volume i: irrigation planning and field investigation...
TRANSCRIPT
Final Report
WAPCOS Ltd. Content (i)
FINAL REPORTON
IRRIGATION STUDIES OF COMMAND AREA ININDIAN TERRITORY THROUGH SAPTA KOSHI HIGH DAM
MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT ANDSUN KOSI STORAGE-CUM-DIVISION SCHEME
VOLUME I: IRRIGATION PLANNING AND FIELDINVESTIGATION REPORT (Part-1)
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER – I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Earlier Studies1.2.1 Advisory Committee (1951)1.2.2 The Kosi Project (1953)1.2.3 Morphological Study of river Kosi (1974)1.2.4 Feasibility Report, CWC (1981)1.2.5 Master Plan Study on the Kosi River Water Resources Development, JICA
(1985)1.2.6 Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)1.2.7 Expert Committee on Impact of Interlinking of Rivers in Bihar (2003)
1.3 Formation of Joint Project Office
1.4 Award of Works
1.5 Project Objectives
1.6 The Project
1.7 Layout of the Report
CHAPTER – II : SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT REGION
2.1 Project Region2.1.1 The Burhi Gandak Basin2.1.1 The Bagmati Basin (Including Adhwara Group Of Rivers)2.1.3 The Kamla-Balan Basin2.1.4 The Kosi Basin2.1.5 The Mahananda Basin
C O N T E N T
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2.1 Physiography And Drainage Of The Command Area2.2.1 The Burhi Gandak Basin2.2.2 The Bagmati Basin2.2.3 The Kamla Balan Basin2.2.4 The Kosi Basin2.2.5 The Mahananda Basin
2.3 Soils2.3.1 Types of Soils2.3.2 Basin-Wise Characteristics of Soil
2.4 Geology2.4.1 Geological Formations
2.4.2 Basinwise Geological Features
2.5 Climate2.5.1 Rainfall2.5.2 Temperature2.5.3 Relative Humidity2.5.4 Wind Speed2.5.5 Cloud Cover
2.6 Status of Existing / On-Going Irrigation Projects2.6.1 General2.6.2 Basinwise Command Area Details of Existing /On-Going Projects
2.7 Status of Agriculture Extension and Allied Services2.7.1 Agricultural Extension2.7.2 Seeds2.7.3 Training Institutes
2.8 Command Area Development2.8.1 Constraints in Command Area Development
2.9 Socio-Economic Aspects2.9.1 General2.9.2 Socio-Economic Factor2.9.3 Demographic Profile2.9.4 Population2.9.5 Land Holding2.9.6 Employment2.9.7 Income
2.10 Status of Infrastructural Facilities in Command Area
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2.10.1 Burhi Gandak Basin2.10.2 Bagmati Basin2.10.3 Kamla-Balan Basin2.10.4 Kosi Basin2.10.5 Mahananda Basin
CHAPTER – III : IRRIGATION PLANNING
3.1 General
3.2 Irrigation Planning3.2.1 Project Region3.2.2 Delineation of Study Area for Irrigation from Sapta Kosi High Dam Project3.2.3 Locations of Barrage and Offtake Points for Irrigation in Bihar3.2.4 Macro Irrigation Planning for Entire CCA3.2.5 Micro Irrigation Planning for 10% CCA3.2.6 OFD Works Planning3.2.7 Summing Up
CHAPTER – IV : STABILISATION OF IRRIGATION IN EXISTING PROJECTS
4.1 General
4.2 Area under the Command of Existing /On-Going Projects
4.3 Eastern Kosi Canal System4.3.1 Project Details
4.4 Kamla Irrigation Project4.4.1 Project Details4.4.2 Present Status And Measures For System Improvement4.4.3 Improvement in Water Use Efficient
4.5 Stabilization Of Irrigation In Existing Projects4.5.1 Stabilization through Performance Improvement and Better Water
Management4.5.2 Stabilization Adopting Other Options
4.6 Ground Water Assessment
4.7 Conclusions4.7.1 Eastern Kosi Canal Project4.7.2 Kamla Irrigation Project (Revised CCA – 0.28 Lakh Ha)
CHAPTER – V : TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CANAL ALIGNMENT SURVEYS
5.1 General
5.2 Topographical Survey of Command Area
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5.2.1 Topographical Survey of Patches for Micro Planning
5.3 Canal Alignment Survey
5.4 Grid Plan Survey
5.5 Survey Output of Canal Alignment And Grid Plan Survey5.5.1 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for WSKMC5.5.2 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for Branch Canal (BC-II)5.5.3 Canal Alignment Survey for Distributaries and Minors in Patch 1 (Sitamarhi
District)5.5.4 Canal Alignment Survey for Distributaries and Minors in Patch 2 (Darbhanga
District)5.5.5 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for Branch Canal (BC-III)5.5.6 Canal Alignment of Distributaries and Minors in Patch-3
5.6 Topographical Survey of Sub-Patches for OFD Works Planning
CHAPTER – VI : AGRONOMICAL STUDIES
6.1 General
6.2 Agro-Climatic Zones6.2.1 Northwest Alluvial Plains6.2.2 Northeast Alluvial Plains
6.3 Existing Cropping Pattern6.3.1 Existing Crop Coverage and Irrigation Intensities
6.4 Strategy for Enhancing Irrigation
6.5 Proposed Cropping Pattern6.5.1 Review of Past Reports6.5.2 Emerging Insights6.5.3 Proposition6.5.4 Selection of Crops6.5.5 Crop Calendar6.5.6 Summing Up
CHAPTER – VII : WATER AVAILABILITY STUDIES
7.1 General
7.2 Methodology and Approach
7.3 Water Availability of River Burhi Gandak7.3.1 Water Availability at Chanpatia7.3.2 Water Availability At Lalbagiaghat
7.4 Water Availability of River Bagmati
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7.5 Water Availability of River Sun-Kosi, Cwc (2006)
7.6 Water Availability of River Sapta Kosi7.6.1 Cwc Studies (1981)7.6.2 Jica Master Plan Study (1985)7.6.3 Nwda Studies (1997)7.6.4 Cwc Studies (2007)
7.7 Summary
CHAPTER –VIII : WATER DEMAND
8.1 General
8.2 Meteorological Parameters
8.3 Irrigation Efficiency8.3.1 Conveyance Efficiency8.3.2 Field Application Efficiency8.3.3 Project Efficiency
8.4 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT8.4.1 Computation of Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR)8.4.2 Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR)8.4.3 Crop Water Demand
VOLUME I: IRRIGATION PLANNING AND FIELDINVESTIGATION REPORT (Part-2)
CHAPTER – IX : BROAD SOIL RESOURCE MAPPING
9.1 General
9.2 Soil Resource Mapping9.2.1 Methodology for Soil Resource Mapping9.2.2 Description Of Soil Resource9.2.3 Soil Survey Interpretation for Optimising Land Use9.2.4 Dominant Soil Characteristics in Project Command
9.3 Broad Soil And Land Characterization Of Project Command9.3.1 Introduction9.3.2 Methodology9.3.3 Interaction with State Level Soil Scientists9.3.4 Sample Ground Truth Verification And Findings9.3.5 Summing Up
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CHAPTER – X : DEVELOPMENT OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES
10.1 General
10.2 Hydrogeological Setting10.2.1 Geology, Stratigraphy and Lithology10.2.2 Quaternary Alluvial Deposit
10.3 Occurrence and Behaviour of Ground Water and Aquifer Characteristics10.3.1 Burhi Gandak Sub-Basin10.3.2 Bagmati and Kamla-Balan Sub-Basin10.3.3 Kosi Sub-Basin10.3.4 Mahananda Sub-Basin
10.4 Ground Water Availability
10.5 Ground Water Table Observations
10.6 Quality of Ground Water
10.7 Potential for Ground Water Development in Study Area
10.8 Assessment Of Possible Impact On Ground Water Recharge Due To Canal LiningAnd Ground Water Utilisation
10.9 Conclusion and Recommendations
CHAPTER – XI: WATER LOGGING, DRAINAGE AND RECLAMATION
11.1 Introduction11.1.1 Water Logging11.1.2 Salinity/Alkalinity of Soil
11.2 Drainage Problem of Command11.2.1 Kosi River Basin Command11.2.2 Bagmati River Basin Command11.2.3 Kamla River Basin Command
11.3 Existing Surface Drainage11.3.1 Kosi River Basin
11.4 Identification of Water Logged Area (Ground Water) In Kosi Basin as a Whole
11.5 Identification of Area Affected By Salinity / Alkalinity
11.6 Identification of Area Needing Drainage
11.7 Land Reclamation
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CHAPTER – XII : STATUS OF EXISTING WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICESAND PROSPECTS FOR INTENSIFIED AGRICULTURE
12.1 General
12.2 Crop Water Requirement & Its Growth Stages
12.3 Review Of The Existing System Of Operation And Distribution Of Irrigation Water12.3.1 Operation Of Irrigation System12.3.2 Distribution of Irrigation Water 12.3.2.1System of Indenting - Satta System12.3.3 Prevailing Irrigation Practices in the Kosi System
12.4 Review of Existing on Farm Development and On Farm management of IrrigationWater12.4.1 Farm Development and Management12.4.2 Prospects for Intensified Agriculture12.4.3 Implementation Feasibility12.4.4 Concluding Remarks
Salient Features of “Irrigation Studies of Command Area in Indian Territorythrough Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-
Diversion Scheme”
1. SOURCE Sapta Kosi River
a) Barrage Sisauli, in Nepal, 12.7 km d/s of Sapta KosiHigh Dam at Barahkshetra
Length 2 to 3 km
Pond Level EL + 120 m
b) Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal Ex-Sisauli Barrage, 112.55 km length fromriver Sapta Kosi to river Mechi, lyingentirely in Nepal
c) Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal Ex-Sisauli Barrage, 205.28 km lengthincluding Indian portion of about 50 kmlength
2. COMMAND AREA IN INDIA
GCA (Lakh ha) CCA (Lakh ha)
Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Basin 6.99 5.24
Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin
(upto river mechi)
3.54 2.48
Total 10.53 7.72
3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK FOR ENTIRE CCA OF 7.72 LAKH HA
Name of
Canal
Burhi Gandak -Bagmati Mahananda Total
Nos. Length (km) Nos. Length (km) Nos. Length(km)
Main canal 11 5500..4411 -- -- 11 5500..4411
BranchCanals
33 440000..4466 55 331144..4488 88 771144..9944
DirectDistributaries
44 5500..9966 -- -- 44 5500..9966
Distributaries 5500 883366..5599 4411 668811..4433 9911 11551188..0022
Direct Minors 4444 116644..7744 5566 225566..1155 110000 442200..8899
Minors 335588 11663366..0044 338811 11119922..8899 773399 22882288..9933
Total 446600 33113399..2200 448833 22444444..9955 994433 55558844..1155
4. PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN
Burhi Gandak – Bagamati
Command
Mahananda Command
Kharif 90% 90%
Rabi 80% 80%
Hot Weather 33% 28%
Perennial 5% -
Total 208% 198%
5. ANNUAL IRRIGATION
Burhia Gandak –
Bagmati Command
Mahananda
Command
Total
CCA(Lakh ha) 5.24 2.48 7.72
Irrigation Intensity (%) 208% 198%
Annual Irrigation (Lakh ha) 10.90 4.91 15.81
6. DISTRICTS BENEFITTED
Burhi Gandak-BagmatiCommand
Mahananda Command Total
9 Nos. 4 Nos. 13 Nos.
East Champaran Purnea East ChamparanWest Champaran Katihar West ChamparanSamastipur Araria SamastipurBegusarai Kishanganj BegusaraiMuzaffarpur MuzaffarpurKhagaria KhagariaDarbhanga DarbhangaMMaaddhhuubbaannii MMaaddhhuubbaannii
SSiittaammaarrhhii SSiittaammaarrhhii
Purnea
Katihar
Araria
Kishanganj
7. LOCATION OF OFFTAKE POINTS FOR BRANCH CANALS/DIRECTDISTRIBUTARIES FOR IRRIGATION IN INDIA
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati CommandS.No. Offtaking
FromName ofOfftakingCanal
BorderPillarNo.
GroundElevation(m)
Chainage(km)
Village Lat/Long
1. SisauliBarrage
EntryPoint ofWSKMC
Bet BP18 &19(660 mbelowBP-19)
84 156.79 Kanhwa(India)
2266oo 4488’’5555’’’’NN85o 43’ 27” E
2. WSKMC BC(I) 5000mbelowBP-25
81.62 166.04 Bagchaura/Pakaria(India)
26o 49’43” N85o 38’ 06” E
3. WSKMC DD1 270 mbelowBP 33
82.69 174.66 Larkawa(India)
26o 50’ 08” N85o 33’ 19” E
4. WSKMC DD2 BelowBP 38
76.99 182.04 Khopraha(India)
26o 47’ 58” N85o 29’ 57” E
5. WSKMC DD3 Bet BP38 & 39
74.89 184.16 Dularpur(India)
26o 47’ 18” N85o 28’ 57” E
6. WSKMC DD4 2500 mbelowBP-42
74.5 192.05 GarhwaBisanpur(India)
26o 46’ 46” N85o 24’ 52” E
7. WSKMC BC (II) 3300mbelowBP-48
73.02 197.31 Bariarpur(India)
26o 44’ 21” N85o 22’ 56” E
8. WSKMC BC (III) 750 mbelowBP 54
72.32 207.20 Bairagnia(India)
26o 44’ 24” N85o 17’ 06” E
BC = Branch Canal DD = Direct Distributary
S.No. OfftakingFrom
Name ofOfftakingCanal
BorderPillarNo.
GroundElevation(m)
Village Lat/Long
1. ESKMC(At Indo-
NepalBorder)
BC (I) BP 55 61.7 Lalokhar/Madhubani
(India)
26o 25’ 06” N87o 23’ 29” E
2. ESKMC BC (II) BP 49 65.4 Muraripur/Pahara(India)
26o 25’ 48” N87o 31’ 09” E
3. ESKMC BC (III) BP 35 71 Fatehpur(India)
26o 26’ 07” N85o 41’ 40” E
4. ESKMC BC (IV) BP 19 78 Dighalbank(India)
26o 28’ 13” N87o 52’ 38” E
5. ESKMC BC (V) BetweenBP 13 &
BP 14
70 Jaipokhar(India)
26o 22’ 05” N87o 52’ 58” E
BC = Branch Canal
8. LOCATION OF & SIZE OF PATCHES IDENTIFIED FOR MICROIRRIGATION PLANNING FOR 10% CCA
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Command
Patch1 = 26700 ha (3.5 % of CCA)
Patch 2 = 25700 ha (3.3 % of CCA)
Total 52400 ha
Mahananda Command
Patch 3 = 25000 ha (3.2 % of CCA)
Grand Total = 26700+25700+25000 = 77400 ha (10% of CCA)
9. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK IN 3 PATCHES BASED ON MICROPLANNING (ALREADY INCLUDED IN S.No. 3)
SS..NNoo.. TTyyppee ooff CCaannaall
BBuurrhhii--GGaannddaakk BBaaggmmaattiiCCoommmmaanndd
MMaahhaannaannddaa CCoommmmaanndd
PPaattcchh 11 PPaattcchh 22 PPaattcchh 33 TToottaall
NNoo.. KKmm NNoo.. KKmm.. NNoo.. KKmm.. NNoo.. KKmm..
11.. BBrraanncchh CCaannaallss -- -- 11 1111..4466 11 1166..9933 22 2288..3399
33 22.. DDiirreecctt DDiissttrriibbuuttaarriieess 44 5500..9966 -- -- -- -- 44 5500..9966
33 DDiissttrriibbuuttaarriieess -- -- 44 6600..6677 55 6644..8844 99 112255..5511
44.. MMiinnoorrss//DDiirreecctt MMiinnoorrss 2233 114433..3388 4499 111100..5588 8800 112266..9944 115522 338800..99
TToottaall 2277 119944..3344 5544 118822..7711 8866 220088..7711 116677 558855..7766
10. ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT (OFD) WORKS:
Sub-Patch 1
Area = 2027 ha
Location = In Patch 1
Village = Sitalpatti, Manariya, Akhadiya
District = Sitamarhi
Minor(s) Servingthe Sub-Patch
= M-2 (DD-3), SM-1 (M-2, DD-3), M-1 (DD-2)
Sub-Patch 2
Area = 942 ha
Location = In Patch 1
Village = Ramnagar, Bhujunagar, Bhujutola, Budhwara, Najarpur,Binwatola, Mohani, Dubha-tola, Mohoni Khurd,Bisnupur
District = Sitamarhi
Minor(s) Servingthe Sub-Patch
= SM-3 (M-3, DD-3), M-2 (DD-4)
Sub-Patch 3
Area = 1032 ha
Location = In Patch 2
Village = Banauli, Rajaul, Fulbaria, Bharoul
District = Darbhanga
Minor(s) Servingthe Sub-Patch
= M-6 (D-1), M-8 (D-1)
(B) Mahananda Command
Sub-Patch 4
Area = 727 ha
Location = In Patch 3
Village = Jhunki Musahara, Hatgav
District = Kishanganj
Minor(s) Serving the Sub-Patch
= M-4 (D-1), M-6 (D-1), M-8 (D-1), M-1 (D-2)
Sub-Patch 5
Area = 872 haLocation = In Patch 3Village = Dogacchi, Jhingakata, Pahatgav, Jhingakata
Istamrar, Maheshbathna, Taufir JhingakataDistrict = KishanganjMinor(s) Serving the Sub-Patch
= M-11 (D-4), M-12 (D-4), M-13 (D-4), M-14 (D-4), M-15 (D-4), M-16 (D-4), M-7 (D-5), M-16(D-5)
11. ABSTRACT OF COST
Unit: Rs. LakhS.No. Command Canal System OFD Works Total
1. Burhi Gandak BagmatiCommand
719382 117817 837199
2. Mahananda Command 269672 37424 307096
Total 989054 (A) 155241 (B) 1144295
Cost of Land Acquisition (Rs. Lakh) (C) 39430
Cost of Establishment / Construction Supervision @5% of (A) above (D) 49453
Grand Total (A)+(B)+(C)+(D) (Rs. Lakh) 1233178
11. BENEFIT COST RATIO
Benefit cost ratio of the project has been worked out as per guidelines Central WaterCommission/Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, for preparation of DPRswhich works out to 3.69.
12. INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN
IRR of the project works out to 17%.
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CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The river Kosi known as ‘Kaushika’ in ancient Sanskrit scriptures is one of the major
left bank tributaries of the river Ganga. It is the third biggest of the Himalayan rivers,
being next to only the Indus and the Brahmaputra. It originates at EL 7000 m in the
Himalayas in Tibet. The total length of the river from its origin to outfall in the Ganga
is about 720 km. After flowing in Tibet, the river enters Nepal where it is known as
the Sapt Kosi (comprising of the Sun Kosi, the Bhotia Kosi, the Tamba Kosi, the
Dudh Kosi, the Barun Kosi, the Arun Kosi & the Tamur Kosi). The river is
considered to be formed after confluence of three major tributaries viz. the Arun from
North, the Tamur from east and the Sun Kosi from west. Below Triveni confluence,
the river flows through a narrow gorge for a length of 10 km upto the plains near
Chatra in Nepal. From Chatra to Hanumannagar where the existing Kosi barrage is
located, the river length is 50 km. The main tributaries of Kosi on its right bank are
Bagmati, Kamla-Balan, Trijuga & Bhutani-Balan. There is no tributary of the river on
the left bank.
The river Sapta Kosi, on which a Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project has
been proposed is 1.6 km upstream of Barahkshetra in Nepal. The total catchment area
of the river upto its confluence with the Ganga is 93355 sq km, out of which 59,539
sq km i.e as much as 64 % will be intercepted by the proposed high dam near
Barahkshetra.
The major problem of the river Kosi River has been that it carries huge quantities of
silt and detritus, with the result that large islands are formed due to their deposit on
fertile agricultural lands, thus making them barren for long time. Besides, due to
shifting of course, it forms numerous Dhars, with the result that property and
vegetaions are destroyed causing immense suffering and instability of life. The
changes in the river course are not only due to meandering of the river but due to
heavy silt load in suspension and detritus load moving along its bed.
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Therefore, the most challenging issue is to check the coarse and medium silt, to
confine the river along a definite channel and prevent its lateral movements. However,
while the lateral movement has been checked to a great extent by the existing
Bhimnagar Barrage at Hanumanagar and through construction of embankments on
both the banks of the river, the problem of siltation remains yet to be tackled. The
solution to this problem lies in the construction of a high dam across the river in its
upper reaches in Nepalese territory. Advantage of the water stored behind the dam
could be taken for generation of power, extending irrigation facilities both in Nepal
and India (in the areas of North Bihar) and other uses, as deemed necessary.
With the above objective in view, Central Water Commission (CWC) prepared a
Feasibility Report of Sapta Kosi High Dam in 1981, identifying the location of the
dam and other parameters of the project, based on which the Detailed Project report
(DPR) is being presently prepared by the Indo- Nepal Joint Project office (JPO),
headquartered at Biratnagar in Nepal. The Salient Features of Sapta Kosi High Dam
Multipurpose Project as conceived at the feasibility stage are given in Annex-1.1.
Besides, Govt. of Nepal had got the Master Plan of Kosi Basin prepared by Japan
International Corporation Agency (JICA) in 1985, which included the study of Sun
Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme at Kurule. The Salient Features of this scheme
are given in Annex-1.2.
A Joint Team of Experts (JTE), constituted in 1991, decided to conduct joint
investigations for the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) of Sapta Kosi
High Dam Multipurpose Project (SKHDMP) and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion
Scheme (SSDS).
As per the schedule of deliverables contained in Section F.6.1 of the Terms of
Reference and Scope of Works in Request for Proposal (RFP), the following reports
have been submitted by WAPCOS to JPO (SKSKI):
i) Inception Report vide WAPCOS letter No. WAP/WR/SKP/A1/2009/1110
dated 27.05.2009
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ii) Basic Macro Irrigation Report vide WAPCOS letter No.
WAP/WR/SKP/C/2009/1392 dated 13.01.2010
iii) Interim Field Report vide WAPCOS letter no. WAP/WR/SKP/C/2011/2315
dt. 30.08.11 (Re-revised Interim Report)
iv) Final Field Report vide WAPCOS letter no. WAP/IWRM/SKP/C/2012/2290
dt. 07.12.2012
The Basic Macro Irrigation Planning Report contained the alignment of Western
Sapta Kosi Canal (Indian Portion), branch canals, distributaries and minors to serve
the entire command area in Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda Basins and their
delineation on available SOI topographic maps on 1:2,50,000 and 1:50,000 scales,
finalisation of GCA/CCA to be brought under irrigation from Sapta Kosi High Dam
Multipurpose Project with total GCA/CCA as 10.53/7.72 Lakh ha, identification of 3
patches comprising 10% of CCA depicting representative area for micro planning and
OFD works based on broad soil types, topography and other relevant features of the
command area and information regarding offtake points on main canals, required
discharge and FSL for serving the command area in Indian Territory etc.
The Re-revised Interim Field Report provided a detailed description of the project
region and project area, irrigation planning conceived from inception to macro level,
identification of patches for micro level planning, survey output of topographical
survey for 10% CCA to generate maps on 1:10,000 scale to be used for micro-
irrigation planning, status of various desk studies and field activities etc.
Now, the Final Field Report provided final output of all the field activities and further
status of various desk studies completed till that point for preparation of the Detailed
Project Report (DPR) of “Irrigation Studies of Command Area in Indian Territory
through Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-
Diversion Scheme”.
Final Report being submitted to JPO-SKSKI consists of complete output of studies
carried out for the project, which includes irrigation planning studies, typical design
of canals and canal structures, detailed planning and design of On-Farm Development
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(OFD) Works and cost estimate of the project upto minor level as well as the cost
estimate for OFD works.
1.2 EARLIER STUDIES
Man's struggle for existence in the Kosi region against the onslaught of Kosi - Bihar’s
‘river of sorrow’, had been going on since long and is continuing even now. Recent
floods and breaching of embankments and consequent change in the course of the
river in 2008, has caused widespread misery and damages. This has again focused
attention on implementing the long envisaged Kosi High Dam Project for sustainable
solution of the recurring flood problem. Even though, the Kosi Project - 1953
completed in the sixties has eased the distress to a considerable extent, further
measures are still called for to provide a sustainable long-term solution.
In this connection, it may also be mentioned that it had taken several decades to plan
and provide a concrete shape to this major multipurpose project. The first attempt to
tackle the Kosi problem dates back to 1883 when an apprehension was raised that the
Kosi which had continued moving westward might make a sudden change in its
erstwhile behaviour and start moving eastward returning to its earlier courses and
ultimately come back to the eastern-most course near Purnea devastating all the
intervening area for a second time. Mr. W A Inglis, who was deputed to make a
reconnaissance survey of the area and suggest suitable measures to control the river
had concluded that it was not possible to interfere with the natural flow of the river.
He suggested for a proper maintenance of records of changes in the river course and
of its flood levels. Recent change of course of river in 2008 has proven this
affirmation as correct.
Over a period of time, the local authorities had prepared several embankment
schemes for managing the course of the river. One of these scheme was discussed at a
conference held in 1896-97 at Calcutta. It was concluded at this conference that no
steps were feasible for controlling the course of this big river with numerous channels
having wide and shallow beds. It was felt that provision of short lengths of
embankments along isolated tracts might mitigate the flood hazards to some extent.
As a result of this consensus, several short lengths of embankments were constructed
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to protect individual properties and areas. However, this was done without adopting
any standard section and without ascertaining the effect of such bunds on the course
of the river lower down. Moreover, appropriate steps were not taken for their
maintenance and protection in the post-construction period. As a result of these
shortcomings, these bunds breached quite frequently damaging large areas. Thus, the
construction of the aforesaid short bunds could not serve the desired purpose.
In 1941 Mr. Claude Inglis, Director, CIHR, after visiting the area submitted a report
on the factors affecting the westerly movement of Kosi River. He further suggested
that before formulating any comprehensive scheme, investigations should be carried
out in respect of river discharge, silt charge, ground levels and sub-soil water levels.
In the Bihar, Post-second World War Development Plan, a proposal for the
construction of marginal embankments, right from the Nepal foot-hills to the Ganga,
to control the river by confining it to a definite channel was formulated with an
estimated cost of about Rs. 10 crore.
Later in December 1945 Lord Wavell, the then Viceroy of India, visited the flood
stricken areas of Bihar. In his address at the annual session of the Institution of
Engineers (India) held at Calcutta, he mentioned about the problems of the river Kosi
and suggested for referring this case to the then newly constituted Central Waterways
Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC) for advice.
Rai Bahadur A. N. Khosla, the Chairman, CWINC opined that a more effective
control would be secured by the construction of a storage reservoir in the hills which
would give effective control of floods in the river and in addition provide water for
use in irrigation, navigation, power-generation etc. It was also recorded in
1945, that
“No satisfactory scheme for the control of the Kosi and its flood damage can beprepared except after a comprehensive survey of the entire field of possibilities viz.the construction of high dam across the Chatra gorge, training the river Kosi inlower reaches and exclusion of floods from the low lying area which are susceptibleto water-logging”
After joint inspection by officers of CWINC, Geological Survey of India, Govt. of
Bihar and Nepal in 1946 and with the help of information then available, CWINC
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prepared a Preliminary Report in March 1946. After discussions with Govt. of Nepal
in June, 1946, recommendation made in Preliminary Report concerning Nepal were
accepted by Govt. of Nepal and CWINC and other organizations were authorized to
carry out full programme of surveys and investigation required for Kosi Dam project
in Nepal territory. This was followed by discussions between Government of India
and the Govt. of Bihar and investigations were taken up thereafter.
The Central Waterways Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC) formulated
a multipurpose dam project in 1950 after field surveys along with geological and
hydrological investigations. This project envisaged flood moderation by suitable
reservoir regulation at the dam for mitigating the hardships of the distress zones in
Bihar as also irrigation facilities to Nepal and Bihar, besides generation of a large
block of hydro-electric power, and navigation on an extensive scale. The project
estimated to cost Rs 177 crore envisaged (a) construction of a 783 feet high dam at
Barahkshetra in Nepal having a gross storage capacity of 6.9 MAF of which 3.8 MAF
was dead storage/silt reserve and the remaining 3.1 MAF as live storage which was
earmarked with one of the objectives being that of a flood cushion capable of
moderating the peak flood (b) generation of hydro-electric power to the extent of
1800 MW at the toe of the dam; (c) provision of navigation facilities in the reservoir
and in the river below; (d) construction of a barrage at Chatra in Nepal along with
canal systems on both banks for an annual irrigation of 38.4 lakh acre in Nepal and
India; and (e) generation of 90 MW of hydro-electric power in the eastern canal. This
project was known as "Kosi Project - 1950".
1.2.1 Advisory Committee (1951)
The Government of India then appointed an Advisory Committee in 1951 to examine
“The Kosi Project -1950". The Committee considered the proposal as sound in
principle but did not agree to the proposed seven stages of construction. The
Committee further felt that the estimate would require upward revision besides
having some other reservations. The Committee recommended a scheme costing Rs.
55.5 crore and envisaging (a) construction of a comparatively smaller dam at Belka
hill nose, 9 mile below Chatra with storage capacity of 1.8 MAF with offtaking canals
on both banks, (b) generation of 51 MW of hydro-electric power at the toe of the
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WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-1 7
dam; (c) generation of 40 MW of hydro-electric power in canal falls; (d) annual
irrigation of 38.4 lakh acre in Nepal and India; and (e) construction of an
embankment in a length of 35 mile on the right bank of the river to arrest its
westward movement. The Committee felt that the high dam at Barahkshetra could be
built in course of time when need for hydroelectric power develops. Based on these
views and recommendations, the Central Water and Power Commission (erstwhile
CWINC), prepared a detailed estimate for the Belka Dam Project after carrying out
necessary site investigations. These estimates came to be far in excess of the figures
assumed by the Advisory Committee. The CWPC ultimately came to the conclusion
that the Belka dam proposal would not serve much useful purpose in controlling the
river Kosi. The proposal was dropped after detailed consideration.
1.2.2 The Kosi Project (1953)
Subsequently, the CWPC made alternative studies for a low detention dam at Belka.
A new scheme known as "The Kosi Project 1953" was formulated by CWPC
envisaging (a) construction of a barrage at Hanumannagar (subsequently called
Bhimnagar Barrage) at a distance of 48 km below Chatra to serve as a control
structure and to divert waters to off taking canals; (b) construction of embankments
on both banks of the river so as to prevent flooding and also arrest further westward
translation of its course, mostly manifested in the middle- third reach and (c) annual
irrigation of 14.36 lakh acre in the districts of Purnea and Saharsa through the Eastern
Kosi Canal System. Later, the Rajpur Canal System off taking from Eastern Kosi
Main Canal in its upper most reach (RD 14.5) was also included to cover additional
area.
The Kosi Project is one of the largest major irrigation projects in the country. The
work on Hanumannagar barrage was completed in 1963. The Eastern and Western
Kosi canals take off from the left and right side of the barrage respectively. The
Eastern Kosi canal provides irrigation facility to CCA of 4.40 lakh ha and Western
Kosi canal commands a CCA of 2.03 lakh ha.
The Western Kosi Canal System (WKCS), estimated to cost Rs. 138 crore, aims at
providing irrigation in a gross command area (GCA) of 375,557 ha (928,020 ac) in
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India and 25,495 ha (63,000 ac) in Nepal. The scheme though sanctioned in 1961,
was taken up in 1972, only after an Agreement between India and Nepal was signed.
The scheme is now nearing completion. The Chatra Canal System, which benefits
Nepal is also a part of the Kosi Project. It was taken up in 1962 and was operative
from 1972, after which it was handed over to HMG, Nepal. This canal system
envisaged an annual irrigation of 0.85 lakh ha (2.12 lakh acre) in Saptari and Morang
district of Nepal on the east of the river Kosi.
The project region on the western bank of the river has one major irrigation scheme
viz. Kamla Irrigation Project and two minor irrigation schemes viz. Balan Irrigation
Scheme and Trisula Irrigation Scheme, all located in the district of Madhubani. While
Kamla Irrigation Project envisages provision of 35,927 ha of annual irrigation, Balan
and Trisula Irrigation Schemes have been designed to provide 2430 ha and 1624 ha
of annual irrigation respectively.
1.2.3 Morphological Study of river Kosi (1974)
The behaviour of Kosi River was studied by Dr. CV Gole and Shri Chitale of
CWPRS Pune, who concluded that the Kosi River had been building an inland delta.
They calculated that during the period 1938-57, the river deposited about 102 Mm3 of
sift annually between Chatra and its confluence with the river Ganges. They
concluded that if Kosi was left to itself, it would go on building up the delta and shift
from east to west and back to east over a cone defined by them. In this process, it had
already moved over 112 km in last 200 years and had brought misery to people living
in 15000 sq. km of area in Bihar & 1300 sq. km of area in Nepal.
After the completion of the barrage at Hanumannagar in the year 1963 and
completion of embankments both upstream and down-stream of barrage in 1957 &
1962, a study was undertaken by Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi at the request
of Board of Consultants of Kosi Project in 1974, to determine the rise or fall of river
bed elevations prior to and after the construction of Kosi project in six reaches of
river between Chhatra & Kaporia. The study also included to determine if any co-
relation existed between the discharge & transport of silt in the river. The data of the
river Kosi for the period 1955 to 1974 was utilized for the study. Results of the study
for the six different reaches are as under:
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Reach-I : Chatra to Jalpapur
During the pre-barrage period, this reach had a tendency to scour at a rate of 1.76
cm/year. In the post barrage period, this reach shows silting at the rate of 12.34
cm/year, i.e. from scouring it has changed to silting after the construction of the
barrage.
Reach-II : Jalpapur to Bhimnagar
In the pre-barrage period, this reach was scouring at a high rate of 16.56 cm/year but
after the barrage, it has been rising at a rate of 10.7 cm/year. Thus, from a ‘degrading’
reach it has become an ‘aggrading’ reach after the construction of the barrage.
Reach-III : Bhimnagar to Dagmara
This reach is just downstream of the barrage at Bhimnagar and the scouring in this
reach has been reduced from 3.56 cm to 0.83 cm/year after the construction of the
barrage.
Reach-IV : Dagmara to Supaul
The scouring rate was negligible during the pre-barrage period (0.37 cm/year) but in
the post-barrage period, this is showing a slight rise of 1.86 cm/year.
Reach-V : Supaul to Mahesi
This reach was silting at a rate of 9.56 cm/year but after the construction of the
barrage, the silting rate has been reduced to 6.36 cm/year.
Reach-VI : Mahesi to Kaporia
The data for the pre-barrage period is not available but in the post-barrage period this
reach is silting at a high rate of 12.03 cm/year.
An effort was made to correlate the annual silt charge and runoff. It was found that
the correlation was very poor and could not be explained by yearly peak discharge.
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1.2.4 Feasibility Report, CWC (1981)
A Feasibility Report was prepared by Central Water Commission (CWC), Govt. of
India in 1981 based on the geological investigation carried out way back in 1946-47
to harness the Kosi waters and tackle the flood problems in North Bihar in addition to
providing other benefits such as irrigation, hydropower etc. It envisaged construction
of a 269 m high gravity concrete Dam across the river, about 1.6 km upstream of
Barahkshetra in Nepal with a power house to generate about 16000 million units of
electricity with an installed capacity of 3000 MW at 50% load factor, at the toe of the
dam carrying the ski-jump bucket over its root to impound 13.45 billion m3 of water
at EL 335.25 m, of which 9.37 billion m3 will be the live storage for power generation
and irrigation and 4.08 billion m3 will be dead storage to provide for silt deposition
@1430 m3/ sq. km of catchment per year. The project also envisaged construction of a
969.9 m long barrage at Chatra, 8 km d/s of dam site and canal system to serve gross
command area of 15.22 lakh ha - 9.76 lakh ha in India and 5.46 lakh ha in Nepal
including firming up the irrigation of 0.90 lakh ha in existing inundation canal system
in Nepal.
A Power Canal off-taking from Eastern Chatra Canal for conveying the water
required for irrigation at existing Kosi barrage at Hanuman Nagar and also the water
which may be required downstream of Hanuman Nagar barrage for the purpose of
navigation. To utilize the head available between Chatra and Hanuman Nagar
barrages for power generation, three canal Power Houses, each of 100 MW installed
capacity are also proposed on power canal. Necessary cushion in storage capacity of
Sapta Kosi High Dam would be provided to moderate the flood downstream of dam.
Chatra Canal System would provide irrigation to large area in Nepal and India
(especially in Bihar). The project also envisaged aforestation and soil conservation
works on the tributaries to reduce the silt inflow in the reservoir.
Salient Features of Sapt Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project are given at Annex 1.1.
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1.2.5 Master Plan Study on the Kosi River Water Resources Development, JICA
(1985)
As decided by His Majesty’s Govt. of Nepal, Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) did the above study taking into consideration the potential for hydro-electric
generation, irrigation, flood control, navigation and others including inter-basin
development schemes for economic growth and social improvement. The study was
carried out to identify the resources of the Kosi River, ascertain the needs and the
possibility of development and formulate plans for the orderly development of the
river. Among all the schemes identified under the Master Plan, two schemes viz. Sun
Kosi Multipurpose and Arun Hydropower Schemes were accorded top priority.
The Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme envisaged diversion of waters of the
river Sun Kosi which is a tributary of Sapt Kosi to the extent of about 72 cumec to the
river Kamla to augment lean season flow of river Kamla, through a 16.6 km long
diversion tunnel. The project envisages a 48.9 m high concrete gravity diversion dam
near Kurule across the river Sun Kosi and construction of another storage dam on the
river Kamla near Timnai village. The gross command area under this project has been
estimated about 5.74 lakh ha which is located between Khando River on the east and
Parsa district on west in Nepal territory.
Salient Features of Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme are given at Annex-1.2.
Master Plan also made the following main recommendations:-
i) Sapta Kosi High Dam scheme should be reviewed in due consideration ofcomprehensive development including flood control and water utilization fordownstream country.
ii) The above two top priority schemes should be implemented in close relationwith projects in other sectors.
iii) In addition to proposed Sun Kosi Multipurpose scheme, river training isindispensable for agricultural development in the Terai area as small rivers inthe same are eroding valuable farm lands.
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iv) Watershed management works should also be conducted in parallel withimplementation of the two top priority schemes in the Kosi and Kamla riverbasins for effective water resources development.
1.2.6 Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)
Govt. of Bihar set up the First Bihar State Irrigation Commission in October, 1967 to
study various aspects of water resources development in the state. The Commission
made a number of recommendations. Govt. of Bihar, accordingly took various
actions for better utilization of water resources and improving the managerial
efficiency of the Water Resources Development.
By the end of the eighties, urgent necessity was felt for planning the water resource
development, its management and working out solution to flood and drainage
problems on basinwise concept after reviewing and updating the assessment of land
and water potential. It was also necessary to review the policy and programme of
water resources development and management in the light of the National Water
Policy. The new trends in the field of water management and other developments
called for strengthening and streamlining the organizational setup to face the future
challenges. Rationalisation of water rates, amalgamation of various Acts concerning
irrigation / flood control/ drainage improvement and review of the Interstate
Agreements were also the pressing needs of the Department. In this context, with a
view to have an in-depth study of the aforesaid problems encountered by the State
Govt. and to effect an improvement in the prevailing situation, the Second Bihar State
Irrigation Commission was setup by the State Govt. vide WRD Letter no.
1/PMC/N/60/86-268 dated 15-02-91 and resolution no. 829 dated 06-03-91.
The Commission was constituted under the chairmanship of Hon’ble Minister of
Water Resources, Govt. of Bihar with five (5) full time members and fourteen (14)
part time members.
The Commission had a total of 15 meetings from 06-05-91 to 17-08-94 in order to
prepare its reports and finalise its recommendations. The Commission submitted its
Report in seven Volumes dealing with (i) objective of the Commission & summary of
important findings and recommendations (ii) basinwise assessment of land and water
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resources of the state & present status of utilization (iii) outline of development and
management of water resources of different river basins (iv) measures for increasing
efficiency and effectiveness of present projects (v) flood & drainage problems and
their remedial measures (vi) policies of water resources development, organization
structure, final irrigation act & (vii) maps of various river basins.
1.2.7 Expert Committee on Impact of Interlinking of Rivers in Bihar (2003)
The Govt. of Bihar vide Notification No. 5/PMC(Hydrology)9-8/93 Part-7-754 dt. 14-
07-2003 constituted a Technical Committee of Engineers to study the effect of
following six ‘Interlinking of River Scheme’ included under the studies of Himalayan
component of ‘Inter-basin Transfer of Water in the country’ undertaken by National
Water Development Agency (NWDA).
(i) Chunar –Sone Link Project
(ii) Sone-Dam-Southern Tributaries of Ganga (STG)
(iii) Kosi-Mechi Link Canal
(iv) Kosi-Ghaghara Link Canal
(v) Gandak-Ganga Link Canal
(vi) Brahmaputra –Ganga (Manas-Sankosh-Tista-Ganga Link)
(vii) Brahmapurta –Ganga (alternate –Jogighopa-Tista-Farraka)
The Committee under the Chairmanship of Shri K N Lal, Rtd. E-in-C, WRD, Govt. of
Bihar has several meeting. The Committee studied the problems of flood moderation
and drainage congestion and elucidated the prospects of further irrigation
development in various basins of the state. It also examined the Pre-Feasibility
Reports (PFRs) of above link canal projects prepared by NWDA and suggested
specific recommendations.
1.3 FORMATION OF JOINT PROJECT OFFICE
Based on the understanding reached during the visit of the Hon’ble Prime Minister of
Nepal to India in December, 1991, a Joint Team of Expert (JTE) was constituted to
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finalise the modalities of investigations and the methods of assessment of benefits
from the proposed Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project (SKHDMP).
At the first meeting of the JTE convened in Kathmandu in February 1992, it was
agreed that the project should be investigated and studied to meet the following
objectives in terms of fulfilling the requirements of both the countries.
- Hydropower Generation- Irrigation Development- Flood Management
In the meeting, the following was also agreed:
SKHDMP would be studied in such a way that other water resources projectsin the upstream reach of the Kosi Basin are not adversely affected.
An Inception Report was to be prepared by Nepal and to be finalized by theJTE.
Consequently, the Inception Report prepared by Govt. of Nepal was sent to the Govt.
of India (GOI) in November, 1992. The GOI’s comments on the Inception Report
prepared by the Nepalese side were sent to Govt. of Nepal in September, 1993.
Subsequently, during the visit of Hon’ble Minister of Parliamentary Affairs & Water
Resources, Govt. of India to Nepal in Dec, 1993, it was agreed that while preparing
the DPR, following points shall also be considered:
Water requirements of Nepal shall be given prime consideration.
Project benefits such as irrigation, flood control, power and navigation, wherepossible shall be assessed.
A Revised Inception Report incorporating the above aspects was received in August,
1994. Earlier, Govt. of Nepal had got the Master Plan of Kosi Basin prepared by
Japan International Corporation Agency (JICA) in 1985, which included the study of
Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme at Kurule.
The Second Meeting of JTE was held in Kathmandu on 7-9 January, 1997 where the
Revised Inception Report was discussed. In this meeting, it was agreed that the
scheme to divert Sun Kosi water for irrigation in Central and Eastern Terai, Nepal and
part of North Bihar should also be investigated and studied together with navigation
studies for the Kosi River. The Inception Report was again discussed by the JTE at
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its 3rd Meeting at New Delhi on March 21-23, 2001. The Inception Report was further
discussed and finalized at the Fourth Meeting of the JTE held at Kathmandu from 12-
13 October, 2001.
As a sequel to above developments, it has been agreed to conduct joint investigations
and other studies for the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) of Sapta Kosi
High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme.
As indicated above, Joint Team of Experts (JTE) consisting of experts from the both
the countries were constituted in 1991 to finalize the modalities of investigation and
method of assessment of benefits through joint studies / investigations. An Inception
Report indicating the scope of work and studies required to be carried out for the
finalisation of DPR of both the projects was prepared by the JTE which was approved
by the Governments of both countries. Joint Team of Experts so far had six meetings.
Its 1st meeting was held in February, 1992 and its 6th meeting was held on 12 – 13
June 2005.
The Joint Project Office (JPO) of Govt. of India and Govt. of Nepal has been
established at Biratnagar, Nepal on 17th August, 2004 for carrying out the necessary
survey, investigations and other studies for the purpose of preparation of Detailed
Project Report of Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-
cum-Diversion Scheme in Nepal. JPO’s main office is located at Biratnagar, Nepal.
It has two Divisions located at Dharan and Janakpur. Dharan and Janakpur are
located about 40 Km and 250 Km away from Biratnagar. Each Division has two Sub-
divisions. Both the Sub-divisions of Dharan Division are located at Chatra which is
about 20 km from Dharan. The Sub-Division offices of Janakpur Division are located
at Lahan and Katari. Lahan and Katari are at a distance of 50 km and 60 km
respectively from Janakpur Division office.
1.4 AWARD OF WORKS
Project Manager, JPO-SKSKI vide their letter dt. 10-02-06 invited Technical and
Financial proposal for conducting Irrigation Studies of command area in Indian
Territory proposed to be brought under irrigation through Sapta Kosi High Dam
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Multipurpose project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme. WAPCOS vide
letter dt. 03-03-06 submitted the Technical and Financial Proposal. Subsequently,
WAPCOS officials made a presentation on 02-07-06 at Biratnagar before JPO
officials regarding the detailed methodology to be undertaken in carrying out the
above studies. Accordingly, the work of “Irrigation Studies of Command Area in
Indian Territory through Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun
Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme” was awarded to M/s WAPCOS Ltd. vide
Letter of Intent no. 04/7(B)/2004 –JPO-SKSKI/361-65 dt. 03-03-2009 by Joint
Project Office, Sapta Kosi Sun Kosi Investigations (JPO-SKSKI), Biratnagar (Nepal).
The Agreement was signed on 21-04-2009 at Biratnagar between representatives of
M/s WAPCOS, Gurgaon and JPO (SKSKI), Biratnagar.
1.5 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The project area for the present irrigation studies of the command area in Indian
Territory lies between river Mahananda on the East & river Burhi Gandak on the
West in Bihar State of India. The tentative Gross Command Area (GCA) in Indian
Territory, excluding command already being served by existing projects, was
estimated as 10 lakh ha in RFP based on available command area maps which has
been firmed up during the present study as 10.53 lakh ha.
The command area in the Indian Territory to be brought under irrigation would
receive irrigation supplies through regulated releases made from Sapta Kosi High
Dam Multipurpose Project (SKHDMP) and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion
Scheme (SSDS) located in Nepal Territory. SKHDMP and SSDS are being
formulated to meet the following objectives in both countries:
- Hydropower Generation
- Irrigation Development
- Flood control / Management
- Navigation
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However, the present scope of study is confined to irrigation development only.
Since, irrigation is one of the major benefits to accrue to both the countries from these
projects, the proposed irrigation studies of the command area is being carried out in
close coordination with the Nepalese Consultant keeping in view the water
requirement for Nepal, location of their command area, location of off-take points etc.
The Irrigation Studies in Indian Territory (Bihar) are aimed at evaluating the technical
and economic feasibility of developing irrigation facilities to 10.53 lakh ha of GCA in
Bihar through the canal system of above projects. The proposed studies shall
primarily be carried out considering irrigation water requirement of new command
area in Indian Territory as well as additional requirement, if any, of the existing
command area for stabilization or extension based on irrigation water availability
from SKHDMP and SSDS. The study shall also include the evaluation of design
capacities of existing canal system to assess whether it can absorb additional irrigation
supplies if so planned, with or without remodeling of existing systems.
As per RFP, the scope of work for irrigation studies of command area in Indian
Territory which is proposed to be brought under irrigation through Sapta Kosi High
Dam Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme is as follows:
i) Review of the existing, planning and potential for irrigation development inIndia (Bihar).
ii) Identification of new command area to be brought under irrigation throughSapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project, Sun Kosi Storage-cum-DiversionScheme including Kamala Multipurpose Project and Bagmati MultipurposeProject.
iii) Assessment of command area for irrigation stabilization through theseprojects.
iv) Assessment of surface water availability for irrigation from the existingdiversion points for new as well as the existing command area.
v) Fixation of canal alignment.
vi) Preparation of topographical maps of command area on 1:10,000 scale with0.5m contour interval showing the existing irrigation system and the alignmentof proposed branch canals and major distributaries, location of off-takingchannels, area commanded (CCA) by each off-taking channel, bed level, full
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supply level, discharge of the off-taking channel and the outlets for eachcommand area.
vii) Contour map of the On Farm Development (OFD) Works (1% of CCA)limited to 5000 ha with each patch of 1,000 ha for each broad soil type) on1:3960 scale and 0.15m contour interval for slopes upto 1% and 0.25m forslopes above 1% showing alignment of canal and drainage system with in thatarea.
viii) Preparation of drainage development plan, as an important component ofirrigation development, on the topographical maps of command area on1:10,000 scale with 0.5m contour interval showing the existing irrigationdrainage system and proposed drainage system down to tertiary level.
ix) Longitudinal and Cross section of the canals on 1:2,500 (Horizontal scale) and1:100 (Vertical scale) with maximum spacing of cross section at 50m c/c.
x) Strip contour plan along the alignment of Branch Canals and MajorDistributaries on 1:1,500 scale with 0.50m contour interval. Width of stripshall be 300m in case of Branch Canals, 200m in case of Major Distributariesand 100m in case of tertiary canal.
xi) Contour plan on 1:2,500 scale and 0.5m contour interval for the locations ofmajor canal structures. This plan shall cover an area upto 300m on either sideof centre line of canal, 100m downstream of point of exit of water and 100mupstream of point of inlet.
xii) Cross section and Longitudinal section of drains at major canal structures andcanal crossings on 1:2,500 (Horizontal) and 1:100 (Vertical) scale, Crosssection at 50m c/c 250m upstream and downstream.
xiii) Land Use and Land Capacity Survey and mapping on topographical maps on1:10,000 scale
xiv) Agricultural soil survey for the preparation of soil map on 1:10,000 scale tocharacterize the physical and chemical properties of the soil units. The surveyshall comprise identification, examination, classification and mapping of allrepresentative soil units.
xv) Engineering geological survey of the command area like transit soil survey,test pits, boreholes and geomorphological features. Infiltration tests on every5.0 km or earlier in case change in soil type depending on site requirementsalong the canal alignment and 250 m at cross drainage works.
xvi) Construction Material Surveys for canals and canal structures.
xvii) General information to be collected;
- Physiography of the command area
- Climate, hydrology and meteorology
- Water quality
- Socio-economic condition (existing)
- Agricultural practices, markets, extension and input services
- Status of the infrastructural facilities in the command area
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- Survey of ground water conditions
- Details of existing command area like GCA, CCA, Net Irrigable Area(NIA), Irrigation Intensity and cropping intensity & pattern.
1.6 THE PROJECT
Irrigation studies of command area in Indian Territory through Sapta Kosi High Dam
Multipurpose Project (SKHDMP) entrusted to WAPCOS aims at utilizing the spill
waters of Sapta Kosi High Dam proposed in Nepal for irrigation on downstream in
North Bihar (India) by diverting the same from Sisauli Barrage, d/s of SKHDMP, into
Eastern Sapta Kosi Main canal (ESKMC) and Western Sapta Kosi Main canal
(WSKMC). While the ESKMC lies entirely in Nepal territory, the WSKMC’s initial
portion lies in Nepal and the remaining portion upto its tail in India. Accordingly, the
irrigation from spill waters of SKHDMP is envisaged both in Nepal as well as in
India. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) of Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose
Project envisaging hydropower generation to the extent of 3000 MW is being
prepared by the Joint Project Office (JPO – SKSKI), Biratnagar.
The project of “Irrigation studies of Command Area in Indian Territory through
SKHDMP” entrusted to WAPCOS envisages carrying out survey and investigations,
soil mapping and semi-detailed soil survey, assessment of Gross Command Area
(GCA) and Culturable Command Area (CCA) to be brought under irrigation in North
Bihar from available water from SKHDMP, design of cropping pattern and irrigation
intensities based on land use, soils, topography and agro-climatic conditions
prevailing in the command area, macro irrigation planning in the entire command
area, micro irrigation planning (on survey maps of 1:10000 scale) in 10% CCA spread
over in three different patches representing the broad soil types in command area, On
Farm Development (OFD) Works planning (on village maps of 1:2500 scale) in 5
sub-patches each of 1000 ha size located within the three patches identified for micro
irrigation planning, stabilization of irrigation in the command area of existing,
ongoing projects etc.
