Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications

Volume III: Applications

Edited by

Colin E Webb

University of Oxford

and

Julian D С Jones

Heriot-Watt University

IoP Institute of Physics Publishing Bristol and Philadelphia

Contents v

Contents

VOLUME I: PRINCIPLES

PART A PRINCIPLES 1

A Principles 3 Richard Shoemaker

Al Basic laser principles 5 Christopher С Davis

A2.1 Free-space laser resonators 81 Robert С Eckardt

A2.2 Waveguide laser resonators 115 Chris Hill

A3 Laser beam control 135 Jacky Byatt

A4 Nonlinear optics 161 RobertWBoyd

A5 Interference and polarization 185 Alan Rogers

A6 Optical waveguide theory 223 G Stewart

A7 Optical detection and noise 251 Gerald Butler and Jason Smith

A8 Introduction to numerical analysis for laser systems 281 George Lawrence

VOLUME II: LASER DESIGN AND LASER SYSTEMS

PART В LASER DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES 303

Bl Solid state lasers 305 R С Powell

81.1 Transition metal ion lasers—Cr3+ 307 Georges Boulon

81.2 Transition metal ion lasers other than Cr3+ 339 Stephen A Payne

81.3 Rare earth ion lasers—Nd3+ 353 A I Zagumennyi, V A Mikhailov and IA Shcherbakov

Contents

В 1.4 Lanthanide series lasers—near infrared 383 Norman P Barnes

В 1.5 Rare-earth ions—miscellaneous: Ce3+ , U3 + , divalent, etc 411 Gregory J Quartes

В1.6 Lasers based on nonlinear effects 431 Fabienne Pelle

В 1.7 Solid state Raman lasers 469 Tasoltan T Basiev and Richard С Powell

В 1.8 Colour centre lasers 499 T T Basiev, P G Zverev and S В Mirov

B2 Laser diodes 523 Ian White

B2.1 Basic principles of laser diodes 525 NKDutta

B2.2 Spectral control in laser diodes 561 Markus-Christian Amann

B2.3 High-speed laser diodes 585 Peter P Vasil'ev

B2.4 High-power laser diodes and laser diode arrays 605 Peter Unger

B2.5.1 Visible laser diodes: properties of III-V red-emitting laser diodes 619 Peter Blood

B2.5.2 Visible laser diodes: properties of blue laser diodes 641 Robert Martin

B2.6 Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers 659 BMA Rahman andKTVGrattan

B2.7 Long wavelength laser diodes 691 S Anders, G Strasser and E Gornik

B2.8 Semiconductor lasers and optical amplifiers for switching and signal processing 707 Hitoshi Kawaguchi

B3 Gas lasers 749 Julian Jones

B3.1 Carbon dioxide lasers 751 Denis R Hall

B3.2 Excimer, F2, N2 and H2 lasers 791 WJ Witteman

B3.3 Copper and gold vapour lasers 847 Colin Webb

B3.4.1 Chemical lasers: COIL 861 В D Barmashenko and S Rosenwaks

B3.4.2 Chemical lasers: HF/DF 881 Lee H Sentman

B3.5 Argon and krypton ion lasers 893 Malcolm H Dunn and Tony Gutierrez

B3.6 Helium-neon lasers 909 Alan D White and Lisa Tsufura

Contents Vll

B3.7

B3.8

B3.9

B4

B4.1

B4.2

B4.3

B4.4

B4.5

B4.6

B5

B5.1

B5.2

B5.3

B5.4

PART С LASEI

Cl

Cl.l

C1.2

C1.3

C1.4

Cl.5.1

Cl.5.2

Helium-cadmium laser William T Silfvast Optically pumped mid IR lasers: NH3, C2H2 Mary S Tobin Far-IR lasers: HCN, H 20 Wilhelm Prettl Fibre and waveguide lasers R С Powell Fibre lasers David Hanna High power fiber lasers Andreas Tünnermann and Holger Zellmer Cascaded Raman fibre lasers Clifford Headley Soliton lasers J R Taylor Erbium and other doped fibre amplifiers Kevin Cordina High-power waveguide lasers D P Shepherd Other lasers Colin Webb Free electron lasers and synchrotron light sources P G 0 'Shea and J В Murphy X-ray lasers Jorge J Rocca Liquid lasers David H Titterton Solid-state dye lasers David H Titterton

SYSTEM DESIGN

Optical components Julian Jones Optical components Leo H J F Beckmann Optical control elements Alan Greenaway Adaptive optics and phase conjugate reflectors Michael J Damzen and Carl Paterson Opto-mechanical parts Frank Luecke Power conditioning: supplies for driving semiconductor laser diodes Ralph Savioli Power conditioning: supplies for driving gas discharges (gas and solid state lasers) / Smilanski

921

929

951

961

963

977

989

1007

1025

1045

1063

1065

1087

1115

1143

1163

1165

1167

1183

1193

1203

1211

1217

V l l l Contents

CI.5.3 Power conditioning: supplies for driving flash tubes and arclamps for solid state lasers 1237 Mark Greenwood and D W Miller

