subjects were instructed to direct their attention on the side of the crossindicated by the blackening of one arm.
For example…
![Page 31: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
on the left
For example…
The subjects were instructed to direct their attention on the side of the crossindicated by the blackening of one arm.
![Page 32: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
on the right
For example…
The subjects were instructed to direct their attention on the side of the crossindicated by the blackening of one arm.
![Page 33: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
For example…
on the top
The subjects were instructed to direct their attention on the side of the crossindicated by the blackening of one arm.
![Page 34: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
at the bottom
For example…
The subjects were instructed to direct their attention on the side of the crossindicated by the blackening of one arm.
![Page 35: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The test line and the comparison line had a width of 1 pixel and alength of 50 mm. They were presented simultaneously for 50 msec
![Page 36: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
L R
The test line and the comparison line had a width of 1 pixel and alength of 50 mm. They were presented simultaneously for 50 msec
vertically
![Page 37: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
L R
The test line and the comparison line had a width of 1 pixel and alength of 50 mm. They were presented simultaneously for 50 msec
vertically or horizontally.
L R
![Page 38: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The test line and the comparison line were presented few milliseconds before or after one arm of the cross turned black.
L R
![Page 39: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
For example the test line and the comparison line were presented like this…
L R
![Page 40: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
For example the test line and the comparison line were presented like this…
L R
![Page 41: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
For example the test line and the comparison line were presented like this…
L R
![Page 42: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
For example the test line and the comparison line were presented like this…
![Page 43: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
For example the test line and the comparison line were presented like this…
By definition, the test line was the line indicated by the black arm of the cross.
![Page 44: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
For example the test line and the comparison line were presented like this…
By definition, the test line was the line indicated by the black arm of the cross.
In the case just shown, subjects had to report whether the test line (located on the left) was longer or shorter than the comparison line (located on the right).
![Page 45: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Let this line represent the time axis.
![Page 47: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
This arrow represents the moment when one arm of the fixation cross turnes black (that is, the moment when the cue occurs).
![Page 48: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
This solid line represents the duration of the test line (50 msec).
![Page 49: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
This arrow represents the moment when attention is deployed.
![Page 50: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
This arrow represent the moment when attention is deployed.
CARLSON, HOGENDOORN, and VERSTRATEN (2006) have recently shownthat voluntary attention is deployed about 240 msec from when a cue occurs.
![Page 51: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
In the present experiment, the cue was presented with different delays.
![Page 52: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
In the present experiment, the cue was presented with different delays.
![Page 53: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
In the present experiment, the cue was presented with different delays.
![Page 54: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
In the present experiment, the cue was presented with different delays.
![Page 55: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
In the present experiment, the cue was presented with different delays.
![Page 56: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
In the present experiment, the cue was presented with different delays.
![Page 57: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
In the present experiment, the cue was presented with different delays.
![Page 58: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
In the present experiment, the cue was presented with different delays.
![Page 59: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
We can make the following predictions:
![Page 60: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
We can make the following predictions:If the effect of attention is
![Page 61: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
We can make the following predictions:
phenomenal
If the effect of attention is
![Page 62: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
We can make the following predictions:
Strong effect
If the effect of attention is
phenomenal
![Page 63: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
We can make the following predictions:
Strong effect
Small orno effect
If the effect of attention is
phenomenal
![Page 64: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
We can make the following predictions:
Strong effect
Small orno effect
If the effect of attention is
phenomenalmemory
![Page 65: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
We can make the following predictions:
Strong effect
Small orno effect
Some effect
If the effect of attention is
phenomenalmemory
![Page 66: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
We can make the following predictions:
Strong effect
Small orno effect
Some effect
The same orstronger effect
If the effect of attention is
phenomenalmemory
![Page 67: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
L R
PL
![Page 68: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
L R
PL
![Page 69: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
L R
PL PR
![Page 70: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
L R
PL PR
![Page 71: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
L R
PL PR
![Page 72: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
L R
PL PR
If attention has no effect on line length than one expects that
PL = 1 – PR
![Page 73: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
L R
PL PR
If attention has no effect on line length than one expects that
PL = 1 – PR
Instead, if attention increases line length than one expects that
PL > 1 – PR
![Page 74: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Results for:
![Page 75: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
0
1
0
1
-100 0 100 200 -100 0 100 200Cue delay/msec
PL
()
or1
-PR
()
PA
()
or1
-PB
()
Results for:
vertical lines
L R
PL PR
![Page 76: Voluntary attention increases the phenomenal length of briefly flashed lines Masin S. C. University of Padua](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ccd5503460f949973a2/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
0
1
0
1
-100 0 100 200 -100 0 100 200Cue delay/msec
PL
()
or1
-PR
()
PA
()
or1
-PB
()
Results for:
vertical lines horizontal lines
L R
LRPL PR
PA
PB
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INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
(1) There is large evidence that lines appearing with abrupt onset expand perceptually during the first half a second of their presentation. This evidence shows that lines presented abruptly activate motion detectors (that motion detectors are activated is proved by Holt-Hansen’s 1965 finding that when a briefly flashed line is presented repeatedly with short interstimulus intervals, subjects perceive a propeller-like rotation of the line). (2) There is large evidence that the amplitude of the neural responses produced by a stimulus is increased when attention is directed to the stimulus and is reduced when attention is directed outside the stimulus. (3) Consequently, in the present study, when attention was directed to one line of a stimulus and was simultaneously diverted from the other line of the same stimulus, the amplitude of neural responses of motion detectors activated by the attended line was greater than that of neural responses of motion detectors activated by the unattended line. (4) One can conclude that , in the present study, the focusing of attention on one line of the stimulus caused the attended line to look longer because focused attention made the attended line expand perceptually more rapidly.
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