Based on the various desk and field studies carried out by WAPCOS, the profile ofthe project envisaged is as under:
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1) Construction of barrage on river Sapta Kosi located at Sisauli in Nepal, about12.7 km d/s of Sapta Kosi High Dam at Barahkshetra, with tentative length bet.2 to 3 km and pond level at EL + 120 m to provide irrigation on both the banks.
2) Construction of Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal (ESKMC) ex-Sisauli Barrage ofabout 112.55 km length from river Sapta Kosi to river Mechi lying entirely inNepal to irrigate areas both in Nepal and India.
The required discharge for 5 no. of offtake points for branch canals fromESKMC at Indo-Nepal border envisaged is about 185 cumec.
3) Construction of Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal (WSKMC) ex-Sisauli Barrageof about 207.20 km length including Indian portion of about 50.41 km length(bet Ch 156.79 km to Ch 207.20 km) to irrigate areas both in Nepal and India.
The required discharge of WSKMC at entry point in India envisaged is about489.51 cumec to cater to 7 offtake points for branch canals/direct distributariesalong WSKMC.
4) Gross Command Area ( GCA) and Culturable Command Area (CCA) to becovered in Indian territory as under:-
GCA CCALakh ha
Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Basin 6.99 5.24Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin(upto river mechi)
3.54 2.48
Total 10.53 7.72
5) Macro irrigation planning showing alignment of branch canals, distributariesand minors in entire project CCA of 7.72 lakh ha (on 1:50000 scale).
6) Micro irrigation planning in three different patches in command arearepresenting about 10% of project CCA (on 1:10,000 scale).
7) Distribution system network to be constructed in a CCA of 7.72 Lakh ha inIndian territory based on macro and micro irrigation planning shall be as under:
Name of
Canal
Burhi Gandak -Bagmati Mahananda Total
Nos. Length (km) Nos. Length (km) Nos. Length(km)
Main canal 1 50.41 - - 1 50.41
BranchCanals
3 400.46 5 314.48 8 714.94
DirectDistributaries
4 50.96 - - 4 50.96
000001
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WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-1 21
8) The proposed cropping pattern and irrigation intensities envisaged are as under:
Burhi Gandak – BagamatiCommand
MahanandaCommand
Kharif 90% 90%Rabi 80% 80%Hot Weather 33% 28%Perennial 5% -
Total 208% 198%
9) The project will provide annual irrigation to the extent of 15.81 lakh ha
according to the above cropping pattern and irrigation intensities as per the
details given below:-
Burhia Gandak –BagmatiCommand
MahanandaCommand
Total
CCA(Lakh ha) 5.24 2.48 7.72Irrigation Intensity(%)
208% 198%
Annual Irrigation(Lakh ha)
10.90 4.91 15.81
Districts Benefitted 9 Nos.East Champaran, West Champaran,Muzaffarpur, Samastipur Begusarai,Khagaria Dharbanga, Madhubani &Sitamarhi
4 Nos.Purnea,Katihar,Araria &
Kishanganj
13 Nos.
10) On-farm Development Works Planning in 5000 ha area comprising of 5 sub-
patches of 1000 ha each located within the three patches identified in command
area for micro irrigation planning.
Salient Features of the “Irrigation Studies of Command Area in Indian Territory
through SKHDMP” are given in Annex – 1.3.
Distributaries 50 836.59 41 681.43 91 1518.02
Direct Minors 44 164.74 56 256.15 100 420.89
Minors 358 1636.04 381 1192.89 739 2828.93
Total 460 3139.20 483 2444.95 943 5584.15
000001000001000001
Final Report
WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-1 22
A Schematic Diagram showing location of Off-take Points for Branch Canals/ Direct
Distributaries in Indian Territory through SKHDMP is given in Fig. 1.1.
1.7 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT
Final Report being submitted to JPO-SKSKI consists of complete output of studies
carried out for the project, which includes irrigation planning studies, typical design
of canals and canal structures, detailed planning and design of On-Farm Development
(OFD) Works and cost estimate of the project upto minor level as well as the cost
estimate for OFD works.
The Final Report contains the following chapters:-
Chapter – I - IntroductionChapter – II - Salient Characteristics of the Project RegionChapter – III - Irrigation PlanningChapter – IV - Stabilization of Irrigation in Existing ProjectsChapter – V - Topographical and Canal Alignment SurveysChapter – VI - Agronomical StudiesChapter – VII - Water Availability StudiesChapter – VIII - Water DemandChapter – IX - Broad Soil Resource MappingChapter – X - Development of Ground Water Resources
Chapter – XI - Water Logging, Drainage and Reclamation
Chapter – XII - Status of Existing Water Management Practices andProspects for Intensified Agriculture
Chapter – XIII - Water Distribution and Control
Chapter – XIV - Research, Extension and Training
Chapter – XV - Supplies of Input and Services including Credit
Chapter – XVI - Organisation and Management
Chapter – XVII - Operation and Maintenance
Chapter – XVIII - Ayacut Roads
Chapter – XIX - Semi-Detailed Soil Survey
Chapter – XX - Geotechnical Investigation
Chapter- XXI - Construction Material Survey
Chapter-XXII - Design of Canals and Canal Structures
Chapter-XXIII - Planning and Design of On-Farm Development Works
Chapter-XXIV - Cost Estimate
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WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-1 23
Chapter-XXV - Implementation Schedule
Chapter-XXVI - Economic Assessment
Annex-1.2
Salient Features Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme
The salient features of Sun Kosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme as per JICA report are asfollows. Kamala Dam Multipurpose Project is a part of Sun Kosi Storage-cum-DiversionScheme.
(a) Diversion Dam at River Sun Kosi near KuruleDam type Concrete gravityDam height 48.9 m
(b) Diversion TunnelLength 16.6 kmDesign Discharge 72 m3/s
(c) Diversion Power StationMaximum Discharge 72 m3/sHead 102.5 mMaximum Power 61.4 MWGenerated energy 511 GWh
(d) Kamala Dam and ReservoirC.A 1,450 km2
HWL EL 178 mLWL EL 163 mGross Storage 713 million cumLive Storage 493 million cumDam type Gravity fillDam height 51.0 m
(e) Kamala Dam Power StationMaximum Discharge 120 m3/sHead 32 mMaximum Power 32 MW
(f) Irrigation Development in Terai Area
(i) Chisapani Barrage Height 3 mLength 300 m
(ii) Main Canal Length Design DischargeRight bank 78.4 km 135 m3/sLeft bank 74.1 km 84 m3/s
Annex-1.3
Salient Features of “Irrigation Studies of Command Area in Indian Territorythrough Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project and Sun Kosi Storage-cum-
Diversion Scheme”
1. SOURCE Sapta Kosi River
a) Barrage Sisauli, in Nepal, 12.7 km d/s of Sapta KosiHigh Dam at Barahkshetra
Length 2 to 3 km
Pond Level EL + 120 m
b) Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal Ex-Sisauli Barrage, 112.55 km length fromriver Sapta Kosi to river Mechi, lyingentirely in Nepal
c) Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal Ex-Sisauli Barrage, 205.28 km lengthincluding Indian portion of about 50 kmlength
2. COMMAND AREA IN INDIA
GCA (Lakh ha) CCA (Lakh ha)
Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Basin 6.99 5.24
Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin
(upto river mechi)
3.54 2.48
Total 10.53 7.72
3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK FOR ENTIRE CCA OF 7.72 LAKH HA
Name of
Canal
Burhi Gandak -Bagmati Mahananda Total
Nos. Length (km) Nos. Length (km) Nos. Length(km)
Main canal 11 5500..4411 -- -- 11 5500..4411
BranchCanals
33 440000..4466 55 331144..4488 88 771144..9944
DirectDistributaries
44 5500..9966 -- -- 44 5500..9966
Distributaries 5500 883366..5599 4411 668811..4433 9911 11551188..0022
Direct Minors 4444 116644..7744 5566 225566..1155 110000 442200..8899
Minors 335588 11663366..0044 338811 11119922..8899 773399 22882288..9933
Total 446600 33113399..2200 448833 22444444..9955 994433 55558844..1155
4. PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN
Burhi Gandak – Bagamati
Command
Mahananda Command
Kharif 90% 90%
Rabi 80% 80%
Hot Weather 33% 28%
Perennial 5% -
Total 208% 198%
5. ANNUAL IRRIGATION
Burhia Gandak –
Bagmati Command
Mahananda
Command
Total
CCA(Lakh ha) 5.24 2.48 7.72
Irrigation Intensity (%) 208% 198%
Annual Irrigation (Lakh ha) 10.90 4.91 15.81
6. DISTRICTS BENEFITTED
Burhi Gandak-BagmatiCommand
Mahananda Command Total
9 Nos. 4 Nos. 13 Nos.
East Champaran Purnea East ChamparanWest Champaran Katihar West ChamparanSamastipur Araria SamastipurBegusarai Kishanganj BegusaraiMuzaffarpur MuzaffarpurKhagaria KhagariaDarbhanga DarbhangaMMaaddhhuubbaannii MMaaddhhuubbaannii
SSiittaammaarrhhii SSiittaammaarrhhii
Purnea
Katihar
Araria
Kishanganj
7. LOCATION OF OFFTAKE POINTS FOR BRANCH CANALS/DIRECTDISTRIBUTARIES FOR IRRIGATION IN INDIA
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati CommandS.No. Offtaking
FromName ofOfftakingCanal
BorderPillarNo.
GroundElevation(m)
Chainage(km)
Village Lat/Long
1. SisauliBarrage
EntryPoint ofWSKMC
Bet BP18 &19(660 mbelowBP-19)
84 156.79 Kanhwa(India)
2266oo 4488’’5555’’’’NN85o 43’ 27” E
2. WSKMC BC(I) 5000mbelowBP-25
81.62 166.04 Bagchaura/Pakaria(India)
26o 49’43” N85o 38’ 06” E
3. WSKMC DD1 270 mbelowBP 33
82.69 174.66 Larkawa(India)
26o 50’ 08” N85o 33’ 19” E
4. WSKMC DD2 BelowBP 38
76.99 182.04 Khopraha(India)
26o 47’ 58” N85o 29’ 57” E
5. WSKMC DD3 Bet BP38 & 39
74.89 184.16 Dularpur(India)
26o 47’ 18” N85o 28’ 57” E
6. WSKMC DD4 2500 mbelowBP-42
74.5 192.05 GarhwaBisanpur(India)
26o 46’ 46” N85o 24’ 52” E
7. WSKMC BC (II) 3300mbelowBP-48
73.02 197.31 Bariarpur(India)
26o 44’ 21” N85o 22’ 56” E
8. WSKMC BC (III) 750 mbelowBP 54
72.32 207.20 Bairagnia(India)
26o 44’ 24” N85o 17’ 06” E
BC = Branch Canal DD = Direct Distributary
S.No. OfftakingFrom
Name ofOfftakingCanal
BorderPillarNo.
GroundElevation(m)
Village Lat/Long
1. ESKMC(At Indo-
NepalBorder)
BC (I) BP 55 61.7 Lalokhar/Madhubani
(India)
26o 25’ 06” N87o 23’ 29” E
2. ESKMC BC (II) BP 49 65.4 Muraripur/Pahara(India)
26o 25’ 48” N87o 31’ 09” E
3. ESKMC BC (III) BP 35 71 Fatehpur(India)
26o 26’ 07” N85o 41’ 40” E
4. ESKMC BC (IV) BP 19 78 Dighalbank(India)
26o 28’ 13” N87o 52’ 38” E
5. ESKMC BC (V) BetweenBP 13 &
BP 14
70 Jaipokhar(India)
26o 22’ 05” N87o 52’ 58” E
BC = Branch Canal
8. LOCATION OF & SIZE OF PATCHES IDENTIFIED FOR MICROIRRIGATION PLANNING FOR 10% CCA
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Command
Patch1 = 26700 ha (3.5 % of CCA)
Patch 2 = 25700 ha (3.3 % of CCA)
Total 52400 ha
Mahananda Command
Patch 3 = 25000 ha (3.2 % of CCA)
Grand Total = 26700+25700+25000 = 77400 ha (10% of CCA)
9. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK IN 3 PATCHES BASED ON MICROPLANNING (ALREADY INCLUDED IN S.No. 3)
SS..NNoo.. TTyyppee ooff CCaannaall
BBuurrhhii--GGaannddaakk BBaaggmmaattiiCCoommmmaanndd
MMaahhaannaannddaa CCoommmmaanndd
PPaattcchh 11 PPaattcchh 22 PPaattcchh 33 TToottaall
NNoo.. KKmm NNoo.. KKmm.. NNoo.. KKmm.. NNoo.. KKmm..
11.. BBrraanncchh CCaannaallss -- -- 11 1111..4466 11 1166..9933 22 2288..3399
33 22.. DDiirreecctt DDiissttrriibbuuttaarriieess 44 5500..9966 -- -- -- -- 44 5500..9966
33 DDiissttrriibbuuttaarriieess -- -- 44 6600..6677 55 6644..8844 99 112255..5511
44.. MMiinnoorrss//DDiirreecctt MMiinnoorrss 2233 114433..3388 4499 111100..5588 8800 112266..9944 115522 338800..99
TToottaall 2277 119944..3344 5544 118822..7711 8866 220088..7711 116677 558855..7766
10. ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT (OFD) WORKS:
Sub-Patch 1
Area = 2027 ha
Location = In Patch 1
Village = Sitalpatti, Manariya, Akhadiya
District = Sitamarhi
Sub-Patch 2
Area = 942 ha
Location = In Patch 1
Village = Ramnagar, Bhujunagar, Bhujutola, Budhwara, Najarpur,Binwatola, Mohani, Dubha-tola, Mohoni Khurd,Bisnupur
District = Sitamarhi
Sub-Patch 3
Area = 1032 ha
Location = In Patch 2
Village = Banauli, Rajaul, Fulbaria, Bharoul
District = Darbhanga
(B) Mahananda Command
Sub-Patch 4
Area = 727 ha
Location = In Patch 3
Village = Jhunki Musahara, Hatgav
District = Kishanganj
Sub-Patch 5
Area = 872 ha
Location = In Patch 3Village = Dogacchi, Jhingakata, Pahatgav, Jhingakata
Istamrar, Maheshbathna, Taufir JhingakataDistrict = Kishanganj
11. ABSTRACT OF COST
Unit: Rs. LakhS.No. Command Canal System OFD Works Total
1. Burhi Gandak BagmatiCommand
719382 117817 837199
2. Mahananda Command 269672 37424 307096
Total 989054 (A) 155241 (B) 1144295
Cost of Land Acquisition (Rs. Lakh) (C) 39430
Cost of Establishment / Construction Supervision @5% of (A) above (D) 49453
Grand Total (A)+(B)+(C)+(D) (Rs. Lakh) 1233178
11. BENEFIT COST RATIO
Benefit cost ratio of the project has been worked out as per guidelines Central WaterCommission/Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, for preparation of DPRswhich works out to 3.69.
12. INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN
IRR of the project works out to 17%.
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CHAPTER – II
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT REGION
2.1PROJECT REGION
The command of Sapt Kosi High dam project in Indian Territory extends from the
river Burhi Gandak on the west to the Mechi River, a tributary of the river
Mahananda on the east upto their confluence with the river Ganga. It covers
following basins.
- The Burhi Gandak river basin- The Bagmati river basin- The Kamla Balan river basin- The Kosi river basin- The Western Fringe of Mahananda river basin (upto MechiRiver)
The Burhi Gandak - Bagmati – Kamla – Kosi - Mahananda river system originates
from the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas and has a considerable portion of
its catchment in the glacial region. The flow is therefore, snow and rain-fed and
perennial. On account of the mountainous orography, the flows show extreme
fluctuations in the upper reaches. As the river system has large catchment in the
Himalayan region in Tibet and Nepal, it receives very copious rainfall during
monsoon. This causes flooding of a very large portion of north Bihar. During high
flood stages, the flow at the downstream sites is found to be less compared to the
flow observed at the upstream stations. This decreasing trend may be attributed to
the large scale breaching and over spilling of the embankments.
Index map showing the integrated river system in which the project region is
located i.e. Burhi Gandak-Bagmati-KamlaBalan-Kosi & Mahananda Basins is
given at Plate –2.1.
2.1.1 The Burhi Gandak Basin
Burhi-Gandak is one of the important tributaries of the river Ganga. It originates
from Chautarwa chaur near Bisambhapur in the district of West Champaran in
Bihar at 84o12’ E longitude and 27o05’ N latitude and is known as the Sikrahana in
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its upper reaches. The river basin lies between 84o 0’ to 86o30’ E longitude and
25o25’ to 27o30’ N latitude.
The Burhi-Gandak basin is bound by the Someshwar hills in the north, the river
Ganga in the south and the ridge lines separating it from the Gandak and the
Bagmati catchments on the west and east respectively.
2.1.1.1 Main Tributaries
A number of rivers originating from Someshwar hills join the river Sikarhana. A
major tributary, Masan, joins the river on left bank. After flowing a distance of
about 56 km, the river Sikarhana is joined by the river Tilawe and Tiur on its left
bank. After the confluence of Tiur near Gularia, the river is known as Burhi
Gandak. From this point, after flowing through east Champaran, Muzaffarpur,
Samastipur and Begusarai districts, it meets the river Ganga in its left bank near
Khagaria district. Details of different tributaries of the river Burhi Gandak are
given in Table -2.1.
Table -2.1
Salient Features of the Tributaries of River Burhi Gandak
No Tributary Bank CA(sq.km)
Origin Outfall
1 Masan L 480 Someshwar hills Basantpur
2 Balor L 608 -do- Baglochana
3 Pandai L 875 -do- Tularam Ghat
4 Sikta L 847 -do- Near Murgitola
5 Tilawe L 1330 Churia hills inNepal
Agarwa
6 Tiur L 530 Foothills ofHimalayas in Nepal
Gularia
7 Kohra R 282 Near Bettiah town Bairatpur
8 Dhaunti R 870 Spill channel ofGandak river
Bardaha
9 Danda R 2083 Near Kamatul Dilapur
10 Main stem 4116 - -
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No Tributary Bank CA(sq.km)
Origin Outfall
Total 12021 In Ganga atKhagaria
2.1.1.2 Catchment Area
The river Burhi Gandak drains a total catchment area of 12,021 sq. km, out of
which 9601 sq. km. lies in India and rest in Nepal. The river has a fan-shaped
catchment in the upper reach and an elongated narrow shaped catchment lower
down. The northern part of the catchment is hilly and covers about 2130 sq. km.
The rest of the catchment lies in plains.
The catchment area of Burhi Gandak river at various G&D sites maintained by
Central Water Commission (CWC) is given in Table -2.2.
Table-2.2
Catchment area of river Burhi Gandak at G&D Sites
SlNo.
Site District CatchmentArea (sq. km.)
1 Chanpatia West Champaran 1464
2 Lalbgiaghat West Champaran 6900
3 Sikandarpur Muzzaffarpur 8510
4 Rosara Samastipur 9580
Source: Hydrological Observation Stations in India under Central WaterCommission (CWC Publication, 2004)
The study area covers the districts lying on right side of the river to the extent of
3085 sq. km which is about 32% of total catchment area lying in India. The details
of these districts in the basin under consideration are given in Table-2.3.
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Table – 2.3
Districtwise details of project area in Burhi-Gandak Basin
Sl
No
District Total area
in sq. km
In Basin
% Area in sq. km
1 East &West Champaran 9196 16.4 1512
2 Samastipur 2904 21.1 613
3 Bagmati 1918 22.2 425
4 Muzaffarpur 3172 11.6 367
5 Khagaria 11186 0.9 98
Total 3085
2.1.2 The Bagmati Basin (including Adhwara Group of rivers)
The river Bagmati, one of the perennial rivers of north Bihar, originates in the
Shivpuri range of hills in Nepal at latitude 27o 47’ N and longitude 85o17’ E, 16
km north east of Kathmandu, at an elevation of 1500 m. It flows in a westward
direction draining the Kathmandu valley. The river enters India in Bihar at village
Sorwatia in Sitamarhi district, nearly 2.5 km north of Dheng Railway station. The
river traverses nearly 195 km in Nepal territory. It flows from Indo-Nepal border
nearly 15 km where the river Lalbakeya joins on its right bank. The principal
course of the river in its first reach inside Indian Territory is between Indo-Nepal
border to Khoripakar. The river crosses Samastipur-Narkatiaganj railway station
through Railway Bridge No 89. Due to the siltation of river under the bridge, three
channels have formed upstream of the bridge. These channels, after passing
through Railway Bridge No 90, 91A and 91 B between Dheng and Bairgania
stations of NE railway, again join the parent channel near village Joriahi at about
2.5 km south of railway line. It is a major tributary of the river Kosi merging into
it at Baltara in Bihar, after travelling a distance of 394 km in Bihar.
The Bagmati river system carries lot of sediment load contributed by its own
catchment as well as its tributaries, which continues to put the river regime in
disarray and create problems like meandering of the river course, rising of the river
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bed resulting in rising of the flood level and reduction in channel capacity and
drainage congestion etc.
Above the confluence of Lalbekeya, the Bagmati has a tendency to shift towards
west the confluence point while the course of Lalbekeya remains more or less
stable. In this reach, the river spills on its banks during high floods, inundating
areas in the Sheohar block. Therefore, it has been embanked on the both the banks
together with the banks of the Lalbakeya upto Indo-Nepal border.
The course of the river Bagmati between Khoripakar to Kalanjarghat is the most
important reach as far as shifting of its course is concerned. The river Lalbakeya
meets the river Bagmati on its right bank near Dewapur just downstream of
Khoripakar. From this point to confluence point of the Bagmati old dhar with the
Bagmati river near Kalanjarghat, prior to the construction of embankments on both
sides of the river, it had tendency to change its course several times in the past and
the present course was adopted by the river in the floods of 1969. It avulsed into
the Kola Nadi on its left bank. The avulsion from the old course actually took
place at one km downstream of the village Adhwara joining the Kola Nadi near
village Ratanpur Pakri. The river thereafter flows through the course of the Kola
Nadi upto its outfall point into the Manusmara, a little upstream of Dumra.
Immediately downstream of Dumra, an existing prominent channel connects the
Bagmati with one of its old courses on its right bank. Beyond this place it flows
along the old course of the Manusmara and crosses Sitamarhi-Muzaffarpur road at
Runnisaidpur which is nearly 2 km south of Bhanspatti. Thereafter, the river runs
further nearly 23 km south east upto Katra, where it is joined by the river
Lakhandei on its left bank and further 10 km down near village Bhagwatpur the
Siari dhar, one of the old course of the Bagmati active during 1915-1937, joins it
on its right bank. Then some distance downstream, one more dead course of the
river Bagmati joins it on the right bank and then it approaches Kalanjarghat,
beyond which the course of the river Bagmati is same as that existed before 1969.
Here it is worth mentioning that during 1983 floods, the river Bagmati tried to
avulse into the ‘Purani Dhar’ below Khoripakar which is the old course of the
Bagmati prior to 1969. The Purani Dhar off takes near village Belwa, therefore, it
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is also called Belwa Dhar. The offtake point of this Belwa dhar is very unstable
and it is getting wider and wider so much so that even in lean season nearly 40% of
the Bagmati river water passes through Belwa dhar which out falls into the Burhi
Gandak near Minapur in the district of Muzaffarpur.
The river Bagmati in its third reach of Kalanjarghat to Hayaghat crosses the
Samastipur-Darbhanga road at Jathmalpur and then joins the Darbhanga-Bagmati
drainage channel one of its major tributaries in the left bank just above Hayaghat.
The Darbhanga Bagmati drains the Adhwara group of rivers which may be
categorised in the following groups:
i) The Adhwara, the Jamura, the Sikao, the Burhand, the Mohini and the
Kniroi group of rivers
ii) The Sangahi, the Marha, the Hardi, the Mardar, and the Rato group of
rivers
iii) The Dhaus, the Thomane, the Jamuni, the Bighi and the Darbhanga-
Bagmati group of rivers.
These rivers originate from the foot hills of Himalayas in Nepal and after
traversing the area join together to form two distinct drainage channels, mainly the
Khiroi and the Darbhanga-Bagmati which also join together at Ekmighat at
longitude 85052’44”E and latitude 2602’25” N. The total catchment area of the
Adhwara group of rivers from its origin to outfall is 4960 sq.km., out of which
2360 sq.km. lies in Nepal and 2600 sq.km. lies in India. These rivers pass through
north eastern part of Sitamarhi district, western part of Madhubani district and
north western part of Darbhanga district.
After the confluence with Darbhanga-Bagmati, 1.5 km above Hayaghat, the river
Bagmati is commonly known as the Kareh. It crosses the Darbhanga-Samastipur
section of N-E Railway at Hayaghat. This reach of the river from Kalanjarghat to
Hayaghat is practically a stable reach and is embanked on both sides from
Sumarhat to Hayaghat in a length of about 15 km. During high floods, the river in
this reach spills on its left bank and an area of about 100 sq.km. in between the
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Darbhanga-Bagmati and the Bagmati remains waterlogged during the rainy season
for a considerable period of time.
The Adhwara group of rivers also joins the river Bagmati in the name of
Darbhanga-Bagmati near Hayaghat. As already mentioned above, the first group
of rivers namely the Adhwara, Jamura-Sikao-Burhand and the Khiroi group
of rivers originate from foot hills of Nepal at an elevation of about 610 m (2000
ft.) and join together at about 16 km below Indo-Nepal border and form the new
Adhwara. Inside Nepal among the hilly streams, Jhim is the most important stream
which is formed by two major streams namely Kalinjor Khola and Kulijar Khola.
These group of rivers enter Bihar near Sonbarsa and is known as the Adhwara in
the lower reach. The river Jamura takes off from the low chaur area on the left
bank of Lakhandei and joins the Adhwara near Bhataulia on its right bank. The
river Sikao also rises in the low lying chaur area on the left bank of the Lakhandei
and joins the Adhwara near Bajpatti on its right bank. The Burhand river rises from
a series of chaurs known as Bhadai chaur lying north of Pupri and joins the river
Khiroi near Ranipur village after passing through Agropatti. Nearly 70 per cent of
discharge of the Adhwara groups of rivers passes through the river Khiroi and the
rest 30 percent goes to meet the river Dhaus near Karharaghat. Then the river
crosses Pupri-Benipatti road through a bridge and then crosses Ghograha-Kamtaul
road and Darbhanga-Sitamarhi N-E Railway nearly 1.6 km, north of Kamtaul
Railway station. Further downstream it is joined by the river Mohini at village
Katuka which carries local drainage as well as discharge of the river Lakhandei.
The river then crosses Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga PWD road at Sobhan and finally
falls into the Darbhanga-Bagmati at Ekmighat.
In the second group of rivers of the Adhwara system, the river Marha and the
river Rato both rise in the foot hills in Nepal at an elevation of about 610 m (2000
ft) and 762 m (2500 ft) respectively. The Marha in its run inside Nepal is joined by
a number of small tributaries on its left bank. It enters Bihar nearly 7 km east of
Sursand and flows almost in south direction. It receives the river Sangahi near
Rasalpur and the river Rato near Nihsa. The Marha and the Rato after joining
together at Nihsa flow in a common course and outfall into the river Dhaus near
Trimuhani. In the upstream, on the right bank of the river Marha, the river Hardi
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joins near Raghpura, which rises in terai of Nepal. The Rato rises in the foot hills
of Nepal and it is almost a perennial river carrying considerable discharge. It joins
the river Marha as stated earlier, on its left bank near Nihsa.
The third group of the Adhwara river system comprises the Dhaus, the
Thomane, the Jamuni, the Bighi and the Darbhanga-Bagmati rivers. The river
Dhaus originates from the foot hills of Nepal and it is joined by a number of hilly
streams namely the Bighi, the Ghoghra, the Hardinath and the Jamuni etc. The
Bighi and the Ghoghra join together a little above Indo-Nepal border while the
Hardinath and the Jamuni join on the border. The combined flow of these streams
forms the river Dhaus, which is joined by the Marha-Rato at Trimohani and
Burhnand (Adhwara-Jamura-Sikao group) at Karharaghat. Further after flowing
about 3.5 km down it is joined by the river Thomane on its left bank a little above
Saulighat. The river Thomane rises from low lying area near Harlakhi. From
Saulighat and downward, the river is called Darbhanga-Bagmati. It receives two
old courses of the river namely Sarsaun Kamla known as Bachhraja and chhagri
Kamla on its left bank near village Resault and Kamalbari respectively. The river
Bachhraja takes off from the river Kamla inside Nepal at about 20 km above
Jainagar and carries discharge of local drainage along with the spill discharge of
the river Kamala during high flood. It crosses the Madhubani-Benipatti road at
Sarsaun and finally joins Darbhanga-Bagmati at Rasauth. The Darbhanga-Bagmati
passes through Raghauli and comes to Ekmighat where it receives the river Khiroi
on the right bank at little upstream of Hayaghat railway bridge no. 17 of
Samastipur-Darbhanga section of N-E Railway. The joint river is thereafter called
the Kareh River.
2.1.2.1 Main Tributaries
The major tributaries of the river Bagmati in Nepal are the Chandi and the Jhaj. In
India, the major tributaries are the Lalbakeya on the right bank and the
Manusmara, the Lakhandai and the Adhwara group of rivers on the left bank. The
Khiroi and the Darbhanga-Bagmati rivers are the two principal rivers of the
Adhwara group. The Darbhanga-Bagmati River joins the Bagmati on left bank just
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above Hayaghat and the combined river is known as the Kareh below the point of
confluence.
(a) The Lalbakeya
It rises in the Mahabharat range of the Himalayan hills at an elevation of 1525 m. It
is a perennial river but carries little discharge during lean period. The total length
of this river is 109 km of which 80 km lies in Nepal and the rest 29 km runs
through India entering at Goabari to meet the Bagmati on its right bank at
Khoripakar ghat, nearly 22 km south of Indo-Nepal border. The total catchment
area of this river is nearly 896 sq.km. The right bank of the river Lalbakeya is
fairly upland and a marginal flood protection embankment has been constructed
along its entire length in the Indian Territory. The left bank used to spill frequently
during the floods upto Bairgania. The doab area between the Lalbakeya and the
Bagmati has now been embanked all along in Indian Territory. Dhaka Irrigation
Scheme was constructed in pre plan period on this tributary having its head works
at Goabari just at Indo-Nepal border in Bihar. It commands about 4452 ha land of
East Champaran district.
(b)The Lakhandei
It originates from Marinkhola in the foot hills of the Himalayas in Nepal at an
elevation of 610 m. It enters the Indian Territory near village Dularpur in
Sitamarhi district after traversing about 112 km in Nepal. Out of its total length of
282 km nearly 170 km lies in India. It joins the river Bagmati on its left bank at
Katra upstream of Kalanjarghat after crossing the Darbhanga-Narkatiyaganj
section of N-E Railway and the district town of Sitamarhi. The total catchment
area at its outfall into the Bagmati is 1061 sq.km. During high floods, although, it
spills on its both banks, the spilling is moderate and extends to only about one and
half kilometer width; hence consequences are not very serious. The maximum
flood discharge of this river is estimated to be about 100 cusecs only. The Sonum,
the Galbipur, the Nasi, the Jadua and the Baha are its tributaries.
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The Bagmati in India lies in the Gangetic plains which have been built up in the
process of land formation. The rivers originating from the Himalayas and falling
into the Ganga have played a major role in such land formation process. The
sediment brought by them formed inland deltas where the steep slope of the terai
converged into the flat slope of the plains. This resulted in the development of
meandering tendencies in the rivers leading to shifting of their courses. Such
changes in the river course and avulsions / cut offs of the meander loops formed
local depressions known as chaurs. The Bagmati river basin has vast stretch of
upland broken by numerous streams and shallow depressions called ‘chaurs’ where
water accumulates for most part of the year. A number of spill channels take off
from the Bagmati to rejoin it later or to join the adjoining streams. During floods,
the discharge in the downstream reaches of the river have been found to be only
about 10 percent of the upstream discharges as a result of the peculiar topography
of the area mentioned above.
2.1.2.2 Catchment Area
The catchment of BagmatiBasin is located on the south of the Himalayan range in
Nepal and north of the river Ganga in India and lies between the Burhi-Gandak
basin on the west and the KamlaBasin on the east.
The total catchment area of Bagmati basin including the Adhwara group of rivers
is 14,384 sq. km. Out of this, 6500 sq. km lies in Bihar and the rest 7884 sq. km
lies in Nepal. Most of the catchment in Nepal of the order of 55%, lies in Shivalik
foothills while area lying in Bihar is mostly in alluvial plains.
The flow pattern of the river in the upper portion inside India upto Hayaghat is
very complex on account of natural diversion of substantial Bagmati flows into the
Burhi Gandak through Belwadhar and heavy spilling in other small rivers including
rivers of the Adhwara group in the entire middle reach of the basin.
The river regime above Hayaghat is extremely unstable on account of high
sediment load in the river flow. Below Hayaghat, the flow is mostly confined
between embankments on both sides upto Phunia and later on joining the Kosi near
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Badalaghat, without generating significant run- off from the intermediate
catchments.
The catchment area of the river at G&D sites maintained by CWC is given in
Table- 2.4.
Table 2.4Catchment area of the river Bagmati at the G&D sites
Source: Hydrological Observation Stations in India under Central WaterCommission (CWC Publication, 2004)
The district-wise details of project area in the basin are given in Table-2.5.
Table 2.5District-wise details of the project area in Bagmati basin
Sl.No
Basin/District Area in sq. km % ofArea inBasin
District Basin
1 East Champaran 3968 285 7.2
2 Muzaffarpur 3172 989 31.2
3 Samastipur 2904 570 19.6
4 Begusarai 1918 305 15.9
5 Khagaria 1486 438 29.4
6 Darbhanga 2279 695 30.5
7 Madhubani 3501 924 26.4
8 Sitamari 2294 2294 100
Total 6500
Sl.No
G&D Site District Catchmentarea (sq.km)
1 Benibad Muzaffarpur 6160
2 DhengBridge Sitamarhi 3790
3 Ekmighat (Adhwara) Darbhanga 4197
4 Hayaghat Darbhanga 12973
5 Kamtaul (Adhwara) Darbhanga 1441
6 Runisaidpur Sitamarhi 6116
7 Sonebarsha Sitamarhi 8510
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2.1.3 The Kamla-Balan Basin
The Kamla originates in the inner valleys of the Himalayas in Mahabharat range of
hills in Nepal near Sindhuliagarrhi at an elevation of 1200 m. It is joined by a
number of hill streams on its both banks during its flow in the Mahabharat range. In
fact, two important streams namely, the Kalikhola and the Tawakhola flowing in
opposite directions, from west to east and east to west respectively, join together
and flow in the name of the river Kamla.
The river Kamla after traversing a few kilometers west emerges out through a
gorge near Tetaria and debouches into the terai area of Nepalat Chisapani about 48
km north of Indo-Nepal border. In the terai portion in Nepal, the river is joined by
the tributaries like the Jiwa, the Gurmi, the Lohjara, the Mainawati etc all on left
bank. On the right bank, the Bachhraja takes off from the Kamla, the mouth of
which is now silted up. It is an old abandoned course of the river Kamla. Then
onward, the river flows in southern direction and debouches into plains near Indo-
Nepal boarder and enters Indian Territory in the district of Madhubani in Bihar, 3.5
km upstream of Jainagar town. It flows in southern direction till it joins the river
Kareh (Bagmati) near Badlaghat. The rivers Dhauri, Soni, Balan and Sugarave join
the river Kamla on its left bank in the Indian Territory. During the flood season of
1954 the river Kamla abandoned its course near Bhakna village and avulsed into
the river Balan near pipreshab. Since then, the river is known as the Kamla- Balan.
The total length of the river Kamla- Balan is 328 km of which 208 km lies in Nepal
and the remaining 120 km in India. The river length from Chisapani in Nepal to
Jainagar in India is about 484m.
2.1.3.1 Catchment Area
The river Kamla- Balan drains a total catchment of 7232 sq km. Out of this, 4488
sq km. lies in Bihar in India and the rest 2744 sq km in Nepal. The catchment area
of the river at G&D sites maintained by CWC is given in Table-2.6.
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Table 2.6Catchment area of the river Kamla at the G&D Sites
Sl.No
G&D Site District Catchmentarea (sq.km)
1 Jainnagar Madhubani 2131
2 Jhanjharpur Madhubani 2945
Source: Hydrological Observation Stations in India under Central WaterCommission (CWC Publication, 2004)
The district-wise details of project area in Kamla basin are given in Table-2.7.
Table 2.7District-wise details of the project area in Kamla basin
S.No
Basin/District Area in ha % ofArea inBasin
District Basin
1 Madhubani 3501 1989 56.8
2 Darbhanga 2279 1577 69.2
3 Saharsa includingSupaul
4128 162 3.9
4 Khagaria 1486 125 8.4
5 Samastipur 2904 635 21.9
Total 4488
2.1.4 The Kosi Basin
The Kosi river system is bounded by the ridge of the Himalayas in the north,
separating it from the Brahmaputra river system, the Mahananda in the east, the
Burhi Gandak in the west and the main Ganga stem in the south.
The river Kosi originates at an altitude of over 7,000 m above MSL in the
Himalayas. The river system lies between 85o and 89o E Longitude and 25o 20' &
29o N Latitude. The upper catchment of the river system, in Tibet and Nepal, in the
hilly reaches. The highest peak in the world, the Mount Everest and the
Kanchenjunga are located in the trans-Himalayan reach.
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The Kosi river system can be divided into two parts as explained below:
i) River basin in Tibet and Nepal
ii) River basin in India.
2.1.4.1 River Basin in Tibet & Nepal
The Kosi basin is bounded on the north by the ridge separating it from the river
Tsangpo (Brahmaputra in India), on the south by Shiwaliks, on the east the basin
extends into the Qumo, Xaya and Joding mountains boarding on Nyangpur river, a
tributary of the Yarlumgzangbo (Brahmaputra ) river in Tibet and another ridge
separating it from Mahananda in India and on the west the basin extends into the
Biakuco continental lake in the west in Tibet, the Narayani basin in Nepal and
Burhi Gandak basin in India.
The catchment area upto the proposed Kosi High Dam sites includes the northern
slopes of the Shiwalik, the Mahabharat Range and the Great Himalayan ranges
including south Tibet Plateau region. It includes half of the world’s 8,000 m peaks.
About 67% of the total drainage area lies above an altitude of 3,000 m including
14,416 sq. km i.e; about 27% which lies above 5000 m. In Nepal, the river is
called the Sapta Kosi, deriving its name from the seven tributaries which form the
main river. The three major tributaries are Sun Kosi from the west, the Arun from
the north and Tamur from the east. Below their confluence at Tribeni, the river
flows in a narrow gorge for a length of about 9.6 km past the historical and sacred
temple at Barakshetra in Nepal and enters the plains at Chatra.
The three rivers viz., the Tamur (from east), the Arun (from north) and the
Sunkosi (from West) meet above Tribeni (about 10 km upstream of Chatra) to
form the river Kosi. The Sunkosi is formed by the union of Indravati, Sunkosi,
Tamba -Kosi, Likhu Khola and Dudh-Kosi. Below the confluence of these three
rivers at Tribeni, the river Kosi flows in a narrow gorge for a length of about 10
km, till it debouches into the plains near Chatra in Nepal. From here, the river runs
in relatively flat plains of the terai region of Nepal consisting of sandy soil. After
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flowing through the Nepal territory for 50 km below Chatra, the Kosi River enters
the Indian Territory near Hanuman Nagar in Nepal. Below Chatra, the river
divides itself into several channels spread over a width of 6 to 16 km east to west
and flows in south-west direction upto Galpaharia in Nepal. Below this point, the
river flows almost straight in south-west direction upto Mahesi near Supaul to a
distance of 100 km after entering into India near Bhimnagar.
The length, catchment area and the bed slope of the above three important
tributaries of the river Sapta Kosi are given in the Table – 2.8.
Table 2.8
Physiographic Parameters of the tributaries of river Sapt Kosi
Tributaries Catchment area(sq. km)
Length(km)
Bed slopes (m/km)Upperreach
Middlereach
Lowerreach
Sun Kosi 18785 456 17.1 to 8.5 1.9 to 2.3 1.2
Arun Kosi 34252 240 Very steep 13.3 1.9
Tamur 5832 157 30.5 13.3 3.8 to 5.7
(Source: Feasibility Report of Kosi High Dam Project, CWC, 1981)
The right or western tributary, the Sun Kosi rises near Kathmundu at 28o N latitude
and 85o 35’ E longitude and runs generally in the southeast direction. There are a
number of small streams and big rivers like Indravathi, Bhata Kosi, Thamba Kosi,
Likukola, Dudh Kosi which drain the southern slopes of the great Himalayan range
and join the Sun Kosi on its left side.
The middle and the longest tributary, the Arun Kosi, rises on the northern slopes of
the great Himalayan range in Tibet at 28o 30’ N longitude and 85o 40’ E longitude
at elevation of 5400 m. It runs generally on an easterly course with a name
Chambo for about 240 km receiving many tributaries from the northern and
southern slopes of the deep gorges of Tibet. This is known as Bhongchu River and
runs thereafter in a more southerly direction. The Bhongchu in Tibet also receives
a tributary called Yarichu. The Bhongchu after receiving the Yarichu and Chambo,
runs further in a southernly course for about 83 km, crossing the Tibet-Nepal
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border and running further is known as Arun Kosi for about 128 km. It drains
25,307 sq. km in Tibet where its mean elevation is 4,500 m.
The Arun, the largest trans-Himalayan river passing through Nepal has the greatest
snow and ice covered area of any Nepalese river basin; about 88% of the area is
above 5000 m elevation. Area permanently covered under snow and ice is reported
to be about 4475 sq. km. It drains more than half of the area contributing to the
Sapta Kosi river system in Nepal but provides only about a quarter of total
discharge because more than 80% of Arun’s drainage area lies in the rain shadow
of the Himalayas where precipitation is low and evaporation rates are very high
owing to strong winds, high solar radiation and low humidity. South of the
Himalayan crest, the flow increase rapidly downstream in the seasonally humid
environment of east Nepal. The Arun Kosi is joined by Sun Kosi upstream of
Tribeni and by Tamur river at Tribeni. Thereafter, it is known as Sapta Kosi river.
The left or eastern side tributary of the Sapta Kosi i.e. the Tamur river takes its
origin near Nepal-Sikkim border at 27 45’ N latitude and 88 E longitude. It
generally flows in a southwesterly direction and takes contributions from a number
of small hilly rivers on either side of the river. From Tribeni, the Sapta Kosi runs
for about 61 km before crossing the Nepal-India International border at about 8 km
below Hanuman Nagar and enters Saharsa district of Bihar with the name of Kosi
river.
No gauge and discharge observations were recorded on the Kosi river prior to
investigations for Kosi High Dam at Barahakshetra. From January 1947 onwards.
discharge sites were established, one at the Chatra gorge and one each on the three
tributaries and continuous observations were made. Daily discharges are available
from 1947 onwards.
The gauge and discharge (G&D sites) were located as indicated below:
i) On Sun Kosi, 96 km upstream of the confluence with Arun;
ii) On Arun, just above the confluence with Sun Kosi;
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iii) On Tamur, about 72 km upstream of confluence with Sapta Kosi;
iv) On Sapta Kosi, just below the confluence of Tamur, i.e. after theconfluence of the three rivers. This site was discontinued after a fewobservations and established at Sonakhambi Khola about 400 mdownstream of the proposed dam site. This site was considered better fromhydraulic flow conditions.
The G&D site on Arun was found to be affected by the backwater of the Sun Kosi
during high discharges. Hence, an additional site was set up at Machria Ghat about
6.4 km upstream of Tribeni. This gauge site was not affected by the backwater of
the Sun Kosi when the latter was in spate.
Fig. 2.1 shows a line diagram of Sapta Kosi River System along with location of
the gauge and discharge sites. Table 2.9 gives the details of the availability of
G&D data at various sites.
LINE DIAGRAM OF SAPTA KOSI RIVER SHOWING G & D SITES
SAPT KOSI RIVER
TAMUR RIVER
FIG- 2.1
SUN KOSI RIVER
695
690
684
606
604.5
600.1
680
652
630
Table 2.9Details of G&D sites in Sapta Kosi Basin in Nepal
Sl.no.
Site No. G&D Site River CA(sq. km.)
1 600.1 Uwa Gaon Arun 267002 604.5 Turkeghat Arun 282003 606 Simle Tamur 303804 690 Mulghat Tamur 56405 684 Majhitar Tamur 4076
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Sl.no.
Site No. G&D Site River CA(sq. km.)
6 695 Chatara Kothu Sapta Kosi 595397 680 Kampughat Sun Kosi 176008 652 Khurkot Sun Kosi 100009 630 Pachuwar Ghat Sun Kosi 4920
Final discharge in Sapta Kosi river is from the confluence of its seven
tributaries, out of which finally three major tributaries namely Sun Kosi.
Arun and Tamur emerge at Tribeni and then a single stream named as Sapta
Kosi flows. Sapta Kosi high dam has been planned downstream of this
confluence of river Sapta Kosi.
The Sapta Kosi River System in Nepal is given at Fig-2.2.
Fig- 2.2SaptaKosiRiver System in Nepal
2.1.4.2 River Basin in Bihar
In the India territory (the Bihar state), the river exhibits a pronounced graided
characteristic and flows through several interlaced channels. These channels keep
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bifurcating from the main course enjoining it lower down. These channels have
spread over a width varying from 6 km to as much as 16 km. However, this
graided characteristic of the river disappears in its lowermost reach. The river joins
the Ganga near Kursela. Before joining the Ganga, it takes a sharp easterly turn
and flows through a single defined channel.
The main tributaries of the Kosi in its right bank are the Bagmati and the Kamla-
Balan. Besides these two tributaries, several minor tributaries also join the Kosi
from its left and right banks. Details of these tributaries are given below:
(a) Bhutahi –Balan
Bhuthi-Balan is a right bank tributary of Kosi. It originates from Mahabarat range
of Hills and outfalls into river Bagmati near Saharsa district.
(b) Trijuga
Trijuga is a right bank tributary. Originating from the foot hills of the Himalayas, it
joins with the Kosi below village Galpaharia in Nepal.
Besides these minor tributaries, several old and abandoned courses of the river
Kosi viz., Fariani Dhar, Pakipar, Hareli Dhar , Basanwara Dhar, Kashnagar Dhar,
Sapni Dhar, Beladur Dhar, Chausa Dhar, Gai Dhar, also exist. These now serve as
drainage channels. The Fariani Dhar has reportedly been silted up.
The catchment area of the river at G&D sites maintained by CWC is given in
Table- 2.10.
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Table -2.10Catchment Area at the G&D Sites on the river Kosi in Bihar
Sl.No
G&D Site District Catchment area(sq.km)
1 Banmankhi Purnia 657
2 Kamataul Dharbhanga 1441
3 Saulighat Madhubani 1932
4 Baltara Khagaria 88480
Source: Hydrological Observation Stations in India under CentralWater Commission (CWC Publication, 2004)
The Kosi river catchment falling within the Indian territory is distributed in the
several districts of Bihar, namely Madhubani, Darbhanga, Saharsa, Supaul,
Madhepura, Araria, Purnea, Katihar, Bhagalpur and Khagria.
The district-wise details of project area in the basin are given in Table-2.11.
Table- 2.11District-wise details of the Project Area in Kosi basin
S.No
Basin/ DisttArea in sq. km % of Area
in BasinDistrict Basin1 Supaul 2425 2405 99.2
2 Saharsa 1687 1544 91.5
3 Madhepura 1788 1788 100
4 Madhubani 3501 587 16.8
5 Purnea 3229 2072 64.2
6 Araria 2830 1389 49.1
7 Katihar 3057 1060 34.7
8 Bhagalpur 2569 266 10.3
9 Khagaria 1486 291 19.6
10 Darbhanga 2279 8 0.3
Total11410
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2.1.5 The Mahananda Basin
The river Mahananda is a major northern tributary of the river Ganga passing
through Nepal, India (Bihar and West Bengal) and Bangladesh.The Mahananda
originates from Mohalidram hills of the Himalayas at Chimali at an altitude of
2060 m about 6.4 km north-east of Kurseong town in Darjeeling district of West
Bengal. It is also known as MahanadiRiver in its hilly catchment. After flowing 20
km in the hills of Darjeeling, the river enters the plains near Siliguri. River Balson
joins this river below Siliguri on its right bank. It then flows in a south westerly
direction forming more or less the boundary between Phanisdewa and Titlya. The
old Balson River joins the Mahananda on its right bank about 3.2 km upstream at
TaibpurRailwayBridge. Flowing further in south westerly direction, the river
Mechi joins on its right bank near Rupadhar. Another stream Donk meets on its
left bank near Belwa village.
The eastern Kankai, a major tributary joins the Mahananda on the right bank near
Kuttighat at about 0.60 km downstream of its crossing with Kishanganj-
Bahadurganj PWD road. The Western Kankai, another major tributary carrying
discharge higher than the Mahananda joins on its right bank about 3.2 km upstream
of Dhengraghat road bridge on NH-31.
The river Mahananda bifurcates into two branches near Bagdob in Bihar. The
western course known as Phulhar ( Jhaua) carries about 75 % of total discharge and
is joined downstream of Bagdob on the right side by Parman, a major tributary.
The eastern course known as Barsoi branch carries the remaining 25% discharge of
the Mahananda.
The total length of Mahananda from its origin to outfall point in the river Padma
near Godagrighat is 376 km.
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2.1.5.1 Main Tributaries
The Mahananda has several important tributaries viz., the Balson river, the Mechi
river, the eastern Kankai river, the western Kankai river, the Parman river, the
Kalindri river, the Pagla river Bhagirathi river, the Nagar river, the Tangon river
and the Punarbhaba river.
The MechiRiver
The Mechi River is one of the major tributaries of the Mahananda River. It rises at
Lat. 26o 54’ N and Long 88o 7’ E under the Rangbhanaspur in the Singalela ridge
at an elevation of 3066 m. The river runs almost south before it is joined by its
major tributary Siddihkhola on its right bank. The river forms the border of West
Bengal and Nepal for a total length of 52.8 km after which it enters state of Bihar
and is joined by another tributary known as Burhi Kankai downstream of Dubba.
After flowing about 56 km, it joins the river Mahananda on the right bank. The
total length of the river is about 108.8 km.
Catchment area
Catchment area of the river at two G& D sites maintained by CWC is given in
Table-2.12.
Table-2.12
Catchment area at G&D sites on river Mahananda
SlNo.
Sites District Catchment area
1 Dhengraghat Purnea 10160
2 Taibpur Kishanganj 1386
Source: Hydrological Observation Stations in India under Central WaterCommission (CWC Publication, 2004)
Total catchment area of the river Mahananda in Bihar territory is 6150 sq. km.
However, the project area extends into the upto the western fringe of Mahananda
river basin (upto Mechi River). The district-wise details of the project area in the
Mahananda basin are given in Table- 2.13.
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Table - 2.13District-wise details of the Project Area in various fringe of
Mahananda River (upto Mechi River)
S.No Basin/ Distt.
Area in ha % of Areain BasinDistrict Basin
1 Purnea 3229 965 29.92 Katihar 3057 1071 353 Araria 2830 1374 48.64 Kishanganj 1884 805 42.7
Total 11000 4215
2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE OF THE COMMAND AREA
The state of Bihar extends from Nepal border i.e. from foot hills of Himalaya in the
North to Jharkhand border in south covering total geographical area of 94163 sq.
km. It is a part of Gangetic plains which is divided by the mighty Ganga into two
broad physiographic regions:
i. Gangetic Plain, which is further sub-divided into
a. North Bihar Plain, covering the northern part of the state in north of
GangaRiver.
b. South Bihar Plain, covering the central part of the state, between Ganga River
and Chhotanagpur plateau.
The state is divided into 38 Districts and 533 Community Development Blocks.
The estimated population of the state as per 2001 census is 82.88 million which
shows a very high density of population In the instant case the study area is
covered by North Bihar plains only, hence description of this area is predominantly
included underneath.