C2 Optical pulse generation 1247 Clive Ireland

C2.1 Quasi-cw and modulated beams 1249 К Washio

C2.2 Short pulses 1257 Andreas Ostendorf

C2.3 Ultrashort pulses 1273 Derryck T Reid

C3 Frequency conversion and filtering 1313 Terence A King

C3.1 Harmonic generation—materials and methods 1315 David J Binks

C3.2 Optical parametric devices 1347 M Ebrahimzadeh

C3.3 Laser stabilization for precision measurements 1393 G P Barwood and P Gill

C4 Beam delivery 1415 Julian Jones

C4.1 Basic principles 1417 D P Hand

C4.2 Free-space optics 1425 Leo H J F Beckmann

C4.3 Fibre optic beam delivery 1461 D P Hand

C4.4 Positioning and scanning systems 1475 Jürgen Koch

C5 Laser beam measurement 1499 Julian Jones

C5.1 Beam propagation 1501 В A Ward

C5.2 Detectors 1509 Kenny Weir

C5.3 Laser energy and power measurement 1523 Robert К Tyson

C5.4 Irradiance and phase distribution measurement 1527 В Schäfer

C6 Laser safety 1535 Colin Webb

C6.1 Laser safety 1537 J Michael Green and Karl Schulmeister

Contents ix

VOLUME III: APPLICATIONS

PART D APPLICATIONS: CASE STUDIES 1557

Dl Materials processing 1559 Clive Ireland

Dl.l Welding 1561 H Hügel and С Schinzel

D1.2 Cutting 1587 John Powell and Claes Magnussen

D1.3 Laser marking 1613 Terry J McKee

Dl.4 Drilling 1633 S Williams

D1.5 Photolithography 1653 Shinji Okazaki

Dl.6 Laser micromachining 1661 Malcolm Gower

D1.7 Rapid manufacturing 1693 Gary К Lewis

D1.8 Pulsed laser deposition of thin films 1705 Ian Boyd and D В Chrisey

D2 Optical measurement techniques 1721 Julian Jones

D2.1 Fundamental length metrology 1723 J Flügge, F Riehle and H Kunzmann

D2.2 Laser velocimetry 1749 С Tropea

D2.3 Laser vibrometers 1779 Neil A Halliwell

D2.4 Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) 1805 Dave Towers and Clive Buckberry

D2.5 Optical fibre hydrophones 1839 Geoffrey A Cranch and Philip J Nash

D2.6 Optical fibre Bragg grating sensors for strain measurement 1881 David A Jackson and David J Webb

D2.7 High-speed imaging 1919 Adam Whybrew

D2.8 Particle sizing 1931 Nils Damaschke, Maurice Wedd, Adam Whybrew and Damien Blondel

D3 Medical 1951 Terence A King and Brian С Wilson

D3.1 Light-tissue interactions 1955 Steven Jacques and Michael Patterson

D3.2 Therapeutic applications: introduction 1995 Reginald Birngruber

D3.2.1 Therapeutic applications: ophthalmology 1999 Reginald Birngruber

Contents

D3.2.2 Therapeutic applications: refractive surgery 2009 Giovanni Cennamo and Raimondo Forte

D3.2.3 Therapeutic applications: photodynamic therapy 2019 Brian С Wilson and Stephen G Bown

D3.2.4 Therapeutic applications: thermal treatment of tumours 2037 Stephen G Bown

D3.2.5 Therapeutic applications: dermatology—selective photothermolysis 2045 Sean Lanigan

D3.2.6 Therapeutic applications: lasers in vascular surgery 2055 Mahesh Pai

D3.2.7 Therapeutic applications: hardtissue/dentistry 2065 Raimund Hibst

D3.2.8 Therapeutic applications: free-electron laser 2075 E Duco Jansen, Michael Copeland, Glenn S Edwards, William Gabella, Karen Joos, Mark A Mackanos, Jin H Shen and Stephen R Uhlhorn

D3.3 Medical diagnostics 2087 Brian С Wilson

D3.4 Laser applications in biology and biotechnology 2123 Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu, Alexander J Annala and Daniel L Farkas

D3.5 Biomedical laser safety 2155 Harry Moseley and Bill Davies

D4 Communications 2181 John Marsh

D4.1 The basic point-to-point communications system 2183 John Gowar

D4.2 High-capacity optical transmission systems 2231 Paul Urquhart

D4.3 Local area networks 2289 / Lehman and К L Johnson

D4.4 Fibre-to-the-chip: development of vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays designed for integration with VLSI circuits 2321 A VKrishnamoorthy, LMFChirovsky, К WGoosen, JLopata and W S Hobson

D4.5 Optical satellite communications 2345 A Coello-Vera and MMaignan

D4.6 Smart pixel technologies and optical interconnects 2363 Marc P Y Desmulliez and Brian S Wherrett

D5 Optical information storage 2389 John Marsh

D5.1 Optical data storage 2391 Tom D Muster

D5.2 Lasers in printing 2421 Atsushi Kawamura, Seizo Suzuki and Yoshinori Hayashi

D6 Spectroscopy 2463 Colin Webb

D6.1 Laser cooling and trapping 2465 С S Adams and IG Hughes

Contents XI

D6.2 Ion trapping and laser applications to length and time metrology 2485 P Gill and G P Barwood

D6.3 Time-resolved spectroscopy 2507 Gavin D Reid and Klaas Wynne

D7 Earth and environmental sciences 2529 Lance Thomas

D7.1 Satellite laser ranging 2531 Roger Wood and Graham Appleby

D7.2 Lidar for atmospheric ozone remote sensing 2563 Gerard Ancellet

D8 Lasers in astronomy 2579 R С Powell

D8.1 Lasers in astronomy 2581 Renaud Foy and Jean-Paul Pique

D9 Holography: holographic optical elements and computer-generated holography 2625 Mohammad R Taghizadeh

D9.1 Holography: holographic optical elements—computer-generated holography—diffractive optics 2627 Hans Peter Herzig

D10 High-intensity lasers for plasma studies 2643 Colin Webb

D10.1 High-power lasers for plasma physics 2645 MH R Hutchinson

D10.2 High-power lasers and the extreme conditions that they can produce 2657 S J Rose

Index 2665