Gangetic Plain:
North Bihar Plain: The vast stretch of alluvial plain between Indo-Nepal border
in the north and Ganga River in south is known as north Bihar plain. It covers
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about one third of total geographical area of the state and is divided in 20 districts.
Towards east it merges with north Bengal plain and in west it continues into U.P.
A small patch in the extreme north western part, i.e. in the northern part of west-
Champaran district is covered by structural hills of Siwalik group rocks. This
Siwalik unit belongs to Himalayan foot hill zone, the maximum altitude of which is
observed as 880 m above msl. The overall slope of north Bihar plain is from north-
west to south-east. However in the eastern part of north Bihar plain the slope is
from north to south. The slope is very gentle, with the altitude ranging from 110 m
above msl in the extreme north western part to 30 m above msl just on the flank of
Ganga river near Bengal Bihar border.
The entire region is in its formative stage as the land building activity is still going
on by the rivers originating from the Himalaya and depositing part of the heavy
sand/silt load in the area.
The area is drained by the rivers, Ghaghara, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Kosi –Kamla-
Bagmati and Mahananda, which are left bank tributaries of Ganga. All the major
rivers in this part originate from the Himalaya and are snow fed in their upper
reaches. Hence most of these rivers are perennial in nature. The basin area of
29697.50 sq. km. spreads to 17 districts of North Bihar covering these fully or
partly.
Overall drainage pattern in the area is sub-dendritic to sub-parallel. Meandering
and braiding of the rivers are commonly observed. Dichotomic drainage pattern is
seen in Kosi piedmont plain.
South Bihar Plains:In South Bihar the Palamu district falling in North Koel sub
basin, parts of Hazaribagh, Dhanbad and Giridih districts falling in Damodar-
Barakar basin, part of Godda district falling in Gumani & Koa-Bhena basin, parts
of Lohardagga and Gumla districts falling in south Koel basin and part of
Singhbum district in Subernarekha-Kharkai basin also come under rain shadow
areas of different ranges of plateau hills. Amongst these districts the rainfall is
minimum in the districts of Hazaribagh and Giridih followed by the districts of
Palamu, Dhanbad and Godda. The soils of the plateau region in South Bihar are
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generally shallow, acidic and prone to sheet and gully erosion. Due to adverse soil
conditions, temperature and undulating topography drought like situation develops
after the monsoon rains even though the average rainfall in the region is quite
copious. Availability of ground water is poor.
The description of different river basins lying in the command area under Sapta
Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project, in Indian Territory is given below:
2.2.1 The Burhi Gandak Basin
The BurhiGandakRiver basin is bounded by the Someshwar range of hills in north,
the Bagmati basin in the east, the Gandak river basin in the west and the main
Ganga stem in the south. The river bed slope in the terai region is very steep and is
of the order of 2 to 5 m/km. The bed is flat in the plains of Bihar. The bed slope in
different reaches is given in Table- 2.14.
Table - 2.14
Average Bed Slope of river Burhi Gandak
Sl.
No
Reach Average Bed slope
( m/km)
1 Bisambharpur to Chanpatia 4.72
2 Chanpatia to Motihari 0.17
3 Motihari to confluence with the Ganga 0.06
Source: Report of the SecondBiharState Irrigation Commission, 1994 (Vol-V,Part-I, PP 272)
It can be seen from the above Table that the average bed slope decreases
continuously from Motihari to its confluence with the Ganga.
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2.2.2 The Bagmati Basin
The river Bagmati passes through two distinctly different terrains. From the origin
to a little upstream of the Indo-Nepal border, the catchment is hilly and full of
forest, whereas in the downstream upto its confluence with the Kosi, the catchment
is almost plain.
The part of the river in India lies in the Indo-Gangetic plains. It has a vast stretch
of upland, broken by numerous streams and shallow depressions called “Chaurs”,
where water accumulates for most part of the year. A number of spill channels take
off from the Bagmati to rejoin it later or to join the adjoining streams.
The bed slope of the river in various reaches from its origin in Nepal to its outfall
in the Kosi near Badlaghat is given in Table -2.15.
Table -2.15
Average Bed Slope of the River Bagmati
S.No. Name of reach Length ofreach(km)
Cumulative length
(km)
Bedslope
(m/km)
Areafalling inNepal /India
1 Source to Nayagaon 8.50 8.50 89.86 Nepal
2 Nayagaon toChampagaon
30.50 39.00 61.86 Nepal
3 Champagaon toBegna
23.00 62.00 36.29 Nepal
4 Begna to Dung-Dungia
29.00 91.00 12.71 Nepal
5 Dung-Dungia toKarungi
10.00 101.00 3.07 Nepal
6 Karungi to Karmaiya 30.50 131.50 2.39 Nepal
7 Karmaiya to Bariya 22.50 154.00 1.44 Nepal
8 Bariya to Dheng 45.00 199.00 0.53 Nepal andPartlyIndia
9 Dheng to Hayaghat 196.50 395.50 0.14 India
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S.No. Name of reach Length ofreach(km)
Cumulative length
(km)
Bedslope
(m/km)
Areafalling inNepal /India
10 Hayaghat to Phuhia 10.70 406.00 0.04 India
11 Phuhia to Badlaghat 191.00 597.00 0.11 India
It can be seen from the above Table that the bed slope decreases from 89.86 m /
km at the source to 0.53 m / km at Dheng Railway Bridge and thereafter decreases
to as low as 0.14 m/km to 0.11 m /km between Dheng to its outfall in the Kosi.
2.2.3 The Kamla Balan Basin
The Kamla Balan river basin is bounded by the Adhwara group of rivers on the
west, Kosi river system on the east, Kareh River on the south and the Mahabharat
range of hills on the north.
The average bed slope of the river in different reaches is given in Table- 2.16.
Table - 2.16Average Bed Slope of Kamla River
Sl.No
Reach Average Bedslope m/km
1 Upto Chisapani (160 km) 2.44
2 From Chisapani to Indo-Nepal boredr ( 48 km) 1.07
3 From Indo-Nepla border to Chikna (18 km) 0.64
4 From Chikna to Jhanjarpur 0.30
5 From Jhanjanpur to outfall 0.16
It can be inferred from the Table that the slope continuously decreases as the river
advances.
2.2.4 The Kosi Basin
Physically, the area lies in lower region of Kosi valley and can be regarded as
large inland delta, formed by sandy deposits of Kosi River which in the process of
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its delta building activity has violently shifted 112 km westwards. The Kosi delta
is of conical shape with contours running almost circumferentially with the centre
located in the vicinity of Belka hill.
The Kosi river system is bounded by the ridge of the Himalayas in the north
separating it from the Brahmaputra river system, the Mahananda in the east, the
Gandak/Burhi Gandak in the west and the main Ganga stem in the south. The area
lying in Nepal lies more or less in mountainous region. The area within India is
almost flat and lies in the Gangetic plains. The vast plain, on which the Kosi delta
has been formed, has general slope from north to south and west to east. It is
steeper in the north and flatter in the south. The entire lower catchment (inBihar) is
nearly a level country which splits into numerous Dhars in the old bed of the Kosi
River. There are undulations and innumerable depressions called “Chaurs”, where
water remains accumulated for most part of the year. The average bed slope of the
river in different reaches in Indian Territory is given in Table -2.17.
Table 2.17Average Bed Slope of river Kosi in Indian Territory
SlNo.
Reach Average Bed Slope
1 0 km to 42 km 1.4 m/km
2 42 km to 68 km 0.716 m/km
3 68 km to 134 km 0.45 m/km
4 134 km to 310 km 0.11 m/km
It can be inferred from the above table that the bed slope decreases from 1.4 m/km
in the upper reaches to 0.11 m/km in the lower reaches.
2.2.5 The Mahananda Basin
The bed slope of the river Mahananda is given in Table-2.18.
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Table 2.18Average Bed Slope of the river Mahananda
SlNo.
Reach Average Bed Slope
1 Origin to Siliguri (16 km) 79.95 m/km
2 Siliguri to Sonapurihat (37 km) 1.57 m/km
3 Sonapurihat to Taibpur(13.7 km) 0.72 m/km
Upto Siliguri, average bed slope is very high while it decreases gradually and is of
the order of 0.14 m/km at Maharajpur.
2.3 SOILS
The land areas can be broadly categorized into uplands, medium lands and
lowlands. While the uplands and the medium lands contain mostly sandy loam to
loam soils, the low lands contain loam to clay loam soils. In course of translatory
swing of the river, two types of lands- Bharana and Chap have developed. The
Bharana land, being course textured, is suitable for paddy, rabi and maize. Between
these two types, there is some midland area, which is suitable for both upland and
early lowland crops. The command area of Eastern Kosi canal system falling in the
erstwhile Purnea district has been under the influence of two rivers, namely, the
Kosi and the Mahananda. The area inundated by the river Kosi has relatively
coarser textured soils, while that inundated by the river Mahananda is loam to clay
loam.
The soils have developed from the sediments carried by Burhi-Gandak, Bagmati,
Kamla, Kosi and Mahananda rivers. These rivers have their origin and catchment
areas within the rock system of the Himalayan region that is poorer in calcimorphic
minerals, but richer in sodic minerals. The soils are therefore, noncalcerous in
nature, but have appreciable content of sodium salts, In areas where drainage is
poor and water table is high, the problem of salinity and alkalinity is apparent.
Saline and alkaline patches are found near Madhepura, Saharsa, western part of
Purnea and southern portion of Katihar districts, mostly along the course of old
channels of the integrated river system.
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2.3.1 Types of soils
2.3.1.1Sub-Himalayan and forest soils
Moderately acidic to neutral, dark brown to yellow covered light textured, shallow
to medium deep, mostly covered with forests with rice fields in valleys. Soils have
thick argillic horizon the clay minerals present are gadolinite chlorite hydrous mica
and organic carbon. These soils cover a small upper extremity of Burhi Gandak
and Mahanada basins.
2.3.1.2Recent alluvium terai soils
Recent alluvium soils are acidic to neutral in reaction and white textured, whereas
terai soils are medium to heavy textured, poorly drained concretionary, yellowish
brown to gray colour, with well developed genetic horizons. The clay minerals
present are mainly Kaolinite chlorite hyderous mica. These soils lie in the small
uppermost parts of Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Kamla basins.
2.3.1.3Recent alluvium non-calcareous non-saline soils
Acidic to neutral, mostly light to medium textured, yellowish white to light gray
and no horizon differentiation. The clay minerals mainly distributed are hydrous
mica, smectite, Kaolinite, chlorite. The entire Kosi basin and lower parts of
Mahananda basin are covered by soil of this association.
2.3.1.4Young alluvium non-calcareous non-saline soils
Light to medium textured, neutral to medium acidic, medium to good highly fertile
lands have poorly developed genetic horizons. The clay minerals are mainly
hydrous mica, smectite, Kaolinite, chlorite. The upper and middle part of Burhi
Gandak , Bagmati, Adhwara and Kamla basins are covered by these soils.
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2.3.1.5Young alluvium calcareous soils
Light to heavy textured, more than 10% CaCO3 insilt and clay fractions. The clay
minerals distributed are mainly hydrous mica, chlorite and Kaolinite. The lower
part of Burhi Gandak basin has soil coverage of this category.
2.3.2Basin-wise characteristics of Soil
2.3.2.1Burhi Gandak Basin
Traversing a long distance on dolomite and conglomeratic in the Himalayas,
before touching the plains., rivers have a heavy load of calcareous materials which
they deposit in their flood plain. Burhi Gandak due to low gradient, flow in a
zigzag pattern forming many oxbow lakes and low hands. The soils are thus very
calcareous containing at places free CaCo3 upto 50%. The soils are thus light to
medium textured, porous, light gray to white in colour and mostly well drained.
The pH is around 8.3. The soils where water table is high, have the tendency to
develop salinity, due to which, the pH rises upto 9.5.
2.3.2.2 Bagmati and Kamla Basin
The soils are generally medium textured, neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction,
somewhat poorly drained, olive to light olive gray in colour, with a tendency to
develop salinity and alkalinity, where water table is high and is subject to tropical
aridity.
2.3.2.3Kosi and Mahananda Basins
The soils are generally light textured, porous and neutral in reaction, light olive
gray to white in colour and are generally well drained, except in case where water-
table is very high. At places in low lands, medium to heavy soils with slightly
alkine pH have developed, while on up-lands soils have acquired acidity due to
leaching of bases.
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2.4GEOLOGY
The geological material consists of alluvium deposited by the river system. The
sediment deposited in the entire area is of recent geological origin and comprises
fine to coarse grained sand with silt. The river system, while emerging from the
hills, contains somewhat sorted pervious material. However, in plains, during
shifting of course, the abandoned channel gets covered with heterogeneous
materials. During drilling of tubewells, the lithological logs usually show
continuous granular materials with very minor clay cappings. By and large, the
area is a rich repository of ground water resources, particularly in the region
having deep deposits of fine to coarse grained sands with very minor clay
intrusions.
2.4.1 Geological formations
2.4.1.1 In Tibet and Nepal
The catchment of the Kosi-Mahananda integrated river system is a part of the
Indo-Gangetic plains, the large part of which falls in the Tibet, Nepal and Sub-
Himalayan hill range. The geology of the Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga
regions in Tibet and Nepal represents the geology of the upper catchment whereas
thick alluvial deposits of the Gangetic alluvial plains in India represents the
geology of the lower catchment. The geological material consists of alluvium
deposited by the Kosi and the other rivers.
In Mount Everest region, a broad zone of folded Jurassic strata composed of black
shales and argillaceous sand stones lie which enclose a well- preserved ammonite
shell or some other fossil as nucleus. The whole group of rocks is soft and fragile
and has received a great amount of crushing and compression. Immediately
underlying these rocks, is a layer of dark grey limestone, dipping northwards,
about 300 m thick, followed by an yellow slabby schistose limestone 300 m thick,
which together form the actual summit of the Mount Everest. The thick zone of
rocks below the Mount Everest limestone consist of slaty rocks with limestone
bunds carboniferous, 1220 m thick, underlain by metamorphosed foliated slates
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and schists. The composition of the Siwalik deposits show that they are nothing
else than the alluvial detritus, derived from the subacrial waste of the mountains,
swept down by their numerous rivers and streams and deposited at their foot. The
weathering of the Siwalik rocks has been proceeding at an extra-ordinary rapid
rate since their deposition, and abrupt forms of topography have been evolved in
the course of time. The terraces below Chatra comprise clay, sand and gravels.
The hills at the flank comprise conglomerates and thick beds of sand, rock and
shales.
2.4.1.2In Plain Areas of Bihar state
Geological character and distribution of minerals and rocks of
economicimportance in the plains of Bihar state is given in Table - 2.19.
Table -2.19Details of Geological Formation
SlNo.
Name of River Basin/SubBasin
Geologicalformation
Minerals of economicimportance
1 Burhi Gandak Quartenary,Alluvium
Kankar, red, brick clay etc.
2 Bagmati -do- Kankar, red, brick clay etc.
3 Kamla -do- Kankar, red, brick clay,saltpetre etc.
4 Kosi -do- Brick clay/oil and gas.
5 Mahananda Alluvium Alluvial, clays
Lower down in the Kosi flood plain, there is thick alluvial deposit, being a part of
the Gangetic alluvial plain.
The geology of the Kosi catchment, by and large, is unstable in nature and
susceptible to heavy wear and tear which ultimately increases sediment load in the
flow of the river.
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2.4.2 Basinwise geological features
2.4.2.1Burhi Gandak Basin
As most of the rivers of this basin originate from the Someshwar range of hills
falling in the outer Himalayas, the Siwalik Himalayas, therefore, the geology of the
Shiwalik range represents the geology of upper catchment of the Burhi Gandak.
The composition of the Siwalik deposits shows that they are nothing else than the
alluvial detritus, derived from the sub areal waste of the mountains swept down by
numerous rivers and streams and deposited at their foothills. Gangetic escarpments
and deep slopes, separated by broad longitudinal strike valleys and intersected by
deep meandering ravines of the traverse streams surface features, which are the
most common elements of the Siwalik topography, indicate a quantitative measure
of the sub areal waste.
The lower flood plain of the Burhi Gandak lies in the Indo Gangetic plain. There is
a thick alluvial deposit which is a result of long continued vigorous sedimentation
leading to a slowly sinking belt of the peninsular shield. Being in the alluvial plain,
the river has the unstable bank and bed and heavy weathering action brings in the
high percentage of sediment load in comparison to non Himalayan rivers.
2.4.2.2The Bagmati and Adhwara Group of Rivers
The Bagmati and Adhwara river system is a part of the Gangetic plain, which
occupies a structural trough of the earth’s crust. Most of the rivers of this basin
originate from Shiwalik range of hills which is the southern most range of the
Himalayas.
The rocks of this regions consist of deposits of Pliocene and Pleistone age group of
rocks which are extremely fragile and therefore, the rivers deeply incise and
disintegrate young fragile rocks quickly and carry considerable amount of sediment
in the valley. The terraces in the terai comprise of clay, sand and gravels. The
lower down in the Bagmati flood plain, there is thick alluvial deposit, being a part
of the Gangetic alluvial plain.
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2.4.2.3The Kamla-Balan Basin
The upper catchment of this river lies in the broad zone of much folded Jurassic
strata composed of black shales and argillaceous sand stones, probably the eastern
continuation of spite shales. The thick zone in the lower catchment consists of
salty rocks with limestone carboniferous bands 1220 m thick, underlain by
metamorphosed foliated slates & schists. The zone is extensively pleated and
injected by granite of tertiary age.
The terraces comprise clays, sands and gravels. The hills at the flanks comprise
conglomerates and thick beds of sands, rock and shales. Lower down in the Kamla
basin, there is thick alluvial deposit, being a part of the Gangetic alluvial plain. The
Gangatic alluvial trough is a region, origin and structure of which are closely
connected with the formation of the Himalayas. It is a tectonic trough formed in
front of the rising Himalayas chains. Changes appear to be still taking place at the
bottom of this trough giving rise to occasional earthquakes.
2.4.2.4The Kosi Basin
A large part of this river catchment falls in the Nepal and Tibet sub Himalayan hill
range. The geology of the Mount Everest and Kanchanjunga regions in Tibet and
Nepal represents the geology of the upper catchment of the Kosi, whereas thick
alluvial deposits of the Gangetic alluvial plains in India represents the geology of
the lower catchment. In this region, a broad zone of folded strata composed of
black shales and argillaceous sand stones lie which enclose a well preserved
ammonite shell or some other fossil as nucleus. The thick zones of rocks below
Mount Everest limestone consist of salty rocks with limestone bunds
carboniferous.
The terrace below Chatra comprise clay, sand and gravels. The hills at the flank
comprise thick bands of sand, rock and shales. Lower down in the Kosi flood plain,
there is thick alluvial deposit , being a part of the Gangetic alluvial plain.
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2.4.2.5The Mahananda Basin
The geological formations of the Mahananda River in the hilly area of Darjeeling
district consist of unaltered sedimentary rocks confined to the hills on the north
consisting of different grades of metamorphic rocks over the rest of the area. The
outcrops of the various rocks form a series of bonds more or less to the general line
of the Himalayas, dipping one below the other into the hills.
The characteristic feature of the southern area is that the older formations rest on
the younger formations showing complete reversal of the original order of
superposition.
The great range was elevated during the tertiary period above the site of an ancient
sea that had accumulated sediments of different geological ages. The mountains are
made of folded rocks piled one over another by a series of north-south horizontal
compression movements and tangential thrusts which also folded the strata on the
sea floor and caused their up-heaval by stages. At many places, the formations
have been intruded by granites. Frequently, the strains within the range are
invested due to the overturning of the folds and their dislocation. Such upheavals
bringing the older beds above the younger constitute a feature which characterizes
the whole length of the outer Himalayas.
The present relief of high peaks and deep valleys has been carved by three
principal agents of denudation namely, wind, water and snow. The resulting
products of disintegration of mountains are swept over the sub-mountainous tract
as the rivers enter into the plains. The terai and the plains at the foot of the
Himalayas have assumed their present form after the final upheavals of the range
and consist of almost the horizontal layers of unconsolidated sand, silt, pebbles and
gravel, Igneous, Metamorphic rocks are the varieties available all along the range,
which are commonly known as Darjeeling gneiss and are composed of mica,
schists and gneiss. The sedimentary variety of Darjeeling gneiss contains minerals,
such as garnet, sillimanite kyanite etc, the presence of which indicates that the
rocks were subjected to higher temperature and pressure.The geological map of
Bihar is given at Plate – 2.2.
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2.5 CLIMATE
Weather and climate parameters such as rainfall, temperature, humidity etc. play an
important role in optimizing crop benefits. Weather is, however, highly variable
and constitutes as one of the most important inputs in the agriculture management
and operation.
The project area has humid to sub-humid climate, and is classified as moist sub-
humid. It receives plentiful rainfall. Humidity remains generally above 70%. April
is the hottest month with maximum temperature reaching 42 to 43°C. December is
the coolest month with minimum temperature reaching 3 to 4°C. Purnea is
relatively warmer in summer and cooler in winter than Madhepura and Saharsa.
The mean annual rainfall is 1280 mm. About 90% of the rainfall occurs during mid
- June to mid October, while July and August are the rainiest month, yielding over
half of the annual precipitation. There is a gradual increase in annual rainfall from
south - west to north - east areas. Mean maximum rainfall of 200 to 250 mm during
24 - hour, and 250 to 350 mm during 48 - hour and 72 -hour periods are quite
common. The problem of water inundation during monsoon months is obviously
acute. Monsoon breaks relatively earlier (end of May to beginning of June)
particularly in Purnea and Katihar districts. Substantial amounts of summer rains
also occur which range from 78 mm in Khagaria to 182 mm in Purnea district.
In the context of crop production and management, following parameters define
weather system.
2.5.1 Rainfall
The most important source of water in India is rainfall. The bulk of rainfall
intensity is observed during South-west monsoon season (June to October), when
nearly 80 % of the annual rainfall occurs. Meteorologically, Bihar has following
four meteorological seasons
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i) South West monsoonii) Withdrawal of monsoon
iii) North-east monsooniv) Hot weather season
(i) South-west monsoon
By the end of May, the pressure over the Indian peninsula is lower, resulting in
creation of a line of trough of low pressure. This causes circulation of huge mass
of air including that from the southern hemisphere. The south-east trade wind of
the south equatorial Indian Ocean, after crossing the equator, becomes south-
westerly and invades the whole of South Asia. This constitutes the summer
monsoon or south-west monsoon over India. In Bihar, monsoon breaks over
Chotanagpur, North Bihar and parts of South Bihar in the second week of June
and over south-west Bihar in the last week of June. The line of trough of low
pressure is, however, not stationary but moves north or south of the normal
position and effects the rainfall distribution. Consequently, the monsoon period is
not one of continuous rain. The pulsatory character of the rainfall precipitation is
one of most important features of the monsoon. The distribution of monsoon rains
is not uniform. There are several spells of heavy rains and several spells of lull.
Timely rains with requisite intensity, rightly spread over the monsoon, will be
ideal for optimum agricultural production and for adequate water storage for
power generation etc. But rarely the State gets such ideal condition. The monsoon
is proverbially known for its vagaries.
(ii) Withdrawal of the Monsoon
With the advent of winter, very large areas of Central Asia become so cold that
the air subsides over them creating an intense high pressure cell. The associated
wind circulation opposes the monsoon flows. As a result, the withdrawal of
monsoon takes place. This transition begins in the early part of October and is
usually not completed until mid-December. The retreat is associated with dry
weather in Bihar, when the sky is generally very clear.
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(iii) North-east Monsoon
In the beginning of January, when the Asiatic temperatures are at their lowest, a
belt of high pressure with anti-cyclonic condition is created in the Mediterranean
Central Asia. Clear sky, low humidity, large diurnal range of temperature and
light northerly winds is the usual features broken only at intervals by weather
disturbances which pass from northern India towards the Bay of Bengal.
Precipitation accompanying them, though in small amount in Bihar, is very
important for the winter crop.
(iv) Hot Weather season
The hot weather period in Bihar, from March to May, is one of the continuous
increase of temperature and decrease of barometric pressure in North India. There
occurs a steady transference northward of the area of greater heat in India and
simultaneously of the equatorial belt of low pressure of the winter season. By
May, the seat of greatest heat is in northern India. The area of lowest pressure
also lies over North-East India with a trough stretching up to Chotanagpur. A
local air circulation, with this trough as centre, exists over India. The land and sea
winds give rise to larger variation of temperature and humidity and consequently
to violent storms in Bihar. They are, sometimes, of high intensity and very
destructive.Plate- 2.3showsthe isohyets of mean annual rainfall in Bihar.
Regional Distribution of Rainfall:
The state of Bihar comprises of three distinct regions in context of rainfall pattern.
Table- 2.20 gives the normal rainfall in these regions.
Table -2.20Regional Distribution of Rainfall
(Unit: mm)
SlNo.
Month NorthBihar
CentralBihar
SouthBihar
1 January 6.2 -22.4 14.5 -22.4 13.8 -25.2
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SlNo.
Month NorthBihar
CentralBihar
SouthBihar
2 February 6.3 – 17.0 13.6 -20.7 14.8 -28.7
3 March 7.3 -16.0 7.5 -12.8 10.4 -26.3
4 April 7.8 -43.7 0.9 -17.4 9.7 -26.9
5 May 27.9-116.7 13.6 -55.2 18.0 -88.9
6 June 135.9 - 316.5 115.4 - 227.7 158.5 - 245.0
7 July 234.8 - 442.1 251.3 - 323.3 264.2 - 386.8
8 August 284.1 - 371.9 263.8 - 364.8 294.8 - 378.7
9 September 198.8 - 296.8 194.8 - 221.3 192.5 - 272.2
10 October 49.3 -98.1 47.4 -86.6 63.3 - 114.9
11 November 4.8 -40.8 7.4 -11.3 5.9 -14.7
12 December 1.3 -4.5 1.7 -4.9 2.0 -7.0
13 Annual 1045.0 -1775.0 973.1-1176.7 1102.7-1472.0
It can be seen from the above Table that, North Bihar gets highest amount of the
rainfall, compared to the other regions of the state.
The main monsoon season in North Bihar extends from June to October. During
this period, about 80 % of the annual precipitation occurs.
The basin-wise rainfall pattern is described below.
2.5.1.1 The Burhi Gandak Basin
The Burhi Gandak basin in India forms part of the Gangetic plains and is situated
in the direct path of the tropical depressions which form in the Bay of Bengal
during the monsoon seasons and travel in a north-westerly direction. As such, most
of the precipitation occurs in the monsoon period of June to October (about 90 %
of the annual rainfall). The average annual rainfall in the river basin is 1283 mm.
The annual rainfall varies from 1041 mm to 1569 mm. The upper catchment
receives more rainfall than the lower catchment. The mountain barrier of the
Himalayan range in the north of the river system obstructs the moisture-laden
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winds from the south, causing to precipitate moisture copious rain along the sub-
mountainous region in the north of the Gangetic plain.
The normal annual rainfall of various stations located in the Burhi-Gandak basin is
given in Table -2.21.
Table -2.21
Normal annual rainfall in Burhi-Gandak Basin(Unit: mm)
Sl.No
R.G. Station Normal Annual Rainfall
1 Motihari 1357.6
2 Bettiah 1326.9
3 Beshanda 1214.4
4 Ramnagar 1609.6
5 Narkatiaganj 1489.7
6 Chauradano 1390.9
7 Lauria 1377.4
8 Muzafarpur 1230.4
9 Minapur 1141.4
10 Samstipur 1375.7
11 Dalsinghsarai 1185.4
12 Rosera 1288.3
13 Begusarai 1281.1
14 Gogri 1281.1
2.5.1.2 The Bagmati Basin
The Bagmati drainage basin (including the Adhwara group of rivers) in India
forms part of the Gangetic plains and is situated in the direct path of the tropical
depressions which get formed in the Bay of Bengal during the monsoon season and
travel in a north-westerly direction. As such, nearly 85% of the annual rainfall
occurs in the monsoon period of June to October.
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The average monsoon rainfall (June to September) for the period from 2001 to
2004 at rainfall stations located in Nepal is given in Table- 2.22.
Table -2.22Monsoon Rainfall in Nepal Catchment in BagmatiBasin
(Unit: mm)
On the basis of available data, the average monsoon rainfall at rainfall stations
located in the catchment of the river system in Indian Territory is given in Table -
2.23.
Table - 2.23Normal Monsoon and Annual Rainfall in Indian Catchment in BagmatiBasin
(Unit: mm)
Sl.No
Station Latitude Longitude MonsoonRainfall
AnnualRainfall
1 Sitamarhi 26o 35’ 85o 29’ 1223.4 1385.42 Sheodhar 26o32’ 85o17’ 1164.8 1293.53 Pupri 26o28’ 75o43’ 1143.0 1285.44 Minapur 26o15’ 85o20’ 993.7 1084.55 Katra 26o13’ 85o39’ 1167.8 1287.56 Bauraha 25o48’ 85o32’ 1011.8 1169.77 Sursand 26o39’ 85o43’ 963.9 1093.48 Sonbarsa 26o50’ 85o36’ 1072.1 1224.49 Bairgana 26o45’ 85o17’ 1218.7 1375.410 Belsand 26o26’ 85o24’ 1079.5 1210.411 Dhaka 26o42’ 85o10’ 1208.8 1329.712 Madhubani 26o21’ 86o05’ 1180.6 1319.9
Total 13428.1 15058.6Average 1119.0 1254.9
From above Tables, it is seen that the intensity of rainfall decreases from east to
west and from north to south. Due to this rainfall pattern, the catchment in Nepal
contributes a major portion of the run-off in the Bagmati river system.
Sl.No
R.G. Station Average MonsoonRainfall
1 Simra 1660
2 Kathmandu 1468
3 Nagarkot 1357
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2.5.1.3 The Kamla Basin
The maximum value of average rainfall in India is about 1459 mm at Khutauna and
minimum is 1000 mm at Khushwersthan rain gauge stations.
The monsoon and normal annual rainfall is given in Table- 2.24.
Table - 2.24Monsoon & Normal Annual Rainfall in KamlaBasin
(Unit: mm)
Sl.No
R G Station Normalmonsoon rainfall
Normal annualrainfall
1 Behra 1101.1 1236.7
2 Laukaha 1096.3 1245.0
3 Khatuna 1270.9 1459.2
4 Ladania 1046.5 1197.9
5 Benipati 1091.2 1223.2
6 Madhepur 1237.3 1381.0
7 Asthan 877.3 999.0
8 Jainagar 1106.6 1261.4
9 Khajuli 1157.2 1307.1
2.5.1.4 The Kosi River Basin
The Kosi basin has monsoon type of climate with the only one rainy season in
summer normally from mid June to middle of October. Corresponding weather
systems causing precipitation in this season are the southwest monsoons. These
originate from the Indian Ocean and after sweeping the Indian mainland approach
the basin after obstruction and diversion by the North Eastern Himalayas and its
spurs, as easterly/north easterly winds and in specific cases from southerly or
southwesterly directions. The synoptic systems causing widespread heavy to very
heavy precipitation are the low-pressure systems, depressions or storms, which
intensify the winds over the basin & sometimes directly affect the basin. The other
ones are thebreak monsoon conditions' over the Indian mainland when the
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monsoon trough shiftsclose to the Shiwalik foothills and the winds blow in
northerly direction over the basin causing copious rainfall leading to severe flood
conditions. Invariably, the severe widespread precipitation owing to above
conditions is associated with the presence of trough or waves in the upper air
westerly above the monsoon winds blowing over the region. Increasing
thunderstorm activity from March to May precedes the monsoon rains.
Post monsoon period from November to February is period of least rainfall activity
when about 1% of the annual precipitation is recorded in each month due to
western disturbances (WD's). The WD's are cold weather systems which cause
wide spread rainfall at lower elevations and snowfall at higher elevations,
generally, above 3000 m elevations. These are low-pressure systems, which
seldom exceed intensity of depressions. They cause extremely cold weather
leading to sub - zero temperatures at higher latitudes as well as higher altitudes-
often causing cold wave conditions in their aftermath. The climate of the basin is
manifestation of the above two weather systems superimposed upon micro-
climatic conditions, characteristic of deep narrow valleys dominated by some of
the highest elevation Himalayan peaks including the mount Everest. The mean
annual monsoon rainfall (June to Oct.) for the Sapta Kosi catchment and the three
sub-catchments are given in Table 2.25.
Table 2.25
Annual and Monsoon Rainfall of sub-basins of Sapta Kosi
(Unit: mm)
S.No.
River Basin Annual Monsoonrainfall
% ofmonsoonrainfall
1 Sun Kosi 1790 1520 852 Arun Kosi 1730 1350 783 Tamur 1830 140 80
Sapta Kosi 1800 1490 83
The onset of monsoon is around the middle of June and retreat by middle of
October, thereby, providing about four months of monsoon rainfall. Rainfall
decreases fromwest to east and from south to north with a pocket of heavy rainfall
at Gumthang in the catchments of Sun Kosi. The months of July and August are
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the principal rainy months. Numbers of stations get rain on 25 days or more during
each month in July and August. Gumthang gets rain on almost all days in July and
August. The rainfall activity is minimum near the Sapt Kosi dam site where the
average number of rainy days is 10-15 each in July and August at Munga,
Mulghat, Leguaghat, Kuruleghat, Dhankuta and Machhuaghat.
The mean annual rainfall in the Kosi basin in Indian territory is of the order of
1324 mm. The values of mean annual rainfall at various stations is given in Table
2.26.
Table -2.26Annual Rainfall in Kosi basin in Indian Territory
(Unit: mm)
SlNo.
Station AnnualRainfall
1 Bhimnagar 1504
2 Narpatganj 1591
3 Forbisganj 1693
4 Madhepura 1260
5 Pratapganj 1377
6 Supaul 1194
7 Bhaptiahi 1114
8 Birpur (Basantpur) 1489
9 Tribeniganj 1233
10 Murliganj 1250
11 Sour bazar 1209
12 Alamnagar 1012
13 Sonbarsa 1188
14 Chausa 1178
15 Chattarpur 1370
16 Saharsa 1203
17 Dhamdaha (West) 1287
18 Purnia 1500
19 Araria 1536
20 Raniganj 1726
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SlNo.
Station AnnualRainfall
21 Krityanandnagar 1317
22 Katihar 1234
23 Dhamdaha (East) 1321
24 Gondwara 1234
25 Simri Bakhtiarpur 1163
26 Lankahi 1240
Average 1324
2.5.1.5 The Mahananda Basin
The average annual rainfall in the Mahananda river system in India is about 1563
mm. The annual rainfall in the upper catchment ranges from 1000 mm to 6000
mm. The normal annual rainfall recorded at Kurseong close to the origin of the
Mahananda river is 4052.3 mm and at Malda is 1453.1 mm.
The normal annual rainfall at various stations in the Mahananda basin is given in
Table- 2.27.
Table- 2.27Normal Annual Rainfall in MahanandaBasin
(Unit: mm)
Sl.No.
Site Normal AnnualRainfall
1 Purnea 1492.62 Forbesgaj 1535.83 Bahadurganj 1936.64 Barsoi 1331.35 Araria 1692.26 Kishanganj 2177.47 Manihari 1309.4
2.5.1.6 Basin-wise Mean Annual Rainfall
Basin-wise mean annual rainfall is given in Table- 2.28.
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Table - 2.28Basin-wise Mean Annual Rainfall
(Unit: mm)
SlNo
River basin Area Mean AnnualRainfall
1 Kosi Upper Portion (Nepal) 1589
2 Kosi Lower Portion (India) 1324
3 Bagmati Upper Portion (India) 1392
4 Bagmati Lower Portion (India) 1134
5 Burhi
Gandak
Upper Portion (India) 1569
6 Burhi
Gandak
Lower Portion (India) 1041
7 Mahananda Upper Portion (Nepal) 5590
8 Mahananda Lower Portion (India) 1563
2.5.1.7 District-wise Monthly Normal Rainfall
Table- 2.29 gives district-wise normal monthly rainfall of the districts located in
the project area.
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Table - 2.29Normal Monthly Rainfall for different districts in Project area
(Unit: mm)Month Dbhanga Mzfrpur Purnea E Chprn Sitamarhi Smstipur Mbani Bgsarai Khagaria Saharsa Mdhpura Katihar
Jan 13.1 14.4 13.7 16.0 15.0 14.3 13.1 11.8 14.8 10.0 6.2 9.6
Feb 11.5 13.2 12.2 11.7 14.3 13.2 10.3 12.3 15.5 13.7 6.3 12.1
Mar 9.9 7.7 16.0 12.2 13.3 8.7 12.1 10.7 10.9 12.1 11.5 11.69
Apr 18.5 11.8 43.7 17.0 19.2 12.9 24.6 17.3 16.5 22.3 27.1 23.1
May 59.3 47.8 116.7 51.3 68.0 41.3 72.8 41.5 47.9 76.4 57.6 82.9
Jun 180.1 164.1 316.5 207.7 215.7 153.8 212.2 144.2 186.2 217.6 175.4 220.0
Jul 286.5 304.8 442.1 351.0 339.7 286.7 234.8 256.8 278.3 326.2 325.8 307.2
Aug 280.3 292.7 371.9 325.2 307.0 291.3 303.4 289.2 300.7 303.0 310.3 291.5
Sep 212.9 208.8 296.8 223.6 222.1 232.3 222.9 198.8 217.2 226.4 214.0 241.1
Oct 60.0 61.7 88.2 54.8 57.0 78.0 73.4 79.1 70.5 68.6 84.0 98.1
Nov 8.2 5.8 7.6 4.8 6.1 6.7 7.7 40.8 9.3 8.4 11.0 7.3
Dec 1.8 2.4 2.1 3.2 2.6 2.8 1.9 2.2 2.4 3.2 1.3 1.3
Total 1142.1 1135.2 1713.8 1278.5 1280.0 1142.0 1189.2 1104.7 1170.2 1287.9 1230.5 1305.9
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2.5.2 Temperature
The monthly mean atmospheric temperature in Bihar ranges between 4.3°C to
44.3°C. The extremes of the temperature have been recorded as 0 degree Celsius
(at Daltenganj on 3rd January, 1923 and at Motihari on 3rd February, 1905) and
47.2°C (at Gaya on 12th June, 1931). Monthly mean of the maximum temperature
has been found to vary between 31.9°C and 44.3°C from year to year occurring
during the month of May or June and that of the minimum between 4.3°C and
14.2°C, occurring during January.
The monthly mean temperatures recorded at the IMD observatories are given in
Table-2.30.
Table 2.30
Monthly Mean Temperature
(Unit: oC)
Month Darbhanga Muzaffarpur PurneaJan Max 23.09 22.54 23.89
Mim 8.99 9.37 7.96Feb Max 25.79 25.49 27.20
Mim 11.71 11.71 10.33Mar Max 30.43 31.73 31.99
Mim 15.48 15.74 14.92Apr Max 35.55 34.97 35.64
Mim 20.92 22.00 20.02May Max 36.13 35.92 34.62
Mim 23.30 24.80 22.87Jun Max 34.71 34.40 33.17
Mim 24.82 26.27 24.59Jul Max 32.38 32.63 31.89
Mim 25.10 26.35 24.99Aug Max 32.51 32.20 31.98
Mim 25.56 26.12 25.12Sep Max 31.12 31.27 32.09
Mim 2.94 22.54 24.22Oct Max 31.90 30.04 31.42
Mim 22.15 21.30 20.84Nov Max 28.52 27.89 28.77
Mim 15.87 14.65 13.84Dec Max 2.58 24.41 25.21
Mim 11.10 10.45 8.94
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2.5.3Relative Humidity
The range of relative humidity is very wide in the command area. The
maximum relative humidity generally occurs during the monsoon months,
when it is found to rise up to about 94 per cent. The general range of relative
humidity during July to September is 74 per cent to 88 per cent. Relative
humidity is minimum generally in the period March to May, when it goes down
sometimes to even 10 per cent. The general range of relative humidity during
this period is 30 to 55 per cent. The monthly mean values of maximum and
minimum relative humidity worked out for IMD observation sites are given in
Table -2.31.
Table - 2.31
Monthly Mean Relative Humidity
(Unit: %)
Month Darbhanga Muzaffarpur Purnea
Jan Max 74.28 83.15 79.33Min 64.11 71.08 63.72
Feb Max 67.29 71.75 68.29Min 55.47 56.17 50.26
Mar Max 56.59 57.92 56.76Min 45.12 44.25 39.18
Apr Max 56.97 57.92 58.15Min 35.44 42.36 39.69
May Max 65.67 66.08 71.94Min 52.68 50.15 56.66
Jun Max 74.78 77.69 82.38Min 67.52 67.61 72.74
Jul Max 82.23 86.00 87.42Min 77.91 79.08 81.67
Aug Max 82.18 84.15 85.79Min 78.94 81.15 51.26
Sep Max 81.23 83.54 84.73Min 71.66 80.42 79.79
Oct Max 74.94 77.46 79.82Min 74.94 76.69 76.00
Nov Max 70.33 75.45 76.88Min 64.42 72.45 71.55
Dec Max 74.73 79.83 78.27Min 66.21 72.58 70.21
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2.5.4Wind Speed
The summer months of the State, experience higher wind speed, generally
ranging between 10 to 22 km/hr Wind speed of the order of 70 km/hr has been
observed during storms, especially during April-May. Winter months are
generally calm with wind speed ranging generally between 0.1 and 6 km/hr
Monthly mean values of wind speed at IMD observation station is given in
Table 2.32.
Table 2.32
Monthly Mean Wind Speed
(Unit: km/hr)
Month Darbhanga Muzaffarpur Purnea
Jan Morning 1.58 1.67 1.19
Evening 1.85 4.89 4.75
Feb Morning 2.01 2.03 2.00
Evening 2.86 6.83 6.87
Mar Morning 2.98 3.47 2.83
Evening 2.98 8.39 8.46
Apr Morning 4.38 5.21 4.96
Evening 5.81 9.21 9.09
May Morning 4.67 5.57 5.83
Evening 7.23 8.90 9.11
Jun Morning 5.09 5.79 4.92
Evening 7.03 8.84 8.01
Jul Morning 5.78 5.39 3.89
Evening 5.78 9.23 6.93
Aug Morning 4.61 5.26 4.10
Evening 5.97 9.40 7.78
Sep Morning 4.19 4.60 3.21
Evening 5.83 6.33 6.49
Oct Morning 1.90 1.65 1.36
Evening 2.51 4.42 4.49
Nov Morning 1.10 1.24 0.67
Evening 1.82 3.86 3.63
Dec Morning 0.70 0.93 1.02
Evening 1.37 3.68 4.11
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2.5.5Cloud Cover
Monthly mean cloud amount during monsoon lies between 6.1 to 7.9 Oktas,
especially during the month of July and August. The sky is generally clear
during the winter months. Monthly average cloud amount hardly goes upto 2
Oktas during January to March.
The monthly mean values of cloud amount at IMD stations are given in Table-
2.33.
Table -2.33
Monthly Mean Cloud Amount
(Unit: Oktas)
Month Darbhanga Muzaffarpur Purnea
Jan Morning 1.11 1.90 1.50Evening 1.02 1.39 1.03
Feb Morning 0.90 1.63 1.34Evening 0.74 1.24 1.02
Mar Morning 1.00 1.19 1.62Evening 0.83 0.82 1.12
Apr Morning 0.74 1.73 2.08Evening 0.63 1.07 1.40
May Morning 1.42 1.96 3.39Evening 0.67 1.07 1.88
Jun Morning 3.71 4.54 5.45Evening 2.46 3.36 4.47
Jul Morning 5.59 6.30 6.45Evening 4.30 5.10 5.77
Aug Morning 5.22 5.95 6.02Evening 4.21 4.96 5.35
Sep Morning 4.17 4.59 5.08Evening 3.51 3.64 4.48
Oct Morning 1.85 1.84 2.48Evening 1.41 1.26 2.05
Nov Morning 0.67 1.12 1.12Evening 0.39 0.83 0.86
Dec Morning 0.66 1.24 1.07Evening 0.52 0.83 0.78
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2.6 Status of Existing / On-going Irrigation Projects
2.6.1 General
The details of existing major irrigation projects in the area / basins are as under
i) Eastern Kosi Canal System (Ex Bhim Nagar barrage at Hanuman Nagar onriver Kosi) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.1.
ii) Western Kosi Canal Project (Ex Bhim Nagar barrage at Hanuman Nagar onriver Kosi) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.2.
iii) Kamla Irrigation Project (Ex Kamla barrage on river Kamla, a tributary ofBagmati / Kosi river system) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.3.
The Kosi Project is one of the largest major irrigation projects in India. In
BiharState, it comes next to only Sone and Gandak Projects. The Project was
formulated in 1953 keeping in view the over-riding priority of flood control and
irrigation. Accordingly, the project comprised the following components:
Unit Projects Year ofcompletion
Features
I Bhim Nagar Barrage 1963 Located at Hanuman Nagar inNepal;
II Embankments 1962 Left and Right Embankments144 and 133 km long,respectively for flood protection
III Eastern KosiCanalSystem
1964 Serving present command areathrough network of branches, subbranches, distributaries, minorsand direct outlets
IV WesternKosiCanalSystem
Nearingcompletion
Serving part of Kosi and Kamlacommand area
The Kosi Project -1953 envisaged provision of diversion of discharge of 1415
cumec (50,000 cusec) through the old dhars of river Kosi, outside the river on the
country side of the Eastern Embankment. The idea was to relieve the Main Kosi
channel to that extent during floods and to resuscitate the four old dhars of Kosi
and improve the drainage conditions in the area between the Bhenga dhar and
Eastern Kosi Embankment. Hence, this area was not covered originally by the
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Eastern Kosi Canal System as envisaged in Kosi Project-1953. Subsequently, the
proposal of such diversion of Kosi water was dropped on the recommendation of
Mitra Committee. This was followed by a public demand for extending the facility
of irrigation to this area also which had since been protected from the floods of the
Kosi and was not covered by the original Kosi Eastern Canal System, which led to
formulation of Rajpur Canal System as Unit IV of the Project in 1962.
In addition to Rajpur canal system, three other components viz. Western Kosi canal
system, Chatra Canal System and Western Kosi pump canal were added to Kosi
project.
2.6.1.1 Eastern Kosi Canal System
The project envisaged Eastern Kosi canal offtaking from Bhim Nagar barrage at
Hanuman Nagar to irrigate 5.69 lakh ha annually with an irrigation intensity of
115%. The gross command area of the project was assessed as 7.43 lakh ha while
culturable command area was worked out as 4.95 lakh ha, giving an allowance of
one-third of the GCA for spill areas, culturable waste, other than the current fallow
land, unculturable waste, Govt. land and 5% of gross area to cover such area as
will not be able to taken water for irrigation due to various reasons. The command
was bounded by the Bhenga dhar on the west, the Eastern Kosi main canal on the
north, the river Parman on the east and the river Kosi and the Ganga on the south.
The Rajpur Branch Canal taking off from the Eastern Kosi Main Canal at RD
14.50 was originally planned to provide irrigation to a gross command area of 1.76
lakh ha in Saharsa district while culturable command area was taken as 2/3rd of
GCA as in case of Kosi Eastern Canal System which worked out to 1.33 lakh ha.
It also envisaged a hydel power house at R.D. 12.00 of the Eastern Kosi Main
Canal withinstalled capacity of 20,000 KW utilising a drop of about 4 m (13 ft.) in
the canal bed level.
The work of Rajpur Branch Canal was taken up in the year 1962 and irrigation
commenced since the year 1968. The figures of GCA & CCA were later on
revised as given in Table – 2.34.
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Table-2.34
Revised GCA, CCA & Annual Irrigation of Eastern Kosi&RajpurCanal System
Sl.No
Name of canal system GCA(in lakh ha)
CCA(in lakh ha)
Intensity ofirrigation
Annual irrigation(in lakh ha)
1 Eastern Kosi CanalSystem
7.43 4.95 115.0% 5.69
2 Rajpur Branch Canal 1.76 1.17 121.5% 1.43
Total 9.19 6.12 7.12
(Source: Report of KIC 1975)
Thus the Kosi Eastern Canal System including Rajpur Branch Canal System
envisaged an annual irrigation of 7.12 lakh ha.
Eastern Kosi main canal with length of 43.5 km has five Branch canals viz. Rajpur,
Murliganj, Janaki Nagar, Purnea and Araria branch canals. From Rajpur branch
canal, four sub-branches offtake, namely, Supaul, Saharsa, Gamharia and
Madhepura. The details of distribution system of Eastern Kosi canal system is
given in Table 2.35.
Table – 2.35
Details of distribution system of Eastern Kosi CanalSl
No.Name of
CanalDesignedCapacityin cumec(cusec)
Lengthof canalin km.
GCAin Lakh
ha.
CCA as peroriginalreport inlakh ha.
AnnualIrrigation(lakh ha)
1. EasternKosi Canal
424.50(15000)
43.27 7.43 4.95 5.69
a) MurliganjBr. Canal
45.0(1590)
64.40 1.21 0.80 0.92
b) JanakinagarBr. Canal
99.0(3500)
82.11 2.72 1.81 2.08
c) PurneaBr. Canal
85.0(3010)
64.40 2.15 1.44 1.64
d) ArariaBr. Canal
41.0(1450)
57.96 0.97 0.64 0.75
e) Direct Dy.from MainCanal.
77.8(2750)
191.59 0.38 0.26 0.30
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2. RajpurBr. Canal
76.4(2700)
9.66 1.76 1.17 1.43
Total 9.19 6.12 7.12( Source: Report of Kosi Irrigation Committee, 1975)
The Index Map of Eastern Kosi canal system is given at Plate-2.4.
The Eastern Kosi canal system was designed to serve a CCA of 6.12 lakh ha,
which has been presently revised to 4.40 lakh ha (3.40 lakh ha under EKC and 1.0
lakh ha under Rajpur canal) covering 40 blocks in the districts of Supaul, Saharsa,
Madhepura, Purnea, Katihar, Araria and Khagaria (only one block). Annual
Irrigation which was originally 7.12 lakh ha was also reduced to 4.48 lakh ha after
review by the Kosi Irrigation Committee in 1975.
2.6.1.2 Western Kosi Canal Project
Western Kosi Canal Project for Rs. 13.49 cr., as a part of Kosi Multipurpose
project was originally approved by the Planning Commission in 1961 to provide
annual irrigation to an area of 2.196 lakh ha in Bihar and 15,300 ha in Nepal. The
project envisaged 91.63 km long main canal including 35.13 km in head reaches in
Nepal. Since it was necessary to obtain concurrence of Nepal, construction could
be taken up in 1971. The Govt. of India and the HMG, Nepal entered into separate
Agreement on the Western Kosi Canal in the year 1978.
The Western Kosi Canal would provide irrigation water to agricultural land lying
on the right side of river Kosi. It aims at providing irrigation in a gross command
area (GCA) of 3.05 lakh ha & CCA of 2.03 ha in India spread in districts of
Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur and Supaul. The Western Kosi Main Canal
(WKMC) with maximum capacity of 201 cumec (7100 cusec) off takes from the
Bhimnagar Barrage. The distribution system includes 5 branch canals viz.
Jhanjharpur, Ugranath, Sakri, Kakayghati and Saharghat, one sub-branch canal
namely Bideshwarsthan, 5 distributaries and a number of sub-distributaries, minor
andwater courses. The scheme is now nearing completion. Some areas, however,
have started getting irrigation benefits from the year 1987-88. Annual irrigation
proposed is 2.348 lakh ha with intensity of irrigation of 115.50%. Envisaged
irrigation in Nepal is 19900 ha.Index Map of Western Kosi Canal System is given
at Plate-2.5.
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2.6.1.3 Chatra Barrage Project
The Chatra Canal System, a Nepal benefit scheme, is also a part of the Kosi
Project. It consists of a 970m long barrage located near Chatra village, 8 km
downstream of Barahkshetra dam in Morang district of Nepal. ChatraMainCanal
with a length of 53 km has gross command area of 63000 ha. The northern
boundary of the command area is bounded by the Main canal upto the east of the
Bakra river. The southernboundary is the Indo-Nepal border. The canal with a
design capacity of 45.3 cumec is envisaged to provide irrigation to 85,830 ha in
Nepal. This canal has been planned as inundation canal. It was taken up for
construction in 1962 and was completed in year 1970. After making it operative, it
was handed over to HMG, Nepal. This canal system envisages an annual irrigation
of 0.85 lakh ha in Saptari and Morang districts of Nepal, on the east of river Kosi.
2.6.1.4Kamla Irrigation Project
Kamla Irrigation Project consists of a 1.5 m high weir across the river Kamla with
head regulators on both the banks for Right and Left Kamla main canals. The
project falls in the composite river basin of Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Kamla
rivers.
The headworks are located near Jayanagar town at lat. 26o 35’ N and long 86o 10’
E of Madhubani District of Bihar. The catchment area of the river upto the
headworks is 2138 sq km, out of which 1334 sq km is hilly and the remaining 804
sq km is in plains. The length of the weir between abutments is 292.53 m and the
design discharge is 3965 cumec (1,40,000 cusec).
The project was designed for a Gross Command Area (GCA) of 66529 ha and
Culturable Command Area (CCA) of 39921 ha. The Western Main Canal on the
right bank (16.03 km long) serves a GCA & CCA of 57744 ha & 34648 ha
respectively to cover 7 blocks of Madhubani District namely Jayanagar, Basopatti,
Harlakhi, Madhwapur, Benipatti, Bisfi, Khajauli and Rahika (part) and the Eastern
Main Canalon the left bank (8.17 km long) serves a GCA & CCA of 8785 ha &
5273 ha respectively to cover 3 blocks of Madhubani District namely Jayanagar,
Ladaina and Babu Barhi. The design discharge at head of Western Main Canal
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and Eastern Main Canal are 22.66 cumec (800 cusec) and 3.18 cumec (112 cusec)
respectively.
However, after construction of the Western Kosi Canal, southern portion of Kamla
Canal on the right bank mainly comprising the Command area of King’s Canal off
taking from 5.30 RD of Kamla Right Main Canal & having 45 km length got
amalgamated in Western Kosi Canal Command to the extent of GCA = 19311 ha
and CCA = 11590 ha. Thus, the remaining command of Kamla Irrigation Project
now stands at GCA = 47218 ha, CCA= 28331 ha against original GCA=66529 ha
and CCA= 39921 ha.
The construction of the project started in 1970 and completed in the year 1975-76.
The headworks is approachable from Madhubani through a pucca road, which
crosses Kamla river at headworks with a bridge on it and connects Nirmali and
Birpur, where the headworks of Kosi Project is located.
The ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 25498 ha against a revised CCA
of 28331 ha at design intensity of irrigation of 90% with seasonwise break-up as
under:
Kharif -19832 ha (70% of CCA)
Rabi -5666 ha (20% of CCA)
Total -25498 ha (90% of CCA)
The ultimate irrigation potential has been fully created.
Index map of Kamla Irrigation Project is given in Plate – 2.6.
2.6.2 Basinwise Command Area Details of Existing /On-going Projects
As indicated above, there are two major irrigation schemes viz. Eastern Kosi Canal
Project (EKCP) (including Rajpur Branch Canal) and Western Kosi Canal Project
(WKCP) having gross command areas of 9.19 lakh ha and 3.05 lakh ha (in Indian
territory) respectively. Besides, there is one existing scheme in Kamla basin viz.
Kamla Irrigation Project (KIP) with gross command area of only 0.66 lakh ha. In
this connection, it is to be mentioned that the canal system of Western Kosi Canal
is in advanced stage of construction. On completion of WKCP, command area of
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Kings Canal under Kamla Irrigation Project would be included under the command
of WKCP. Total length of Kings canal, offtaking from 5.30 RD of Kamla Western
Main Canal is 45 km. It merges into the tail end at 8.2 RD of Saharghat Branch
Canal which offtake at 18 km of Western Kosi Canal System. Hence, the net GCA
under Kamla Irrigation Scheme works out as 0.46 lakh ha (0.66–0.20).
The details of GCA & CCA of existing and ongoing projects in the basins
understudy area are given in Table 2.36.
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TABLE 2.36Details of GCA & CCA of Existing / Ongoing Projects in Study Area
(Unit: Lakh ha)Sl.No.
Name of Basin / Project GCA CCA Ratio of GCA
to CCA
PlannedIntensity ofIrrigation
Remarks
1 Bagmati – Adhwara Basin - - - - -
2 Kamla Balan Basin 0.46 0.28 60.9% -
Kamala Irrigation Project Existing
3 Kosi Basin
i) Eastern Kosi Canal Project (EKCP) 7.43 (6.04)* 4.95 ( 3.49)* 66.6% (57.8) 115.0% Existing
ii) Rajpur Canal 1.76 (1.40)* 1.17 (0.91)* 66.5% (65.0) 121.5% Existing
9.19 (7.44)* 6.12 (4.40)* 66.6% ( 59.1)
iii) Western Kosi Canal Project (WKCP)
- In Nepal 0.20 0.13 65.0% On going(nearing
completion)- In Bihar 3.05 2.03 66.6%
3.25 2.16 66.5% 115.5%
4 Mahananda Basin - - - -
TotalIn India
12.70(10.95)
8.43(6.71)
66.4%(61.3%)
-
* GCA and CCA revised by Kosi Irrigation Committee, 1975
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2.7 STATUS OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION AND ALLIED SERVICES
2.7.1 Agricultural Extension
Agricultural extension means extending the knowledge of results and findings
about agricultural inputs and techniques from research institutions to the farmer’s
field. It involves the dissemination of information about newly evolved crop
varieties, modern agricultural chemicals, new agronomical practices, promotion of
skills and supply of inputs for obtaining richer harvest. The objective of extension
efforts is to transfer modern technology to farmer’s field.
The Department of Agriculture, GOB, the Rajendra Agriculture University,
Research Institutes, Governmental and Non-governmental & Corporate input
agencies, Banks etc. apply various extension methods for transfer of technology, as
given in Table 2.37.
Table 2.37Extension Methods for Transfer of Technology
Sl.No.
Method of Extension Work Targeted BeneficiaryCrops
No./frequency of ActivityDesirable
1 Holding exhibition or show All crops of the season At least two no. per annum
2 Organising input fortnight forwide publicity of product
All lead crops of theseason
Twice in a year in June &October
3 Organising T.V. or Radio talk All lead crops &innovative technology
Once to thrice to ensurecompliance by state, districtor block level authorities byassociating scientists of Agri.University
4 Organising field visits byscientists
Lead crops of the area orto specific problems
Two or three times per annum
5 Organising demonstrations,minikit trails & field days
Importantcrops/compositedemonstration/innovative practices
Two or three field days perdemonstration, no. dependingon resources.
6 Training & visit to researchinstitutes by selected contact
Farmers’ sample shouldrepresent different
Two visits to state institutes oroutside the state as per
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farmers blocks & zonesidentified for cropconcentration
available resources.
7 Use of print media bycoverage in newspapers andwide distribution of pamphlets/ bulletins
All important crops ofseason
Whenever required and on allprogramme subjects relatingto extension
The extent of adoption of the benefits of extension services provided to the farmers
was assessed through a sample survey conducted in the past by Training & Visit (T &
V) Wing of Deptt. of Agriculture, Bihar which is reproduced below in Table 2.38.
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Table 2.38Extent of Extension Services Adopted by Farmers
SlNo.
Practice or system taken up as indicatorof diffusion of technology
Point / Level of Factor keptunder Observation
Farmers’ response /acceptance
1 Fertilizer application to crops by farmers Full dose of N.P.K. as perrecommendation - % of optimum
N – 30%P – 20%K – 15%
2 Causes of partial or no application offertilizers
(a) High cost(b) Lack of irrigation(c) Unavailability of inputs(d) Lack of information(e) Other causes
28.8%23.1%20.4%18.4%8.8%
3 Plant protection measures – percentage offarmers adopting
(a) Seed treatment(b) Soil treatment(c) Crop treatment
27.1%12%6.9%
4 Farmers opinion about grass root extensionworkers advice
(a) Very helpful(b) Partially helpful
27.3%30.6%
5 Use of improved varieties of paddy seedsby contact farmers
(a) Full acceptance(b) Partial acceptance(c) No acceptance
72%19.6%8.3%
6 Causes of partial acceptance or nonacceptance of recommended practices(estimated % of causal factors)
(a) Expensive input(b) Lack of irrigation facility(c) Unavailability of reco-
mmended variety(d) Recommendation received
late
8.6%0.4%8.2%
6.1%
7 Adoption of package of practices of paddycultivation (% of farms)
(a) Timely sowing(b) Line sowing(c) Planting of recommended no
of seedings(d) None of the practices
recommended
70.8%25.3%39.6%
26.3%
8 Yield of paddy when contacted by V.L.W.(impact of frequency of visits and contactby village level functionaries)
(a) None(b) One visit during previous
fortnight(c) Two or more visits(d) Overall mean
Irrg. Non. Irrig.22.2 qt/ha 15.8 qt/ha26.3 “ 22.2 “
27.18 “ 24.82 “24.96 “ 18.92 “
9 Yield of paddy crop governed by mainsource of knowledge about practice (effectof massage dissemination)
(a) No advice(b) Other farmers(c) Extension personnel(d) Other sources
22.22 “ 15.08 “21.79 “ 18.68 “26.52 “ 22.86 “26.42 “ 16.99 “
2.7.2 Seeds
Production and handling of quality seeds, bearing necessary certification tag is
governed by Indian Seeds Act, 1966 and the rules framed thereunder. The seed
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manual contains details of isolation, norms of inspection by certifying agencies,
field standards of crops and seed standards etc. All these norms are being followed
in Bihar.
2.7.3 Training Institutes
Bihar Govt. has set up Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI),
headquartered at Patna which is responsible for conducting adaptive trails for
introduction of High Yielding varieties of crops and training the farmers on such
trails and their benefits for adoption.
2.8COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT
The supply of irrigation water is most important and crucial input in enabling the
system to produce crops at a desired level of productivity. The water supply has to
be adequate for creating sufficient moisture in the soil root zone of the plants to
satisfy the water requirements of crops for their normal growth. When the supply
of water is deficient and the crop water requirements are not fully met, the soil
moisture stress develops that affects the crop growth. The impact of soil moisture
stress is greatly dependent on the crop species and the stage of crop growth.
Generally, crops are more sensitive to water deficiency during emergence,
flowering and early grain formation than they are during early vegetative and late
growth periods.
Considering irrigation as the most productive input for agricultural development,
the Government of Bihar has been conscious for development of irrigation as well
as for holistic development of the command areas. The formulation of the Kosi
Irrigation Project bears a testimony to this concern. The Eastern Kosi Canal
System under the Kosi Irrigation Project had been completed and operationalised
since 1964. The RajpurBranchCanal had also been included towards the end of
Third Five Year Plan. The originally planned GCA and CCA for both Eastern
Kosi Canal and Rajpur Branch Canal were 9.19 lakh ha ( 7.43+1.76) and 6.12 lakh
ha (4.95+1.17) respectively which were later revised by Kosi Irrigation Committee
( 1975) as 7.44 lakh ha ( 6.04 + 1.40) and 4.40 lakh ha (3.49 + 0.91). The ultimate
irrigation potential of both the system was assessed as 4.48 lakh ha (2.86 + 1.62).
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The performance of the Eastern Kosi Canal System has been sub-optimal in respect
of creation and utilization ofirrigation potential as well as crop productivity.
Moreover, it has caused degradation of the production resource base by way of
waterlogging and concomitant soil salinization. OFD works in the command have
not been fully developed to utilize the available water. Moreover, the distribution
system has also dilapidated for want of adequate O&M funds.
The committee also observed that the creation of potential has been slow to the
extent of 75% and that too, not being utilized. The Committee gave
recommendations fordevelopment of full irrigation potential of Kosi canal system
and its ultimate utilization. Some of these recommendations are as follows:
i) Completion of residual works upto water courses.
ii) Construction of high dam in upper catchment to tackle siltation problem inthe canal as long term measure.
iii) Main canal and branches shall not run below 2/3rd of design capacity andthe system lower down should either run full or be kept closed. Anysurplus water may be released through escapes.
iv) Canal reaches showing excessive water loss should be strengthened withlining in a phased manner.
v) Water course longer than 1.5 km, passing through sandy reaches should belined at first instance. Other water courses may also be lined in phasedmanner.
vi) Traditional varieties of paddy may be replaced by high yielding variety, asearly as possible in as large an area as practicable.
vii) Wheat cultivation may be encouraged and less water consuming crops suchas ‘moong’ etc. may be irrigated through alternative sources andpopularized during hot weather.
viii) A properly designed surface drainage system should be provided.
ix) The work of consolidation of holdings, land leveling and shaping andconstruction of field channels and field drains may be completed on prioritybasis.
x) More attention should be given on maintenance and running of canal
system.
xi) The present ‘Satta’ system may be replaced by a system of compulsory levyon land under assured irrigation to be collected along with the revenue.
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The Government is conscious towards increasing agricultural productivity in the
existing command through the holistic development of the command area by way
of On-Farm Development works, suitable cropping pattern, conjunctive use of
surface and ground water, drainage provision, reclamation of problem soils
(waterlogged /salt affected soils), efficient operation and maintenance of the
irrigation system and agricultural extension so as to optimize the benefits of
irrigation.
Considering the facts that the command areas under reference have high
agricultural potential, the need is to convert the potential into production through
improved irrigation management. To make that happen, the following imperatives
are identified:
i) Presently, the actual irrigated area is much less than the area commanded.Water deliveries rarely correspond in quantity and timing of crop waterdemands resulting in low cropping intensities and productivity levels. Inview of limited water resources, especially during lean season, cropintensification may not provide an optimal solution. On the other hand,extensive irrigation may be a desirable option to cover larger areas to obtaineconomic optima with the supplies as available. Less water better deliveredmay be the required reform method. Appropriate irrigation scheduling interms of quantity and timing may have to be worked out in consideration ofsensitivity of crop growth stages to soil water stress. For this purpose, unitcrop productivity should be stabilized and improved through better watermanagement practices and introduction of new farming techniques.
ii) Paddy will continue to be the predominant kharif crop. No cropsubstitution for kharif paddy may be possible in view of the excessivelyhigh soil-water regime. As canal water releases during the kharif seasonraise the water table, kharif season releases may have to be properlyregulated so as to augment water supply during the rabi season andmaintain ground water balance. At the same time, planted area should beincreased by all-year-round irrigation system, thus maximizing the cropproduction
iii) The command areas present high scope for market-oriented cropdiversification, particularly during the rabi season. Shift in emphasis fromcereal production to pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables and other highvalue crops may be warranted. Such diversification will cause planting andwater needs to become more varied from field to field. These changes willplace new demands on the operational skills of water deliveryorganizations. For this purpose, reliability of water delivery becomes moresignificant.
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iv) Farmers will be required to make higher investments in inputs such asHYVs of crops, chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, periodicalseed replacement, modern farm implements for field preparation, cropestablishment, harvesting, threshing, etc. Governmental support will bewarranted in establishment and strengthening of institutional mechanismfor meeting the desired objectives, especially at field level agricultureextension services. Simultaneously, existing ayacut road conditions shouldbe improved and strengthened to stimulate and support allied agriculturalactivities.
v) Drainage conditions should be improved to ensure optimum cropproductivity per unit of land under improved irrigation conditions.
2.8.1 Constraints in Command Area Development
The project area is constituted of the flood plains in the basins of the river Burhi
Gandak, Kamla, Bagmati, Kosi and Mahananda. The Kosi river, because of its
translatory movement, has undergone a westward shift of about 120 km over a
period of about 200 years until the construction of the east and the west
embankments under the overall framework of the Kosi Project. The shifting nature
of the river has resulted into numerous abandoned courses and gullies, and saucer-
shaped depressions, locally known as ‘chaurs’. Moreover, the river water carries
excessive sediment load (0.34% silt by weight) which is the fourth highest in the
world after the Yellow river of China (4.46% silt by weight) and the Colorado river
(3.10% silt by weight) and the Missouri river (0.40% silt by weight) of the U.S.A.
The high silt content of the Kosi river has been attributed to be the causal
mechanism for the changing river courses. The other repercussion of the excessive
sediment load of the river water has been heavy sedimentation of the canals ever
since the Eastern Kosi Canal System was opened up for irrigation in July 1964.
2.8.1.1Flood
Bihar is the worst suffering State on account of flood. According to the assessment
of the Rashtriya Barh Ayog (1980), out of the total flood-prone area of 40 Mha in
the country, Bihar shares about 42.60 lakh ha (10.6%) of area. The Second Bihar
State Irrigation Commission (1994) has assessed the flood prone area in Bihar as
68.8 lakh ha which is about 73% of total area of the State and 17.2% of total flood
prone area in the country. The flood problem is more severe in North Bihar. The
total flood prone area in North Bihar (excluding the stem of River Ganga) is 37.53
lakh ha, which is 82.8% of the total drainage area of the different tributaries joining
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river Ganga from the north. In a single year, the maximum affected area in Bihar
was 42.9 lakh ha (during 1971) and the minimum was 7.1 lakh ha (during 1989)
which are about 62.4% and 10.3% respectively of the total flood prone area of the
State. These are muchhigher than the corresponding figures for maximum and
minimum flood affected area at national level which are 43.8% and 3.6%
respectively.
The severity of the flood is more intense in terms of damages to the property, loss
of human life and cattle compared to the extent of flood affected area. It is to be
noted that frequent flooding of entire North Bihar, main stem of Ganga and a part
of South Bihar, is not only causing inconveniences and hardship, but is working as
a major constraint to the overall economic development of the region in particular
and State as a whole. The flood protection measures implemented so far is only in
form of construction of embankment, which is only a short term measure and does
not ensure complete protection from flood. Construction of reservoirs on major
rivers like Kosi, Ganga and their tributaries, Kamala and Bagmati for multipurpose
with appropriate provision for flood cushion is considered necessary to provide
flood protection in the flood prone area of North Bihar. Bihar has been making
efforts since long for construction of dams on these rivers but so far it has not been
able to achieve reasonable success in flood protection. It is expected that through
the implementation of Sapta Kosi High dam, success in providing flood protection
to a reasonable limit will be achieved.
2.8.1.2 Drainage Congestion
Next to flood, drainage congestion of surface water resulting into water logging is
another major serious problem in the state related to the water resource
development and management. About 9.41 lakh ha area is affected due to drainage
congestion of surface water, which is about 10% of the area of the state. North
Bihar is more severely affected, as out of total area of 9.41 lakh ha affected due to
drainage congestion, about 8.35 lakh ha lies in North Bihar. This area is about
15% of geographical area of North Bihar and about 23% of cultivable area. The
area affected by drainage congestion is not being properly used for cultivation
which is causing great loss to the farmers as well as to the nation. The problem
assumes more severity in light of high percentage of affected area compared to the
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cultivated area and heavy pressure of population on scarce land resource in the
entire State in general and North Bihar in particular.
The main reasons for the drainage congestion and waterlogging are the
topographical feature i.e. existence of a large number of saucer shaped chaurs and
mauns, the course of rivers acquiring the shape of ridge due to deposition of silt
over a period of time and high water level at the outfall of drainage channels in the
tributaries and main Ganga river, which is the master drainage channel of the
region. The problem has been further aggravated due to inadequate drainage
provisions in the command areas of existing irrigation projects.
2.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
2.9.1 General
The state of Bihar located between 240 20’ 10’ to 270 31’15” N latitude and 830
19’50” to 880 17’40” East longitude covers an area of 9.42 Mha and accounts for
2.86% of total geographical area of the country. Out of 9.42 Mha of total area,
only 0.18 Mha (1.91%) has been covered by urban centers.
Bihar is predominantly an agricultural state. Agriculture contributes about 47.6 %
towards Gross-Domestic Product (GDP) of the State, while the share of agriculture
in GDP of the country is only 25%. In such a situation, agriculture holds the key to
the economic and overall development of the State. Further, the development of
water resources acts as a catalyst for overall agriculture development in the state.
As a matter of fact, the economic development of any state/region bears a very
close and direct relation with the development of water resources. This is still
more pronounced in case of Bihar.
The reasons for economic backwardness of Bihar, as usual, is not confined to a few
spheres, rather they extend over a wide spectrum of geographical, historical,
physical and political features besides several socio-economic aspects.
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2.9.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
There are several socio-economic factors that are working as constraint for
development of Bihar in general and agriculture and water resources in particular.
Most important among them are explosive growth of population, low productivity
of agricultural produce, fragmentation of land holding, poor records of land
reforms etc.
Though the state of Bihar is bestowed with two most important natural resources -
land and water, socio-economic status of the population reflects abject poverty,
especially among the rural masses. It has plenty of plain fertile land with alluvium
soil and abundant surface and ground water. The climate is also very conducive to
farming and agricultural practices. There are laborious and progressive farmers
and there is no dearth of farm laborers. Traditionally, the State as well as the
Eastern Region had been on the fore-front of agriculture production in the country.
Notwithstanding all these, the State is economically backward. A comparative
statement of important socio-economic indicators of Bihar and India are given in
Table 2.39.
Table - 2.39
Socio-economic Indicators of Bihar vis-à-vis India
Sl.No.
Item Bihar India Reference
1. Population 83 million 1028 million 2001 census2. Population below poverty
line38.4 million 322 million UNDP report
1993-94Published byPlanningCommission
Rural 92% 76%
Urban 8% 24%3. Literacy 47.0% 64.8% Based on 2001
MaleFemale
59.7%33.1%
75.3%53.7%
4. Population Density 881 per sq. km 325 per sq.km
Based on 2001
5. Irrigation Potential Createdin Percentage
40% 71%
(Source: Report of Expert Committee on impact of interlinking of rivers in Bihar, 2003.)
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2.9.3 Demographic Profile
The project area extends from the river Burhi Gandak on the west upto the river
Mechi, a tributary of the Mahananda on the east in North Bihar, covering 5 basins
viz part of Burhi-Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla, Kosi and Western Fringe of
Mahananda.
Total project area has been assessed as about 29698 sq. km covering parts of 17
districts in North Bihar. The details of basinwise/districtwise area are given in
Table 2.40.
Table – 2.40Details of Basinwise/Districtwise Area under Command of
Sapt Kosi High Dam ProjectSl.No.
Basin/Distt. Total Areain ha
In Basin% Area in ha
A. BURHI GANDAK
1 East &WestChamparan
919600 16.4 151200
2 Samastipur 290400 21.1 61300
3 Begusarai 191800 22.2 42500
4 Muzaffarpur 317200 11.6 36700
5 Khagaria 1118600 0.9 9800
Sub Total A 308500
B. BAGMATI-ADHWARA
1 East Champaran 396800 7.2 28523
2 Muzaffarpur 317200 31.2 98907
3 Samastipur 290400 19.6 57025
4 Begusarai 191800 15.9 30476
5 Khagaria 148600 29.4 43747
6 Darbhanga 227900 30.5 69510
7 Madhubani 350100 26.4 92366
8 Sitamari 229400 100.0 229400
Sub Total B 649954
C. KAMLA BALAN
1 Madhubani 350100 56.8 198857
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Sl.No.
Basin/Distt. Total Areain ha
In Basin% Area in ha
2 Darbhanga 227900 69.2 157707
3 Saharsa includingSupaul
412800 3.9 16215
4 Khagaria 148600 8.4 12467
5 Samastipur 290400 21.9 63534
SubTotal C 448780
D. KOSI
1 Supaul 242500 99.2 240560
2 Saharsa 168700 91.5 154360
3 Madhepura 178800 100.0 178800
4 Madhubani 350100 16.8 58745
5 Purnia 322900 64.2 207238
6 Araria 283000 49.1 138873
7 Katihar 305700 34.7 105960
8 Bhagalpur 256900 10.3 26576
9 Khagaria 148600 19.6 29126
10 Darbhanga 227900 0.3 776
Sub Total D1141014
E. WESTERN FRINGE OF MAHANANDA (Upto Mechi River)
1 Purnea 322900 30.0 96500
2 Katihar 305700 35.0 107100
3 Araria 283000 48.6 137400
4 Kishanganj 188400 42.7 80500
Sub Total E421500
Grand Total2969748
2.9.4Population
District wise data of 2001 census has been utilised for working out the population
for each basin on proportionate basis. Total population of all the five basins falling
in the Sapt Kosi command has been worked out as 28 million which is 33.8% of
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the Bihar state as a whole against geographical area of 31.7% falling in the
command. The basin wise details are given in Table 2.41.
Table - 2.41
Basinwise details of population in Sapt Kosi Command (2001 census)Sl.No.
Basin TotalPopulationin ‘000’
Populationin ‘000’
Density ofpopulation(per sqkm)
Rural Urban
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81. Burhi
Gandak2983 2792 93.6 191 6.4 967.8
2. BagmatiAdhwara
7320 6872 93.9 448 6.1 1126
3. Kamla Balan 5289 4993 94.4 296 5.6 1174
4. Kosi 9263 8530 92.1 733 7.9 812
5. Mahananda 3202 2940 91.8 262 8.2 760
Total 28057 26127 93.1 1930 6.0 945
It may be observed from above Table that average population density is 945 per sq
km against 880 for the state as a whole. The same is the highest at the level of
1179 persons per sq km in Kamla Balan basin and the lowest at 760 people per sq
km in Mahananda. It is further revealed from the above Table that most of the
population, of the order of 93% is rural against 89.53% for the state as a whole and
72.18% for All-India.
The distribution of population according to sex is given in Table 2.42. The figures
in this Table show that the number of females per thousand of male is 915 against
the state average of 919 and 933 for All-India.
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Table – 2.42Sex wise distribution of Populationin Project Command (2001 census)
Sl.No.
Basin Totalpopulation
Male Female No. of femalesper 1000 of
males1 Burhi Gandak 2983 1561 1422 911
2. BagmatiAdhwara
7320 3832 3488 910
3. Kamla Balan 5289 2746 2543 926
4. Kosi 9263 4841 4422 913
5. Mahananda 3202 1668 1534 920
Total 28057 14648 13409 915
2.9.4.1 Schedule Caste / Tribes
The population of scheduled castes /tribes together, for the state as a whole was
16.36 % as per 1991 census which remained more or less same at the level of
16.63% as per 2001 census. The population of schedule caste/tribes and their
percentage in the five basins of the command is 15.2% against state average of
16.63% and 24.4% for All-India. The same is given in Table 2.43.
Table - 2.43
Basinwise SC /ST Population in Project command (2001 census)
SlNo.
Basin TotalPopulation in‘000’
SC/ST Population in ‘000’ Total
S C S TNo. % No. % No. %
1. Burhi Gandak 2983 461 15.5 9.55 0.32 470.55 15.82. Bagmati
Adhwara7320 1027 14.0 4.70 0.06 1031.70 14.1
3. Kamla Balan 5289 801 14.1 2.20 0.04 803.20 15.24. Kosi 9269 1301 14.0 184.20 1.492 85.20 16.05. Mahananda 3202 346 10.8 117.00 3.65 463.00 14.5
Total 28057 3936 14.0 317.65 1.13 4253.65 15.2
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2.9.4.2 Literacy Status
The literacy rate for the five basins in the project command is 31.5% against 47%
for the Bihar state and 64.8% for India as a whole. The percentage of male and
female literates is 21.6% and 9.9% against 59.7% and 33.1% for the state as a
whole. The details of literacy status in project command are given in Table 2.44.
Table - 2.44
Literacy Status for Project CommandSl.No.
Basins Populationin ‘000’
Literate in ‘000’ Percentage of LiteratesPersons Male Female Persons Male Female
1. Burhi Gandak 2983 1023 683 340 34.29 43.75 23.91
2. Bagmati Adhwara 7320 2467 1653 814 33.70 41.14 23.34
3. Kamla Balan 5289 1827 1239 588 34.54 45.12 23.12
4. Kosi 9263 2730 1903 827 29.47 39.36 18.68
5. Mahananda 3202 802 594 208 25.05 35.61 13.56
Total 28057 8849 6072 2777 31.54 21.64 9.90
2.9.4.3 Occupational Status
As per 2001 census, total population has been assessed as 83 million, out of which
25.4% have been classified as main workers, 8.3% as marginal workers and 66.3%
as non-workers for the state of Bihar.
Basinwise details of working population in the project command are given in Table
2.45.
Table - 2.45
Distribution of Work Force (2001 census)
Sl.No.
Basin Category of Workers in ‘000’Marginal Cultiva-
torsAgriculture
laborersHouse hold
industryworkers
Otherworkers
Total
1. Burhi Gandak 210 33 145 9 23 420
2. Bagmati Adhwara 502 88 333 22 59 1004
3. Kamla-Balan 458 90 308 18 43 917
4. Kosi 954 238 638 23 56 1909
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5. Mahananda 252 44 184 7 16 503
Total 2376 493 1608 79 197 4753% 50 10 34 2 4 100
Total work force constitutes only 17% of the total population in the project
command against 33.7% for the state as a whole. Out of this, marginal labour is
50%, as against 24.7% for the state as a whole, followed by agriculture labourer at
34% (against 48% for Bihar) and cultivators at 10% (against 29.3% for Bihar).
2.9.5 Land Holding
The distribution of different operational land holding sizes for the state of Bihar as
a whole is given in Table –2.46.
Table –2.46Operational land holding size for the state as a whole (2001)
Sl.No.
Category ofFarmers
Land Holdings PercentageNo. Area No. Area
1. Marginal (0-1 ha) 9577 2934 84.1 43.1
2. Small (1-2 ha) 1051 1308 9.2 19.2
3. Semi-Medium (2-4ha)
583 1558 5.1 22.9
4. Medium (4-10 ha) 162 869 1.5 12.8
5. Large (10-20 ha &above)
9 141 0.1 2.0
Total 11382 6810 100 100
(Source: Bihar through Figures, 2003, Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation)
It may be noted from the above Table that marginal farmers (with holding upto 1
ha) are predominant which comprise as many as 84.1% of the total farmers in
Bihar. However, the area operated by them is only 43.1%. The percentage of
other category of farmers i.e. small (1-2 ha), semi-medium (2-4 ha), medium (4-10
ha) and large farmers (10-20 ha & above) are 9.2 % ,5.1 %, 1.5% and 0.1%
respectively. The area operated by these farmers is of the order of 19.2 % for small
farmers, 22.9% for semi-medium farmers, 12.8% for medium farmers and 2% for
the large farmers. This shows that as much as 85.2 % of the area is being operated
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77WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-II
by marginal, small and semi-medium farmers, put together, which are having land
holdings only upto 4.0 ha. On the other hand, though medium and large farmers
constitute about 1.6% of total, the share of area operated by them is 14.8%.
2.9.6 Employment
As per 2001 census, total population of Bihar has been assessed as 83 million, out
of which 25.4% have been classified as main workers, 8.3% as marginal workers
and 66.3% as non-workers for the state of Bihar.
Basinwise details of working population in the project command is given in Table
2.47.
Table - 2.47
Distribution of Work Force (2001 census)
Sl.No
Basin Category of Workers in ‘000’Marginal Cultiva-
torsAgriculture
laborersHouse hold
industryworkers
Otherworkers
Total
1. Burhi Gandak 210 33 145 9 23 420
2. BagmatiAdhwara
502 88 333 22 59 1004
3. Kamla-Balan 458 90 308 18 43 917
4. Kosi 954 238 638 23 56 1909
5. Mahananda 252 44 184 7 16 503
Total 2376 493 1608 79 197 4753
% 50 10 34 2 4 100
Total work force constitutes only 17% of the total population in the project
command against 33.7% for the state as a whole. Out of this, marginal labour is
50%, as against 24.7% for the state as a whole, followed by agriculture labourer at
34% (against 48% for Bihar) and cultivators at 10% (against 29.3% for Bihar).
2.9.7 Income
The per capita income from all sources in Bihar has been assessed as Rs. 5780 for
the year 2003-2004 as against Rs. 21120 for the India as a whole. This amply
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reveals the extent of poverty prevailing in the state. The main income is derived
from agriculture. The total state income from different sources for year 2002-03
has been reported as follows:
Sl.No.
Category Income(Rs. Crore)
1. Agriculture 17614
2. Forestry and Logging 954
3. Fisheries 927
4. Mining and Quarring 84
5. Manufacturing 2116
6. Construction 2272
7. Electricity, Gas & Water Supply 570
8. Transport, Storage and Communication 2027
9. Trade 8453
10. Banking & Insurance 2143
11. Real Estate 1368
12. Public Administration 4703
13. Other Services 7320
A.1.1.1.1 Total 50551
(Source:Bihar through Figures, 2003 – Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation)
2.10 STATUS OF INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES IN COMMAND AREA
The total length of road in Bihar is 81655.10 km, of which 63261.63 km are
District Roads (Rural /Urban) and 12382.00 km PWD Roads except State High
way and National Highway.
Most of the rural roads connecting district headquarters with important
village/blocks are of brick soling. Due to frequent flooding, the roads are often
damaged. The maintenance of roads is also very poor. The details of important
high ways, railways and aerodromes in the region are given below.
2.10.1 Burhi Gandak Basin
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The important highways and railways in the basin are given below:
(A)Highways
*Barauni-Dalsingsarai-Muzaffarpur-Pipra (NH-28)
* Pipra-Motihari-Bettiah-Lauria-Bagaha-Valmikinagar
*Chapwa-Sugauli – Raxaul
*Barauni-Begusarai-Khagaria (NH-31)
*Bettiah-Chanpatia –Narkatiaganj.
(B)Railways (North-Eastern Railway)
*Narkatiaganj-Bhikhna Thori Section
*Bagaha-Narkatiaganj-Raxaul Section
*Sugauli-Raxaul Section
*Muzaffarpur-Narkatiaganj Section
*Samastipur-Darbhanga Section
*Samastipur-Rosera-Khagaria Section
*Muzaffarpur -Samastipur-Barauni-Khagaria Section
2.10.2 Bagmati Basin
The development of communication in the Bagmati river basin has been hindered
due to frequent flooding with changing river course. Darbhanga-Narkatiaganj
section of the N E Railway passes through the heart of this basin running through
Samastipur, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi and finally crossing the Bagmati at Dheng.
During high floods, most of the time railway communication is forced to be
suspended due to breaches in the railway embankments. In the north-west of
Darbhanga, the road communication is meagerly developed whereas in the north-
east, it is fairly developed. The details of the communication facilities in the
Bagmati river basin are given below:
(A)Highways (all-weather metal road)
-Muzaffarpur-Sitamarhi road (60 km)
-Sheohar-Sitamarhi road
-Sitamarhi-Sursand road
-Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga road (75 km)
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-Darbhanga-Rosera road
-Darbhanga-Sakri-Madhubani-Jainagar road
-Sitamarhi-Sonbarsa road
-Dheng-Sonbersa road
-Sitamarhi-Agropatti-Runisaidpur road
-Kamtaul-Katra road
(B)Railways
-Samastipur-Narkatiaganj section of N E Railway Comprising Hayaghat,Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Pupri, Sitamarhi and Bairgania as some of importantrailway stations
-Samastipur-Mansisection of N E Railway
(C) Aerodromes
-Darbhanga
-Dumra (Sitamarhi)
2.10.3 Kamla-Balan Basin
The important roads and railways of the basin are indicated below :
(A) Roads
- Jainagar-Ladania-Laukahi Road
- Trimuhani-Bauraha-Khutauna Phulparas Road
- Madhubani-Khutauna-Laukaha Road
- Benipatti-Chika-Madhubani-Jhanjharpur-Phulparas Road
- Darbhanga-Sakri-Jhanjharpur-Madhepur Road
- Baheri-Bahera-Jhanjharpur Road
- Darbhanga-Bahera-Road
- Singhia-Supaul-Road
(B)Railways – (North Eastern Railway)
-Sakri-Madhubani-Rajnagar-Jainagar section
-Darbhanga-Sakri-Jhanjharpur-Nirmali-section
-Jhanjharpur-Laukaha section
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(C)Aerodrome – There is one aerodrome at Darbhanga in the drainage basin of the
river system.
2.10.4 Kosi Basin
The important highways, railways and aerodromes in the river system are indicated
below:-
(A)Highway
- Birpur – Bihpur road
- Purnea-Murliganj-Madhepura-Saharsa-Mahesi road
- Purnea –Dhamdaha-Rupauli-Bijayghat road
- Katihar-Korha-Falka road
- Pratapganj-Narpatganj-Forbesganj road
- Supaul-Pipra-Tribeniganj-Jadia road
- Jogbani-Forbesganj-Araria-Purnia road
- Kursela-Mirganj-Sarsi-Raniganj-road
(B)Railway – (North-Eastern Railways)
- Purnea-Murliganj-Mahhepura-Saharsa section
- Supaul-Saharsa-Mansi section
- Supaul-Narpatganj-Forbesganj section
- Banmankhi-Bihariganj section
- Katihar –Barauni section
- Katihar-Purnia-Jogbani section (North East Frontier Railway)
(C)Aerodromes
- Saharsa
- Birpur
- Purnea
2.10.5 Mahananda Basin
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The existing rail and road communications in the basin are indicated below :
Sl.No.
Communication Description Remarks
1. Roads - Araria-Bahadurganj Thakurganj road
- Taibpur-Galgalia road- Manihari-Katihar-Araria Jogbani road
Purnea-Garbanaili Sontha-KishanganjroadPurnia-Dhengraghat-Aluabari-Sonapurhat-Siliguri-Kalimpong road(NH-31)
- Kishanganj-Sonapurhat-Taibpur roadNH-34
- Dhengraghat-Gazoi-Maida road- Raiganj-Kaliaganj-Gazoi road
A part of LateralRoad Project (LRP)
District road
2. Railways Katihar-Labha-Nimasarai-Farakkasection (Broad gauge)
- Nimsarai-Maida-Nawabganj section(Broad gauge)Babupur-Barsoi-Siliguri section(Broad gauge)
- Barsoi-Kishanganj-Taibpur-Galgalia-Naksalbari-Siliguri section (Metregauge)
- Katihar-Jhaua-Barsoi section (Metregauge)
- Barsoi-Raiganj-Radhikapur section(Metre gauge)
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Annex -2.1
Salient Features of Eastern Kosi Canal Project(A) Location
i) Barrage Site at Hanumannagar Lat 26o 32’ N and Long 86o 57’ E
ii) Catchment Area at Barrage site 61792 sq. km (23858 sq mile)
iii) Location of Kosi basin in Nepal& Bihar
Between Long 85o20' & 870 51’ Eand Lat 250 14’ & 280 58' N
iv) Kosi Command Area Between Long. 86o 18' and 88o 17' Eand Lat 25o 14' & 26o 35' N
(B) Slope of river during high floodChatra To Raniganj -1:1050Raniganj to Bhaptiahi -1:2010Bhaptiahi to Supaul -1:4530Supaul to Dhamraghat -1:7300Dhamrayhat to Naugachhia-1:23000Naugachhia to Kursela-17800
(C) Flood
Maximum Design Flood = 26850 cumec (9,50,000 cusec)Maximum Flood Observed = 25834.75 cumec (9,13,000 cusec) in
October 1968 at Chatra
(D) Barrage Details
a) Total length between abutments - 1149 m [ 3770 ft.]
b) Crest level of Barrage
i) Weir EL 71.63 m ( 235 ft)
ii) Under sluice EL 70.10 m ( 230 ft)
c) Road level EL 77.72 m (255 ft)
d) Width of Roadway 6.86 m with 1.45 m widewalking on one side
(e) Gates
i) Spillway 46 Nos 18.29 m x 6.40 mii) Under Sluice 10 Nos 18.29 m x 7.92 m
(60' x 26')
f) Eastern Earth Dam 1985.25 m (6218 ft.)
g) Western Earth Dam 3718.38 m (12200 ft)
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h) Eastern Afflux Bundh 13106.40 m (43000 ft)
i) Western Afflux Bundh 13483.43 m (44237 ft)
j) Present pond level 74.676 m (EL 245 ft)
k) Future pond level 77.724 m (EL 255 ft)
l) Top of pier 79.248 m (EL 260 ft)
m) Top of gate over bridge 90.830 m (EL 298 ft)
n) Maximum designed discharge throughEastern Kosi Canal head Regulator(leftside)
488.52 cumec ( 17250 cusec)
o) Left H/R gates 7 nos of 12.19 m (40')
p) Maximum designed discharge throughWestern Kosi Canal head Regulator.(right Side)
240.72 cumec ( 8500 cusec)
q) Right H/R gates 3 nos. of 12.19 m (40')
r) Submerged area due to pondingincluding river bed
41.46 sq.km (16 sq. mile)
(E) Irrigation:
Eastern Kosi Canal Rajpur Canal Total
i) GCA (Lakh ha) 7.43 (6.04) 1.76 (1.40) 9.19 (7.44)
ii) CCA (Lakh ha) 4.95 (3.49) 1.17 (0.91) 6.12 (4.40)
iii) Irrigation Intensity
(%)
115 121.5 -
iv) Annual Irrigation
(Lakh ha)
5.69 1.43 7.12 (4.48)
(Figures in bracket are revised by Kosi Technical
Committee, 1971)
v) Cropping Pattern
Kharif 92% 90%
Rabi 20% 30%
Perennial 3% 1.5%
Total 115% 121.5%
vi) Districts Benefitted: 8 Nos (Supaul, Saharsa, Madhepura, Purnea, Araria,
Katihar, Bhagalpur & Kagaria)
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Annex-2.2
Salient Features of Western Kosi Canal Project
Barrage Existing Barrage at HanumangarLat. 26o – 32’ NLong. 86o – 57’ E
Main Canal
1 Length of lined canal in Nepal 35.13 km2 Length of lined canal in Bihar 56.50 km
(After this length, main canal has beenredesignated as Saharghat branch canal)
3 Total length 91.63 km4 Full supply discharge at head 201 cumec (7100 cusec)5 FSL of canal at head 75.30 m6 Full supply depth at Head 3.65 m (in Nepal)
4.27m (in India)7 Discharge through head regulator
(Indian portion)181 cumec
8 Irrigation in Bihara) Gross command area 3.049 lakh ha (Bihar 2.85, Nepal-0.199)
b) Culturable command area 2.033 lakh ha (Bihar 1.90, Nepal-0.133)
c) Annual irrigation 2.348 lakh ha (Bihar 2.196, Nepal-0.153)
i) Area in Kharif 1.48 lakh ha (73% of CCA)
ii) Area in Rabi 0.81 lakh ha (40% of CCA)
iii) Perennial 0.058 lakh ha (2.5% of CCA)
d) Intensity of irrigation 115.5%
e) Distribution system Branch Canals Sub-Branch Canals
1. Jhanjharpur Bideshwarsthan2. Ugranath Distributaries- 5
Nos.3. Sakri4. Kakarghati5. Saharghat
9 Irrigation in Nepal GCA = 0.199 lakh haCCA = 0.133 lakh ha
10 Latest cost Rs. 1307.21 cr. (at price level Nov, 2007)
11 Expenditure incurred upto 2007-08 Rs. 1024 cr. (78% of total cost)
12 Anticipated completion Date Year 2009-10
Source: As per TAC Note of CWC dt. March, 2009
Final Field Report
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Annex-2.3
Salient Features of the Kamla Irrigation Project
A DRAINAGE AREA
1 River / Basin Kamla River, Ganga Basin
2 Total catchment area at Weir site 2138 sq. km
3 Normal Annual Rainfall 1300 mm
B KAMLA DIVERSION WEIR
1. Location of Weir at Jaynagar Lat. 26o – 35’ N
Long. 86o – 10’ E
2. Design highest flood level RL 70.80 m
3. Observed highest flood level RL 70.12 m
4. Design discharge 3965 cumecs (1,40,000 cusecs)
5. Length of the weir between abutment 292.53 m
6. Height of the weir 1.5 m
7. Length of Right Bank Undersluices 52.44 m
8. Length of Left Bank Undersluices 6.72 m
9. Crest level of the weir RL 67.22 m
10. Crest level of the Undersluices RL 66.76 m
11. Pond level 68.29 m
12. Length of RB Head Regulator 55 spans of 3.05 m each
13. Length of LB Head Regulator 2 spans of 1.83 m each
14. Sill Level of RB Head Regulator RL 67.07 m
15. Sill Level of LB Head Regulator RL 67.07
16. Design capacity of RB Head Regulator 28.3 cumec
17. Design capacity of LB Head Regulator 3.4 cumec
C CANAL SYSTEM
1 Full Supply Discharge of RB Main Canal at Head 22.66 cumec
2 Full Supply Discharge of LB Main Canal at Head 3.18 cumec
3 Full Supply Depth of RB Main Canal at Head 1.52 m
4 Full Supply Depth of LB Main Canal at Head 1.07 m
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5 Length of RB Main Canal 16.03 km
6 Length of LB Main Canal 8.17 km
D DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1 Total length of Distributaries in RB Canal System 141.73 km
2 Total length of Branch Canal (King Canal) in RBCanal System
45.0 km
3 Total length of Water Courses in RB CanalSystem
161 km
4 Total length of Distributaries in LB Canal System 21.87 km
5 Total length of Water Courses in LB CanalSystem
23.45 km
E ORIGINAL COMMAND AREA
1 GCA under RB Canal 57,744 ha
2 CCA under RB Canal 34,648 ha
3 GCA under LB Canal 8,785 ha
4 CCA under LB Canal 5,273 ha
Total GCA
Total CCA
66529 ha
39921 ha
5 Location of GCA Lat. 26o – 17’ N & 26o – 45’ N
Long. 85o – 50’ E & 86o – 16’ E
F CROPPING PATTERN & IRRIGATION INTENSITY
1 Aghani Paddy in Kharif 70% of CCA
2 Wheat in Rabi 20% of CCA
Total 90% of CCA
G PRESENT GCA / CCA
Subsequently Western Kosi Canal was constructed. Southern portion of Kamla canalgot amalgamated in Western Kosi canal command. The remaining command ofKamla now stands at GCA = 47218 ha, CCA = 28331 ha against original GCA =66529 ha and CCA 39921 ha.
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
WWAAPPCCOOSS LLttdd.. CChhaapptteerr--IIIIII 11
CHAPTER – III
IRRIGATION PLANNING
3.1 GENERAL
Irrigation is an art that has been practised for centuries. By carefully managing the
flow of water, its application to crops in required quantities and observing the
resulting yields, farmers gradually arrive at certain operational standards. These
standards, most of the times, have only local significance and do not reflect a high
degree of water use efficiency, which is expressed as the ratio between the quantity of
irrigation water effectively utilized by crops and the total quantity of irrigation water
supplied. With water often being a limiting factor where irrigation forms a basic
element of agricultural production, there is a dire necessity for efficient use of water
and for a more scientific approach to planning of an irrigation system.
Some basic imperatives in irrigation planning are as follows:
- Consideration needs to be given to the evapotranspiration by the various cropsgrown in the area; moisture retention of the soils between field capacity and apre-selected depletion limit (the lowest acceptable moisture content that doesnot significantly affect yield); and the infiltration rates of soils.
- The irrigation facilities are constructed with capacities that are adequate notonly in the short run but over a reasonably long period of time with dueconsideration of possibly emerging situations.
- The water is optimally distributed and used so as to avoid wastage and toirrigate larger areas.
- The irrigation does not create harmful side-effects such as rising water tableand soil salinization.
Obviously therefore, the physical factors such as rainfall distribution as also the other
climatic elements, topography, hydro-geology, etc. need to be considered in irrigation
planning.
3.2 IRRIGATION PLANNING
Broadly speaking, the work of irrigation planning shall mainly be comprising of
Macro, Micro and On-Farm Development (OFD) level planning which will be carried
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
WWAAPPCCOOSS LLttdd.. CChhaapptteerr--IIIIII 22
out as per guidelines of Ministry of Water Resources for Preparation of DPRs of
Irrigation and Multipurpose Projects, BIS codes, IARI Manual of Soil Survey, etc.
Planning an irrigation canal system depends on a number of factors such as
topography, hydrology, soil, climatology of the area etc., but topography plays an
important role as far as gravity flow planning of canal network is concerned.
The main objective of irrigation planning is to conceive, plan and design a project in
such a manner that it should provide efficient, equal and reliable irrigation water
supply to all the farmers on a long term basis for a given soil, land and water resource
matrix.
Irrigation planning, under the present context, includes review of GCA/CCA, existing
cropping pattern, proposed cropping pattern with justification based on soil survey
and land irrigability classification, agro-climatic conditions, crop water requirement
for proposed cropping pattern as per modified Penman’s method, water balance
studies, planning of conjunctive use of surface and ground water as would be
necessary for the macro level, micro level and OFD level planning as elaborated in the
following paras.
3.2.1 Project Region
Irrigation Planning is generally governed by the geographic spread of the area and also
the vertical distribution of the same. The area under the project is characterized by
various elevation zones commencing from EL 84 m to EL 24 m. There are some
areas, mostly in downstream reaches, known as ‘Chaurs’ which are natural
depressions in the command which are generally not suitable for cultivation and the
same need to be excluded for irrigation planning.
The command boundaries have been defined separately for the Burhi Gandak-Bagmati
and Mahananda basins within the state of Bihar. For Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin,
the river Burhi Gandak itself forms the western boundary while command areas of
existing Kamla Irrigation project and ongoing Western Kosi Canal (in Kamla basin)
would form the eastern boundaries of the command. The areas served by Ghorasahan
and Trebeni Branch Canals under existing Eastern Gandak Canal System, offtaking
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
WWAAPPCCOOSS LLttdd.. CChhaapptteerr--IIIIII 33
from left side of Valmiki barrage have also been excluded from the command of the
project. Likewise, the existing network of irrigation canals under Eastern Kosi Canal
System forms the western boundary of the Mahananda basin while eastern boundary is
formed by the Mechi river upto its point of confluence with the river Mahananda and
thereafter, the river Mahananda itself would be the eastern boundary. The boundaries
of the command areas in both the basins are depicted in the Index Map (up to
distributary level) enclosed at Plate 3.1.
The Sapta Kosi High Dam project is proposed to irrigate the areas in Burhi Gandak-
Bagmati and Mahananda basins in Bihar territory covering districts and the extent of
their area as given in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1Details of Basinwise/Districtwise Area under Command of
Sapt Kosi High Dam Project
Sl.No.
Basin/Distt. Total Areaof the
District (ha)
Area of the District in theBasin
% haA. BURHI GANDAK
1 East & WestChamparan
919600 26.2 241200
2 Samastipur 290400 21.1 61300
3 Begusarai 191800 15.1 29000
4 Muzaffarpur 317200 20.9 66400
5 Khagaria 1118600 0.9 9800
Sub Total A 407700
B. BAGMATI-ADHWARA
1 East Champaran 396800 11.7 46300
2 Muzaffarpur 317200 31.5 99860
3 Samastipur 290400 19.6 57025
4 Begusarai 191800 17.2 33046
5 Khagaria 148600 29.4 43747
6 Darbhanga 227900 29.4 67064
7 Madhubani 350100 3.2 11296
8 Sitamari 229400 100.0 229400
Sub Total B 587738
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
WWAAPPCCOOSS LLttdd.. CChhaapptteerr--IIIIII 44
Sl.No.
Basin/Distt. Total Areaof the
District (ha)
Area of the District in theBasin
% haTotal (A+B) 995438
C. WESTERN FRINGE OF MAHANANDA (Upto Mechi River)
1 Purnea 322900 21.3 68866
2 Katihar 305700 25.2 77129
3 Araria 283000 35.2 99587
4 Kishanganj 188400 57.5 108424
Sub Total C 354006
Grand Total (A+B+C) 1349444
3.2.2 Delineation of Study Area for Irrigation from Sapta Kosi High Dam Project
3.2.2.1 Assessment of Geographical Area (GA) and Gross Command Areas (GCA)
Under the present project, the study area for irrigation planning has been divided into
two distinct parts. One part lying in Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin in the west
extending from Indo-Nepal border down to confluence point of river Burhi Gandak
with the Ganges, and Bagmati with the river Kosi. The northern part of the area along
Indo-Nepal border stretches for about 70 km, sloping towards south west direction.
This zone covers a total geographical area of 7.08 lakh ha (2.92+4.16), out of which
6.99 lakh ha (2.88+4.11) of gross area is proposed to be commanded under Sapta Kosi
Project.
The other zone lying towards western fringe of Mahananda basin in the east, extends
from Indo-Nepal border down to confluence of river Mahananda with the Ganges.
The area is in the shape of an inverted triangle with its width of about 68 km in the
north. Out of 3.66 lakh ha of geographical area, 3.54 lakh ha of gross area is proposed
to be commanded under Sapta Kosi project.
Thus, the geographical area covered under Sapta Kosi High Dam in Indian territory
works out to 10.74 lakh ha, out of which GCA has been assessed as 10.53 lakh ha.
The same is summarised in Table 3.2.
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Table 3.2Gross Command Area under Sapta Kosi Project in Indian Territory
(Unit: Lakh ha)Sl.No.
Basin GeographicalArea (GA)
Gross CommandArea (GCA)
1 Burhi Gandk-Basin 2.92 2.882 Bagmati Basin 4.16 4.11
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati 7.08 6.993 Western Fringe of Mahananda
(upto Mechi River)3.66 3.54
Grand Total 10.74 10.53
3.2.2.2 Assessment of Culturable Command Area (CCA)
The command area in North Bihar for utilizing the available irrigation water from
Sapta Kosi High Dam Multipurpose Project (SKHDMP) as mentioned above lies in
the following two basins;
i) Burhi Gandak - Bagmati Basin
ii) Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin (upto Mechi river)
The details of command area of existing/ ongoing irrigation projects viz. Eastern and
Western Kosi Canal Systems in Kosi basin and Kamla Irrigation Project in Kamla
basin etc. were obtained from Water Resources Department, Govt. of Bihar and / or
the available reports of these projects. The other related information such as cropping
pattern, irrigation intensities, usage of ground water, etc. was also collected from the
Department. As per the prevailing practice in the state of Bihar, CCA is considered as
certain percentage of GCA. Based on this percentage, the irrigation intensities have
been planned for existing projects. As a preliminary exercise, a recourse is taken by
reviewing the CCA of existing projects with respect to GCA in the adjoining
command and this percentage has been applied to GCA to estimate the CCA for
irrigation planning studies. All previous studies carried out by CWC or any other
agency have also been reviewed while finalising the CCA of the project.
Accordingly, it is contemplated to adopt a figure of 75% and 70% for the Burhi
Gandak and Mahananda basins respectively for the purpose of assessment of CCA as
a first approximation.
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The assessment of GCA and CCA of the above basins is as under:
(in lakh ha)
Sl.No. Command Area GCA CCA % of CCA to GCA
1 Burhi Gandak – Bagmati 6.99 5.24 75.0%
2 Western Fringe of Mahananda 3.54 2.48 70.0%
Total 10.53 7.72 73.3%
3.2.3 Locations of Barrage and Offtake Points for Irrigation in Bihar
During an interactive meeting held on 27 – 28th October, 2009 at Kathmandu
amongst the officials from JPO-SKSKI, Govt. of Nepal and India, M/s WAPCOS and
M/s GEOCE Consultants to discuss the irrigation planning scenario proposed in the
Inception Reports of both the above consultants, it was decided that the re-regulating
barrage downstream of Sapta Kosi High Dam would be located at Sisauli which is
about 4.7 km d/s of earlier proposed barrage site at Chatra, with pond level at El + 120
m.
It was also decided that for conveying the water from Sisauli Barrage towards river
Bagmati in the west and towards river Mechi in the east,the alignments of Western
Sapta Kosi Main Canal (WSKMC) and Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal (ESKMC)
may be finalised jointly by both the consultants to decide the offtake points for serving
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda Commands in Indian Territory along the
Indo-Nepal Border during macro-planning stage. After joint consultations, the final
scenario emerged out as under:
3.2.3.1 Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin Command Area
Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati Command in Indian territory would be served by Western
Sapta Kosi Main Canal offtaking from Sisauli barrage which will enter the Indian
territory between BP-18 & BP-19 (660 m below BP-19) at Ch.156.79 km and goes
upto BP-54 at Ch. 207.20 km.
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An Index Map (Scale 1:50,000) showing tentative alignment of WSKMC in Indian
Territory is enclosed in Plate 3.2.
The entire command of Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin has been divided in 3 zones.
Accordingly, it has been decided to take seven number of offtakes-one for each zone,
with additional four offtakes for Direct Distributaries under Zone-II from Western
Sapta Kosi Main Canal which have been identified and finalized by WAPCOS in
consultation with Nepalese Consultant. The zonewise location of such offtake points
is given below:-
Initial Entry Point - Bet. BP-18 & BP-19(660 m below BP-19) Lat : 26o 48’55’’NElevation = +84 m Long: 85o 43’ 27” EFSL = +87.08 m Ch. 156.79 kmVillage = Kanhwa (India)
Offtake for Branch Canal(BCI) in Zone-I - Bet BP-24 and BP-25
(5000m below BP-25) Lat : 26o 49’43” NElevation = +81.62 m Long: 85o 38’ 06” EVillage = Bagchaura/Pakaria (India) Ch. 166.04 km
Offtakes for Zone-II -
Direct Distributary (DD1) 270 m below BP 33 Lat : 26o 50’ 08” NElevation = +82.69 m Long: 85o 33’ 19” EVillage = Larkawa (India) Ch. 174.66 km
Direct Distributary (DD2) Below BP 38 Lat : 26o 47’ 58” NElevation = +76.99 m Long: 85o 29’57” EVillage = Khopraha (India) Ch. 182.04 km
Direct Distributary (DD3) Bet. BP 38 & 39 Lat : 26o 47’ 18” N(2000 m below BP-39) Long: 85o 28’ 57” EElevation = + 74.89 m Ch. 184.16 kmVillage = Dularpur (India)
Direct Distributary (DD4) 2500m below BP-42 Lat: 26o 46’46” NElevation = +74.50 m Long: 85o 24’52” E
Village = Garhwa Bisanpur (India) Ch. 192.05 km
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Branch Canal (BC II) Bet. BP-48 and BP-49 Lat : 26o 44’ 21” N(3300m below BP-48) Long: 85o 22’ 56” E
Elevation = +73.02 m Ch. 197.31 kmVillage = Bariarpur (India)
Offtake for Branch Canal(BCIII) in Zone-III - 750 m below BP 54 Lat : 26o 44’ 24” N
Elevation = +72.32 m Long: 85o 17’ 06” EVillage = Bairagnia (India) Ch. 207.20 km
(BP = Border Pillar)
3.2.3.2 Mahananda Basin Command Area (upto Mechi)
Similarly, Mahananda command in India territory would be served by Eastern Sapta
Kosi Main Canal offtaking from Sisauli barrage which is running entirely in Nepal
territory upto Mechi river (tail). The offtakes from this canal are to be taken for Indian
portion of command area corresponding to intake location identified on the Indo-
Nepal border.
The Mahananda Command Area has been divided into 5 zones depending upon the
prevailing topography and accordingly there will be 5 offtake points from Eastern
Sapta Kosi Main Canal-one for each zone. The locations of these offtakes along the
Indo-Nepal Border have been identified and finalized by WAPCOS in consultation
with Nepalese consultant. The details are as under:
Offtake for Branch Canal(BCI) in Zone-I - BP 55 Lat : 26o 25’ 06” N
Elevation = + 61.7 m Long: 87o 23’ 29” EFSL = +62.2 mVillage = Lalokhar/Madhubani (India)
Offtake for Branch Canal(BCII) in Zone-II - BP 49 Lat : 26o 25’ 48” N
Elevation = + 65.4 m Long: 87o 31’ 09” EVillage = Muraripur/Pahara (India)
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Offtake for Branch Canal(BCIII) in Zone-III - BP 35 Lat : 26o 26’ 09” N
Elevation = + 72.8 m Long: 87o 41’ 31” EVillage = Fatehpur (India)
Offtake for Branch Canal(BC IV) in Zone-IV - BP 19 Lat : 26o 28’ 13” N
Elevation = + 78 m Long: 87o 52’ 38” EVillage = Dighalbank (India)
Offtake for Branch Canal(BCV) in Zone-V - Between BP 13 & BP 14 Lat : 26o 22’ 05” N
Elevation = + 70 m Long: 87o 52’ 58” EVillage = Jaipokhar (India)
(BP = Border Pillar)
3.2.4 Macro Irrigation Planning for Entire CCA
Planning canal network on a system with extensive irrigation approach requires high
degree of accuracy. Toposheets of 1:2,50,000 and 1:50,000 scales were procured from
Survey of India (SOI) and used for macro planning. After collection of relevant
toposheets of the project area, the tentative alignment of branch canals and major
distributaries for a given Main Canal alignment ex-Sisauli barrage and location of the
off-take points decided in consultation with Nepalese Consultant, were first marked
on 1:250000 sheets and the boundaries of the gross command area covering the entire
project area were delineated. The tentative alignment of branch canals and major
distributaries were then transferred on large scale maps i.e. on 1:50000 scale
toposheets for finalizing the same and assessing the exact area of new command
available in Indian territory. The tentative location of cross-drainage works along the
Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal (Indian Portion) and branch canals have also been
identified. The broad suitability of the assessed new command area has also been
checked using the soil classification, land use & land capability maps on 1:250000
scale obtained from National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use and other relevant
information / literature as available.
The irrigation network in the command area has been planned considering the
topography of the area. The entire command in both basins, i.e. Burhi Gandak-
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Bagmati and Mahananda is either surrounded by the major rivers, drains or command
of existing projects. The command area has been studied from the point of view of
providing service to the area by gravity canals.
3.2.4.1 Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin
(a) Topographical Coverage
There are two major rivers viz. Burhi Gandak and Bagmati alongwith their tributaries
and Adhwara Group of rivers, viz. Jamura, Sikao, Burhand, Khiroi, Marha, Rato,
Hardi, Dhaus, Thomane, Jamuni, Bighi etc. joining the river Bagmati. The elevation
varies from EL 84m (east) to EL 72.32 m (west) along the Indo-Nepal border. The
area is almost flat and lies in Gangetic plains. These plains are generally sloping from
north to south and west to east. It is steeper in the north and flatter in the south. The
entire catchment is nearly a level country, interspersed with various undulations and
numerous depressions called ‘chaurs’, where water remains stagnant, especially
during monsoon season. According to the above ground features and the location of
offtake points along Indo-Nepal border, the command area has been divided in three
Zones viz. I, II and III. Boundaries of all the three zones are formed either by river or
commands of existing projects. The details of basinwise/districtwise/zonewise area
are given in Table 3.3.
Total gross command area of the basin is 9.95 lakh ha – 4.08 lakh ha in Burhi Gandak
and 5.87 lakh ha in Bagmati Basin. Zone III lying between the rivers Burhi Gandak
and Bagmati covers the maximum area of 7.08 lakh ha (71.1%) followed by Zone II -
1.97 lakh ha (19.8%) and Zone I - 0.90 lakh ha (9.1%).
(b) Macro Network Planning in Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Command
As brought out above, the governing criteria for the network planning are the
topographical considerations with due regard to the elevation ranges and distribution
boundaries so that as much command area can be covered as possible through gravity
flow. The distribution boundaries are generally defined by the major rivers and drains
traversing the command. Keeping these aspects in view, the entire command of Burhi
Gandak-Bagmati basin has been divided into 3 Zones designated as I, II and III. The
Zones are bounded on two or more sides by the command boundaries and are
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generally separated from each other by rivers traversing the command. By confining
the network for each zone within these boundaries, provisions for crossing of major
rivers have been avoided to the extent possible. The zones are described in the
succeeding paragraphs.
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Table 3.3Details of Basinwise/ Districtwise/Zonewise area under command of Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin
(Unit: ha)Sr.No.
Basin/distt. Total districtarea
Zonewise area in each district Total
I II III %Area lying in
districtA BURHI GANDAK1 East & West Champaran 919600 241200 26.2 2412002 Samastipur 290400 61300 21.1 613003 Begusarai 191800 29000 15.1 290004 Muzaffarpur 317200 66400 20.9 664005 Khagaria 1118600 9800 0.9 9800
Sub Total A 407700 407700B BAGMATI-ADHWARA1 East Champaran 396800 46300 11.7 463002 Muzaffarpur 317200 25173 74687 31.5 998603 Samastipur 290400 57025 19.6 570254 Begusarai 191800 33046 17.2 330465 Khagaria 148600 43747 29.4 437476 Dharbhanga 227900 6285 56906 3873 29.4 670647 Madhubani 350100 11296 3.2 112968 Sitamarhi 229400 73075 114741 41584 100 229400
Sub Total B 90656 196820 30262 587738Total A + B 4989800 90656 196820 707962 995438
% 9.11 19.77 71.12 100
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The area being interspread with numerous small streams in the command, forming
large numbers of ridges and valleys, most of the ridges have been utilized for
providing distributaries so that the irrigation can be provided from both the banks of
the distributary and the provision of cross drainage works are reduced.
For serving the area under Zone I, the first offtake point is located on Western Sapta
Kosi Main Canal at about 5000 m below BP- 25 at EL 81.62 m in Indian territory near
the village Bagachaura. The branch canal from this point runs along the existing
contour towards left side of river Bagmati going upto adjacent command of Kamla
irrigation project. The offtake points have been located at the highest elevations for
the respective zones in order to ensure gravity surface irrigation. The gross command
area of Zone I is 0.91 lakh ha.
For Zone II, the five offtake points have been proposed on Western Sapta Kosi Canal,
one for Direct Distributary (DD1) at about 270 m below BP-33 at EL 82.69 m near
village Larkawa, second for Direct Distributary (DD2) below BP-38 at EL 76.99 m
near village Khopraha and third for Direct Distributary (DD3) between BP-38&39
(2000 m below BP-39) at EL 74.89 near village Dularpur, fourth for Direct
Distributary (DD4), 2500 m below BP-42 at EL 74.50 m near village Garhwa
Bisanpur and fifth for Branch Canal (BC II) between BP-48&49 (3300 m below BP-
48) at E.L. 73.02 near village Bariarpur (all in Indian territory). This Branch Canal
(BC II) would serve the area on left side of the river Bagmati upto railway line. The
gross command area of Zone II is 1.97 Lakh ha.
The seventh offtake point lies on right side of river Bagmati about 750 m below BP-
54 at E.L. 72.32 near village Bairagnia (India) for serving Zone III between the rivers
Burhi Gandak and Bagmati. In Zone III, substantial area in the upper reach, near
Indo-Nepal border is already covered under existing Eastern Gandak Canal System. In
this context, it is to be mentioned that Tribeni Branch canal, which is a 145 km long
contour canal, takes off from RD 9.5 of Tirhut Main Canal (TMC). The design
capacity of this canal is 2750 cusec and it covers a CCA of 1.19 lakh ha. Ghorasahan
Branch Canal in the upper reach of the project with a design capacity of 1022 cusec
takes off from 307.5 RD of Don Branch Canal (Ex 6.7 RD of TMC). This Branch
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canal which is 88 km long covers CCA of 47.37 th ha. Accordingly, CCA of 1.66
lakh ha is already covered under existing Eastern Gandak Canal System. Considering
a ratio of 0.7 as CCA to GCA, GCA works out to 2.37 lakh ha under these Branch
Canals. The above area has been geographically demarcated on the toposheets of
1:50,000 and planimetered as 2.97 lakh ha. Accordingly, gross command area under
Zone III works out to be 4.11 lakh ha (7.08 – 2.97).
The details of gross command area in various zones is given in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4Gross Command Area under different Zones in
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin Command(Lakh ha)
Zone Gross Command Area(GCA)
(%) w.r.t totalGCA
I 0.91 13.02II 1.97 28.18III 4.11 58.80
Total 6.99 100%
Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal (WSKMC) Network
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati command in Indian territory would be served by Western
Sapta Kosi Main Canal offtaking from Sisauli barrage which will enter the Indian
Territory between BP-18&19 at 660m below BP-19 (at Ch 156.79 km) near village
Kanhwa and run upto BP-54 (at Ch 207.20 km) near village Bairagnia with ground
levels varying from +84m to 72.32 m.
A total of 3 Branch Canals & 4 Sub-Branch Canals, 4 Direct Distributaries from
WSKMC, 50 Distributaries and 44 Direct Minors, and 358 Minors have been planned
for distributing water in the command area in all the three zones. The nomenclature of
these canals have been made zone wise. The RD ‘0’ for each canal has been fixed at
the off take point of the respective canal. The RD values mentioned for the sub-branch
/ distributaries are independent of RD values of the branch canals. Annex 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
(a), (b) and (c) indicate various canals, number of distributaries off taking from them
as well as CCA served by each canal for zone I, II & III respectively. All the
distributaries have been planned as ridge canals between two existing streams.
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
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The location of offtake points on WSKMC for Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Command is
shown in Plate-3.2 and the details of macro irrigation planning in this command is
given in Plate-3.3.
(a) Zone I
This zone mostly covers the Adhwara group of rivers. On the eastern side, lies the
boundary of Kamla basin while the railway line forms the boundary on the western
side. In south direction, the zone extends upto confluence of Kamla with the river
Bagmati. The highest and lowest elevations in the zone are EL 84 m and EL 52 m.
The slopes are generally rolling towards the south and do not have abrupt falls. The
contour canal serves the major portion of zone before terminating in river. However,
some area in the higher reaches cannot be commanded by this canal. The branch canal
in this zone would cover the districts of Sitamahri, Dharbhanga and Madhubani.
There are only two townships viz. Bathnaha and Kamtaul. Total length of branch
canal BC (I) would be about 67.25 km upto its outfall into the river Bagmati Nadi.
Two sub-branch canals would offtake at RD 0.5 km i.e. RSBC (I) and LSBC (I)
running for a length of 7 km and 38.25 km respectively. Command area is proposed
to be served through 2 no. and 6 no distributaries from RSBC (I) and LSBC (I)
respectively. Total length of distributaries would be about 147.20 km. In addition,
there would be 25 no. direct minors offtaking from the BC (I), RSBC and LSBC with
total length of about 96.03 km and 55 no. of minors with total length of about197.80
km. This zone would have GCA of 90656 ha. The details of distribution network
indicating the length of each canal, distributary, minor, RD of offtaking point and
command area under BC (I) are given in Annex 3.1.
The details of macro irrigation planning of Zone I are given at Plate 3.4.
(b) Zone II
This zone is formed by the river Bagmati on its west and Railway main line in east.
The elevations in this zone range from EL 78.8 m to EL 51 m. The townships of
Sitamarhi, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur are located at the northern and southern sides
of this zone respectively. The contour canal at EL 78.8 is capable of commanding
majority of the areas. The general slope pattern of the area is fan shaped. The branch
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canals & distributaries are planned to run along the ridges and provide irrigation on
either side.
It is seen that Zone (II) covers significant portion of the basin. The branch canal
BC(II) taking off about 3300 m below BP-48 at EL 73.02 at Ch 197.31 km of
WSKMC has been continued upto the tail of command area of Zone (II) with a total
distance of about 96.16 km . In addition to this, there are 4 Direct Distributaries (DD1,
DD2, DD3 & DD4) offtaking from West Sapta Kosi Main Canal at about 270 m
below BP-33 at EL 82.69 at Ch 174.66 km (DD1), below BP-38 at EL 76.99 at Ch
182.04 km (DD2), bet BP -38&39 at EL 74.89 m at Ch. 184.16 km (DD3) and at
about 2500 m below BP-42 at EL 74.50 at Ch 192.05 (DD4) km respectively. The
zone is covered by 17 distributaries of total length 247.81 km and 9 nos. of direct
minors of total length of 29.36 km and 137 no. of minors of total length 619.86 km .
This zone has GCA of 196820 ha. The details of distribution network indicating the
length of each canal, distributary, minor, RD of offtaking point and command area
under BC (II) in Zone (II) are given in Annex 3.2.
The details of macro irrigation planning of Zone II are given at Plate 3.5.
(c ) Zone III (on right side of river Bagmati)
The area is bounded by the river Burhi Gandak and on the western side and Bagmati
river on the eastern side. This zone covers the districts of East and West Champaran,
Samastipur, Begusarai, Muzaffarpur, Khagaria, Sitamarhi and part of Darbhanga. It
encompasses the township of Ghorasahan, Sheohar and Madhubani. The geographical
area of this zone is about 7080 sq.km which is much more as compared to the area of
other zones. However, the area which has been considered in the command is
4113.94 sq km.
Branch Canal BC (III) taking off about 750 m below of BP-54 at EL 72.32, after
running for about 14 km, will bifurcate into two sub-branches RSBC (III) and LSBC
(III). Three (3) distributaries (D1 to D3) with a total length of 70.75 km and a direct
minor of length 5.60 km and 26 no. of minors of total length134.48 km have been
proposed from RSBC (III) of length 18.7 km while LSBC (III) of total length 159.10
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km would have 22 distributaries (D1 to D22) with a length of about 370.83 km along
with 9 no. of direct minors of total length of 33.75 km and 140 no. of minors of total
length 683.90 km. A total of 411394 ha of GCA is covered by this part of the
network. The details of distribution network indicating the length of each canal,
distributary and minor, RD of offtaking point and command area under BC(III),
RSBC (III) & LSBC (III) are given in Annex 3.3 (a),(b)&(c) respectively.
The details of macro irrigation planning of Zone III is given in Plates 3.6(a) and3.6(b).
A summary of important parameters of the above distribution network is given in
Table 3.5.
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Table 3.5Summary of important Parameters of the Distribution Network in
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin
Sl.
No.
Zone Location ofOfftake Points
Name ofCanal
GeographicalArea (ha)
GCA(ha)
CCA(ha)@
0.75 ofGCA
Length (km.) Discharge atOfftake (Cumec)
Distributariesofftaking
fromBranchCanals
(No)
Groundelevation atofftakingpoint (m)
Initial EntryPoint of
WSKMC inIndia
Bet BP 18 &19(660 m belowBP-19)
WSKMC - - - 50.41 500 - 84
1 I
BP-24
BC (I) 93612 90656
67992
67.25 63.51 - 81.62
RSBC (I) 7.00 16.47 2 -
LSBC (I) 38.25 30.28 6 -
2 II BP-33, BP-38,Bet. BP-38 & 39
DD1, DD2,DD3, DD4,
198511 196820147615
DD1 = 8.16DD2 = 21.30
DD1 = 2.98DD2 = 3.79
1774.5 to82.69
Bet. BP-42 & 43& BP-51
& BC (II) DD3 = 14.32DD4 = 7.18BC (II) =96.16
147.12
DD3 = 7.66DD4 = 3.47BC (II) = 120.00
137.90
3 III
BP-54
BC (III) 416119 411394
308546
14 288.23 - 72.32
RSBC (III) 18.7 44.28 3 -
LSBC III) 159.10 243.95 22 -
TOTAL 708242 698870 524153 501.83 489.64 50
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3.2.4.2 Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin (upto Mechi river)
(a) Topographical Coverage
The Mahananda basin in Bihar is more or less triangular converging at its confluence
with the river Ganga. The entire command of the Mahananda basin is interspread with
rivers and drains. The elevation varies from EL 74 m (north) to EL 26 m (south).
There are four major rivers viz. the Mechi, the Eastern Kankai, the Western Kankai,
and the Parman which join on the right side with the river Mahananda in the territory
in Bihar. The area is almost flat and lies in Gangetic plains. These plains are
generally sloping from north to south and east to west. It is steeper in the north and
flatter in the south. The entire command is nearly a level country. According to the
above ground features and the location of offtake points along Indo-Nepal border, the
command area has been divided in five Zones viz. I, II, III, IV and V. Boundaries of
all the five zones fall within the two major drainage lines so that the number of major
canal structures may be reduced. The total gross command area of all the above five
Zones of Mahananda basin in Bihar is 3.54 lakh ha. The details of
districtwise/zonewise area are given in the Table 3.6.
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Table 3.6Details of Districtwise/Zonewise area under command of Mahananda Basin
Basin/distt. Total districtarea
Zonewise area in each district Total
I II III IV V % % lying indistrict
WESTERN FRINGE OF MAHANANDA (up to Mechi river)
Purnea 322900 13817 37571 2591 14887 21.33 68866
Katihar 305700 64529 12600 25.23 77129
Araria 283000 39458 60129 35.19 99587
Kishanganj 188400 3387 48752 41110 15175 57.55 108424
Total 1100000 117804 113687 51343 55997 15175 354006
% 6089800 33.27 32.11 14.52 15.82 4.28 100.00
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It is seen from the above that while Zone I & II cover about two third area of the
command i.e. 33.27% and 32.11%, Zone III & Zone IV less than one-third and Zone
V covers only 4.28% of the area.
(b) Macro Network Planning in Mahananda Command
The first offtake point is located near Boundary Pillar BP - 55 at EL 61.7 m for Zone
I, near the village Lalokhar/Madhubani. One branch canal from BP-55 runs along the
existing contour towards left side of the river Parman, then along Kamla Nala till it
meets the river Mahananda on its western side, known as Phulhar, to irrigate the area
between the river Parman in the west and the Bakra in the east.
The second offtake point has been proposed near BP-49 at EL 65.4 m for Zone II,
near village Muraripur/Pahara. The branch canal in this zone would serve the area
between left side of the river Bakra and right side of Ratua. The third offtake point
lies near BP-35 at EL 72.80 m near village Fatehpur for serving Zone III between the
rivers western Kankai and left side of Ratua.
The location of fourth offtake point has been considered at BP- 19, near village
Dighalbank at an elevation of 78 m for serving Zone IV, between the western Kankai
and eastern Kankai rivers. The fifth offtake has been proposed between BP 13&14
near village Jaipokhar at an elevation of 70 m to serve Zone V between the river
Mechi a tributary of Mahananda and eastern Kankai which meets Mahananda at about
1.5 km downstream of its crossing with PWD road and about 2 km below the
confluence of the river Mechi with Mahananda.
Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal Network
The water from Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal would be diverted to Indian territory
through 5 number branch canals as detailed above which would be running initially in
Nepal territory and then entering Indian territory at the Indo-Nepal border near BP 55,
BP 49, BP 35, BP-19 and between BP-13&14 for Zones I, II, III, IV and V
respectively to serve the command area in Mahananda basin in Bihar.
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A total of 5 branch canals, 41 distributaries, 56 direct minors and 381 minors have
been planned for distributing water in the command area in all the five zones. The
nomenclature of these canals have been made zone wise. The RD ‘0’ for each canal
has been fixed at the off-take point of the respective canal. The RD values mentioned
for the sub-branch / distributaries are independent of RD values of the branch canals.
Annex 3.4 to 3.8 indicate various canals, number of distributaries off taking from
them as well as GCA served by each canal for Zones I, II, III, IV and V respectively.
The location of offtake points on Indo-Nepal border for Mahananda Command is
shown in Plate-3.7 and the details of macro irrigation planning in this command is
given in Plate-3.8.
(a) Zone I
This Zone is bounded by the river Parman and Kamla in the west and river Bakra and
Mahananda in the east. On the western side of this Zone, there lies the boundary of
Kosi basin. The Parman river, while flowing towards south after a distance of 94 km
from Indo Nepal border is named as Panar river, which after flowing 14 km further
towards south bifurcates into two channels. One of which follows east south direction
for a distance of 15 km and joins the river Bakra (Katua Dhar) and thereafter meets
Mahananda downstream of Bagdob. The other channel in the name of Panar or Riga
flows towards south for a distance of 29 km and meets Jhana branch of Mahananda
near Jhua railway bridge. The highest and lowest elevations in the Zone are EL 61.7 m
and EL 26 m. The slopes are generally rolling towards the south and do not have
abrupt falls. The contour canal at EL 61.7 serves the major portion of zone before
terminating in the river Mahananda. The branch canal in this zone, offtaking from
BP-55 at EL 61.7 m, would cover the parts of the districts of Araria, Purnea, Katihar.
Total length of branch canal BC (I) would be about 139.3 km upto its outfall into the
river Mahananda. Command area is proposed to be served through 19 no.
distributaries with a total length of 263.3 km. In addition, there would be 11 nos.
direct minors offtaking from the BC (I) with total length of about 74.90 km and 135
no. of minors of total length 486.42 km. This zone would have GCA of 117804 ha.
The details of distribution network indicating the length of each canal, distributary,
minor, RD of offtaking point and command area under BC (I) are given in Annex 3.4.
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The details macro irrigation planning of Zone-I in 1:50,000 scale are given at
Plate 3.9.
(b) Zone II
This zone is bounded by Bakra Nadi on its west and Ratua Nadi in east. The
elevations in this zone range from EL 65.4 m to EL 29 m. The branch canal in this
zone, offtaking from BP-49 at EL 65.4 m, would cover parts of the district Araria,
Purnea and Katihar. The branch canal at EL 65.4 m is capable of commanding
majority of the area. The general slope pattern of the area is fan shaped. The branch
canals & distributaries are planned to run along the ridges and provide irrigation on
either side.
The branch canal BC (II) with offtake at EL. 65.4 m has been continued upto the last
point in the downstream, running for a distance of 79.1 km. 11 distributaries of total
length 241.85 km and 12 nos. of direct minors of total length of 63.25 km, two sub-
distributaries, offtaking from both the banks of Distributary no. 7 for a length of 42.8
km and 127 no. of minors of total length 413.95 km, have been proposed to cover the
entire area. This zone has a GCA of 113687 ha. The details of distribution network
indicating the length of each canal, distributary, minor, RD of offtaking point and
command area under BC (II) are given in Annex 3.5.
The details macro irrigation planning of Zone-II in 1:50,000 scale are given at Plate
3.10.
(c ) Zone III
The area is bounded by the Ratua Nadi on the western side and western Kankai river
on the eastern side. This zone covers the part of district of Kishanganj. Branch canal
BC (III) taking off near BP-35 at EL 72.8 m has been planned with a total length of
16.93 km having 5 distributaries D1 to D5 with a total length of 106.68 km, 7 direct
minors of length 6.50 km and 100 no. of minors of total length 220.93 km to cover the
command area under this zone. A total of 51343 ha of GCA has been covered by this
part of the network. The details of distribution network indicating the length of each
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canal, distributary, minor, RD of offtaking point and command area under BC (III) are
given in Annex 3.6.
The details macro irrigation planning of Zone- III in 1:50,000 scale are given inPlate 3.11.
(d) Zone IV
Zone IV is bounded by the stream Kankai (Eastern) and Western Kankai. Branch
Canal BC-IV offtaking at BP-19 near Dighal bank and at an elevation of 78 m has
been planned for a length 63.55 km having 6 distributaries for length of 69.90 km, 19
direct minors 76.50 km in length and 19 no. of minors of total length 71.60 km. A
total GCA of 55997 ha has been covered by this part of the network. This zone will
serve parts of district Kishanganj and Purnea. The details of distribution network
indicating the length of each canal, distributary, minor, RD of offtaking point and
command area under BC (IV) are given in Annex 3.7.
The details of macro irrigation planning of Zone IV in 1:50,000 scale are given in
Plate 3.12..
(e) Zone V
The zone is bounded by the rivers Eastern Kankai and Mechi, a tributary of
Mahananda. Branch Canal BC-V offtaking between BP-13&14 and at an elevation of
70m is proposed to serve the Zone V having a GCA 15175 ha. The length of the
branch canal BC-V is 15.60 km. It has 7 nos. of direct minors of total length 35 km to
serve part of Kishanganj district only. The details of distribution network indicating
the length of each canal, distributary, minor, RD of offtaking point and command area
under BC (V) are given in Annex 3.8.
The details of macro irrigation planning of Zone-V in 1:50,000 scale are given in
Plate 3.13..
A summary of important parameters of the above distribution network and the
structures on various canals are given in Table 3.7.
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Table 3.7Summary of important Parameters of the Distribution Network
in Mahananda Basin
Sl.No
Zone Location ofOfftake Points
Name ofCanal
GeographicalArea (ha)
GCA(ha)
CCA(ha)0.70of
GCA
Length(km.)
Dischargeat Offtake(Cumec)
Distributariesofftaking
fromBranchCanals
(No)
DirectMinor
no.
MinorNo.
Groundelevation
atofftakingpoint (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 131 I BP-55 BC I 118852 117804 82463 139.3 61.49 19 11 135 61.7
2 II BP-49 BC II 120644 113687 79581 79.1 59.33 11 12 127 65.4
3 III BP-35 BC III 53510 51343 35940 16.93 26.80 5 7 100 72.8
4 IV BP-19 BC IV 57130 55997 39198 63.55 29.22 6 19 19 78
5 V Bet BP 13 &14 BC V 15861 15175 10623 15.60 7.92 - 7 - 70
TOTAL 365997 354006 247805 314.48 184.76 41 56 381
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3.2.5 Micro Irrigation Planning for 10% CCA
As per TOR, the total area to be selected for micro planning (on 1:10,000 scale) has to
be about 75,000 ha comprising of three different patches each having an area of about
25,000 ha which should be representative of prevailing characteristics of the
command area.
During micro planning, the following points have generally been followed:
i) Micro planning has been carried out upto the outlet to deliver water to a blockof 40-50 ha.
ii) The governing levels of the distributary / minor would form the basis for thedesign levels of the off –taking water courses and the extent of CCA.
3.2.5.1 General Guidelines for Irrigation Distribution System Planning
It is envisaged to provide irrigation through gravity in the entire command area in
Indian Territory. The irrigation distribution system planning from the main canals ex-
Sisauli barrage d/s of Kosi High Dam has been completed at the macro level. The
right side main canal from Sisauli barrage called Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal
(WSKMC) with initial portion in Nepal and tail portion (about 50 km) in India would
serve Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Command area with independent offtake points taken
from WSKMC for Indian Command Area. The alignment of branch canals,
distributaries and minors, etc. has been done so as to include as much command area
as possible both in Burhi Gandak – Bagmati and Mahananda Command Areas
considering topographical features and command levels in particular, on 1:250000
scale as well as on 1:50,000 scale toposheets.
The left main canal ex Sisauli barrage called Eastern Sapta Kosi Main Canal
(ESKMC) is running entirely within Nepal Territory which will have offtake points
for serving command areas in Nepal and India. The Nepalese consultant entrusted
with the work of irrigation planning in Nepal Territory and representatives of JPO
were associated while deciding the location of offtake points near Border Pillars along
Indo-Nepal Border as well as the required FSL & Discharge needed to serve
Mahananda command area in Indian Territory.
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While planning the canal network, the following general criteria have been adopted:
i) Topographical sheets of scale 1:50,000 with small contour interval have been
used.
ii) While marking the alignment, it is kept in mind to negotiate the heavy cutting
and heavy filling. This can be done either by increasing the canal length or
providing falls depending upon the technical feasibility to cover as much
command as possible.
iii) The general rule followed for planning the canal system is to run the branchcanals, distributaries and minors on the ridges and water courses on the slopesof the ridges.
iv) While planning, all efforts have been made to reduce the length of the canalsystem as it has direct impact on the cost of the proejct. The length of thesystem mainly depends upon two factors i.e. shape and size of chaks/ CCAand percentage of CCA to GCA. While the length of the system is directlyproportional to the size of the chak / CCA, it is inversely proportional to thepercentage of CCA to GCA.
v) To reduce the seepage losses and check rise in sub-soil water table to avoidwaterlogging, canals are proposed lined. This would also reduce the cross-sectional area and the canal width thereby reducing the requirement of landacquisition and also the cost.
The criteria for fixing the alignment of main/branch canals, distributaries/ minors and
water courses to be adopted have been as under:
(A) Main canal/ Branch canal
The main canal is usually a contour canal for a considerable length after it takes off
from the head works until it catches a ridge. The criterion for fixing suitable
alignment is as follows:
i) It should be the most economical route with regard to capital as well asmaintenance cost
ii) It should reach the irrigable area as quickly as possible
iii) Length should be as short as possible to minimise conveyance losses
iv) The area commanded should be the largest possible with minimum number ofoutlets
v) It should admit suitable crossings of natural surface drainage lines and safeposition of escapes
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In order to fulfill most of the above criteria, the following points are borne in mind:
a) The canal should be as far as possible run along the ridge so as to command
land on both sides and avoid interference with natural drainage lines. When
the ridge itself is too high and involves much cutting, the canal will run on one
side of the ridge until it catches the ridge further "down".
b) The Full Supply Level (FSL) should be generally 15 to 30 cm above the
general ground level so as to immediately command the surrounding area and
to give the required levels in the offtaking channels.
c) If a ridge line is not immediately obtained and Cross Drainage (CD) Works are
obligatory, their site should be so selected so as to keep the canal bottom level
safely above the probable High Flood Level (HFL) so as to have sufficient
waterway. The drainage crossing should possess satisfactory hydraulic
characteristics.
d) Crossing over natural drainage lines should be such that it should not be
required to depress nallah (drainage) bed more than 25% of the clear height of
the drainage opening in order to obtain necessary water way i.e. excessive
syphoning of nallah bed should be avoided as such structures silt up quickly.
e) If the above condition at (d) is difficult to obtain, it may be necessary to
regrade the nallah bed or to divert the nallah to a larger nallah in the vicinity.
f) The alignment at the points of crossing, drainages and roads should be fixed
carefully to avoid skew crossing.
g) The canal should avoid proximity to places of habitation, towns, villages etc.
to avoid the probable drainage due to percolation of water.
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h) Alignment parallel and close to roads/railway line, necessitating numerous
crossings for off-taking channels should be avoided even at the sacrifice of
small command.
i) To prevent erosive effects and consequent loss, the curves in canal should
generally be in full cutting portion and should have the largest radius possible.
The minimum radius of 20 times the bed width is generally adopted.
(B) Distributaries / Minors
The alignment of distributaries should be guided by the principles given above for the
main /branch canal alignment. Off-take of distributary should be decided after
considering positions of falls proposed on main canal and should be between two
valleys. Off-take should be on upstream of falls situated nearby. A minimum 15 cm
cut-off from main canal should be allowed. The cut-off is the difference between FSL
of main canal and any offtaking channel from it. If the off-take is regulated by a cross-
regulator, adopt this level as FSL at the head of the distributary. If the off-take is not
regulated by a cross regulator, it is better to design FSL of off-take in such a way that
they draw full supply discharge at 2/3rd or 3/4th of FSD (full supply depth) in the
parent channel, depending upon the loss of command of off-take. Generally, FSL of
distributary may be taken as 2/3rd FSD of main canal or minimum 15 cm. If this
consideration gives a FSL which leads a distributary in uneconomical bank work, then
allow permissible height of economical bank work to be the obligatory criteria for the
determination of FSL.
3.2.5.2 Identification of Patches for Micro Planning
Information about the types of soil in the project command area located in Burhi
Gandak – Bagmati basin and western fringe of Mahananda basin (upto Mechi river)
based on soil mapping carried out by the National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use
Planning (NBSS & LUP) has been used for identification of patches in command area
for micro irrigation planning.
After examining various characteristics of the project command area viz. topography,
soils type and drainage etc., three representative areas of the cultivable command area
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comprising of about 77,400 ha have been identified representing broad soil types
existing in the command areas of Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda basins for
detailed study by carrying out topographical survey and preparing topographical maps
on a scale of 1:10000 with 0.5 m contour interval. The details of the patches
identified for micro irrigation planning are as under:
(a) Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Basin Command
In these basins, two patches have been identified which are; one in the initial reach
and the second in the tail reach. The relevant details about these patches are given
below:
Patch 1 - i) Area of Patch : 26700 ha
ii) Location : Zone-II
iii) Branch Canal : BC II = Nil (against total(covered) length = 96.16 km)
iv) Direct Distributaries : DD1= 8.16 km/Distributaries DD2 = 21.30 km(covered) DD3 = 14.32 km
DD4 = 7.18 km
Total = 50.96 km
v) Direct Minors : 143 km approx./ Minors (covered)
vi) District : Sitamarhi
vii) Villages Benfitted: 180 Nos.
viii Broad Soil Type: Fine-loamy soils & poorly(20,35,38,39 & 42) drained to moderately
well drained.
Patch 2 i) Area of Patch : 25700 ha
ii) Location : Zone-II
iii) Branch canal : BC (II) = 11.46 km(covered) (against total length= 96.16 km)
iv) Distributary (covered):
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D14 = 22.52 kmD15 = 20.09 kmD16 = 8.92 kmD17 = 9.14 km
Total = 60.67 km
v) Direct Minors/Minors : 111 km approx.
v) District : Darbhanga
vi) Villages Benfitted: 164 Nos.
vii) Broad Soil Type: Fine-loamy soils &(30 & 39) moderately well drained to
well drained.(b) Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin (upto Mechi River)
In this basin, one patch located in Zone III i.e. in the middle of the command area has
been identified. The relevant details about this patch are given below:
Patch 3 i) Area of Patch : 25000 ha
ii) Location : Zone-III
iii) Branch canal : BC (III) = 16.93 km (full length)(covered)
iv) Distributaries : D1 = 17.20 km(covered) D2 = 16.60 km
D3 = 2.48 kmD4 = 12.69 kmD5 = 15.89 km
Total = 64.84 km
v) Direct Minors/ Minors covered = 127 km approx.
v) District : Kishanganj
vi) Villages Benfitted: 30 Nos.
vii) Broad Soil Type: Coarse-loamy soils(19 & 21) associated with sandy soils &
moderately to well drained.
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(List of villages benfitted totalling to 393 Nos in above 3 patches is enclosed atAnnex-3.9)
3.2.5.3 Details of Planning in Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda Commands
Earlier at the macro level, the canal network planning had been done for the entire
command area using the toposheets of scale 1:250,000 initially and later transferring
the same on 1: 50,000 scale sheets. The details of outcome of macro planning in terms
of various categories of canals, their offtake points, lengths, discharge at the head etc.
has already been given in the chapter.
Apart from above, as required under the Terms of Reference, the micro irrigation
planning has been carried out for 10% CCA on 1:10,000 scale with 0.5m contour
interval by identifying three patches i.e. Patch 1&2 in Burhi Gandak-Bagmati
Command and Patch 3 in Mahananda Command. The details of canal and distribution
system network required on the basis of micro irrigation planning on the maps of
1:10,000 scale based on topographical survey carried out in Sitamarhi District for
Patch 1, in Darbhanga District for Patch 2 and in Kishanganj District for Patch 3 are
given below in Table 3.8.
Table – 3.8Details of Canal and Distribution System Network in Patches 1,2 & 3
S.No. Type of Canal
Burhi-Gandak BagmatiCommand
Mahananda Command
Patch 1 Patch 2 Patch 3 Total
No. Km No. Km. No. Km. No. Km.
1. Branch Canals - - 1 11.46 1 16.93 2 28.39
3 2. Direct Distributaries 4 50.96 - - - - 4 50.96
3 Distributaries - - 4 60.67 5 64.84 9 125.51
4. Minors/Direct Minors 23 143.38 49 110.58 80 126.94 152 380.9
Total 27 194.34 54 182.71 86 208.71 167 585.76
* Length of BC (II) from offtake point on WSKMC upto entry point in Patch 2 is 84.7km. Additional length within Patch 2 is 11.46 km.
The details of the canal network based on micro planning in Patch 1,2 & 3 are given
in Annex. – 3.10, 3.11 & 3.12 respectively.
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Maps showing Micro Irrigation Planning in Patch 1 & Patch 2 of Burhi Gandak-
Bagmati Command and in Patch 3 of Mahananda Command are given in Plates-3.14,
3.15 & 3.16 respectively.
3.2.6 OFD Works Planning
As per RFP, the study area for OFD works shall be limited to 5000 ha having 5 sub-
patches with each sub-patch limited to 1000 ha. This area shall be located within 10%
area of the CCA selected for micro planning i.e. within 3 patches identified for the
purpose i.e. 2 in Burhi Gandak – Bagmati Command and 1 in Mahananda Command
as mentioned above.
The location and size of sub-patches are as under:
Sub-Patch 1
Area = 2027 ha
Location = In Patch 1
Village = Sitalpatti, Manariya, Akhadiya
District = Sitamarhi
The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch1 on village map scale of 1:2500with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.1.
Sub-Patch 2
Area = 942 ha
Location = In Patch 1
Village = Ramnagar, Bhujunagar, Bhujutola, Budhwara, Najarpur,Binwatola, Mohani, Dubha-tola, Mohoni Khurd,Bisnupur
District = Sitamarhi
The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch 2 on village map scale of 1:2500with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.2.
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Sub-Patch 3
Area = 1032 ha
Location = In Patch 2
Village = Banauli, Rajaul, Fulbaria, Bharoul
District = Darbhanga
The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch 3 on village map scale of 1:2500with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.3.
(B) Mahananda Command
Sub-Patch 4
Area = 727 ha
Location = In Patch 3
Village = Jhunki Musahara, Hatgav
District = Kishanganj
The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch 4 on village map scale of 1:2500with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.4.
Sub-Patch 5
Area = 872 ha
Location = In Patch 3
Village = Dogacchi, Jhingakata, Pahatgav, JhingakataIstamrar, Maheshbathna, Taufir Jhingakata
District = Kishanganj
The survey for OFD works shall be carried out on the scale of available village maps
i.e. 1:2500 for planning the alignment of water courses / field channels and field
drains etc.
OFD maps shall depict planning and alignment of water courses below chak outlet
serving 40 ha on an average and field channels & field drains below turnouts serving 5
to 8 ha sub-chaks.
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3.2.6.1 Chak Planning
Planning of Chak / Sub-chak includes fixing the location of outlets on minors and
other ancillary works viz. Water Courses (WC) and Field Channels (FC), their
structures, with the following objectives:
a) Equitable distribution of water to the individual fields in the commandb) Improved water managementc) Improved irrigation efficiencyd) Increased irrigation potential including agriculture production
On the digitized land map, ridges and valleys in the command will be marked. The
area will be further divided into chaks of about 40 ha block using the following
criteria:
a) topographic limits – chak will lie between two valleys;b) irrigation in the chak must be completed within stipulated flow period in peak
rotation;c) chak should be located in one village area;d) length of watercourses be limited to 2 km;e) number of farm holdings be limited to 15.
The boundary of chaks shall be so defined that at least on one side there is a drainage
line. The alignment of watercourses / field channels will then be marked along the
ridges so that it can command maximum area. The alignment of drains shall generally
follow valley lines. If there is no existing drain, suitable drain (valley line) will be
proposed so that drainage water from the chak can be collected in this drain and led
further to main drain, natural or man-made. The area of each chak has then to be
found out. The chak shall be subdivided into sub-chaks of 5 to 8 ha size. The
command area statement, sub-chakwise, chakwise shall be prepared, and field channel
and water courses shall then be planned and marked showing turnouts, falls and
crossing etc.
3.2.6.2 Water Courses
The basis of water course planning should be usually the local topography and the
command being usually fixed between two sub-drainages. The usual practice is to
avoid any major crossing or cross-drainage, as such channels are invariably
maintained by the farmers themselves. Following design criteria may be adopted.:
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(i) The command of the water course should be such that the discharge required isabout 0.028 to 0.042 cumec (1 to 1.5 cusec). However, in some cases thedischarge may have to be lower than 0.028 cumec (1 cusec) where thecommand is badly cut off by sub-drainages.
(ii) The usual length of water course should be about 0.5 to 1.0 km.
(iii) The number of farmers should not be large.
(i) As far as possible the water course should run in its own command.
3.2.6.3 Structures
In watercourses and field channels, following types of structures are generallydesigned:
a) Syphonb) Cart track crossings and village road crossingsc) Drop structures or fallsd) Turnouts / division boxese) Direct outlets
The planning of the above structures will be carried out to meet the followingobjectives:
a) To distribute water in an equitable manner through the network systemb) To ensure timely supply of water to the farmersc) To deliver water in the network without erosion or damage to lining and
structuresd) To deliver water according to predetermined requirementse) To have adequate control in regulating water flow to achieve the objective of
the project
3.2.7 SUMMING UP
The details of the canal and distribution system network required to be constructed
upto minors in Indian territory for the project as a whole covering both Burhi Gandak-
Bagmati and Mahananda Command Areas shall be as under:
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As per the above, the lengths of various canals per ha of CCA works out to be asunder:
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Command (CCA = 5.24 Lha)S.No. Name of
CanalLength (km) Length/ha of CCA (m/ha)
i) Branch Canals 400.46 0.76ii) Distributaries 887.55 1.69iii) Minors 1800.78 3.44
Mahananda Command (CCA = 2.48 Lha)i) Branch Canals 314.48 1.27ii) Distributaries 681.43 2.75iii) Minors 1449.04 5.84
Overall Project (CCA = 7.72)i) Branch Canals 714.94 0.93ii) Distributaries 1568.98 2.03iii) Minors 3249.82 4.21
For the sake of comparison, the approximate length per ha of CCA of canal and
distribution system in the adjoining existing Gandak Project, are as under:
Main Canal/Branch Canals 1.0 m/haDistributaries 2.0 m/haMinors 5.0 m/ha
Name of
Canal
Burhi Gandak -Bagmati Mahananda Total
Nos. Length (km) Nos. Length (km) Nos. Length(km)
Main canal 1 50.41 - - 1 50.41
Branch Canals 3 400.46 5 314.48 8 714.94
DirectDistributaries
4 50.96 - - 4 50.96
Distributaries 50 836.59 41 681.43 91 1518.02
Direct Minors 44 164.74 56 256.15 100 420.89
Minors 358 1636.04 381 1192.89 739 2828.93
Total 460 3139.20 483 2444.95 943 5584.15
Annex- 3.4
SR.No. Name of Distrubutries No. of Minors Length of Distributries (Sq Km)
RD of Offtaking Point (Sq Km)
Gross CommandArea (Sq Km) District
1 13.80 0.75M1 R 5.75 1.25M2 L 1.25 2.25M3 L 1.75 4.25M4 L 6.00 7.25M5 L 6.00 8.75M6 L 7.40 11.00M7 L 5.60 13.00
2 14.50 2.50M1 R 3.60 0.25M2 L 1.50 0.25M3 L 2.00 1.10M4 L 4.50 2.85M5 R 4.00 2.85M6 R 2.00 5.35M7 L 2.00 6.85M8 R 1.75 9.35M9 L 2.65 9.35M10 R 2.00 11.95M11 L 4.50 11.95M12 R 4.00 15.20M13 L 3.50 15.20M14 R 2.75 17.20M15 L 2.00 17.20
3 DM1 L 6.75 5.00 32.3224 DM2 R 4.90 5.00 7.1695 DM3 R 5.00 11.25 10.56 DM4 L 6.50 15.25 11.597 DM5 R 17.50 5.50 7.838 12.25 23.50
M1 R 1.00 0.75M2 L 1.25 2.50M3 R 1.50 2.50M4 L 6.00 4.75M5 R 1.50 4.75M6 R 2.50 7.00M7 R 4.00 9.25M8 L 2.00 10.50
9 11.50 23.50M1 L 6.25 6.50M2 R 6.50 6.50M3 L 5.50 6.75M4 R 6.50 6.75
10 18.50 35.75M1 R 2.50 0.50M2 R 6.50 3.75M3 L 9.00 3.75M4 R 4.50 10.75M5 L 4.00 12.50M6 R 2.50 15.00
6
62.8
69.58
D1
D2
D3
D4
8
4
D5
D6
6
ARARIA
Total Length of Branch Canal BC(I)=139.3( Mahananda Basin)
7
15
5
Details of Distribution network in Zone-I
27
41.87
54.419
80.554
M6 R 2.50 15.0011 19.50 35.75
M1 R 5.00 1.25M2 L 5.00 1.25M3 R 6.75 6.50M4 R 8.00 6.50M5 L 4.50 13.25M6 R 4.00 13.25
12 DM6 L 5.00 53.50 17.413 DM7 R 5.00 55.75 8.0814 13.50 58.75
M1 L 3.25 2.00M2 R 4.75 2.00M3 L 3.00 5.75M4 R 4.50 8.45M5 L 3.75 8.45M6 R 4.00 11.30
16 DM8 R 8.00 63.75 12.417 DM9 L 6.00 76.50 9.77818 DM10 R 7.00 76.50 10.21919 DM11 L 3.25 83.00 8.74820 9.00 83.00
M1 R 3.75 0.75M2 R 1.50 2.50M3 L 2.00 2.50M4 R 2.00 4.25M5 R 3.00 6.50
21 14.00 91.80M1 R 5.25 2.10M2 L 3.50 5.10M3 R 3.00 6.60M4 L 2.00 2.60M5 R 2.50 8.60
22 16.00 91.80M1 R 3.50 1.00M2 L 2.50 1.00M3 R 3.50 4.00M4 L 4.25 4.00M5 R 3.50 7.00M6 L 4.50 7.00M7 R 1.50 9.75M8 L 2.50 9.75M9 R 1.21 12.25M10 L 1.25 12.25
KATIHAR
4
5
5
10
6
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
6
2
6
ARARIA
PURNIA
42.35
26.952
54.419
80.554
47.296
74.3914
Annex- 3.4
23 23.75 102.05M1 L 2.50 1.00M2 R 2.21 1.00M3 L 1.50 3.00M4 R 1.50 3.00M5 L 3.00 5.00M6 L 3.00 6.25M7 R 2.75 6.25M8 L 4.00 9.25M9 R 2.75 9.25M10 L 3.25 11.50M11 R 3.25 11.50M12 L 3.50 13.75M13 R 3.00 13.75M14 L 1.25 16.75M15 R 2.75 16.75M16 L 1.50 20.75M17 R 2.25 20.75
24 10.00 102.55M1 R 3.25 2.00M2 L 5.00 4.00M3 R 2.50 4.00M4 R 4.00 6.25M5 R 2.00 7.25
25 18.00 102.55M1 L 5.50 0.75M2 R 3.75 0.75M3 L 3.50 4.75M4 R 6.00 4.75M5 L 1.50 8.75M6 R 1.50 8.75M7 L 4.00 10.75M8 R 1.50 10.75M9 L 4.50 14.50M10 R 2.50 14.50M11 L 3.00 16.80
26 15.00 117.05M1 R 2.50 2.50M2 L 3.00 5.00M3 R 3.50 5.00M4 L 1.25 9.00M5 R 2.25 9.00
27 13.00 117.05M1 L 6.00 0.25M2 L 4.50 1.00M3 L 5.00 3.75M4 R 3.50 3.75M5 L 2.00 5.75M6 R 2.50 5.75M7 R 1.50 7.75M8 L 2.00 9.50M9 R 2.00 9.50M10 L 2.00 11.50
28 8.00 124.55M1 L 6.75 0.50M2 R 7.00 0.50M3 R 1.50 2.25M4 L 4.00 3.75
KATIHAR
17 86.8105
D11
D12
D14
D15
10
5
55.7509
KATIHAR92.559
KATIHAR
6
11
5
D16
D13
54.282
52.027
47.3622
M4 L 4.00 3.75M5 R 6.00 4.75M6 L 2.50 6.50
29 12.50 127.80M1 R 4.00 2.25M2 L 3.00 4.25M3 R 3.50 4.25M4 L 2.00 8.00M5 R 3.00 7.00M6 L 1.50 9.75M7 R 2.50 9.75
30 10.50 133.80M1 R 5.00 0.50M2 L 1.50 0.50M3 R 2.50 4.00M4 L 1.00 4.00M5 L 2.00 6.00M6 L 1.50 8.00M7 R 1.50 8.00
KATIHAR
40.504
27.95
6
7
7
D18
D17
54.282
Annex- 3.4
31 10.00 139.30M1 R 4.00 2.50M2 L 4.50 4.50M3 R 6.00 4.50M4 L 3.00 7.50M5 R 2.00 7.50
TOTAL 1178.046824.6322
263.3074.90
486.42
BC:Branch CanalDM: Direct MinorM: MinorsD:Distributary
TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km)-135 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km)-11 Nos.
KATIHAR
57.552
TOTAL CCA (Sq. Km)TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTARY (Km)-19 Nos.
D19
5
Annex- 3.5
D1 R 23.8 0.251 M1 R 3.25 2.25
M2 L 3 2.85M3 R 3.5 2.85M4 L 2.5 5.35M5 R 3.75 5.35M6 L 4.25 10.35M7 R 5 10.35M8 L 4 14.25M9 R 4.25 14.25
M10 L 5.5 17.05M11 R 4 17.05M12 L 7.2 20.05M13 L 3.25 20.05
2 D2 R 14.5 2.5M1 R 2.5 0.5M2 L 2.5 2.5M3 R 3.25 2.5M4 L 1.5 5.25M5 R 1.75 5.25M6 L 2 7.35M7 R 1.25 8.6M8 L 1.75 9.2M9 R 1.75 10.2
M10 L 1.5 11.45M11 R 1.5 12.25M12 R 2.25 14.5
3 D3 R 12.85 6M1 R 2 0.4M2 L 2 0.4M3 R 1.25 2.4
Details of Distribution network in Zone-II(Mahananda Basin)
S. No. Name of Distributaries No.of Minors DistrictLength ofDistributaries
Araria
12
10
120.28
32.705
Total Length of Branch Canal BC(II) =79.1 kmRD ofOfftaking
51.213
Gross Command Area (SqKm)
15
M3 R 1.25 2.4M4 R 1.5 4.6M5 L 1.5 6.6M6 R 1.5 7.35M7 L 2.5 8.45M8 R 2 10.2M9 L 1.5 10.2
M10 R 2 11.64 D4 R 7.7 9.25
M1 L 3 0.5M2 R 4.5 0.8M3 L 2.5 3.2M4 R 3.25 4.95M5 L 3.25 4.95M6 L 2 6.95
5 D5 R 8.95 12.5M1 L 2.3 1.5M2 R 1.5 1.5M3 L 3 4.2M4 R 1.5 4.2M5 L 1.25 5.7M6 R 1.75 5.7
6 D6 L 15.75 12.5M1 L 2 2M2 L 5.5 4.3M3 L 2.75 11.05M4 L 1.7 13.25
Araria
10
6
6 23.145
32.705
30.705
67.3874.0
Annex- 3.5
7 D7 R 60 20.75M1 L 7.5 1.1M2 R 7 1.1M3 L 3.75 6.2M4 R 4 7.95M5 L 5 10.2M6 R 6 10.2M7 R 5.5 12.2M8 L 6 13.95M9 R 5.25 15.7
M10 R 5.25 18.45M11 L 7.5 20.2M12 R 5.5 22.7M13 L 2.25 22.7M14 R 2.5 24.9M15 L 2 29.65M16 R 5 29.65M17 L 4.5 34.4M18 R 3.75 34.4M19 R 7.5 39.25M20 L 5.75 41M21 R 5.25 41M22 R 6 45.75M23 L 2.5 47.05M24 R 4 49.05M25 R 5.75 52.05M26 L 6 57.55M27 R 6.5 57.55SD1 R 19.55 60M1 L 3 1.9M2 R 2 4.65M3 L 3 6.4M4 R 2 6.4M5 L 3.25 9.95M6 R 4.75 9.95M7 L 3.5 15.55M8 R 5 12.55
Araria
Purnea
496.12727
10 58.3151
Purnea
Katihar
M8 R 5 12.55M9 L 3 15.3
M10 R 4 15.3SD2 L 23.25 60M1 L 2.5 5.1M2 4.25 7.6M3 R 3.25 12.7M4 L 2.25 15.3M5 R 2 16.7M6 L 3.25 16.7M7 R 3.5 19.3
8 D8 L 14.5 22.75M1 L 1.5 1.25M2 R 1.75 2M3 L 3 4.25M4 R 3 5.25M5 L 3 8.25M6 R 3.5 8.25M7 L 3.25 10.75M8 R 4 10.75M9 L 4 13.25
M10 R 2.5 13.259 D9 R 8.5 26
M1 R 3.5 1.5M2 L 2 2.5M3 R 3 2.5M4 L 2.5 4.75M5 R 2.75 4.75
10 DM1 R 4 33.5 5.19511 D10 L 25.25 38
M1 L 2.5 2.5M2 R 3.75 2.5M3 L 1.5 5M4 L 1.5 7M5 L 4 9M6 R 4 9M7 L 3 14M8 R 2 14M9 L 2.5 16.25
M10 R 2.5 16.25M11 R 1.75 19M12 L 3.25 21.5M13 R 1.5 26.5
14 108.48
10 58.3151
30.35
Araria
Araria
Katihar
5
Annex- 3.5
M14 L 1.5 26.5
14 108.48
Araria
Annex- 3.5
12 DM2 R 2 40.25 7.31713 DM3 R 6.5 46.5 13.414 DM4 R 2.75 55.5 9.68915 DM5 R 1.5 60.75 5.52216 DM6 L 3 62.25 10.54717 D11 R 7.25 64.75
M1 R 2.5 0.75M2 R 1.5 3.75M3 L 3 4.5
18 DM7 L 5 70 11.1219 DM8 L 4 72.6 8.71320 DM9 R 3.5 73.1 11.62321 DM10 L 2.75 76.4 6.8822 DM11 R 1.5 76.4 5.8823 DM12 L 1.5 79.1 2.412
1136.8661795.80627
241.8563.25
413.95
BC:Branch CanalDM: Direct MinorM: MinorsD:Distributary
TOTAL CCA (Sq. Km)
TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km)-12 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTARY (Km) - 11 Nos.
19.8613
TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km)-127 Nos.
Araria
TOTAL
Annex-3.6
SR.No. Length of Distributary /Minor / Sub-Minor (Km) RD of Offtaking
Point (Km) Area
District
1 DM-1 L 0.07 1.15 1.492 DM-2 L 0.25 2.56 1.253 D-1 (Ex-BCIII) R 17.20 2.56
M1 R 0.31 1.25M2 R 0.97 2.04M3 R 2.95 2.34M4 R 11.30 3.19M5 L 0.21 5.46M6 L 0.52 6.51M7 L 0.65 7.73M8 R 3.34 7.93M9 L 1.25 8.58M10 R 0.11 8.83M-11 L 1.40 9.58M-12 R 2.11 10.47M-13 R 0.11 12.39M-14 L 0.99 12.39M-15 R 1.58 13.34M-16 L 1.23 14.34M-17 R 0.38 15.45M-18 L 3.66 15.45M-19 L 3.46 17.20M-20 R 2.78 17.20
4 DM3 R 2.88 2.86 3.115 DM4 R 0.80 3.97 0.97
Details of Distribution network in Zone-III(Mahananda Command)
Length of Branch Canal (BC-III) in Zone III = 16.93 Km
No. ofMinors
Name of Distributries /Direct Minors / Minors
69.7420
KISHANGANJ
5 DM4 R 0.80 3.97 0.976 DM5 R 2.13 4.54 5.927 DM6 R 0.17 6.99 1.313 D2 (Ex-BCIII) R 26.00 8.78
M1 R 9.30 0.10SM1 R 1.18 7.97M2 L 3.19 0.35M3 R 0.55 4.27M4 L 0.09 4.27M5 L 1.33 5.35M6 L 1.23 7.32M7 L 0.11 9.12M8 R 5.36 9.91M9 R 0.13 12.24M10 L 1.82 12.24M11 R 0.45 13.08M12 R 0.19 13.80M13 R 0.15 14.86M14 L 0.13 14.86M15 L 0.13 15.65M16 R 0.38 16.10M17 L 2.72 18.18M18 R 3.78 18.18M19 L 2.68 19.76M20 R 3.15 19.76M21 R 3.29 21.00M22 L 2.43 22.00M23 R 2.57 22.00
5 D3 (Ex-BCIII) R 2.48 12.70M1 L 1.30 1.45M2 L 2.10 2.48
8.12
104.0423
2
KISHANGANJ
Annex-3.6
6 DM7 R 0.20 14.54 0.857 D4 (Ex-BCIII) R 27.00 16.18
M1 R 0.88 0.00M2 L 1.49 0.00M3 L 0.12 1.30M4 L 0.28 1.75M5 R 1.52 1.85M6 L 2.15 3.41M7 R 1.46 3.66M8 L 3.90 4.43M9 L 1.64 5.71M10 L 1.34 7.20M11 R 0.12 8.63M12 L 0.15 8.82M13 R 1.72 10.29M14 L 0.18 10.77M15 L 0.20 11.92M16 R 1.39 12.69M17 L 2.83 13.54M18 R 2.08 13.54M19 R 4.27 14.14M20 L 4.88 15.55M21 R 6.00 18.43M22 L 3.50 19.31M23 R 2.89 23.84M24 R 2.55 27.00M25 L 0.95 27.00
8 D5 (Ex-BCIII) R 34.00 16.93M1 R 0.14 0.98M2 L 1.59 1.13M3 R 7.41 1.72M4 L 0.14 2.47
25
192.28
KISHANGANJ
30
124.33
M4 L 0.14 2.47M5 L 1.30 3.32M6 R 0.13 3.32M7 R 7.79 4.17M8 L 1.22 6.07M9 L 1.11 7.43M10 L 2.26 8.38M11 L 0.53 9.58M12 R 0.15 10.12M13 L 2.08 10.67M14 R 0.19 10.96M15 L 2.86 11.45M16 R 3.41 12.14M17 R 0.18 12.69M18 R 0.62 13.61M19 L 0.39 14.29M20 L 6.03 15.37M21 R 8.10 17.71M22 L 2.64 21.04M23 L 6.12 21.78M24 L 5.18 23.71M25 R 6.44 27.23M26 L 4.80 27.23M27 L 4.30 29.00M28 R 2.80 31.89M29 R 1.70 33.67M30 L 1.80 34.00
513.40359.38106.68
6.50220.93
D: Distributary
TOTAL CCA (in Sq. Km)
DD: Direct Distributary
BC: Branch Canal in Zone-II
M: Minors
WSKC: Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal
DM: Direct minor
TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km) - 100 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km) - 7 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTRIES (Km) - 5 Nos.
192.28
TOTAL GCA (in Sq. Km)
KISHANGANJ
30
Annex - 3.7
SR.No. Length ofDistributries
RD ofOfftaking
Point
GrossCommand
Area (Sq Km)District
1 63.552 DIVM1 L 5.50 1.00 14.823 DIVM2 R 5.00 3.00 13.924 9.25 5.65
M1 R 5.50 2.00M2 L 5.00 5.20
8.90 5.65M1 L 4.00 1.25M2 R 3.50 4.65M3 L 3.50 6.90
6 DIVM3 L 7.75 13.65 23.737 DIVM4 R 5.25 13.65 19.548 DIVM5 L 4.00 18.25 22.189 DIVM6 R 4.75 18.25 27.59
10 DIVM7 L 4.50 28.50 13.4916.75 22.75
M1 R 6.65 2.30M2 L 2.75 6.30M3 R 4.00 10.50M4 L 3.00 10.50M5 R 5.25 5.25M6 L 2.10 2.10
12 12.00 22.75 57.3013 6.00 34.00
M1 R 2.10 6.00M2 L 3.25 6.00
14 DIVM8 L 5.50 35.60
2
4
KISHANGANJ
37.492
D5
D2
Details of Distribution network in Zone-IV(Mahananda Basin) Total Length of Branch Canal BC-IV =63.55Km
Name of Distributries No. ofMinors
D1
6
D4 1
4
BCIV
5
11
43.27
80.84
3
D3
29.22
2
14 DIVM8 L 5.50 35.6015 DIVM9 R 1.75 35.6016 DIVM10 L 3.85 38.6017 DIVM11 L 2.85 40.60
17.00 42.10M1 R 5.50 3.75M2 L 3.50 3.75M3 R 3.00 8.25M4 L 2.50 8.25M5 R 2.50 12.00M6 L 4.00 12.00
19 DIVM12 L 2.10 44.50 7.2820 DIVM13 L 2.00 47.00 9.4821 DIVM14 L 1.75 51.50 29.5122 DIVM15 L 7.50 54.30 10.2723 DIVM16 L 3.80 55.80 4.6924 DIVM17 R 2.90 55.80 8.7125 DIVM18 R 2.20 61.05 7.4626 DIVM19 L 3.55 63.55 6.91
559.97391.9869.9076.5071.60
BC:Branch CanalDM: Direct MinorM: MinorsD:Distributary
KISHANGANJ
TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTARY (Km) - 6 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km)-19 Nos.
6
D6
TOTAL
4
TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km)-19 Nos.
92.2718
PURNIA
29.22
8
TOTAL CCA (Sq. Km)
Annex - 3.8
SR.No. Length ofdistributries (Km) RD of offtaking point
Gross Command Area (SqKm)
115.60
DM1 L 8.50 0.65DM2 R 5.50 0.65
DM3 L 6.50 6.90DM4 R 2.75 6.90DM5 L 2.50 11.65DM6 R 5.75 11.65DM7 R 3.50 15.60
151.75
106.2335.00
BC:Branch CanalDM: Direct MinorM: MinorsD:Distributary
TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS- 7 Nos.
7 151.76
Total
Details of Distribution network in Zone-V (Mahananda Basin) Length of Branch Canal BC(V) = 15.6KM
Total CCA (Sq Km)
BCV
Name of distrubutries No. of minors District
KISHANGANJ
Annexure-3.9
Statement of Villages in Identified Patches for Survey
Burhi Gandak - Bagmati Command - Patch - 1
1. Mushaharnia 37. Gobardhanpur2. Parsa 38. Narha3. Phulparasi 39. Sirauli4. Sangrampur 40. Purnahia5. Bishunpur 41. Chainpur6. Arariatola 42. Hathiatola7. Chiraian 43. Harkesh8. Bariarpur 44. Pachgachhian9. Araria 45. Jamunabarahi10. Betahi 46. Maibi11. Inwara 47. Kishanpur12. Dostia 48. Barahi13. Munhchatti 49. Sambandhitola14. Basahia 50. Binwatola15. Marpa 51. Chimney16. Sarwarpur 52. Jainagor17. Dadanpipra 53. Hariharpur18. Kachor 54. Majorganj19. Pipraghat 55. Khairwa20 Hamumannagar 56. Khap21. Baduri 57. Malangtola22. Phulkaha 58. Dharmanitola23. Lakshipur 59. Akhardiha24. Matiyakela 60. Chainpur25. Matiyakela 61. Dangraha26. Singarhiyah 62. Sonoul Mahoday27. Teria 63. Dainchhapra28. Mehdinagor 64. Hiralwa Bishonpur29. Belwa 65. Shahpur30. Ghogharaha 66. Shitalpatti31. Madhubani 67. Manaria32. ramnagar 68. Moudaha33. Madhubanitole 69. Dihati34. Ghoghraha 70. Shapur35. Bakhri 71. Pashua36. Bhagwanpur 72. Kot
Annexure-3.9
73. Shivnagar 109. Mahadeva74. Baghmara 110. Chakraghata75. Phatahpur 111. Barhaiwa76. Harnaihia 112. Bhokraha77. Phulwaria 113. Halimpur78. Phulwaria 114. Jagiraha79. Motnaje 115. Kothia80. Hanumannagar 116. Gajarwa81. Dihati 117. Belahi Jayram82. Kothitola 118. Banrantoli83. Madhopur 119. Gopalpur84. Musharwa 120. Bishusinghtola85. Sahiara 121. Khurd86. Imamdipur 122. Jayram87. Chhaurhia 123. Belahi88. Orlahia 124. Motnaje89. Kharwani 125. Hanumannagar90. Shahpur 126. Dihati91. Dhumha 127. Kothitola92. Kodwara 128. Madhopur93. Pitambarpur 129. Musharwa94. Buniaditola 130. Sahiara95. Patania 131. Imamdipur96. Mirjadpur 132. Chhaurhia97. Sugahi 133. Orlahia98. Dhumnagar 134. Kharwani99. Girmishani 135. Shahpur100. Hanumannagar 136. Dhumha101. Balva 137. Kodwara102. Jhalsi 138. Pitambarpur103. Singarhian 139. Buniaditola104. Barahi Hariram 140. Patania105. Dumri Khurd 141. Mirjadpur106. Harpurtola 142. Sugahi107. Pakri 143. Dhumnagar108. Dumri Kalan 144. Girmishani
Annexure-3.9
145. Hanumannagar 185. Basant146. Balva 186. Gammaria147. Jhalsi 187. Namnagar148. Singarhian 188. Baktha149. Harpur Kalan 189. Barahi Chintawan150. Ratanapur 190. Bisunpur151. Rajpur 191. Masahi152. Gularhiatola 192. Mohani Khurd153. Chhourhia 193. Amba Khurd154. Nankar 194. Sasaula155. Dubahatola 195. Ramna156. Mohani Khurd 196. Gharwara157. Mohnigoth 197. Muradpur158. Pokharbhinda 198. Narkatia159. Sonar 199. Narha160. Bulakipur 200. Ganeshpur161. Asogi 201. Bamangaria162. Bulakipur 202. Bakhri163. Khairwa 203. Riga164. Budhwara 204. Sangramphanda165. Majhaura 205. Panchhaur166. Najarpur 206. Gobindphanda167. Budhwara 207. Gidrahatola168. Bujrunagar 208. Maniari169. Ramnagar 209. Islampur170. Pipra 210. Sitamarhi171. Wali 211. Rajopatti172. Riga 212. Muraliachak173. Bagahi 213. Chak Mahila174. Ranjitpurtola 214. Amghatia175. Gaibipur 215. Madhuban176. Ranjitpur 216. Bhisa177. Shivnagar 217. Parsauhi178. Bhagwanpur Pipradih 218. Chandiha179. Chainpura 219. Mupmairon182. Kapraul183. Bhabadevpur184. Dheng
Annexure-3.9
Statement of Villages in Identified Patches for Survey
Burhi Gandak - Bagmati Command – Patch - 2
1. Kalwara 40. Raghua2. Kachhua 41. Bharauli3. Ratanpur 42. Hasan Chak4. Jogjiwannagar 43. Korha5. Kataiya 44. Gugaul6. Sotia 45. Lal Shapur7. Barailtola 46. Narkatia8. Pakrihar 47. Maniari9. Katka 48. Sobhan10. Nistha 49. Kumarpatti11. Paira 50. Bharathi12. Dahsil 51. Kansi13. Mohanpur 52. Manihas14. Kusumpatti 53. Bastuara15. Tilsath 54. Kamrauli16. Bhirhatola 55. Jalwara17. Kalianpur 56. Rampur18. Bhajaura 57. Rajarauli
19. Nankar 58. Banauli20 Asthua 59. Baliya21. Hajiganj 60. Madhopur22. Karauni 61. Phulthua23. Bhapura 62. Tyaunga24. Dargah 63. Gurudwara25. Bhawanipur 64. Phulwaria26. Ketasa 65. Bharaul27. Brahmpura 66. Mustafapur28. Rampura 67. Gariyari29. Hanumannagar 68. Ballapur30. Simri 69. Mahnauli31. Lorika 70. Panchobh32. Brahmpur 71. Baghla33. Barhatol 72. Muhemmsdpur
34. Kaligaon 73. Harchanna35. Sanisiadih 74. Lawatol36. Chamanpur 75. Kamalpur37. Birol 76. Laheria sarai38. Baheri 77. Ekmighat39. Kalwara 78. Baghla
Annexure-3.9
79. Suryapokhar 124. Hichaul80. Lalganj 125. Dihlahi81. Thalwara 126. Sudaspur82. Sima Musahri 127. Dabhraul83. Sarwara 128. Rupauli84. Ratanpura 129. Bisaul85. Ail raa 130. Koylasthan86. Husainabad 131. Narsara87. Muhhammadpur 132. Dath88. Tenua 133. Ukhra89. Moro 134. Basuara90. Hasanpur 135. Gopalpur91. Tisidih 136. Madhopur92. Gorhwara 137. Paraul93. Rajwara 138. Godiapatti94. Bisanpur 139. Mohiuddinpur95. Khaparpura 140. Musima Chaur96. Kolhanta 141. Saidpur97. Patori 142. Rampur98. Dhankhi 143. Labtol99. Basant 144. Nardariya100. Chandauli 145. Balwaha101. Habitol 146. Bahpatti102. Gorhaila 147. Poaria103. Dumrawan Din 148. Makhnahi104. Sudaspur 149. Bishanpur105. Karamganj 150. Chhatauna106. Santpur 151. Ganj107. Lavatuliya 152. Gurel108. Barheta 153. Gorhari109. Karehta 154. Phulwaria110. Khairajpur 155. Ramdiri111. Enia 156. Bhawanipur112. Chandih 157. Hanumannagar113. Dhancila 185. Nayatola114. Maheshpatti 186. Uchauli115. Naktitola 187. Morwara116. Taralahi 188. Dhab117. Shahpur 189. Gobarsithl118. Ojhoul 190. Kamargawan119. Ura 191. Amadih120. Lavtoliya 192. Neyam121. Dharnipatti 193. Gharari122. Sinwara 194. Sarai Hamid123. Rampatti
Annexure-3.9
Statement of Villages in Identified Patch for Survey
Mahananda Command – Patch-3
1. Fatehpur2. Hariharpur3. Phulbaria4. Tarhagachh5. Musahara6. Kuari
27. Latar28. Rampur29. Sontha30. Kochadhamm
31. Matiari32. Suhia33. Dhadar34. Baigna35. Rupani36. Haribhasa13. Haldikhoar14. Bishimpur15. Andhasur16. Purandaha17. Bibiganj18. Pathaghatti19. Bhelaguri20. Dhangara21. Bhatabari22. Jhingakata23. Maheshbathna24.Birpur25. Gopipur26. Betal Garden
Annex-3.10
SR.No. Length of Distributary /Minor / Sub-Minor (Km)
RD of OfftakingPoint (Km)
District
1 8.16 174.65M1 L 2.13 0.43M2 R 6.35 1.22
SM1 L 4.24 2.81M3 L 4.05 2.80M4 L 4.57 8.16M5 R 3.15 8.16
2 21.30 182.02M1 R 11.32 0.41M2 L 3.65 6.56M3 L 1.70 10.22M4 L 0.81 12.49M5 L 7.03 13.76M6 R 11.18 21.30
SM1 L 2.66 1.53SM2 R 2.35 3.56M7 L 3.30 21.30
3 14.32 183.24
Details of Canal Network as per Micro Planning in Patch-1 of Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Command
Chainage at Entry Point of WSKMC in India = 156.78 kmName of Distributries /Direct Minors / Minors No. of Minors
DD2 (Ex-WSKC)
DD1 (Ex-WSKC)
SITAMARHI
7
DD3 (Ex-WSKC)
5
7
3 14.32 183.24M1 R 9.79 0.44M2 R 5.97 2.54
SM1 R 5.50 3.43M3 R 14.97 7.01
SM1 L 2.63 0.63SM2 R 1.77 2.89SM3 R 2.68 9.70SM4 R 2.07 10.15M4 L 1.52 7.86M5 L 5.12 12.15
SM1 L 1.17 2.41M6 L 5.47 14.32M7 R 6.14 14.32
4 7.18 192.02M1 L 5.25 1.62
D.O. - 2.97M2 L 3.40 7.18M3 R 1.51 7.18
50.96143.43
4
SITAMARHI
DD4 (Ex-WSKC)
DD3 (Ex-WSKC)
7
TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT DISTRIBUTARIES (Km) - 4 Nos.
D: DistributaryDD: Direct Distributary
BC: Branch Canal in Zone-IIDM: Direct minorM: Minors
TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km) - 23 Nos.WSKC: Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal
Annex-3.11
SR.No. Length of Distributary /Minor / Sub-Minor (Km)
RD of Offtaking Point(Km)
District
1 1.95 81.272 22.52 83.34
M1 R 1.52 0.94M2 L 0.97 1.95
D.O. - 2.49D.O. - 3.28M3 L 4.59 3.90M4 L 2.55 4.77M5 R 1.04 5.76
D.O. - 5.97M6 R 1.96 7.09M7 L 2.91 7.62M8 L 2.88 8.01M9 R 0.65 9.24M10 L 1.61 10.46M11 R 0.71 11.23M12 L 2.68 12.82M13 L 4.33 14.04SM1 L 2.26 1.43M14 R 0.77 14.27D.O. - 17.12M15 R 2.48 18.08D.O. - 18.70M16 L 0.70 19.16D.O. - 19.77D.O. - 20.53M17 R 0.91 20.69M18 R 2.51 22.52
3 20.09 84.85D.O. - 0.18M1 R 1.47 0.30
DM2 (Ex-BC-II)D14 (Ex-BCII)
Details of Canal Network as per Micro Planning in Patch-2 of Burhi Gandak-BagmatiCommand
Length of Branch Canal (BC-II) in Patch 2 = 11.46 km
DARBHANGA
Name of Distributries / DirectMinors / Minors
18
No. of Minors
D15 (Ex-BC-II)
13
M1 R 1.47 0.30D.O. - 2.19M2 R 1.019 2.62M3 R 2.88 3.35
D.O. - 6.70D.O. - 7.64M4 R 4.00 8.00M5 L 2.71 10.52M6 L 4.13 11.74M7 R 1.60 12.05M8 L 1.80 14.98M9 R 1.26 14.98M10 L 2.54 16.05M11 L 2.76 17.37M12 R 1.58 18.45M13 L 2.39 20.09
4 7.82 86.635 0.93 87.926 1.52 87.927 8.92 90.57
M1 L 3.32 0.15M2 R 1.32 1.47M3 R 2.26 2.50M4 R 1.74 3.95
D.O. - 4.70M5 L 1.42 5.53
D.O. - 7.84M6 R 2.38 8.92
8 DM6 (Ex-BC-II) 1.64 90.579 DM7 (Ex-BC-II) 1.70 92.4010 DM8 (Ex-BC-II) 2.59 94.4611 DM9 (Ex-BC-II) 6.00 96.1612 9.14 96.16
M1 L 2.03 2.44M2 L 1.18 6.59M3 L 0.97 7.70M4 R 1.68 9.14
60.6724.1486.44
4
D17 (Ex-BC-II)
D16 (Ex-BC-II)
TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km) - 41 Nos.TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km) - 8 Nos.
DARBHANGA
TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTARIES (Km) - 4 Nos.
D: Distributary
DO: Direct Outlet
BC: Branch Canal in Zone-II
13
DM: Direct minorM: Minors
6
DD: Direct Distributary
DM3 (Ex-BC-II)DM4(Ex-BC-II)DM5 (Ex-BC-II)
WSKC: Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal
Annex-3.12
SR.No. Length of Distributary /Minor / Sub-Minor (Km) RD of Offtaking Point
(Km)
District
1 0.07 1.152 0.25 2.563 17.20 2.56
M1 R 0.31 1.25M2 R 0.97 2.04M3 R 2.95 2.34M4 R 11.30 3.19M5 L 0.21 5.46M6 L 0.52 6.51M7 L 0.65 7.73M8 R 3.34 7.93M9 L 1.25 8.58
M10 R 0.11 8.83M11 L 1.40 9.58M12 R 2.11 10.47M13 R 0.11 12.39M14 L 0.99 12.39M15 R 1.58 13.34M16 L 1.23 14.34M17 R 0.38 15.45M18 L 3.66 15.45M19 L 3.46 17.20M20 R 2.78 17.20
4 2.88 2.865 0.80 3.976 2.13 4.547 0.17 6.988 16.60 8.78
M1 R 9.30 0.10SM1 R 1.18 7.97M2 L 3.19 0.35M3 R 0.55 4.27M4 L 0.09 4.27M5 L 1.33 5.35M6 L 1.23 7.32M7 L 0.11 9.12M8 R 5.36 9.91M9 R 0.13 12.24
DM6 (Ex-BC-III)D2 (Ex-BC-III)*
Details of Canal Network as per Micro Planning in Patch-3 of MahanandaCommand
Length of Branch Canal (BC-III) in Patch 3 = 16.93 km
16
Kishanganj
Name of Distributries /Direct Minors / Minors
DM1 (Ex-BC-III)
DM2 (Ex-BC-III)
D1 (Ex-BC-III)
DM3 (Ex-BC-III)DM4(Ex-BC-III)DM5 (Ex-BC-III)
No. of Minors
20
M9 R 0.13 12.24M10 L 1.82 12.24M11 R 0.45 13.08M12 R 0.19 13.80M13 R 0.15 14.86M14 L 0.13 14.86M15 L 0.13 15.65M16 R 0.38 16.10
9 2.48 12.37M1 L 1.30 1.45M2 L 2.10 2.48
10 0.20 14.2111 12.69 16.18
M1 R 0.88 0.00M2 L 1.49 0.00M3 L 0.12 1.30M4 L 0.28 1.75M5 R 1.52 1.85M6 L 2.15 3.41M7 R 1.46 3.66M8 L 3.90 4.43M9 L 1.64 5.71
M10 L 1.34 7.20M11 R 0.12 8.63M12 L 0.15 8.82M13 R 1.72 10.29M14 L 0.18 10.77M15 L 0.20 11.92M16 R 1.39 12.69
12 15.89 16.93M1 R 0.14 0.98M2 L 1.59 1.13M3 R 7.41 1.72M4 L 0.14 2.47M5 L 1.30 3.32M6 R 0.13 3.32M7 R 7.79 4.17M8 L 1.22 6.07M9 L 1.11 7.43
M10 L 2.26 8.38M11 L 0.53 9.58M12 R 0.15 10.12M13 L 2.08 10.67M14 R 0.19 10.96M15 L 2.86 11.45M16 R 3.41 12.14M17 R 0.18 12.69M18 R 0.62 13.61M19 L 0.39 14.29
64.846.50
120.45
D4 (Ex-BC-III)*
D5 (Ex-BC-III) *
D3 (Ex-BC-III)
DM-7 (Ex-BC-III)
16
*Distributary continued into Zone-III
Kishanganj
BC: Branch Canal in Zone-IIWSKC: Western Sapta Kosi Main Canal
DM: Direct minorM: Minors
TOTAL LENGTH OF MINORS (Km) - 73 Nos.
2
TOTAL LENGTH OF DISTRIBUTARIES (Km) - 5 Nos.
D: DistributaryDD: Direct Distributary
TOTAL LENGTH OF DIRECT MINORS (Km) - 7 Nos.
16
19
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1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
CHAPTER-IV
STABILIZATION OF IRRIGATION IN EXISTING PROJECTS
4.1 GENERAL
As indicated in the Inception Report submitted to JPO-SKSKI in May, 2009, there are
following existing major irrigation projects in the area / basins in India which can be
considered for stabilization of irrigation;
i) Eastern Kosi Canal System (Ex Bhim Nagar barrage at Hanuman Nagar onriver Kosi) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.1.
ii) Western Kosi Canal Project (Ex Bhim Nagar barrage at Hanuman Nagar onriver Kosi) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.2.
iii) Kamla Irrigation Project (Ex Kamla barrage on river Kamla, a tributary ofBagmati / Kosi river system) – Salient Features are at Annex-2.3.
4.2 AREA UNDER THE COMMAND OF EXISTING /ON-GOING PROJECTS
As indicated above, there are two major irrigation schemes viz. Eastern Kosi Canal
Project (EKCP) (including Rajpur Branch Canal) and Western Kosi Canal Project
(WKCP) having gross command areas of 9.19 lakh ha and 3.05 lakh ha (in Indian
territory) respectively. Besides, there is one existing scheme in Kamla basin viz.
Kamla Irrigation Project (KIP) with gross command area of only 0.66 lakh ha. In this
connection, it is to be mentioned that the canal system of Western Kosi Canal is in
advanced stage of construction. On completion of WKCP, command area of Kings
Canal under Kamla Irrigation Project would be included under command of WKCP.
Total length of Kings canal, offtaking from 5.30 RD of Kamla Western Main Canal is
45 km. It merges into the tail end at 8.2 RD of Saharghat Branch Canal under
Western Kosi Canal System at its 18 km of length. Hence, in the present study, 0.46
lakh ha (0.66–0.20) of GCA has been considered under Kamla Irrigation Scheme.
The details of GCA & CCA of existing and ongoing projects in the basins under study
area are given in Table 4.1.
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2WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
TABLE 4.1Details of GCA & CCA of Existing / Ongoing Projects in Study Area
(Unit: Lakh ha)Sl.No.
Name of Basin / Project GCA CCA Ratio of GCA
to CCA
PlannedIntensity ofIrrigation
Remarks
1 Bagmati – Adhwara Basin - - - - -
2 Kamla Balan Basin 0.46 0.28 60.9% -
Kamala Irrigation Project Existing
3 Kosi Basin
i) Eastern Kosi Canal Project (EKCP) 7.43 (6.04)* 4.95 ( 3.49)* 66.6% (57.8) 115.0% Existing
ii) Rajpur Canal 1.76 (1.40)* 1.17 (0.91)* 66.5% (65.0) 121.5% Existing
9.19 (7.44)* 6.12 (4.40)* 66.6% ( 59.1)
iii) Western Kosi Canal Project (WKCP)
- In Nepal 0.20 0.13 65.0% On going(nearing
completion)- In Bihar 3.05 2.03 66.6%
3.25 2.16 66.5% 115.5%
4 Mahananda Basin - - - -
TotalIn India
12.70(10.95)
8.43(6.71)
66.4%(61.3%)
-
* GCA and CCA revised by Kosi Irrigation Committee, 1975
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3WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
Since Western Kosi Canal Project which envisages irrigation at 115.5% intensity of
irrigation is still not fully completed and also involves international ramification, the
same has not been considered for further stabilization. The extent and scope of
stabilization in other two projects in discussed hereunder.
4.3 EASTERN KOSI CANAL SYSTEM
4.3.1 Project Details
The project envisaged Eastern Kosi Canal offtaking from Bhim Nagar barrage at
Hanuman Nagar to irrigate 5.69 lakh ha annually with an irrigation intensity of 115%.
The gross command area of the project was assessed as 7.43 lakh ha while culturable
command area was worked out as 4.95 lakh ha, giving an allowance of one-third of
the GCA for spill areas, culturable waste, other than the current fallow land,
unculturable waste, Govt. land and 5% of gross area to cover such area as will not be
able to take water for irrigation due to various reasons. The command was bounded
by the Bhenga dhar on the west, the Eastern Kosi main canal on the north, the river
Parman on the east and the river Kosi and the Ganga on the south.
The Rajpur Branch Canal taking off from the Eastern Kosi Main Canal at RD 14.50
was originally planned to provide irrigation to a gross command area of 1.76 lakh ha
in Saharsa district while culturable command area was taken as 2/3rd of GCA as in
case of Kosi Eastern Canal System which worked out to 1.17 lakh ha. It also
envisaged a hydel power house at R.D. 12.00 of the Eastern Kosi Main Canal with
installed capacity of 20,000 KW utilising a drop of about 4 m (13 ft.) in the canal
bed level.
The work of Rajpur Branch Canal was taken up in the year 1962 and irrigation
commenced since the year 1968.
The figures of GCA & CCA were later on revised as given in Table – 4.2.
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4WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
Table-4.2
Revised GCA, CCA & Annual Irrigation of Eastern Kosi & Rajpur Canal System
SlNo
Name of canal system GCA(in lakh ha)
CCA(in lakh ha)
Intensity ofirrigation
Annualirrigation(in lakh ha)
1 Eastern Kosi Canal System 7.43 4.95 115.0% 5.692 Rajpur Branch Canal 1.76 1.17 121.5% 1.43
Total 9.19 6.12 7.12
(Source: Report of KIC 1975)
Thus the Kosi Eastern Canal System including Rajpur Branch Canal System
envisaged an annual irrigation of 7.12 lakh ha.
Eastern Kosi main canal with length of 43.5 km has five Branch canals viz. Rajpur,
Murliganj, Janaki Nagar, Purnea and Araria branch canals. From Rajpur branch
canal, four sub-branches offtake, namely, Supaul, Saharsa, Gamharia and Madhepura.
The details of distribution system of Eastern Kosi canal system is given in Table 4.3.
Table – 4.3Details of distribution system of Eastern Kosi Canal
SlNo.
Name of Canal DesignedCapacityin cumec(cusec)
Lengthof canalin km.
GCAin Lakh
ha.
CCA as peroriginalreport inlakh ha.
AnnualIrrigation(lakh ha)
1. Eastern KosiCanal
424.50(15000)
43.27 7.43 4.95 5.69
a) Murliganj Br.Canal
45.0(1590)
64.40 1.21 0.80 0.92
b) Janakinagar Br.Canal
99.0(3500)
82.11 2.72 1.81 2.08
C) Purnea Br. Canal 85.0(3010)
64.40 2.15 1.44 1.64
d) Araria Br. Canal 41.0(1450)
57.96 0.97 0.64 0.75
e) Direct Dy. fromMain Canal.
77.8(2750)
191.59 0.38 0.26 0.30
2. Rajpur Br. Canal 76.4(2700)
9.66 1.76 1.17 1.43
Total 9.19 6.12 7.12( Source: Report of Kosi Irrigation Committee, 1975)
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5WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
The Index Map of Eastern Kosi Canal Systemis given at Plate-2.3. The Index Map of
Western Kosi Canal System is also enclosed at Plate 2.4.
The Eastern Kosi canal system was designed to serve a CCA of 6.12 lakh ha, which
has been presently revised to 4.40 lakh ha (3.49 lakh ha under EKC and 0.91 lakh ha
under Rajpur canal) covering 40 blocks in the districts of Supaul, Saharsa,
Madhepura, Purnea, Katihar, Araria and Khagaria (only one block). Annual Irrigation
which was originally 7.12 lakh ha was also reduced to 4.48 lakh ha after review by the
Kosi Irrigation Committee in 1975.
(a) Potential Created and Utilised
Irrigation potential created and utilized under Eastern Kosi Canal System from the
year 1974-75 onwards upto 2007-08 is given in Table 4.4. It may be seen therefrom
that the performance of project has not improved even after substantial reduction of
CCA from 6.12 lakh ha to 4.40 lakh ha. Against the planned irrigation potential of
4.48 lakh ha, potential of 3.92 lakh ha was created by 1982-83 and thereafter it has
remained at same level. A perusal of the figures of actual utilization shows
maximum achievement of only 2.09 lakh ha in 1983-84 & 1984-85 which is 53.32%
of potential created. This reflects substantially poor performance of the project
showing lack of proper maintenance and deficiencies in water management practices.
Table 4.4Irrigation Potential created and utilized under Eastern Kosi Canal System
(Unit: lakh ha)Year Ultimate
PotentialPotentialCreated
Potentialutilised
% ofUtilisation toUltimatePotential
% ofUtilisationto CreatedPotential
1974-75 4.48 2.28 1.23 27.46 53.95
1975-76 4.48 2.25 1.70 37.95 75.56
1976-77 4.48 2.68 1.76 39.29 65.67
1977-78 4.48 2.68 1.80 40.18 67.16
1978-79 4.48 2.74 1.34 29.91 48.91
1979-80 4.48 2.80 2.02 45.09 72.14
1980-81 4.48 2.95 1.62 36.16 54.92
1981-82 4.48 3.18 1.80 40.18 56.60
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6WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
Year UltimatePotential
PotentialCreated
Potentialutilised
% ofUtilisation toUltimatePotential
% ofUtilisationto CreatedPotential
1982-83 4.48 3.92 2.08 46.43 53.06
1983-84 4.48 3.92 2.09 46.65 53.32
1984-85 4.48 3.92 2.09 46.65 53.32
1985-86 4.48 3.92 1.32 29.46 33.67
1986-87 4.48 3.92 1.53 34.15 39.03
1987-88 4.48 3.92 0.50 11.16 12.76
1988-89 4.48 3.92 1.37 30.58 34.95
1989-90 4.48 3.92 1.75 39.06 44.64
1990-91 4.48 3.92 1.67 37.28 42.60
1991-92 4.48 3.92 1.65 36.83 42.09
1992-93 4.48 3.92 1.77 39.50 45.15
1993-94 4.48 3.92 1.46 32.59 37.24
1994-95 4.48 3.92 1.42 31.70 36.22
1995-96 4.48 3.92 1.58 35.27 40.31
1996-97 4.48 3.92 1.29 28.79 32.91
1997-98 4.48 3.92 1.40 31.25 35.71
1998-99 4.48 3.92 1.14 25.45 29.08
1999-2000 4.48 3.92 0.87 19.42 22.19
2000-01 4.48 3.92 1.23 27.45 31.78
2001-02 4.48 3.92 1.62 37.28 41.33
2002-03 4.48 3.92 1.98 44.20 50.51
2003-04 4.48 3.92 1.27 28.35 32.40
2004-05 4.48 3.92 0.83 18.53 21.17
2005-06 4.48 3.92 1.25 27.90 31.89
2006-07 4.48 3.92 1.31 29.24 33.42
2007-08 4.48 3.92 1.28 28.57 32.65
(Source: WRD, GOB, Patna)
(b) Kosi Technical Committee, 1971
To assess the measures in order to ensure optimum flood protection and irrigation
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7WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
benefits in the Kosi region, Kosi Technical Committee was constituted under the
Chairmanship of eminent Water Resources Engineer Dr. Kanwar Sain in 1971 by
Govt. of Bihar in consultation with Govt. of India. The Committee reviewed the
functioning of the Barrage and its effect on the river regime. The originally
envisaged function of the barrage was as follows:
(i) To arrest coarse silt and flatten the gradient of the river.
(ii) To head up the river water level and divert canal supplies for flow irrigation.
(iii) To act as a control structure at a location where the river gradient was foundto change sharply
(iv) Full supply level required for the Eastern Canal was RL 232’ while that forthe Western Canal it was RL 244’. Hence a pond level of RL 245’ was calledfor. The barrage was, however, designed for a pond level of RL 255’ toenable flexible operation between RL 255’ and RL 245’ for the sake of moreeffective gradient control, depending on future behaviour of the river.
An extract of relevant portion of the report is given below:
“The barrage constructed at Bhimnagar, 26 mile downstream of Chatra wascommissioned in March, 1963 and had the following salient features:
a) Total width between abutments 3,770 feet against the river width of 22,770 ft.
b) Average channel bed RL 230’c) Sill level of the barrage RL 255’d) Pond level: RL 245’ to RL 255’
Main findings of the Committee are as follows:
“(i) The heading up in Kosi at the river stages of 1 to 3 lakh cusec when thesediment movement is also active, ranges between 3 and 5 ft. On account ofthe ponding, sediment deposition has occurred, flattening the bed gradient.The slope of the river in the pond area was about 3.22 ft. per mile in the year1956 prior to construction of the barrage, which became flatter to about 2.2 ft.per mile in the year 1969 i.e. in six years of functioning of the barrage. Thematerial deposited in the pond has been mostly coarse sand.
(ii) Cubature studies based on the post-flood 1964 and 1969 surveys revealed thatupstream of the barrage in the pond length of 6 mile, there is some tendencyof siltation.
The above observations show that the river upstream of the barrage is still in
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8WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
the process of building up its bed which may continue till the total rise in bedbecomes 3 to 5 ft. which is the afflux caused during floods at present. Sincethe barrage is designed for the ultimate pond level of 255’ i.e. for a final riseof 10 ft. in pond level. The rise in the river bed upstream of the barrage of theorder of 3 to 5 ft. would not affect the functioning and safety of the structureand the afflux bunds upstream. These also indicated that the river bed hasgenerally lowered between the barrage and 8.75 km downstream beyondwhich siltation of the bed continued as before.
(iii) At the site of Bhimnagar barrage, the main flow existed along the right flankprior to the diversion and it continued to flow around the right guide bund,even after the barrage came into operation though attempts were made tocoax the river towards the left by keeping the central spillway gates open.During the high flood of 1968, the right main channel got silted up and the leftchannel became so active that ultimately a part of the left guide bund nose wasbreached. The active channels have been found to be shifting upstream of thebarrage year after year, and some of the channels were seen to bedangerously close to either of the afflux bunds and the Eastern and Westernearth dams, in the past. Continued vigilance for safety of the afflux bunds isthus warranted.
(iii) The river originally flowing along the right flank was diverted in 1963 throughthe barrage which was constructed towards the left. Downstream of thebarrage, the river again occupied the right bank channels by flowingdiagonally from the barrage towards Dalwa and caused a breach in thewestern embankment nearly 12 km downstream of the barrage during 1963floods. The attack persisted on 'the western flood embankment between Dalwaand Kanauli. In 1966, the attack suddenly shifted to the length of theembankment between 8 km and 9 km above Dalwa and 19 and 21 km belowKanauli (16 km). In 1967. the attack was experienced in the portion between 8km and 10 km of the western embankment. The western embankment continuedto be subjected to river pressure during 1968 and 1969 with only the points ofattack changing slightly. In 1970 the channel following along the westernembankment is reported to have carried lesser discharge than in the previousyears and the attack was shifted to the length between 18 and 23 km of theembankment. It will thus be clear that after commissioning of the barrage theattacks have been occurring downstream of barrage upto 23 km, though thepositions of attack were changing from year to year".
It is evident from the report of the Committee that one of the main objectives of the
barrage which was to arrest coarse silt and flatten the gradient is fulfilled. The other
objective of diverting water to canals for flow irrigation over a large area, has also
been satisfactorily served.
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4.3.2 Present Status and Measures for System Improvement
(i) Siltation in Eastern Kosi Main Canal (EKMC)
- Siltation in EKMC – status as on 1967 & 1968 with about 10,000 cusec
discharge.
Reach Average deposition of silt
First reach 0-12 RD - Nil12 to 14.50 RD - 6.5 ft
2nd reach 14.5 to 43.8 RD - 3.9 ft
3rd reach 43.8 to 78.4RD - 2.8 ft
4th reach 78.4 to 131 RD - 2.0 ft
5th reach 131.0 to 135.15 RD - 6.6 ft
- Bed level of main canal was eroded at several places and got widened from
360 ft to 600 ft in some places with rise of bed by 1972 (period 1964-72).
- Similarly, siltation in Purnea and Araria Branch Canals and their sub-systems
were assessed in Feb.’ 1990.The status found were-rise of bed level by 3.5 ft
in branch canal (length–117 km approx) on an average while in distributaries,
sub distributaries and minors etc. (length 1198 km approx), it was 2.5 ft on an
average and 1.25 ft in water courses (length 1250 km approx).
Overall siltation in head reaches of the canals has been assessed as 55% while
lower down, it varied between 55% to 35%.
(ii) Release of design discharge
EKMC (1984-90) - Design discharge 15,000 cusec
Percentage of actual discharge during kharif and rabi seasons have been as
under:
Kharif - 39.63% of design discharge
Rabi - 27.80% of design discharge
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10WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
(iii) Water reaching upto tail end
Name of Branch Canal Kharif Rabi
Murliganj B.C. (1981-90) 48% 34%
Jankinagar B.C. (1981-89) 43% 33%
Purnea B.C.(1981-90) 56% 55%
Araria B.C. (1981-89) 57% 55%
In addition to above, there are a significant number of unauthorized outlets with
higher capacity and without gates. These are to be removed / replaced by authorized
ones.Field channels and other OFD works which are key to proper water management
alongwith PIM, need to be implemented in a time bound manner. Though a target of
52060 ha against total CCA of 5.20 lakh ha was fixed during Xth Five Year Plan,
there was hardly any achievement.
(iv) Reducing loss in canal system
- Since the terrain is of sandy nature, actual losses in various canals may have to
be observed and reaches having excessive losses be identified so that these
may be lined in a phased manner.
- Losses in Water Courses (W/Cs) are 45% of total losses in canal systems -
20% of water released at the head of main canal is lost in seepage etc. from
W/Cs.
- The W/Cs which are longer than a mile or pass through predominantly sandy
reaches to be lined.
(v) Completion of remaining works/structures in the canals and development of
OFD works
- Though main canal, branch canals, distributaries and minors etc. were
constructed, very little attention was given to W/Cs and FCs etc. since
development of the latter was supposed to be done by the farmers.
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(iii) Water reaching upto tail end
Name of Branch Canal Kharif Rabi
Murliganj B.C. (1981-90) 48% 34%
Jankinagar B.C. (1981-89) 43% 33%
Purnea B.C.(1981-90) 56% 55%
Araria B.C. (1981-89) 57% 55%
In addition to above, there are a significant number of unauthorized outlets with
higher capacity and without gates. These are to be removed / replaced by authorized
ones.Field channels and other OFD works which are key to proper water management
alongwith PIM, need to be implemented in a time bound manner. Though a target of
52060 ha against total CCA of 5.20 lakh ha was fixed during Xth Five Year Plan,
there was hardly any achievement.
(iv) Reducing loss in canal system
- Since the terrain is of sandy nature, actual losses in various canals may have to
be observed and reaches having excessive losses be identified so that these
may be lined in a phased manner.
- Losses in Water Courses (W/Cs) are 45% of total losses in canal systems -
20% of water released at the head of main canal is lost in seepage etc. from
W/Cs.
- The W/Cs which are longer than a mile or pass through predominantly sandy
reaches to be lined.
(v) Completion of remaining works/structures in the canals and development of
OFD works
- Though main canal, branch canals, distributaries and minors etc. were
constructed, very little attention was given to W/Cs and FCs etc. since
development of the latter was supposed to be done by the farmers.
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11WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
- System upto 4 to 5 ha sub-chaks and below upto the field level to be
completed.
- So far main activity has been limited to construction of Kutcha FCs under
CADP and around 60% of the total expenditure was on this item. Land
leveling and drainage etc. have not been taken up even after several decades of
canal operation. Benefits from FCs have not been perceptible except in the
commands for very few minors and W/Cs. Most of the FCs either do not exist
or are damaged.
- It is estimated that an area of 3.06 lakh ha in the command of EKMC
(including Rajpur canal) has irregular topography and requires land leveling
operation. The area under different slopes as assessed are as under:
Slope Area in Lakh ha
Less than 0.3% 1.72
0.3 – 0.6% 1.02
0.6 – 1.0% 0.32
Above 1.0% Nil
3.06 lakh ha
Proper leveling and grading will go a long way in maximizing the utilization of
irrigation potential created.
(vi) Adjustment in cropping pattern and achievement of envisaged irrigationintensity
- Irrigation intensity and cropping pattern scenario in EKMC& Rajpur Branch
Canal are as under:
Existing beforeproject (Purneadist. in 1946-48
Anticipatedcroppingpattern
Revised by KosiIrrigation Committee
(1975)EKMC Rajpur
B.C.Bhadai paddy 10.6% 12% - 5%
Jute 8.2% 15% - 20%
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12WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
Existing beforeproject (Purneadist. in 1946-48
Anticipatedcroppingpattern
Revised by KosiIrrigation Committee
(1975)EKMC Rajpur
B.C.Sugarcane 0.1% 3% - 1.5%
Agani Paddy 51.5% 65% 65% 65%
Rabi 9.3% 20% 20% 30%
Total 79.7% 115% 85% 121.5%
- Farmers do not take water in certain crops like jute,bhadai paddy, sugarcane
etc. As a result 115% of irrigation intensity has not been achieved.
- Study team of Ministry of Agriculture, GOI suggested that bhadai paddy
should be done away with and aghani paddy to be of 45%. Out of this, more
than half should be H.Y.V. They also suggested that intensity of irrigation for
wheat to be increased from 9.3% to 24.9%. However, following reasons have
been attributedtowards non-development of wheat:
Fields under aghani paddy are not free till even end of December.Adoption of HYV could ease the problem on this account.
Cost of wheat cultivation is high.
Duty for wheat is 81 ha while that of aghani paddy is 40 ha/cusec
Canal has been designed to meet requirement of aghani paddy during itscritical period. The requirement during rabi is much lower than the FullSupply Discharge. If canals are run on reduced discharge as perrequirement,water level in canals would be much lower than theFSL;hence it would be difficult to take water in large parts of command.To remedy it, at least 2/3rd at full supply discharge will have to be drawn inthe main and branch canals. The distributaries and minors will have to runon rotation with FSL and surplus water to be escaped.
Procurement policy of wheat under levy is not farmer friendly.
Non availability of seeds, fertilizers and other inputs
Future trends show cultivation of high starch maize as a rabi crop, isgetting popular due to lower cost of cultivation and return equal to wheat.
H.W. cultivation of maize and moong, which may be undertaken withalternative sources of irrigation to be encouraged.
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(vii) Restricting entry of silt in canals
A silt ejector has been constructed at 2.25 RD of EKMC which has been found to
exclude 25 to 30% of incoming coarse and medium silt. Due to drawal of higher
discharge, silt carrying capacity increased but there is reduction in siltation in Main
Canal. Main hurdle is that land for escape channels has not been acquired.
(viii) Boulder lining over layer of filter in main canal
Silt deposition is significant in Main Canal upto 43.8 RD from Rajpur Canal take-off
point i.e. RD 14.5 RD. The sides have been stabilized upto 14.5 RD in the Main Canal
by providing boulder pitching over a layer of filter. Probably work has been extended
upto 43.8 RD in the Main Canal and by 25.0 RD in Rajpur. Such stabilization should
be undertaken wherever sub-soil water level is appreciably higher than the bed level
and the strata is of cohesionless sand.
(ix) Drawing canal discharge over higher sill level
Canal supplies to be drawn with sill levels of 242 ft and not at the level of 236 ft of
the head regulator which is also the top of the excluder tunnels. This will be helpful
in reducing the siltation in the canal but requires regular maintenance with increased
extent of siltation in barrage pond. Alsoas per Jain and Mitra recommendation, the
left under-sluice pocket and gates are kept closed excepting those of silt excluder
tunnels. This system of regulation is said to have reduced the silt entry into the canals
to the extent of 25%. Again on their recommendation, flooding of left pocket is done
once a week during the flood seasons, keeping the canal closed for a few hours which
is found to be useful. The canal is to be closed when total sediment concentration at
the head regulator exceeds 3000 ppm which would prevent rapid deposition of
sediment in the canals.
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(x) (a) Measures to enhance the CCA under existing system
- Kosi Irrigation Committee (1975) had excluded certain waterlogged area from
the command to the extent of 1.24 lakh ha.
- It is estimated (as per Report by Meta Planners, 1992) that 0.81 lac ha can be
reclaimed for rabi cultivation, if due attention is given for desilting of trunk
and subsidiary drains.
- Existing waterways in bridges/ culverts shall be widened and additional ones
to be provided as per requirement.
- Post – monsoon water table fluctuations shall be studied and water-logged
areas to be identified to take up following measures.
In area with ground water level upto 5 ft - bamboo boring on a large scale
to be taken up.
In areas with ground water level from 5 ft to 10 ft - only kharif irrigation to
be done and bamboo boring on a large scale to be encouraged.
In areas with ground water level from 10 ft to 15 ft - kharif and rabi
irrigation to be done, keeping a critical watch and if it deteriorates, then
only paddy irrigation to be done.
(b) Problem of high patch areas and new areas which were not covered inKosi Command earlier
- High patch areas – 0.81 lac ha
- out of the above, about 0.40 lac ha can be brought under irrigation by:
rise in FSL due to siltation
Some areas can be irrigated by constructing parallel channels fromabove existing falls.
Installation of pumps in the canal below Purnea-SaharsaRailwayLine, since large area is deprived of irrigation due tolowering of FSL of canal to keep level of railway line unchanged. Ifsome pumps are installed below the railway line areas to raise thewater level by few ft and canal system is remodelled to suit thehigher levels, some additional areas at minimum cost can be covered.
A patch of about 3240 ha lying between Rajpur Branch canal, HayaDhar and Gamaharia Branch canal which was earlier considered asuncommandable can be brought under command by taking out achannel from Rajpur feeder channel from suitable spot.
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(c) Completion of By-Pass complex
Location of power house with installed capacity of 20,000 KW utilizing a fall
of 13 ft at RD 12 of EKMC, non commissioning of power units of all its units
and failures have stood in the way for running the Main Canal at its full
capacity. To make it independent, the entire by-pass complex including the
second fall may be completed at the earliest.Out of this, only first fall is
nearing completion and second one has probably not been taken up so far to
negotiate 13 ft height between u/s and d/s of power house. The work on by-
pass channel is on going for a capacity of 10600 cusec. The total discharge of
the main canal is 15,000 cusec. The arrangement of the power house is such
that it will allow 15000 cusec through the four power vents-3750 cusec
through each vent.
4.4 KAMLA IRRIGATION PROJECT
4.4.1 Project Details
Kamla Irrigation Project consists of a 1.5 m high weir across the river Kamla with
head regulators on both the banks for Right and Left Kamla main canals. The project
falls in the composite river basin of Burhi Gandak, Bagmati and Kamla rivers.
The headworks are located near Jayanagar town at lat. 26o 35’ N and long. 86o 10’ E
of Madhubani District of Bihar. The catchment area of the river upto the headworks
is 2138 sq km, out of which 1334 sq km is hilly and the remaining 804 sq km is in
plains. The length of the weir between abutments is 292.53 m and the design
discharge is 3965 cumec (1,40,000 cusec).
The project was designed for a Gross Command Area (GCA) of 66529 ha and
Culturable Command Area (CCA) of 39921 ha. The Western Main Canal on the right
bank (16.03 km long) serves a GCA & CCA of 57744 ha & 34648 ha respectively to
cover 7 blocks of Madhubani District namely Jayanagar, Basopatti, Harlakhi,
Madhwapur, Benipatti, Bisfi, Khajauli and Rahika (part) and the Eastern Main Canal
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16WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
on the left bank (8.17 km long) serves a GCA & CCA of 8785 ha & 5273 ha
respectively to cover 3 blocks of Madhubani District namely Jayanagar, Ladaina and
Babu Barhi. The design discharge at head of Western Main Canal and Eastern Main
Canal are 22.66 cumec (800 cusec) and 3.18 cumec (112 cusec) respectively.
However, after construction of the Western Kosi Canal, southern portion of Kamla
Canal on the right bank mainly comprising the Command area of King’s Canal off
taking from 5.30 RD of Kamla Right Main Canal & having 45 km length got
amalgamated in Western Kosi Canal Command to the extent of GCA = 19311 ha and
CCA = 11590 ha. Thus, the remaining command of Kamla Irrigation Project now
stands at GCA = 47218 ha, CCA= 28331 ha against original GCA=66529 ha and
CCA= 39921 ha.
The construction of the project started in 1970 and completed in the year 1975-76.
The headworks is approachable from Madhubani through a pucca road, which crosses
Kamla river at headworks with a bridge on it and connects Nirmali and Birpur, where
the headworks of Kosi Project is located.
The ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 25498 ha against a revised CCA of
28331 ha at design intensity of irrigation of 90% with seasonwise break-up as under :
Kharif - 19832 ha (70% of CCA)
Rabi - 5666 ha (20% of CCA)
Total - 25498 ha (90% of CCA)
The ultimate irrigation potential has been fully created.
Index map of Kamla Irrigation Project is given in Plate 2.5.
4.4.2 Present status and measures for system improvement
i) Potential Utilisation: Year wise % of potential utilised against potential created has
been as under :
Year Kharif(%)
Rabi(%)
Total(%)
Draft Detailed Project Report
Year Kharif(%\
Rabi(%)
Total(%)
t995 -96 54 5 42r996-97 45 - 361997 -98 27 7 a1
LJ1998-99 56 6 441999-00 58 9 472000-01 29 10 25200r -02 55 0 432002-03 68 0 532003-04 100 B 822004-0s 83 B 66200s-06 79 6 62
Though the potential utilisation in Kharif has been 100% in the year 2003-04,itis less
than l0% in rabi. Lower achievement in rabi is attributed to various factors likescarcity of water', siltation in canals. poor maintenance of water courses/field
channels, lower weir efficiency, canal conveyance efficiency etc.
ii)
iii)
Weir Efficiency: Efficiency of u,eir can be
water at the project head to meet the gross
area. In other words;
expressed as the ability of weir to divert
irrigation requirement of the command
Weir efficiency : V o lum e o f W at e r d"iu e r t e d" t o c an a I sy s t e m at h e a dv o lume o f w at er r e quir em e nt t om e e t t h e G I R o f irr t g at ionar e a
By using the data of actual releases from the weir during the months of July, August,
September and October against the gross demand for the period from 1996 to 2005.
weir efficiency has been found to be widely varying from ll% to 89o/o.
Low efficiency of the weir may be attributed to :
- Siltation of the ponded area of the weir upto crest over the period of 30 years
since construction.
- Inadequate functioning of under sluice gates and falling shutters over weir crest.
Canal Conveyance Efficiency:Canal conveyance efficiency of the main canal and
distributaries has been assessed as 76% and 76.8% respectively, giving overall
1,7II/APCOS LId Clnpter-ll'
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18WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
conveyance efficiency of 58.4% with the field application efficiency assessed at 44%
overall efficiency works out to only 25.7%.
Since canal capacities have reduced due to siltation,restoration of section may
improve the conveyance efficiency of the canal system.
iv) Carrying Capacity of Canals
Design Discharge(cusec)
Existing Capacity(cusec)
Western Main Kamla Canal 800 454 to 540
Kings Canal 400 191 to 271
Korahia Distributary 55 34 to 58
The canal sections measured at different places and compared with the design sections
show siltation in the canals. The canals, therefore, require desiltation in order to
restore their original design capacities.
4.4.3 Improvement in Water Use Efficiency
The water use efficiency in Kamla Irrigation Project may improve by taking the
following remedial measures :
i) Clearance of silt from the pond area of the weir
ii) Proper maintenance and operation of undersluice gates & falling shutters sothat water during lean season can be stored / diverted and potential utilisationimproved during rabi season.
iii) Desilting of canals for restoration of original canal sections, followed byregular maintenance
iv) Adopting better water management practices to improve farm applicationefficiency which is very low at present by introducing rotational water supplyand participatory irrigation management.
v) Maintenance of water courses and field channels to be carried out with theinvolvement of farmers.
vi) Command area is well drained by natural drains. However they may alsorequire periodical maintenance.
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4.5 STABILIZATION OF IRRIGATION IN EXISTING PROJECTS
4.5.1 Stabilization through Performance Improvement and Better Water Management
Many of the existing irrigation projects in India are operating below their potential
due to operational and maintenance deficiencies. Even a marginal improvement in the
efficiency of water used in irrigation will result in saving a large volume of water
which can be utilized for stabilizing irrigation in the command area either by
extending the irrigated area or by increasing the intensity of irrigation.
It has been seen in the earlier paragraphs of this chapter that both Eastern Kosi Canal
Project and Kamla Irrigation Project have been underperforming primarily due to the
management deficiencies. It is therefore important that aspects concerning water
management as elaborated below are dealt with on urgent basis in order to stabilize
the irrigation to the level designed for.
4.5.1.1 Maintenance of Irrigation Systems
Due to lack of requisite maintenance, quite a few of the irrigation networks have
deteriorated markedly over the years. The main deficiencies include weed infestation,
siltation, broken canal linings, failing and damaged structures and inoperative drains.
Such structures are unable to deliver the water reliably to support crop needs as per
the approved operational plans. The worst affected areas are the secondary and
tertiary systems.
The financing of maintenance through non- plan funds has been posing a serious
problem. Prior to independence, the irrigation rates were generally sufficient to meet
the working expenditure on operation and maintenance of irrigation systems. Since
independence, however, there has been progressive deterioration in the return and
efficiency of irrigation projects, imposing a growing burden on the revenue and
agricultural production in the states.
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4.5.1.2 Equity, Timeliness and Reliability of Supplies
Equitable distribution of water to the fields and adoption of proper water application
methods have great bearing on productivity. Generally, farmers in head-reach not
knowing the implications of excessive water application to their fields, are tempted to
draw excess water. They not only suffer by way of low production and damage to
their lands, but also deprive other farmers, whose lands are situated in the tail reaches
of the projects, of their due share of irrigation supplies. Therefore, it is necessary to
ensure equitable, timely and efficient water utilization in the tertiary system below the
outlet by organizing irrigation scheduling and co-ordinated water delivery plan.
In the conventionally operated system, the control structures are operated sequentially
from upstream to downstream which takes days to effect any change in delivery in a
large canal system and the canal system does not respond quickly to flow changes.
The overall canal operation has, therefore, to be improved to provide this capability
which will also help inimproving the distribution system, and give the farmer more
freedom to operate and increase the on-farm efficiency. Computer assisted Decision
Support System and canal automation may ultimately overcome the above
shortcomings in the conventional canal operation.
4.5.1.3Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM)
It has now been recognised that unless farmers are involved in an organised way, in
the operation, management and maintenance of irrigation system, the objective of
increased utilisation and production from irrigation commands cannot be realised and
even if realised cannot be sustained in the long run. Many shortcomings of present
irrigation management could be reduced by effectively involving farmers in the
irrigation management. Formation of Water Users Associations (WUAs) offers
considerable scope to improve the present situation. In the PIM system, the
department is responsible for supply of water at the head of the distributory or minor
and below the head, the WUAs would be responsible for distribution, operation,
maintenance and management of the secondary and tertiary portions of the
distribution network upto the farm gate. Such an arrangement may also include
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21WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
autonomy to farmers to utilise the water purchased by them in any manner. Within the
area of operation of WUAs, the role of the Government would be limited to
promotion and technical assistance to the WUAs.
Command Area Development Programme has been advocating the concept of
farmers’ participation in the irrigation water management for a very long time. A
number of irrigation water users' cooperatives/societies have been established in
different parts of the country. The experience of these farmers' associations has been
encouraging. The challenge to the planners is to bring the entire irrigation system
under PIM. That, as of today, is seen as the long term solutionto sustain development.
4.5.1.4 Conjunctive use of Surface and Groundwater
Integrated and coordinated development of surface and groundwater is widely
recognised as a most suitable strategy for irrigation development in alluvial plains. In
earlier times, more emphasis was given to development of surface irrigation which
resulted in degradation of land in some of the commands. Gradual rise in water table,
related problems of waterlogging and soil salinity/alkalinity have surfaced mainly
because of lack of drainage provision, improper water management, inadequate
maintenance, etc.
Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater will not only increase the irrigation
potential, but also mitigate the problem of waterlogging. The technologies of
irrigation from the two sources have to be integrated in a complementary manner in a
conjunctive irrigation system, in order to achieve sustainable optimum agricultural
production and equity. Such integration can be brought about in one or more of the
following ways:
Conjunctive in space: Some parts of the command may be irrigated exclusively by
surface water and the other parts by groundwater.
Conjunctive in time: Parts of the command may be irrigated by surface water at one
time of the growing period or in one crop season, and by groundwater at another time
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of the growing period or in another crop season. Surface water may be provided for
irrigation in the "Kharif" season when there is abundant water in the rivers and exploit
groundwater in "Rabi" or Summer season when rivers usually carry lean flows.
Conjunctive by augmentation: Supplies from one source are augmented by those
from the other source e.g. augmentation tube wells.
Though the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater is being advocated and is
accepted as most suitable means of irrigation development, it is unfortunate that not
much headway is achieved in its planning and implementation. To meet the demands
of irrigation water for the year 2050, it is imperative that all out efforts are made now
to fully harness the available surface and groundwater resources in a coordinated
manner.
4.5.2 Stabilization adopting other options
The other options for stabilizing irrigation in the existing projects viz. EKCP and KIP
may be considered in following ways:
i) Extension of Command Area or Modernisation of Project
ii) Increase in Irrigation Intensity
4.5.2.1 Extension of Eastern Kosi Canal Command
Earlier, Kosi project authorities had envisaged extension of the Mahisakol distributary
of Araria branch canal of Eastern Kosi Canal. By extending this distributary, an
additional area of 0.74 lakh ha of gross command area and 0.49 lakh ha of culturable
command area with annual irrigation of 0.60 lakh ha at 121.5% intensity of irrigation
in Purnea district of Bihar would have been benefited. It was proposed that this
scheme might be taken up after the full establishment of irrigation facilities in the
Kosi Command. Since the extension of command requires only the extension of the
distributary and corresponding distribution system, no additional head works were
required.
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The cropping pattern was proposed to be adopted same as that of Rajpur Canal
System in Eastern Kosi Canal Command i.e. 121.5% with seasonwise break-up as
under:-
Crop season %age Area in lakh ha
Kharif 90 0.441
Rabi 30 0.147
Perennial 1.5 0.007
Total 121.5 0.595
Say 0.60
However, this scheme has not been implemented by Govt. of Bihar so far. Now
the area proposed under extension of Eastern Kosi Canal Command has been
included in the Irrigation Planning Studies of the current project under the
command area of Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin. Hence, it is not feasible
to extend the command area of existing EKCP.
4.5.2.2 Modernisation of Kamla Irrigation Project
A scheme for modernization of Kamla Irrigation Project was planned in the year
1981. This scheme envisaged to extend the irrigation in whole command with
intensity of irrigation increased from 90% to 115% with seasonwise break-up
indicated below:
Kharif - 82%
Rabi - 28%
Perennial - 5%
Total - 115%
This increase in irrigation intensity to the level of 115% was envisaged in view of the
fact that it may be same as adopted in Western Kosi Canal Project, being an adjoining
project. The irrigation intensity in WKCP is 115.5%.
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24WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
However, the modernization of Kamla Irrigation Project has not been implemented. In
the mean time, part of its command under Kings Canal, as mentioned earlier, has been
taken over with Western Kosi Canal Project which is in advanced stage of
completion.
4.5.2.3 Increasing Intensity of Irrigation
The other option is to explore the possibility of increasing the intensity of irrigation to
the maximum level within the same CCA with conjunctive use of surface and groune
water.
The details of the cropping pattern and irrigation intensities existing / ongoing /
proposed projects in North Bihar are given in Table 4.5.
It would be noted from above that in diversion schemes, increase in irrigation
intensity is possible only through conjunctive use planning of surface and ground
water as recommended in case of Eastern Gandak Restoration, Bagmati (Phase-I),
Gandak (Phase-II) Projects etc. for which it is necessary to make proper assessment of
replenishable ground water potential.
In this connection, it is also necessary to take a look on the recommendation of
various Commissions/ Committees etc. set up from time to time and also the
cropping pattern and irrigation intensities as planned under existing / ongoing projects
and as recommended by various agencies to arrive at some reasonable conclusions
about the possible increase in intensity of irrigation in Eastern Kosi Canal Project as
well as Kamla Irrigation Project.
(i) The Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972)
The Second Irrigation Commission, Govt. of India has suggested the following policy
for deciding future cropping pattern and irrigation intensity.
i) Maximum production per unit of area
ii) Maximum production per unit of water, and
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25WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
iii) Maximum area served
“The Indo-Gangetic Plain has a high density of population, good fertile soil andabundant surface and groundwater. In all these areas, water resources are adequatebut land is scarce and the aim should be to secure the maximum production per unitof area through multiple cropping, high yielding varieties and the latest technology”.
In view of the above recommendation, the policy of maximum production per unit of
cultivated area needs to be one of the major thrusts for the State of Bihar.
(ii) The National Commission on Agriculture (GOI, 1976)
The policy thrust for irrigation to achieve maximum production per unit area as
recommended by the Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972) was fully endorsed
by the National Commission on Agriculture.
(iii) The Committee on Agricultural Productivity in Eastern India (RBI, 1984)
The Committee studied the problems of agriculture prevailing in Eastern India
comprising West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar & Eastern UP and made important
observations and valuable recommendations which highlighted the potential for
development of agriculture in this region. The following extracts attest the potential
for development of agriculture in Bihar and underpins the constraints that besiege the
harnessing of the potential.
“However, even after nearly two and half decades of this significant shift inproduction strategy, the process of intensification of agriculture through sciencebased and industry-linked farming has not spread uniformly in all parts of thecountry. Eastern India comprising West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and East UP is a casein point.
‘Eastern India presents a picture of the highest concentration of population and thelowest per capita food-grains production. Labour alone, obviously, is not enough fordeveloping intensive agriculture. It is only when labour along with thecomplementary inputs of capital and skills (irrigation, drainage, yield augmentinginputs, efficient implementation, research extension, etc.) are used intensively to makeup for the scarcity of land that conditions are created for sustained increase inproductivity.
“The application of fertilizers and use of HYV seeds in the Eastern Region (WestBengal, Orissa, Bihar and East UP) are still at a low level. Rate of fertilizersapplication in 1981-82 averaged around 25 kg/ha. Coverage of area under cereals
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26WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
with HYV seeds has also been low, less than 40 percent. Raising the level ofapplication of these two inputs alone can considerably improve land productivity ofthe region”.
(iv) The Agro-Climatic Regional Planning, Planning Commission (1989)
According to the study conducted by the Planning Commission for Agro-Climatic
Regional Planning (1989), the State of Bihar, lies in Zone-IV i.e. Middle Gangetic
Plain. This zone has been further sub-divided into six sub-zones, each having
adequate agro-climatic homogentiy for detailed operational planning, according to
which the whole of Bihar falls under sub-zone-4., sub-zone-5 and sub-zone-6. Sub-
zone-5 comprises the basins of Bagmati, Kamala, Kosi and Mahananda located in the
eastern part of North Bihar. Zone-IV has been characterized by rich water and soil
resources, low productivity level, high population pressure on land and increased
proportion of problem soils. Rainfall in this region is high and irrigation is fairly
developed (39% of GCA) with cropping intensity of 142%. Cropping is cereal based
to the extent of 70% in Bihar plains. Apparently, the agro-climatic features bestow
high agricultural production potential to this region which remains to be realized.
(v) The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)
The Commission studied in detail the land and water resources of the state and also
examined basin-wise existing cropping intensity as well as the future cropping
intensity in the light of available water and land resources and prevailing constraints.
After a great deal of deliberations, the Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission
arrived at the prospective cropping pattern for future based on constraints of available
water, land potential, scope for storage and diversion of water etc., which is given in
the Table 4.6.
Table 4.6
Basinwise Prospective Cropping Pattern in North Bihar
Sl.No.
Name of the Basin Percentage of Cultivable Area(NSA) to Cropped area (%)
CroppingIntensity
(%)RainfedSituation
IrrigatedSituation
1. Ghaghra-Mechi-Western GandakComposite
46 151 197
2. Upper Eastern Gandak 49 142 191
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27WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
Sl.No.
Name of the Basin Percentage of Cultivable Area(NSA) to Cropped area (%)
CroppingIntensity
(%)RainfedSituation
IrrigatedSituation
Upper Burhi GandakComposite
3. Lower EasternGandak-Baya-LowerBurhi GandakComposite
65 139 204
4. Bagmati-Adhwara 59 136 195
5. Kamla-Balan 59 143 202
6. Kosi 43 162 205
7. Mahananda 43 151 194
Total North Bihar 51 148 199
From the perusal of Table 3.6, it transpires that the Commission has suggested
cropping intensity of 195% (136% for irrigated & 59% for rainfed) for Bagmati,
205% (162% for irrigated & 43% for rainfed) for Kosi and 194% (151% for irrigated
and 43% for rainfed) for Mahananda basins.
This is to be noted that these recommendations are under the constraints that the
irrigation schemes are only run-of-the river schemes as no storage sites are available
within the State. Thus, with only run-of-the river schemes, an average cropping
intensity of 199% for North Bihar and 182% for South Bihar has been
recommended. With proposal of creation of reservoirs by construction of dams on
major rivers like Kosi and Gandak, there will be considerable scope of increasing the
cropping and irrigation intensities over what has been proposed by the Second Bihar
State Irrigation Commission with only run-of-the schemes.
The important point to underscore is that the Commission foresees the possibility of
achieving high cropping intensity of around 200% which implies to approximate the
similar level of irrigation intensity whenever the water resource infrastructure gets so
developed.
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28WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
(vi) The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (1999)
The Commission has recommended that the basins with possible surplus water, near
saturation utilization of land and water has first to be aimed at, subject to the
condition that such utilization is not based on impractical engineering such as storage
requirements for which reservoir sites are not available or involve very high lifts or
wasteful use that may result in very low efficiency and excessive water application.
(vii) The DPR of Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal System, WAPCOS (2003)
The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal
System, a Project sponsored by the Planning Commission, Government of India has
been prepared by WAPCOS Ltd., a Government of India Undertaking. In this report,
WAPCOS has recommended an irrigation intensity of 228%. This has been possible,
as exploitation of ground water has been undertaken on large scale through
implementation of Million Shallow Tubewells in the area under a scheme undertaken
by the Planning Commission and which is still under implementation. According to
the Report prepared by WAPCOS, an irrigation intensity of 228% is feasible with
conjunctive use of surface and ground water. WAPCOS has proposed an irrigation
intensity of 90% with ground water and 138% with surface water both to be used
conjunctively.
It is very pertinent to note that the above irrigation intensity as adopted by
WAPCOS is also based on run-of-the river scheme and is not supported by any
reservoir. With the proposal of' creation of reservoirs by constructing dam on river
Gandak, there is scope of increasing the irrigation intensity further.
(viii) The Expert Committee on Impact of Interlinking of Rivers in Bihar (2003)
Taking into consideration available surface and ground water, the soil and climatic
characteristics as well as other socio-agro-economic factors, following
cropping/irrigation intensities have been proposed for different agro-climatic sub-
zones by the Expert Committee.
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29WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
(Unit: Percentage)
Sl.
No.
Region Irrigation Intensity
Kharif Rabi H.W. Total
1 Sub-Zone -4 North Bihar (West) 80 95 75 250
2 Sub-Zone -5 North Bihar (East) 75 95 80 250
3 Sub-Zone -6(a) South Bihar (West) 95 95 50 240
4 Sub-Zone -6(b) South Bihar (East) 95 95 45 230
Emerging Insights
The insights emerging from the appraisal of the past reports are the following:
i) Maximizing crop production per unit of land area needs to be the major thrust
for crop planning in the project area.
ii) For reasons of agro-climatic conditions and guided by the need for staple food
production, primacy has to be given to the cultivation of cereal crops such as
rice, wheat and maize. These are the crops in which technological break
through has imbibed high yield potential.
iii) The storage-based water supply will enhance water availability during rabi and
summer seasons. There will be a necessity for diversified cropping pattern
during these seasons. The major crops may include, besides wheat, winter
maize, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and spices, plantation crops (dwarf banana,
coconut, pineapple etc.), perennial crops and others. Such diversification will
open up the opportunities for an all- round rural development.
iv) In commanding maximum possible area with the available irrigation water
supply and for achieving highest possible yield level, it will be necessary to
increasingly adopt the practices of efficient water application and irrigation
scheduling as per the crop growth stage sensitivity for soil water stress. It will
be highly prudent to adopt the principle of better delivered less water use.
From the above view, it could be construed that storage-based water supply may
enable to achieve a high irrigation intensity of around 200% which can be
further enhanced to a significantly higher level in conjunction with ground water
development after assessment of the ground water potential in the area.
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30WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
4.6 GROUND WATER ASSESSMENT
The Kosi basin, including the catchment areas of its tributaries like Bagmati, Kamla
etc. and the area covered by alluvial strata in Mahananda basin, is a prolific field for
the development of ground water resource. There is not only an abundant thickness
of loose unconsolidated alluvial sediments in this area but the latter is also endowed
with very favorable meteorological conditions and topography. All these factors
contribute to the making of a very promising geohydrological sub-province in this
basin.
A network of hydrographic stations in the form of wells, tapping the water-table
aquifers, is being maintained by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and the
State Ground Water Directorate (SGD) and the water levels from these stations are
being monitored periodically. The CGWB records the ground water table levels 5
times a year in April, June, August, November and January, whereas the SGD records
the water levels only twice annually i.e. one pre-monsoon and another post-monsoon.
Based on the above data, CGWB has assessed the ground water resource district wise.
The assessment of ground water is not only done for district as a whole but also for
each of the basin, worked out on the basis of proportionate area falling in the basin.
So far as existing projects of Eastern Kosi Canal Project (EKCP) and Kamla Irrigation
Project (KIP) are concerned, the districts of Bihar State involved are as under:
EKCP KIP
District Area in Kosi Basin(Lha. )
District Area in Kosi Basin(Lha.)
Supaul 2.41 (99.2%)
Saharsa 1.54 (91.5%) Madhubani 1.99 (56.8%)
Madhepura 1.79 (100%)
Purnea 2.07 (64.2%)
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31WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
EKCP KIP
District Area in Kosi Basin(Lha. )
District Area in Kosi Basin(Lha.)
Araria 1.39 (49.1%)
Katihar 1.06 (34.7%)
Bhagalpur 0.27 (10.3%)
Kagaria 0.29 (19.6%)
Total 10.83 Total 1.99
The assessment of ground water resource carried out by CGWB for the above districts
is given in Table-4.7.
Table 4.7
Assessment of Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resourcesin project commands
(Unit: Mcum)Sl
No.District Net annual
GroundWater
availability
ExistingGW draft
forIrrigation
Allocationfor domestic& industrialrequirementfor next 25
years
Net GWavailability
forIrrigation
%agegeographical
area incommand
Net GWavailable incommand
1 2 3 4 5 6 =(3-4-5) 7 8=(6x7/100)
A Eastern Kosi Canal Project
1 Supaul 859 228 49 582 99.2 577
2 Saharsa 559 171 40 348 91.5 318
3 Medhepura 595 234 39 322 100 322
4 Purnea 1041 374 72 595 64.2 382
5 Araria 883 204 55 624 49.1 306
6 Katihar 967 358 62 547 34.7 190
7 Bhagalpur 670 154 65 451 10.3 58
8 Khagaria 500 166 34 300 19.6 59
Sub-total 6074 1889 416 3769 58.7 2212
B Kamla Irrigation Project
1 Madubani 1029 257 88 684 56.8 388
Sub-total 1029 257 88 684 56.8 388
Grand Total 7103 2146 504 4453 58.4 2600
Source:As per ‘Salient features of dynamic ground water resources of Bihar’ as on 31st
March, 2004 – by CGWB
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32WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
Thus the annual ground water availability for irrigation for the existing projects from
the above Table works out as under :
EKCP = 2212 Mcum (for 8 districts)
KIP = 388 Mcum(for 1 district)
Considering a net irrigation requirement of 0.7 m for rabi crops and field application
efficiency of 0.65 for non-ponded crops, the gross irrigation requirement for ground
water works out to 1.07 (0.7/0.65)m. Accordingly, with the above ground water
availability, the additional area which can be irrigated works out to :-
EKCP = 2212 x 106/1.07 x 104= 2.07 lakh ha
KIP = 388 x 106/ 1.07 x 10 4= 0.36 lakh ha
This shows that ample quantity of ground water is available to plan for increase the
irrigation intensity within the same command of the above projects.
4.7 CONCLUSIONS
From the discussions given in the preceding paragraphs, it is to be concluded that the
stabilization of irrigation can be achieved by taking the following measures:
i) Reinstating the canal capacities to their original design level by desilting thecanals.
ii) Assessing repair & damages in the canal system and carrying out major/minorrepairs, as the case may be to bring the canals to their original sections.
iii) Providing adequate funds for regular Operation &Maintenance (O&M) of theprojects.
iv) Introducing selective lining, wherever necessary in the vulnerable reachesespecially in the banking portions, near the off-take points, u/s & d/s of majorCD works etc.
v) Construction of water courses and field channels, wherever not existingalongwith other CAD works.
vi) Involvement of farmers for the maintenance of water courses/field channels.
vii) Introduction of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in the project byformation of Water Users Associations (WUAs)
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33WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
viii) Better Water Management through rotational water supply for efficient,equitable and reliable water supply to all the farmers, especially the tail-enders.
ix) Improvement in the canal conveyance efficiency by controlling seepage andoperational losses.
However, apart from stabilizing the irrigation to the design level as planned at the
time of formulation of the existing projects through above measures, the project
benefits can be further enhanced and optimized through conjunctive use of both
surface and ground water by increasing the intensity of irrigation.
In this connection, it may be mentioned that the conjunctive use planning of both
surface and ground water is carried out considering the available surface water to
meet the irrigation demand of crops to the extent possible and balance to be met
through ground water extraction which would eventually also ensure that sub-surface
water table does not rise to cause water-logging in the command area.
Govt. of Bihar constituted an Expert Committee of Engineers in April, 2005 under the
Chairmanship of Er. K N Lal to study the possibilities of “Flood Mitigation through
layered storage” based on the concept of induced recharge of ground water through
Injection-cum-Irrigation tube wells in flood affected basins of North Bihar. The flood
water thus injected and stored under the ground would provide an opportunity to be
extracted during rabi and hot weather seasons. Based on the recommendations made
by the above Committee in their report on “Mitigation of floods by induced recharge
into ground water in Bagmati-Kamla and Kosi Basins, May, 2006”, it is contemplated
to utilize ground water in conjunction with surface water to meet the irrigation
requirement of crops, as and when required. Water planning has therefore to be done
considering the net available ground water in the command districts with higher
irrigation intensity, which has also been recommended by the Expert Committee on
Impact of Interlinking of Rivers in Bihar (2003) for North Bihar (East & West) sub-
zones as mentioned earlier in this chapter.
Further, Govt. of Bihar has launched a programme for intra-basin transfer of water
with the objective to maximize agricultural productivity through provision of assured
irrigation for the entire culturable land in the State of Bihar along with enhancement
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34WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
of irrigation intensity to achieve optimum utilization of the available water resources.
It is envisaged to implement the following types of schemes in order to accomplish
the above objective:
- Schemes for providing irrigation in unexploited and water deficit areas of thestate.
- Schemes for moderation of floods by way of diversion of water from surplusrivers to deficit rivers/ areas to augment irrigation facilities in those areas.
- Schemes for remodeling and modernization of existing pump canal schemes,especially on the river Ganga basin with the objective to withdraw additionalwater for irrigation.
- Linking of major rivers of North Bihar to the rivers of South Bihar for transfer
of surplus water in the north to deficit areas in the south for developing
irrigation in the target command areas including enroute irrigation.
The implementation of above schemes is aimed at increasing crop yields, crop
production and income of the farmers. On the other hand, it will also help mitigation
of floods, reduction in water logging and salinity of lands, thereby bringing more
areas under cultivation.
It is proposed that the intensity of irrigation may be increased within Kosi Basin to the
level of 160% with conjunctive use planning of surface and ground water.
4.7.1 Eastern Kosi Canal Project
a) Eastern Kosi Canal (CCA-3.49 lakh ha)
Sl.No.
Present cropping Pattern(surface water)
Proposed Cropping Pattern(with Conjunctive Use)
Kharif Kharif1 Bhadai Paddy 12% Paddy 65%2 Aghani Paddy 65% Maize 10%3 Jute 15% Jute 15%
Sub-Total 92% Sub-Total 90%Rabi Rabi
4 Wheat 20% Wheat 30%Oilseeds 10%Pulses 10%Vegetables 7%
Sub-Total 20% Total 57%Hot Weather
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35WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
Sl.No.
Present cropping Pattern(surface water)
Proposed Cropping Pattern(with Conjunctive Use)Green Gram 10%Vegetables 3%Sub-Total 13%
5 PerennialSugarcane 3%Total 115% Total 160%
The net increment in irrigation intensity is of the order of 45% i.e. 37% during rabi
and 13% during hot weather with reduction of 5% area under Kharif and Perennial.
The CCA of EKCP is 3.49 lakh ha. With 160% irrigation intensity, the annual
irrigation works out to 5.58 lakh ha. Against this, while 4.0 lakh ha (3.49 x 1.15)
shall continue to be irrigated by surface water Ex-Kosi barrage at Hanuman nagar, the
remaining 1.58 (5.58 - 4.0) lakh ha is proposed to be irrigated from ground water.
b) Rajpur Canal (CCA-0.91 lakh ha)
The existing design cropping pattern in Rajpur Canal through surface water
application is as under:
Kharif - 90%
Rabi - 30%
Perennial - 1.5%
Total - 121.5%
Similarly comparing the original design irrigation intensity of 121.5% with proposed
enhanced intensity of 160% with conjunctive use, the increment works out to 38.5%
(160-121.5).The CCA of Rajpur Canal is 0.91 lakh ha giving annual irrigation of 1.46
lakh ha with 160% irrigation intensity. Against this, while 1.10 (0.91 x 1.215) lakh ha
shall continue to be irrigated by surface water ex-Hanumannagar Barrage, the balance
area of 0.36 (1.46 -1.1) lakh ha is proposed to irrigated from ground water.
Thus the area of EKCP as a whole including Rajpur Canal that is proposed to be
irrigated from ground water works out to 1.94 (1.58 + 0.36) lakh ha.As already
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36WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
worked out in para 3.5, net ground water is available to the extent of 2212 Mcum
i.e. equivalent of 2.07 lakh ha area which is more than the area of 1.94 lakh ha
proposed to be irrigated from ground water. Hence OK.
4.7.2 Kamla Irrigation Project (revised CCA – 0.28 lakh ha)
Sl.No.
Present cropping Pattern(surface water)
Proposed Cropping Pattern(with Conjuctive Use)
Kharif Kharif
1 Paddy 70% Paddy 65%
Maize 10%
Jute 15%
Sub-Total 70% Sub-Total 90%
Rabi Rabi
2 Wheat 20% Wheat 30%
Oilseeds 10%
Pulses 10%
Vegetables 7%
Sub-Total 20% Sub-Total 57%
Hot Weather
Green Gram 10%
Vegetables 3%
Sub-Total 13%
Total 90% Total 160%
The increment in irrigation intensity is of the order of 70% (Kharif 20%, Rabi-37%,
&HW-13%). The CCA of KIP is 0.28 lakh ha, giving annual irrigation of 0.45 lakh
ha with 160% irrigation intensity.
While 0.25 (0.28 x 0.9) lakh ha shall continue to be irrigated with surface water
ex-Kamla weir, the remaining area of 0.20 (0.45-0.25) lakh ha will be irrigated
from ground water, which is available to the extent of 388 Mcum equivalent to
0.36 lakh ha as worked out in para 3.5 i.e more than the proposed area of 0.20
lakh ha to be irrigated from ground water. Hence OK.
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37WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IV
From the above, it is clearly established that adequate ground water is available
to adopt an irrigation intensity of 160% with conjunctive use planning in
Eastern Kosi Canal Project and Kamla Irrigation Project. At the same time, it is
also necessary to take all those remedial measures as suggested above to bring
the canal and distribution system to its original shape and design capacity level
in order to harness the optimized benefits from the projects.
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1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
CHAPTER-V
TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CANAL ALIGNMENT SURVEYS
5.1 GENERAL
The objective of topographical survey of the command area and alignment survey of
canal network is to provide the following information which is important from the
angle of planning, construction and operation of any irrigation project:
- Contour lines
- Position of GTS Bench Marks used for transfer of Bench Marks in Project Area
- Geological features & various natural elements
- Unstable zones
- Alignment, chainages and location of irrigation structures
- Ridge and valley lines
- All relevant geomorphologic, geographical and man-made elements
5.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF COMMAND AREA
The locations of the project command areas for which the irrigation studies are to be
carried out lies between the lat/long as given below:
Sl.No.
Basin Latitude/ Longitude Districts covered
i) BurhiGandak- BagmatiBasin
Lat.25º 30’to26º 55’ NLong. 85º to 86º30’ E
East & WestChamparan,Muzzafarpur,Samastipur, Begusarai,Darbhanga, Madhubani,Sitamarhi and Khagaria
ii) Western Fringe ofMahanada Basin(uptoMechi river)
Lat.25º 15’to26º 30’ NLong. 87º to 88º E
Purnea, Katihar, Araria,Kishanganj
Before taking up survey for block contouring, plannimetric control was established
using Electronic Total Station so as to correct their scaling. Sufficient number of
bench marks have also been established on existing structures in the command area to
facilitate the day spot leveling works. Additional spot levels were taken on roads,
nalla, drain, railway etc. All details like roads, tracks, ditches, wells, tanks, houses,
railway lines, high tension lines, electric / telephone lines, nallas, irrigation and other
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2WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
pipe lines and other prominent features are surveyed and shown on the maps. The
day's work commenced from a known TBM and closed on the known TBM only. All
details were properly plotted on maps.
The topographic survey work for irrigation studies of command area in Indian
Territory throughSaptaKosi High Damhas been carried out in following five stages:
a) Reconnaissance Survey
b) GPS Networking
c) Control Point
d) Detailing Survey
e) Pillaring (PBM)
5.2.1 Topographical Survey of Patches for Micro Planning
The work of topographical survey of command area has been carried out for 3
identified patches having CCA equivalent to 10% of the total CCA in which micro
irrigation planning is to be done on 1:10000 scale. Of these, 2 patches lie in Burhi-
Gandak- Bagmati Basin Command and 1 patch in Mahananda Basin Command. The
location and area of each patch surveyed is described below:
Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati Command.
Patch-1 : Area = 26700 ha in the initialarea of Zone II in SitamarhiDistrict.
Patch-2 : Area = 25700 ha in the tail area of Zone II in DarbhangaDistrict.
Mahananda Command
Patch-3 : Area = 25000 ha in middle of MahanandaCommand in theinitial area of Zone III in Kishanganj District.
Total CCA= 26700 + 25700 + 25000 = 77400 ha.
The output of topographical survey in the form of survey maps in the scale of
1:10,000 with 0.5 m contour interval in soft & hard copies has been submitted to JPO
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3WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
(SKSKI).The same, superimposedwith micro irrigation planning is enclosed at Plates
3.14, 3.15&3.16.
The patch-wise details are as under:
5.2.1.1 Patch-1 (Survey Package-Ia) under BurhiGandak - Bagmati Command
The patch is located in BurhiGandak - Bagmati basin in North Bihar in Sitamarhi
District and is situated within Longitude 85°22'24" to 85°33'17" E & Latitude
26°36'53" to 26°48'56" N with boundary (polygon) defined by the following
points:
Sl.No. ReferencePoint
Latitude Longitude
1 GPS-18 26˚48'55.99" N 85˚33'16.99" E2 GPS-23 26˚45'04.90" N 85˚31'57.32" E3 GPS-8 26˚42'05.23" N 85˚31'09.45" E4 GPS-1 26˚36'53.06" N 85˚29'32.33" E5 GPS-3 26˚38'33.48" N 85˚28'08.60" E6 GPS-24 26˚41'34.85" N 85˚26'11.94" E7 GPS-12 26˚43'09.87" N 85˚22'24.81" E8 GPS-14 26˚45'00.24" N 85˚24'08.11" E9 GPS-15 26˚46'21.42" N 85˚28'32.71" E
A Key Plan showing the location is presented in the following figure:
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4WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
Patch 1 located in Zone II encompasses 26700 ha area which accounts for about 5%
of the BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command Area and about 3.5% of the total Project
Command Area. It lies in Sitamarhi District of Bihar state. It is located on the extreme
north side of BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command close to the Indo-Nepal border and is
bounded by alignment of Western SaptaKosi Main Canal on the north, North Eastern
Railway line on the south and State Highway on the east. The important rivers passing
through the patch are ManusmaraNadi and LakhandeiNadi which are the tributaries of
Bagmati River.
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5WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
The patch will be served for irrigation by 4 nos. of Direct Distributaries offtaking
from the Western SaptaKosi Main Canal and a further network of minors. The length
of 4 Direct Distributaries is about 51 km and that of minors to the extent of 143 km.
This distribution network will benefit a total of 196 villages of Sitamarhi District.
The broad soil type represented by this patch is classified by National Bureau of Soil
Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), Regional Centre, Calcutta as “Fine-
loamy soils and poorly drained to moderately well drained” which is considered
suitable for introduction of sustained irrigation in the area. However, in order to
improve the drainage condition of the command area, it may be necessary to take
some suitable remedial measures, especially during monsoon season.
The survey work has been carried out in the following manner:
Single leveling has been carried out using Total Station and Auto level by taking spot
levels in each survey numbers irrespective of their size at all corners and at the center
of the field so that field distance between any two of the spot levels is not more than
50 m in any direction. Additional spot levels have also been taken for roads, tracks,
nallah, drain, reservoir etc. The survey output represents the local topography by
taking additional levels for abnormally high or low grounds.
Single leveling work was commenced and closed on established bench Marks. The
calculation of spot levels has been carried out daily and the closing error has been
limited to the acceptable limit of 1.2√k mm where k is the length of single leveling
line in km. All existing topographical features like road, railway, canals, tracks,
bridges, culverts, houses, power / telephone line, wells, temples, villages, nallahs,
tanks etc have also been marked and shown in maps of the concerned area. Double
leveling based on Survey of India GTS Bench Marks has been carried out for transfer
of bench marks so as to cover the entire command area and establish sufficient
number of benchmarks on the existing permanent structures to base day-to-day spot
leveling work and for checking of closing errors. In addition, the bench marks were
also marked on permanent structures available in the vicinity like school building,
panchayat building, platform of wells etc.
Final Report
6WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
Control points/stations in pairs are fixed in the area of survey using differential global
positioning system (DGPS). The control point locations are selected so as to be
Clear of HT/LT lines, Free of multipath problems associated with tall features in the vicinity, Free from foliage, Open to sky with a clear view of the horizon
The raw GPS data was downloaded at site in a computer and processed with the help
of Trimble Geometric Office. After processing suitable projection system was applied
to arrive at grid coordinates (Northing, Easting and Elevation) from geographical
coordinates (Latitude, Longitude and Ellipsoidal height) observed at site. The
coordinates for the entire section are with reference to single arbitrary grid in metric
system and WGS 1984 reference frame on UTM projection system.
GPS surveying has an efficiency of attaining H-5mm + 1ppm, V- 10mm + 1ppm
accuracy.The details of GPS points/pillars are presented in Table-5.1.
f inal Report
TABLE-5.I
Details of GPS Control Points / Pillars
SINo
GPS No Geodetic Coordinate Grid Coordinate (metre) Elev(m)
Remarks
Latitude I LongitudeI
I
Northing Easting
II GPS I 26"36'53.05 764"N 85"29',32.32723"1:. 2944648.708 349897.3 59 63.2t3 On RFIS Retaining wall of'
bridge. 1.92 km fiom B(i leve I
\rng on Kapraul - ChainpuraRoad ncar Sitamari.
z GPS2 26036',51 .04967"N 85029'33.7 4212"E 2944586.451 349935.770 63.655 On the TBM Pillar. 1.82 km I
liorn B(i lcrel \tng on Kapraul i
- ('hirinpura Road near I
Sitamzrri. i
3 GPS3 26"3 8'3 3.47747"N 2947766.707 34761ti.2 l8 65.3 r I On RFIS parapet of'bridge ongral'el road (Ku*ari - Gaibipur) 3 l7m liom junction o1-
Gaibipur - Raniitnur Roarl.4 GPS4 26%9',32.20612"N 85028'l L76g07"8 2947726.530 147705.4 t I 67.5t2 On Pillar 70nr Right side fiorn
the gravel road (Kuw,arr -Gaibipur ) 370m liom.f unctionof'Gaibipur - Ranjitpur Road.
5 GPS5 26u41'05.99356"N 85025'29.03473 "11 29515 il.13..1 3.13263. I 87 67.t03 On top o1'l.l{S parapet o1-
culr crt onRantn agari [] Lrd h w arir"N a.j arpLrr-Ilishusinchtola (iravel roarl
o GPS6 26'J41'03.3Iggl"N 85"25'3 I . lg969"E 295243t.190 34332t.786 71.631 On top ol'Roof of thc buildingon Na.iarpur - Sonar road. 20mfiom the.junction and 20mliorn thc road ccntrc'l CJPST 26042',06.02200"N 85u31'06.06511"E 2954249.959 352602.153 73.449 On top of Rroof of shop inMzrdhubani r,illage. 80m liomMadhLrbanirnor.
8 GPS8 260 42',05.229 I 0"N 85 2e54221.470 352695.53ti 7 t.726 On top ol'rool'of'school inMadhLrbani villagc. l80m fiorllVladhubanirnor.
9 GPSII 26',43'0g.5ggg l "N 85022', 16.75505"E 2956354.087 3 3 7995.603 7 t.035 On top ol'l)arapet ot'culveft cln
Barharu'a-Dumri Kalan Bl'nrad. 270m liom thc.junctionof'HarpurKalan - Kothia Rozrd.
l0 GPS I2 26043'()9.g6507"N 85"22',24.91392"[] 2956390.490 3382 r8.835 70 852 On top ol'tap (RtlS) onFlarharu a-[)umri Kalan I]-l'road. 508rn fiorn the.junctionol'llarrrurKalan - Kothia Roacl.
ll GPS I3 26u44',59.47533"N 85',24'l 5.20934"8 2959694.55s 3413IL849 70.906 On top o1'RIIS parapet ofculvert on earthen roadoriginating fiom Biswanathpur- Bhalohia road. l2 m liom the
.junction antl226m fiom the
.iLrnction of Barahi .llariram -Ilanurnannagar Roacl nearKhair*'atola r,'i I lasc
t2 CPS I4 26045',00.24306"N 85',24'08. | 1246"8 2959151.420 341| t6.441 7l .055 On top ol'RIIS parapet o1'
culvefi on B]'roacl onIlisw'anathpur - Bhalohia road.434nr fiom the.junction ofBarahillariram -
llanunrannagar Road nearKhairn'atola viIlage.
Lt'..[P('OS Lrd (. hapter- I'
Final RePort
RemarksSI
No
GPS NO Geodetic Coordinate Grid Coordinate (metre) Elev(m)
Latitude Longitude Northing Easting
2962160.063-r+g+:l
a16 I
72.128 On top of Pillar (LHS) on
Ithania - RamPatPakri BT
Roaci. l0m fiom the.ir'rnction o1'
citrtlten r()a(l ()riglnating liom
the road and going to DularPur'
IJ CPS I5 26046',21 .42044"N 8 5',2 8'3 2.7 \ 494" Y.
2962069.337 3483 56. I 64 72.059 On Retaining riall (L.HS) on
Itharwa - RamPatPakri B1-
Roacl. 23m fiom the junction ofroad leads to Bagaha.
l4
l5
GPSI6
GPSIT
26046', 18.43348"N 85"28'29.069))" h.
26048',5 1.1 2457"N 85033'15.05fi79"F. 2966676.205 356309 369 7'7.824 On ts I Koacl edge 0I
Sangrampttr - Belrra lLoacl'
35lm fiom the.iunction o1'
Parsa - Arariatola road. 22nl
f}om culrcrt on SangramPur
Belw'a road.
2966825.55 8 356364.494 11 ,111 On Pillar (l.FIS) on
Sangrampttr - Belu'a Road'
l5m fiom the road centre-
5 l0m liom the.iunction ofI)nrsa - Ararizrtola roacl. lti0m
fiom culvert tln Sangrampur -
Ilelu a rold.
t6 GPSI 8 26048'55.99730"N 85"33'16.993 26
2950036.268 34c)788.250 64.402 On RI-lS f{etaining riall ofbriclge. on PurnahiaShivnagar
road. 5 l2m liom the .iunctionof Purnahia - .lhalsi road.
11 GPS2I 26039'48.05 I 88"N 85"29',26.08).16 F
295003 7.01 'l
295W0|..491
349665.826 65.922 On RFIS road edge on
Purnah iaShivnagar roacl. 630m
fiom the.iLrnction of Purnahia -
.lhalsi roacl.
tl'.' tnp ol'slab(RI lS) o1' briclge
on earthen road(l-llS) leads ttr
thc flelcl. originating fiom
Bhutahi(N F{77)- Kachor road
(Parallel to Canal). near
PhLrlkzrha village. l665rn fiorn
NII77 ncrrr Bhutirhi'
l8 GPS2I A 26039'48.02905"N | 85"29',21.6)))b"r'
35.11 I 7 .992 69.955l9 GPS22 26045'0,1.67481 "N E) J l )tt.ol,o)+ L
2959738.594 3 5.1082.307 69. I 06 On top ol'Pillar on cilrthen
road(RI'lS) leads to the field.
originating fiomllhutah i(N tl77)- Kachor
road(Parallel to Canal). near
Phulkaha village. 1665m l'rom
NH77 near lJhutahi.
20 | cpsz: 26045',04.89918"N [J5"31',51.3te/)
2953387.694
2953467.242
344460.372 67.798 On RIIS Road eclge on Aso-et -
Mahaclcva road. 9rn liom
[:.lectric Pole. 407m liom thc
iunction ol'[]trdhriara - Stlnar
road. 230m fiom the.iunction
originating liom the road and
I eads to Pokh arbh i ndql1lggg-
2l GPS24 260 4l'34.84968"N ll5'26'l 1.94J)4 t:
344469.1 | | 68.02l On RHS Roacl edge on Asogi -
Mahacleva road. 487rn fiom the
.junction ol'Btrdhrrarit - Sttnltr
road. l50rl liom thc.lrtnctttln
originating fiom the roacl and
lctrcls to Pokharbhincla village'
22 CPS24A 26041'37.43775"N 85 26'l2.246\') t-
II/APCOS Ltd Chapter-l'
["inol Report
Grid Coordinate (metre) Elev(m)
RemarksSI
No
-LJ
GPS NO Geodetic Coordinate
Latitude Longitude Northing Easting
GPS25 26044',26.82682"N 85026'49.05301 "E 2958667.1)41 345550.744 7().-l -l8 On top o1'slab (L.HS) of slab
culvctl on earthcn road(RHS)originating fiom the
Dainchhapra - Ma.iorgani road
and leads to old substation-
330m fiom the DainchhaPra
r illagc.
24 GPS26 260 44',25.341 6l "N 85026'5 L541 l6"E 2958621.399 34561 8.940 10.079 On top of bore (RHS) near old
sub station near l)ainchhaPra -
Ma.jorganl road 29lm fiom the
Dainchhapra villagc.
The topographic surveys include running open traverse connecting control points in
the entire area as established above. using high precision instruments like Total
Stations and digital/Auto Levels. It also includes f-rxation of Bench Marks as per
standard Procedure.
The survey output has been enclosed at Plate 3.11.
5.2.L2 Patch-2 (Survey Package-Ib) under BurhiGandak - Bagmati command
The Patch is located in the
Bihar. The Patch is situated
26002' o7^' to 260 | | 26" N
points:
comman d area in BurhiGandak Bagmati basin in North
within longitude 85043'59.' to 85()51'56" E,and latitude
with boundary (polygon) defined by the following
SI.No. ReferencePoint
Latitude Longitude
I TBM-82 26' r 1 '1 7.47" N 85'44', 16.90" E
2 TBM-79 26'1r',25.53 " N 85'47',29.60" E,
1J TBM.87 26' 11 '3 3 .84" N 85" 48',32.J 1" E,
4 TBM-86 26'10'44.54" N 85'49'35.54" E
5 TBM-71 26"08'13.26" N B5'51'13.09'' E
6 TBM-21 26'03',44.66" N 85'51'55.17" E
7 TBM- 19 26" 02',02. I 2" N 85"50'59.49" 8
8 TBM.17 26'02',0J.76" N 85"50'10.26" E
9 TBM-16 26'02',37.29" N 85"48'3 8.19" E
t0 TBM-4 26'03',04.66" N 85" 44',57 .77" E
11 TBM-2 26'03', 14.64" N 95"44'00.98" E
I,I'.4PCOS Ltd(- hapter-l'
Final Report
10WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
Sl.No. ReferencePoint
Latitude Longitude
12 TBM-30 26˚06'51.54" N 85˚43'59.14" E13 TBM-40 26˚08'13.40" N 85˚44'08.13" E14 TBM-72 26˚09'57.07" N 85˚44'57.45" E
Patch 2 located in Zone II encompasses 25700 ha area which accounts for about 5%
of the BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command Area and about 3.3% of the total Project
Command Area. It lies in Darbhanga District of Bihar state. It is located on the
extreme south side of BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command close to river BurhiGandak
and is bounded by KhiroiNadi on the north-east side which is a tributary of Kareha
River which ultimately falls in Kosi River and LalbakeyaNadi on the South-west side
which is a tributary of river Bagmati which ultimately falls in Kosi River.
The patch will be served for irrigation by Branch Canal (II), 4 nos. of Distributaries
offtaking from the Branch Canal (II) and a further network of minors. The length of
Branch Canal (II) inside the patch is 11 km, 4 nos. of distributaries as 61 km and that
of minors to the extent of 110 km. This distribution network will benefit a total of 167
villages of Darbhanga District.
The broad soil type represented by this patch is classified by National Bureau of Soil
Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), Regional Centre, Calcutta as “Fine-
loamy soils and moderately well drained to well drained” which is considered suitable
for introduction of sustained irrigation in the area. However, in order to improve the
drainage condition of the command area, it may be necessary to take some suitable
remedial measures, especially during monsoon season.
The survey work has been carried out in the following manner:
Detailed Topographical Survey has been carried out to prepare Topographic Map to
determine the position both in Plan and Elevation of the natural and artificial features
of the said command area. Topographic Survey consisted of locating a sufficient
number of representative points by means of three co-ordinates (Northing, Easting &
RL) so as to enable the surface of the ground of proposed site.
Final Report
11WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
The survey of the command area stretching 18.929 Km from East to West and 20.758
Km from South to North demands horizontal control. Horizontal control point has to
attain accuracies in millimeter. To achieve such degree of accuracy, DGPS surveying
has been adopted. GPS surveying has an efficiency of attaining H – 5mm + 1ppm, V-
10mm + 1ppm accuracy.
Total survey area was divided in 57 nos. of grid of size 3km x 2km. Then atleast two
control points were established at every grid by DGPS. DGPS control points for
horizontal control are fixed over the entire area at an interval of approximately 1 Km.
Each control point is connected in the GPS network by setting one GPS receiver at
say point 01, another GPS receiver at point 2 & another GPS receiver at point 3 each
points being approximately 1 Km away from each other. Common observation of
about 30 minute was recorded thus measuring the distance between the control points.
Raw GPS data is downloaded from the USB Connector connected to sensor. The raw
data is then imported into a particular project for processing each point and is
recorded in WGS 1984 co-ordinate system, every point is designated with a point
class such as navigated, control or estimated with further sub-classification as
measured, reference or SPP (Single Point Processed) Point. The highest point class
attributed to a point from raw data is “Navigated”. Any of the point, which was data,
recorded for a long time is single point processed. (Say point 1 has collected a data for
1 hour then point 01 is single point processed.) Thereby we fix the co-ordinate of
point 01 globally. Now, this point 01 is taken as a reference for calculating base line
point-01 to point-02 and point 01 to point 03. After measuring the base line &
calculating the co-ordinate for point-02 & 03 we measure base line point 03 – point
04 and 05 by assigning reference point to point-03 & rover point to point-04 & 05.
Hence, point-04 & 05 co-ordinates are calculated. In this manner rest of the co-
ordinates are calculated.
Now that all the co-ordinates are calculated in WGS-84 system, the points need to be
projected in a local grid say Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) or Transverse
Mercator (TM). The projection is required since total station traverse & detail demand
for planner co-ordinate system i.e. (Northing, easting, elevation / Cartesian co-
ordinates) & not in Geoid (i.e. lat, long, ellipsoidal height). For the proposed irrigation
Final Report
12WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
area, all the co-ordinates are projected in UTM 44 zone. The co-ordinates for all
points in an individual line are now established. The co-ordinates of each DGPS point
are provided to total station traversing & detail route survey. These DGPS points
established on some permanent feature serves as Geodetic Benchmarks.
After compilation of DGPS survey, Alignment survey is carried out along with
detailed engineering survey to establish final route with Turning Points (TP).
i) Control Points were established by DGPS (Horizontal) &Level (vertical) has beentransferred from NH-57 at NH-TBM of chainage 54.878 km at R.L. of 54.027 m.
ii) The NH-TBM value was compared with Darbhanga Rly. Station level throughDGPS & the value was found to be same, so we continued with NH-TBM level.
iii) Locating Contour by taking ground level in 50m interval in both direction and atcloser where ever necessary (as per terrain condition).
iv) Locating the details of natural features such as roads, track road, nallah, drain,reservoir, stream, river, tree, village’s etc& permanent features such as schoolbuilding, panchayat building, platform of wells etc.
Detailed Survey had been conducted through the control point to locate the permanent
features and spot levels had been taken at 50X50 m grid and at closer interval
wherever required so as to get a contour plan with an interval of 0.15/0.25 m.Contour
and grid spot level has been generated with the help of CIVIL -3D software and
drawing has been prepared in Auto CAD format.
The list of DGPS control points is given in Table 5.2.
Final Report
13WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
Table 5.2: LIST OF DGPS CONTROL POINTS
SLNO
GRID NODGPS UTM VALUE
DGPS CODE VILLAGE NAMEDGPS - N DGPS - E FINAL - Z
1 AC23 2882363.877 373262.674 48.571 On roadGopalpurMadhabpur primary
school
2 AC23 2882286.383 373313.975 48.728 On roadGopalpurMadhabpur primary
school
3 AC24 2882074.111 374719.307 48.522 On road NamapurGodaipatti
4 AC24 2881964.014 374889.215 49.202 On culvert NamapurGodaipatti
5 AC25 2882884.239 377471.651 46.496 ac25/42 pt/bs Patori
6 AC25 2882987.001 377518.736 46.79 ac25/43 pt/ts Patori
7 AB23 2886804.794 373657.415 46.869 brick field Moro brick field
8 AB23 2886782.609 373660.519 46.874 On road/brick field Moro brick field
9 AB24 2884994.9 375883.493 50.213ab24/top bs/pump
houseMoro DTW
10 AB24 2884939.077 375877.018 47.17 ab24/ts Moro DTW
11 AB25 2885933.874 377547.696 46.908 ab25/bs/peg Kalhanta
12 AB25 2885942.37 377591.103 47.474 ab25/ts/culvert Kalhanta
13 AC26 2883040.403 380065.135 47.53 On culvert BishanpurChak (gorhaila)
14 AC26 2882829.175 380332.67 47.529 On culvert bishanpurchak (gorhaila)
15 AD27 2881096.433 380990.765 47.686 On culvert Narsara (Samastipur road)
16 AD27 2881064.722 381007.107 45.722 On Culvert Narsara (Samastipur road)
17 AD28 2880133.21 383558.03 47.259 On wall of house Bhawanipur and Gorhari
18 AD28 2880324.137 383501.374 47.141On culvert / on road
sideBhawanipur and Gorhari
19 AD29 2879949.703 384924.917 49.151 On up pool Neyam
20 AD29 2880322.392 385041.08 47.962 On culvert Neyam
21 AC30 2883088.742 386499.839 51.534 On roof of school Amadih school
22 AC30 2883088.729 386476.581 51.652 On roof of school Amadih school
23 AC29 2882522.939 384739.25 47.384 On road Bahpatti Char
24 AC29 2882493.866 384732.741 46.912 On pipe Bahpatti Char
Final Report
14WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
SLNO
GRIDNO
DGPS UTM VALUEDGPSCODE VILLAGE NAME
DGPS - N DGPS - E FINAL - Z25 AC28 2882692.958 383271.575 46.063 On road Nordariya and Bahpatti
middle26 AC28 2882809.459 383318.729 46.302 On road Nordariya and Bahpatti
middle27 AC27 2883341.537 382272.516 50.778 On roof top
of rest houseNordariya
28 AC27 2883338.432 382000.024 48.729 On culvert Nordariya
29 AA23 2888960 373304.183 49.247 On culvert PoraPokhor , Sabaul
30 AA23 2888960.307 373327.672 49.895 On nameplate
PoraPokhor , Sabaul
31 AA24 2888833.527 374634.989 48.608 On road Barhaulia
32 AA24 2888835.777 374733.286 47.443 On culvert Barhaulia
33 AA25 2889162.213 377576.164 48.472 On culvert Sarwara
34 AA25 2889292.064 377629.39 47.375 On culvert Sarwara
35 Z25 2892632.106 376761.809 47.711 On peg Birdipuir
36 Z25 2892700.968 376763.645 47.822 On road Birdipuir
37 Z24 2892206.337 374977.947 48.159 On culvert SuwasKundai
38 Z24 2892202.875 374971.516 47.767 On culvert SuwasKundai
39 Z23 2891453.149 373599.702 48.799 On road SuwasKundai (Rajoa river
40 Z23 2891476.44 373601.867 48.727 On road SuwasKundai (Rajoa river
41 Z22 2892748.369 371901.424 48.182 On tubwellNH-57
Ramauli (n.h 57)
42 Z22 2892731.986 371838.106 49.174 On pillar NH-57
Ramauli (n.h 57)
43 Z022 2892665.153 371297.437 50.492 Road sideculvert atNH-57
Benibad
44 AB26 2886554.221 379504.259 45.69 On road Kali canal side
45 AB26 2886547.643 379552.269 45.095 Canal side onroad
Kali Canal side
46 AB27 2886132.384 380763.237 50.463 On well onkali
village/alternative point
Kali
47 AB27 2886541.185 380936.361 47.518 On well Kali
48 AB27 2886539.451 381106.904 46.612 On culvert Kali
49 AB28 2885461.973 383196.865 44.694 On side piller Dihlahi (Samastipur road)
50 AB28 2885474.159 383203.406 45.987 On road sidepiller
Dihlahi (Samastipur road)
Final Report
15WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
SL NOGRID
NO
DGPS UTM VALUE DGPS CODE VILLAGE NAMEDGPS - N DGPS - E FINAL - Z
51 AB29 2885627.756
385099.471 46.545 On culvert TaralahiPanchgachyaChar
52 AB29 2885621.709
385134.914 46.095 On pump pipe TaralahiPanchgachyachar
53 AA28 2888818.422
383489.343 47.564 On culvert URA Moje
54 AA28 2888865.651
383458.541 47.716 On brick road URA Moje
55 AA27 2888721.156
381151.989 47.93 On culvert Dih Rampur
56 AA27 2888806.194
381169.565 47.644 On well Dih Rampur
57 AA26 2890161.936
379024.15 48.966 On culvert CANAL LOCK GATE(BANAULI)
58 AA26 2890185.593
379062.96 48.201 On peg Canal lock gate(banauli)
59 Z26 2892073.531
378648.533 47.601 On culvert HARJAN KULLI ANDLAHARATOLA
60 Z26 2892212.042
378556.522 47.81 On culvert HARJAN KULLI ANDLAHARATOLA
61 Z27 2891056.255
380714.51 47.445 On low culvert BANAULI
62 Z27 2890968.54 380929.336 48.8 On up culvert BANAULI
63 Z28 2892207.655
382502.197 48.123 On pipe RAJAROULI &PHULWARIA
64 AA29 2888182.702
385421.07 46.535 On road sidepillar
Taralahi
65 AA29 2888154.024
385412.437 48.403 On culvert Taralahi
66 AB30 2886247.541
386613.037 47.237 On culvert Sinwara near EHV line
67 AB30 2886070.297
386811.076 46.13 On peg Sinwara near EHV line
68 AA30 2889385.075
387325.093 49.667 Bridge side TekniGhat (Chandih)
69 AA30 2889385.843
387280.18 49.5 On bridge side TekniGhat (Chandih)
70 Z29 2891288.228
385529.256 46.112 On culvert BHARAUL ANDMUSTAFAUR
71 Z29 2891362.737
385403.342 46.999 On culvert BHARAUL ANDMUSTAFAUR
72 Y24 2894652.812
375002.111 49.417 On culvert RAMCHARA &BITHULI
73 Y24 2894697.581
375091.786 49.247 On pillar RAMCHARA &BITHULI
74 Y25 2894993.177
377497.699 48.924 On culvert GORAGOAN &MANIHAS
75 Y25 2895105.182
377529.687 48.947 On culvert GORAGOAN &MANIHAS
Final Report
16WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
SL NO
GRID
NO
DGPS UTM VALUE DGPS CODE VILLAGE NAMEDGPS - N DGPS - E FINAL -
Z76 Y26 2895227.764 379453.949 51.43 On NH middle
rowKumar Patti &Bharathl
77 Y26 2895251.419 379468.387 47.768 On piller NHbottom
Kumar Patti &Bharathl
78 X26 2897291.02 379272.412 47.835 On peg Korha River Side
79 X26 2897334.527 379251.921 48.757 On name platetop
Korha River Side
80 X25 2896771.616 377578.095 47.736 On pipe holenear tree
Goragoan River Side
81 X23 2897113.308 374045.328 49.446 On culvert Singhwara
82 X23 2897137.359 373900.277 49.191 On culvert Singhwara
83 Y27 2895014.762 381601.265 49.57 On new culvert Kansi New Bridge
84 Y27 2895010.342 381645.111 48.098 On culvert Kansi New Bridge
85 Y28 2896007.344 382705.757 47.381 On slab Near River BoundaryAnd N.H Fly Over
86 Y28 2896041.35 382736.3 45.725 On river sidewall
Near River BoundaryAnd N.H Fly Over
87 X27 2897573.962 381005.888 49.439 Top of brokenbridge
Kansi, Chakwa
The survey output has been enclosed at Plate 3.15.
5.2.1.3 Patch-3 (Survey Package-Ic) under Mahananda Command
The Patch is located in the command area of Mahananda basin in North Bihar. The
Patch is situated within longitude 87036’38” to 87050’07” E and latitude 26006’07” to
26026’09” N with boundary (polygon) defined by the following points:
Sl.No. ReferencePoint
Latitude Longitude
1 BP-35 26˚26'08.85" N 87˚41'31.46" E2 Dipnagar GTS 26˚21'15.70" N 87˚36'38.32" E3 B-013 26˚12'49.20" N 87˚37'39.24" E4 B-14 26˚17'41.12" N 87˚40'46.04" E5 B-006 26˚08'47.89" N 87˚38'29.91" E6 B-005 26˚06'07.25" N 87˚42'18.80" E7 B-003 26˚08'14.71" N 87˚46'51.34" E8 B-002 26˚15'38.47" N 87˚48'46.68" E9 B-011 26˚19'20.88" N 87˚50'06.65" E
10 B-012 26˚19'58.06" N 87˚48'04.28" E11 B-020 26˚23'17.28" N 87˚47'51.41" E12 B-021 26˚19'41.27" N 87˚44'33.26" E13 B-017 26˚22'15.65" N 87˚44'19.95" E
A Key Plan showing the location is given in the followingfigure:
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17WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
Key Plan
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18WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
Patch 3 located in Zone III encompasses 25000 ha area which accounts for about 10%
of the Mahananda Command Area and about 3.2% of the total Project Command
Area. It lies in Kishanganj District of Bihar state. It is located on the extreme north
side and in the middle of Mahananda Command close to the Indo-Nepal border and is
bounded by Indo-Nepal border on the north, RatuaNadi on the south-west and
KankaiNadi on the east, both of which ultimately meet river Mahananda.
The patch will be served for irrigation by Branch Canal (III), 5 nos. of Distributaries
offtaking from BC (III) and a network of minors. The length of Branch Canal (III) is
17km, 5 nos. distributaries as 65 km and that of minors to the extent of 130 km. This
distribution network will benefit a total of 30 villages of Kishanganj District.
The broad soil type represented by this patch is classified by National Bureau of Soil
Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), Regional Centre, Calcutta as “Coarse-
loamy soils associated with sandy soils moderately to well drained” which is
considered suitable for introduction of sustained irrigation in the area.
The survey work of the Patch has been carried out in the following manner:
A detailed Reconnaissance survey of the area was done prior to actual data work,
which facilitated in carrying out the topographic survey work effectively.
GPS Survey has been carried out with reference to the stations at DipNagar GTS,
Musaldanga GTS. Another 24 control stations were established on the basis of
differential method with the help of measuring WGS Co-ordinate shifted to Everest
1830 datum and UTM Projection were used for the horizontal control for the ETS
work. The description of these control points is given in Table 5.3.
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19WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
Table 5.3
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20WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
GPS Survey has been carried out with reference to the stations at GPS networking
points. Another 1 km × 1 km grid type control station was established on the basis of
real time with the help of recording parameters which after conversion were shifted to
Everest (Local datum) 1830 and projection system in UTM. Rectangular co-ordinates
of control points were determined from nearby control points for detailed survey by
using ETS.
Total 15 nos. of pillars were established in the whole irrigation area. These were set
up at different locations on a particular land mark for future reference.
The field static data relating to GPS Network is given in Table 5.4.
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21WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
Table 5.4
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22WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
Topographical survey maps on scale of 1:10,000 with contour on the level of 0.5 m
are given in Plate3.16.
5.3 CANAL ALIGNMENT SURVEY
Canal alignment / strip contour plan survey has been carried out in a strip of 300 m,
200m, and 150 m width for marking the alignment of main Canal / branch canals,
major distributaries and other lower order canals (minors) respectively on the ground.
The canal alignment survey has been carried out for preparing L-section and X-
sections of main canal / branch canals/ major distributaries / lower canals by taking
levels at every 50 m interval, which are required for planning and design of canal
system.
The extent of canal alignment survey of various canals carried out in the above three
patches is as under:
1. Western SaptaKosi Canal - 50 km(in India Territory from BP19 to BP54)
Subtotal (1) 50.4 km
2. Branch Canals
i) BC (II) in Burhi- Gandak - 96.2 km (Full Length)Bagmati Command (in Patch-2)
ii) BC(III) in Mahananda Command(inPatch 3) - 17 km (Full Length)
Sub Total (2) -113.2 km
3. Distributaries
i) Direct Distributaries - 51 km(Full Length)in Patch-1 under BurhiGandak-BagmatiCommand
ii) Distributariesin Patch 2 under - 51.5 km (against total lengthBurhiGandak BagmatiCommand of 60.7 km)
iii) Distributaries in Patch 3 under-65 km (Full Length)Mahananda Command
Sub Total (3) -167.5 km
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23WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
4. Minors& Direct Minors
Patch 1&2 (BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command)–154.7km (against total length of
253.96 km)
Patch 3 (Mahananda Command) - 94.4 km (against total length of
127.92 km)
Sub Total (4) - 249.1 km
Grand Total (1+2+3+4)=580.20 km
The command-wise patch-wise break-up of the above canal alignment survey carried
out is as under:
(A)BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command
S.No. Canal Alignment
Survey
Quantity in km
Patch 1 Patch 2 Bet. Patch 1&2 Total
1. WesternSaptaKosiMain Canal(Indian Portion)
50.4 - - 50.4
2. Branch Canal (BC II) - 11.5 84.7 96.2
3. Direct Distributaries 51 - - 51
4. Distributaries - 51.5 - 51.5
5. Minors/Direct Minors 134.7 20 - 154.7
Total 236.1 83 84.7 403.8
(B) Mahananda Command
Sl. No. Canal Alignment Survey Quantity in km
Patch-3
1. Branch Canal (BC III) 17
2. Distributaries 65
3. Minors/Direct Minors 94.4
Total 176.4
Grand Total (A) + (B) = 403.8 + 176.4 = 580.2 km
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24WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
5.4 GRID PLAN SURVEY
The grid plan survey is necessary for proper seating of the canal structures. The grid
plan survey has been carried out as per requirement given in RFP for 100 nos. of
canal structures in a grid of 25m x 25m to cover an area upto 300 m on either side of
the centre line of the canal and 100 m downstream of the point of exit of water and
100 m upstream of the point of inlet of water with contour interval of 0.5m. It also
includes taking L-sections & X-sections of the drain at 50m interval from 250 m u/s
to 250 m d/s along the drain at the location of canal structure required for design and
cost estimate.
Since a portion of Western SaptaKosi Main Canal (WSKMC) i.e. about 50.4 km is
falling in Indian Territory, the grid plan survey of the canal structures along this
stretch of WSKMC has been carried out. The remaining major canal structures are
located on BC(II) of Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati Command and BC(III) of Mahananda
Command. The total no. of canal structures for grid plan survey is 100, for which the
break-up is as under:
i) Western SaptaKosi Main Canal- 41 Nos.(WSKMC)
ii) Branch Canals
a) BC(II) in Burhi-Gandak - 42 Nos.Bagmati Command
b) BC(III) in Mahananda - 23 Nos.Command
Sub Total - 65 Nos.
Total - 106 Nos.
5.5 SURVEY OUTPUT OF CANAL ALIGNMENT AND GRID PLAN SURVEY
(A) BurhiGandak – Bagmati Command
5.5.1 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for WSKMC
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25WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
The Western saptakosi main Canal (WSKMC) route enters into Indian Territory at
Indo- Nepal Border between Pillar nos. BP 18 & 19 having Latitude 26°48’54.94” N
and Longitude 85°43’26.87” E near village Kanwah in Sitamarhi District, Bihar State.
It terminates at Bairgania village having Latitude 26° 45’ 00.06” N and Longitude85°
15’ 53.15” E in Sitamarhi District, Bihar State.
The total length of WSKMC Canal as per Survey output is 50.4 km having flat
terrain. It passes through 57 nos. of villages falling under 5 Mandals of Sitamarhi
District. There are total 71 Nos. of crossings falling on the route of WSKMC, which
comprises of the following:
National Highways - 1
Canals - 9
River / Nadi - 8
Nalla - 2
Metal / Brick Roads - 25
Earthen Roads - 26
Total - 71
Out of the above crossings, the grid plan survey has been carried out at the locationsof 41 important canal structures. Geotechnical investigations have also been carriedout at the locations of canal crossings and the same are shown in Borehole LocationPlan given in Appendix-20.1.
The Salient Features of WSKMC are given in Table – 5.1.
Table 5.1 Salient Features of WSKMC
1 Length (m) 50416.03
2 Terrain (m)
(a) Flat 50416.03
(b) Slightly Undulating NIL
3 Road Crossing (Nos.)
(a) National highway 1
(b) State Highway NIL
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(c) Other Roads 25
(d) Earth Roads 26
4 Water Bodies (Nos.)
(a) Canal 9
(b) Nalla 2
(c) River / Nadi 8
5 Railway Crossing (Nos.)
(a) B. G. Railway NIL
6 Pipeline Crossing (Nos.)
(a) Water Supply Pipeline NIL
(b) Gas Pipeline NIL
7 Forest (Km)
(a) Reserved Forest NIL
8 Power Line Crossing 76
9 OFC Cables Crossing NIL
10 H. T. Line NIL
11 Revenue Details (Nos.)
(a) District 1
(b) Village 57
The list of enrouteMandals and Villages on WSKMC are given in Table - 5.2 (a) &(b).
Table 5.2 (a) Number of Mandals and Villageson WSKMC
SR. NO. State District Mondal No. ofVillages
1 Bihar Sitamarhi
Bairagania
57Majorganj
SuppiSonabarsa
Parihar
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Table 5.2 (b) List of Mandals and Villages on WSKMC
SR. NO. VILLAGE MANDAL DISTRICT
1 RAMNOGAR
PARIHAR
SITAMURHI
2 KONLWA
3 BHAGWATPUR
4 ISHLAMPURTOLA
5 CHANDIRAJWARA
6 BHERANIA
7 BAHLORA
8 MANIKTHAR
9 MAJUWALIA
10 MUSHAHORNIANTOLA
11 JAYNAGAR
12 DAMHI
13 DHANAHA
14 PAKARLA
15 RAJWARA
SONABARSA
16 PARARLO
17 CHAKKI
18 MAJURWA
19 JAHDHI
20 LAKSHMIPUR
21 CHIRA
22 HARIHARPUR
23 CHILRA
24 SONABARSA
25 RAMANAGAR
26 LARKAWA
27 BHOLUANA28 PARSA29 KHOP
SONABARSA
SITAMORHI
30 LAKSHMINLATOLA31 KHOPRAHA32 BHANRSOR33 DULALPUR
MAJORGANJ34 MURHADIH
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35 MADHUKARPUR36 RAMPATPAKRI37 MURHACHHATAUNA38 JANKINAGOR39 MODHOPUR40 MALINIA41 BAHERA42 PACHHARWA43 GORHWABISONPUR44 BHOLORIA45 LOLDASI
SUPPI
46 BASBITTA47 SHRINAGAR48 HARPUR49 KALON50 PARSA51 JAMLA52 RUSULPUR53 MASAHA
BAIRAGNIA54 MASAHANOVAROTNA55 MUSACHAK56 BHUKURHUR57 BAIRAGNIA
The list of crossings falling enroute WSKMC are given in Table 5.3
Table-5.3 List of Crossings on WSKMC
Sr. No.Name ofCrossing
Chainage (m)Between AP-
APDescription R.L. (m)
1 ROAD 1086.812 AP1-AP2 Brick Road 83.531
2 ROAD 1753.408 AP1-AP2 Metal Road 83.485
3 RIVER 2178.296 AP1-AP2 Marha River 79.53
4 CANAL 3123.597 AP2-AP3 Canal 78.312
5 ROAD 3611.638 AP3-AP4 Kacha Road 83.52
6 CANAL 3700.000 AP3-AP4 Canal 81.725
7 ROAD 4000.000 AP4-AP5 Kacha Road 83.211
8 CANAL 4016.287 AP4-AP5 Canal 81.812
9 RIVER 4850.000 AP5-AP6 Madri/ Koutwa River 80.267
10 ROAD 5319.792 AP6-AP7 Kacha Road 83.774
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Sr. No.Name ofCrossing
Chainage (m)Between AP-
APDescription R.L. (m)
11 ROAD 5881.415 AP6-AP7 Kacha Road 83.062
12 CANAL 6498.935 AP6-AP7 Canal 79.652
13 CANAL 6859.997 AP6-AP7 Canal 79.934
14 ROAD 7391.092 AP7-AP8 Metal Road (Jarput/Majaulia) 83.718
15 ROAD 7897.368 AP8-AP9 Kacha Road (Majaulia) 82.079
16 ROAD 8802.062 AP9-AP10Metal Road ( Pakaria/Soharba ) 82.114
17 CANAL 9527.800 AP9-AP10 Canal 81.398
18 ROAD 10790.112 AP10-AP11Metal Road ( Rajbara/Soharba ) 81.399
19 CANAL 11637.108 AP11-AP12 Canal 76.837
20 RIVER 11817.030 AP11-AP12 Goga River 76.507
21 ROAD 12669.495 AP11-AP12Metal Road (Rajbara/Padoria ) 80.126
22 ROAD 12807.64 AP12-AP13Metal Road ( Rajbara/Padoria ) 80.163
23 ROAD 14158.513 AP12-AP13 Earth Road 81.458
24 RIVER 14542.955 AP13-AP14 Hardi River 78.631
25 ROAD 15511.59 AP14-AP15Metal Road (N.H-77 ) (Sonabarsha/ Bhuti) 81.604
26 ROAD 16734.212 AP15-AP16 Earth Road 82.856
27 ROAD 16879.446 AP15-AP16Metal Road (Sonabarsha/Ramnagar) 83.446
28 ROAD 18862.287 AP17-AP18Metal Road(Rherihi/Larkowa ) 83.204
29 ROAD 19016.94 AP17-AP18Brick Road ( Bhaluaha/Sukhainia ) 81.411
30 ROAD 22155.158 AP19-AP20 Brick Road (Urila/Urlihia ) 79.115
31 ROAD 22557.209 AP20-AP21Brick Road(Bhanasar/Bhanasar ) 78.582
32 ROAD 23156.77 AP21-AP22 Earth Road (Khapkhopra ) 78.289
33 RIVER 23500.000 AP21-AP22 LakhandiNadi 76.611
34 CANAL 23911.655 AP21-AP22 Canal 76.895
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30WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-V
Sr. No.Name ofCrossing
Chainage (m)Between AP-
APDescription R.L. (m)
35 ROAD 25122.623 AP22-AP23 Earth Road 78.701
36 ROAD 25936.309 AP23-AP24Earth Road ( DularPur/NepalBorder ) 77.551
37 ROAD 26167.002 AP23-AP24 Earth Road ( DularPur ) 76.971
38 RIVER 26303.586 AP23-AP24 Saran Nodi 73.114
39 ROAD 27558.696 AP25-AP26Earth Road ( Murarghat/NamanaGarh ) 75.907
40 ROAD 28046.244 AP26-AP27 Earth Road ( MoriaGhat ) 75.27
41 ROAD 28558.344 AP26-AP27 Earth Road ( KhushnaGarh ) 75.405
42 ROAD 30791.37 AP27-AP28Morum Road (MurheBajar/Mejorgauj ) 76.513
43 ROAD 31411.645 AP27-AP28Metal Road ( Mejrgauj/NepalBorder/Medhavpur) 76.664
44 ROAD 31984.151 AP29-AP30 Kacha Road ( Mejrgauj ) 75.33
45 NALA 32100.000 AP29-AP30 Nala 72.805
46 ROAD 33168.225 AP30-AP31Kacha Road (Mejorgauj/Nepal Border ) 76.36
47 CANAL 33509.123 AP30-AP31 Canal 74.106
48 ROAD 33822.532 AP30-AP31 Metal Road ( Begera ) 76.614
49 ROAD 34428.003 AP31-AP32 Kacha Road ( Bagera) 75.47
50 RIVER 34450.000 AP31-AP32 Maheshmara River 70.21
51 ROAD 35062.825 AP33-AP34 Kacha Road ( Begera ) 74.94
52 ROAD 35428.115 AP33-AP34 Kacha Road 76.389
53 ROAD 36984.287 AP34-AP35Kacha Road ( Valupamore/Nepal Border ) 75.272
54 ROAD 37258.189 AP34-AP35 Brick Road 75.196
55 ROAD 37545.557 AP35-AP36Kacha Road ( Nepal/Valuya ) 73.891
56 ROAD 38459.175 AP37-AP38 Kacha Road ( Boshbhitta ) 74.25
57 ROAD 39200.000 AP38-AP39Metal Road ( Boshbhitta/Laldashi ) 73.64
58 ROAD 40361.664 AP39-AP40Brick Road ( Shree Nagar/Elaldesh ) 73.549
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Sr. No.Name ofCrossing
Chainage (m)Between AP-
APDescription R.L. (m)
59 ROAD 40948.935 AP40-AP41 Brick Road 73.72
60 ROAD 41106.094 AP40-AP41 Brick Road 73.566
61 ROAD 41508.2803 AP41-AP42 Metal Road 74.21
62 ROAD 41892.593 AP42-AP43 Earth Road 73.225
63 ROAD 43361.723 AP42-AP43 Kacha Road 72.52
64 ROAD 43840.415 AP42-AP43 Kacha Road 72.871
65 RIVER 45168.013 AP44-AP45 Bagmati River 71.405
66 ROAD 47376.306 AP45-AP46 Metal Road 75.621
67 ROAD 47850 AP46-AP47 Metal Road 73.985
68 ROAD 48813.391 AP48-AP49 Metal Road 75.345
69 ROAD 49269.852 AP48-AP49 Metal Road 73.556
70 ROAD 49728.034 AP49-AP50 Kacha Road 72.898
71 NALA 49827.738 AP49-AP50 Nala 69.625
The list of major crossings on rivers and roadsenroute WSKMC are given inTable - 5.4
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Table – 5.4 List of Major Crossings on Rivers and Roads Enroute WSKMC
Sr.No.
Name ofCrossing
Between TP-IP
Chainage(m)Description
Width(m)Start End
1 RIVER AP1-AP2 2162.75 2194.05 Marha River 31.3002 RIVER AP5-AP6 4807.969 4892.031 Madri/ Koutwa River 84.0623 RIVER AP11-AP12 11796.77 11837.29 Goga River 40.5274 RIVER AP13-AP14 14525.01 14560.90 Hardi River 35.882
5ROAD AP14-AP15
15508.74 15514.44Metal Road (N.H-77 ) ( Sonabarsha /Bhuti) 5.700
6 ROAD AP15-AP16 16877.02 16881.87 Metal Road ( Sonabarsha/ Romnagar ) 4.8507 RIVER AP21-AP22 23479.27 23520.73 LakhandiNadi 41.4518 RIVER AP23-AP24 26297.58 26309.59 Saran Nadi 12.013
9ROAD AP27-AP28
31410.12 31413.17Metal Road ( Mejrgauj/NepalBorder/Medhavpur) 3.050
10 RIVER AP31-AP32 34427.49 34472.51 Maheshmara River 45.01811 RIVER AP44-AP45 44988.58 45347.45 Bagmati River 358.870
The survey output of WSKMC is given in Appendix – 5.1 containing the followingdrawings:
i) Plan and L-Section of WSKMCii) X-Section of WSKMC at 50m intervaliii) L-Section of Rivers / Nallas / Other crossingsiv) X-Section of Rivers / Nallas / Other crossingsv) Grid Plans with contours at the locations of canal crossings
5.5.2 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for Branch Canal (BC-II)
Branch Canal BC-IIofftakes from Western SaptaKosi Main Canal between BP 48
&49 at Latitude 26°44’21” N and Longitude 85°22’56” E near village Bariarpur
(India). It continues further into Patch-2 and terminates near village Gopalpur at
Chainage 96.16 km.
The total length of BC-II as per Survey output is 96.16 km having flat terrain. It
passes through 73 nos. of villages falling under Sitamarhi, Darbhanga and
Muzaffarpur. There are total 118 Nos. of crossings falling on the route of BC-II,
which comprises of the following:
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National Highway - 01
Rly Track - 01
River / Nadi - 01
Nalla - 08
Metal / Brick Roads - 99
H.T. Line - 01
Low Land - 01
Village Roads - 06
Total - 118
Out of the above crossings, the grid plan survey has been carried out at the locationsof 42 important canal structures. Geotechnical investigations have also been carriedout at the locations of canal crossings and the same are shown in Borehole LocationPlan given in Appendix-20.1.
The Salient Features of BC-II are given in Table – 5.4.
Table 5.4 Salient Features of BC-II
1 Length (m) 96159.97
2 Terrain (m)
(a) Flat 96159.97
(b) Slightly Undulating NIL
3 Road Crossing (Nos.)
(a) National Highway 1
(b) State Highway NIL
(c) Other Roads 99
(d) Earth Roads 06
4 Water Bodies (Nos.)
(a) Canal Nil
(b) Nalla 8
(c) River / Nadi 1
5 Railway Crossing (Nos.)
(a) B. G. Railway 1
6 Pipeline Crossing (Nos.)
(a) Water Supply Pipeline NIL
(b) Gas Pipeline NIL
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7 Forest (Km)
(a) Reserved Forest NIL
8 Power Line Crossing 76
9 OFC Cables Crossing NIL
10 H. T. Line 1
11 Revenue Details (Nos.)
(a) District 3
(b) Village 73
The list of enrouteDistricts and Villages on BC-II are given in Table - 5.5 (a) & (b).
Table 5.5 (a) Number of Districts and Villageson BC-II
SR. NO. State No. ofDistricts
No. ofVillages
1 Bihar 3 73
Table 5.5 (b) List of Districts and Villages on BC-II
SR.NO.
VILLAGE DISTRICT
1 GAJARWA Sitamarhi,Muzaffarpur&Darbhanga
2 BISHUSINGHTALA
3 MOHNIGOTA
4 RAMNAGAR
5 BAKHRI
6 LAKSHMIPUR
7 UPHRAULIA
8 PANCHHAUR
9 KUSNARI
10 SANKHI
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11 HANUMANNAGAR
12 MATHWA
13 NARAR
14 BIRTATOLA
15 PUNAURA
16 BHORAHI
17 KARMAHIA
18 MIRJAPUR
19 PAMRA
20 PARNANANDPUR
21 RAMPUR
22 GOPNATHPUR
23 BISHNUPUR
24 BARHARWA
25 PREMNAGAR
26 GADHA
27 JAHANGIRPUR
28 TIKAULI
29 MANORATHI
30 DOSAIN
31 KHORPATTI
32 GANGWARA
33 TARMA
34 MEHSAUL
35 BALIYA
36 BASATPUR Sitamarhi,Muzaffarpur&Darbhanga37 GAGIYA
38 RUDAULI
39 MANIYADIH
40 KOKILBARA
41 MINAPUR
42 DHARAMPUR
43 JAGAULIYA
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44 MISRAULIYA
45 KOILAMAN
46 BATHWARA
47 KATAI
48 JAJUARA
49 SAIDPUR
50 SHIVNAGAR
51 SINGWARI
52 RAJGHAT
53 PASAUL
54 PIPRA
55 AGIYASPUR
56 MOHANA KATHLIA
57 BUDHKARA
58 RAMPURA
59 JAHANGIRPUR
60 BARUARI
61 SUWASKUNDI
62 RAMULI
63 RAJWATALA
64 LODHAURA
65 HANUMANNAGAR
66 SABAUL
67 JAGANIA
68 FATEHPUR
69 RATANPUR
70 MORO
71 TISIDIH
72 RAJAWARA
73 ARAILA
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The list of crossings falling enrouteBC-II are given in Table 5.6
Table-5.6 List of Crossings on BC-II
Sr.No.
Name ofCrossing
Chainage(m)
1 Brick Road 876.91
2 Brick Road 1515.12
3 Brick Road 2448.78
4 Brick Road 2540
5 Brick Road 3053.52
6 Brick Road 3913.18
7 Brick Road 4614.21
8 Brick Road 6261.53
9 Brick Road 6280.35
10 N.E.RLY 6863.93
11 Brick Road 7696.17
12 Brick Road 9229.05
13 NALA 9915.16
14 Brick Road 10226.59
15 Brick Road 10350.72
16 Brick Road 11299.42
17 NALA 11736.9
18 Brick Road 12205.17
19 Brick Road 12291.76
20 Brick Road 13278.99
21 Brick Road 13299.22
22 NALA 13987.9
23 Brick Road 14690.13
24 Brick Road 15188.22
25 Brick Road 15807.29
26 Brick Road 17610.99
27 Brick Road 17858
28 Brick Road 19029.9
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29 Brick Road 20035.4
30 NALA 20666.14
31 Brick Road 21668.57
32 Brick Road 21923.67
33 Brick Road 22132.38
34 Brick Road 24098.85
35 Brick Road 24296.51
36 Brick Road 24534.74
37 Brick Road 24731.36
38 Brick Road 25364.71
39 Brick Road 26758.15
40 Brick Road 27377.75
41 Brick Road 27417.72
42 Brick Road 27765.27
43 Brick Road 27800
44 Brick Road 28062.27
45 Brick Road 28705.34
46 Brick Road 29648.39
47 Brick Road 30289.03
48 Brick Road 30736.28
49 Brick Road 31369.46
50 Brick Road 31514
51 Brick Road 31911.01
52 Brick Road 32824.38
53 Brick Road 33148.85
54 NALA 34132.77
55 Brick Road 34307.6
56 LOW LAND 35400
57 Brick Road 35668.2
58 Brick Road 38562.59
59 Brick Road 41111.53
60 Brick Road 44042.39
61 Brick Road 44533.71
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62 Brick Road 44633.17
63 Brick Road 46168.93
64 Brick Road 50153.57
65 Brick Road 51215.83
66 NALA 52571.05
67 Brick Road 57475.17
68 Brick Road 57753.95
69 Brick Road 58697.44
70 Brick Road 58736.73
71 Brick Road 58931.19
72 Brick Road 60394.15
73 Brick Road 60701.2
74 Brick Road 60999.86
75 NALA 61838.34
76 Brick Road 62016.02
77 Brick Road 62758.99
78 Brick Road 63051.24
79 Brick Road 63152.96
80 Brick Road 63686.43
81 Brick Road 64148.63
82 Brick Road 65407.31
83 Brick Road 66588.45
84 Brick Road 67725.43
85 Brick Road 68416.79
86 Brick Road 68937.3
87 Brick Road 69058.87
88 Brick Road 6956765
89 Brick Road 69636.93
90 Brick Road 69736.96
91 Brick Road 70222.76
92 Brick Road 73226.02
93 Brick Road 74521.74
94 NALA 75590.57
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95 Brick Road 76148.16
96 Brick Road 76968.76
97 Brick Road 78007.29
98 Brick Road 80360.2
99 Brick Road 82171.62
100 Brick Road 82684.9
101 Brick Road 83702.24
102 Brick Road 83959.01
103 N.H-57 84676.98
104 Brick Road 85800
105 Village Road 86332.81
106 RIVER 86681.39
107 Brick Road 87208.25
108 Village Road 87647.2
109 Village Road 88774.61
110 Village Road 89425.03
111 Brick Road 89532.4
112 H.T LINE132 KV
91362.92
113 Brick Road 91623.14
114 Village Road 91808.5
115 Brick Road 92534.09
116 Village Road 94000
117 Brick Road 94365.53
118 Brick Road 95564.59
The survey output of BC-II is given in Appendix 5.2.
5.5.3 Canal Alignment Survey for Distributaries and Minors in Patch 1 (SitamarhiDistrict)
Patch-1 falls in Zone-II of BurhiGandak-Bagmati command area which is served by4 Direct Distributaries (DD-1 to DD-4) offtaking from Western SaptaKosi MainCanal and various minors/sub-minors offtaking from these distributaries.
As far as Direct Distributaries are concerned, all of them comprising a total length of51 km have been surveyed for planning the alignment. However, the alignment survey
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for minors/sub-minors has been carried out for 134.7 km length against total length of143.38 km.
The list of direct distributaries and their corresponding minors in Patch-1 for whichalignment survey was carried out is given below:
S.No. Distributary Minor1. DD1
M2SM1 (M2)
M4M5
2. DD2M1M2M5M6
SM1 (M6)SM2 (M6)
M73. DD3
M1M2
SM1 (M2)M3
SM1SM2SM3SM4M4M5
SM1 (M5)M6M7
4. DD4M1M2M3
The survey output of Distributaries and Minors in Patch 1 is given in Appendix 5.3.
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5.5.4 Canal Alignment Survey for Distributaries and Minors in Patch 2 (DarbhangaDistrict)
Patch-2 also falls in Zone-II of BurhiGandak-Bagmati command area which is servedby 3 Distributaries (D14 to D16) and 2 Direct Minors (DM8 and DM9)offtaking fromBranch Canal (BC-II) and various minors offtaking from these distributaries.
The alignment survey has been carried out for the above 3distributaries(D14, D15 &D16) comprising a length of 51.53 km. The alignment survey of minors and directminors has been carried out to the extent of 20 km length against the total length of110.58 km.
The list of distributaries and their corresponding minors in Patch-2 in BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command for which alignment survey was carried out is as given below:
S.No. Distributary Minor1. D14 (ex-BC-II)
M6 (ex-D14)M8 (ex-D14)
2. D15 (ex-BC-II)M4 (ex-D-15)M5 (ex-D-15)
3. D16 (ex-BC-II)4. DM-8 (ex-BC-II)5. DM-9 (ex-BC-II)
The survey output of Distributaries and Minors in Patch 2 is given in Appendix 5.4.
(B) Mahananda Command
5.5.5 Canal Alignment and Grid Plan Survey for Branch Canal (BC-III),Distributaries and Minors in Patch-3
The Branch Canal (BC-III) serving Zone-III of Mahananda Command Area in IndianTerritory starts from Border Pillar BP-35 of Indo-Nepal Border near Fatehpur village(Tedagacch Tehsil) and terminates at Bibiganj village (Bahadurganj Tehsil) ofKishanjganj District of Bihar State.
The lat/long of the starting point at BP-35 and terminal point at Bahadurganj of BC-III are as under:
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i) Start of BC-III at BP-35Lat 24034’49.54” N
Long 76041’48.04” E
ii) Terminal Point at BahadurganjLat 24037’35.38” N
Long 77001’46.94” E
The canal alignment survey of BC-III has been carried out considering a strip of 300mwidth i.e. 150 m on either sides of the central line of the branch canal with cross-sections taken at 50 m intervals.
The Benchmarks are established along the route of BC-III at every Turning Point.These BMs are established on Pillars with the help of DGPS.
In the total length of 16.931 km, the branch canal passes through 23 crossings ofdifferent types. The break-up is given below:
Cart Tracks - 9
Roads - 8
Nallas - 4
Rivers - 2 (Ratwa and Kankai Rivers)
23 Nos.
The grid plan survey has been carried out for all the above canal structures.Geotechnical investigations have also been carried out at the locations of 17 of thesecanal crossings and the same are shown in Borehole Location Plan given inAppendix-20.1.
Canal alignment survey has also been carried out for Distributaries and Minors inPatch-3 in Zone-III of Mahananda command.There are total 5 distributaries. All ofthem have been surveyed for canal alignment, comprising a total length of about 65km. The total length of minors/direct minors in Patch-3 is 127.92 km, out of which thelength surveyed is of the order of 94.4 km.
The list of canals surveyed in Patch-3 in Mahananda Command is as follows:
S. No. Canal1 BC-III2 DM1 (Ex-BC-III)3 DM2 (Ex-BC-III)4 D1 (Ex-BC-III)
M1M2M3M4
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M5M6M7M8M9
M10M11M12M13M14M15M16M17M18M19M20
5 DM3 (Ex-BC-III)6 DM4(Ex-BC-III)7 DM5 (Ex-BC-III)8 DM6 (Ex-BC-III)9 D2 (Ex-BC-III)
M1SM1M2M3M4M5M6M7M8M9
M10M11M12M13M14M15M16
10 D3 (Ex-BC-III)M1M2
11 DM-7 (Ex-BC-III)
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12 D4 (Ex-BC-III)M1M2M3M4M5M6M7M8M9
M10M11M12M13M14M15M16
13 D5 (Ex BD-III)
The survey output of BC-III and its corresponding Distributaries and Minors in Patch-3 is given in Appendix 5.5.
5.6 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF SUB-PATCHES FOR OFD WORKSPLANNING
The topographical survey of 5 nos. of Sub-Patches comprising of three sub-patches in
BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command and two in MahanandaCommand and preparation
of maps of sub-patches on 1:2500 village map Scale for OFD Works Planning as per
details given below has been carried out.
(A) BurhiGandak-Bagmati Command
Sub-Patch 1
Area = 1258 ha
Location = In Patch 1
Village = Sitalpatti, Manariya, Akhadiya
District = Sitamarhi
Minor(s) Servingthe Sub-Patch
= M-2 (DD-3), SM-1 (M-2, DD-3), M-1 (DD-2)
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The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch1 on village map scale of 1:2500with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.1.
Sub-Patch 2
Area = 1055 ha
Location = In Patch 1
Village = Ramnagar, Bhujunagar, Bhujutola, Budhwara, Najarpur,Binwatola, Mohani, Dubha-tola, MohoniKhurd,Bisnupur
District = Sitamarhi
Minor(s) Servingthe Sub-Patch
= SM-3 (M-3, DD-3), M-2 (DD-4)
The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch 2 on village map scale of1:2500 with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.2.
Sub-Patch 3
Area = 1000 ha
Location = In Patch 2
Village = Banauli, Rajaul, Fulbaria, Bharoul
District = Darbhanga
Minor(s) Servingthe Sub-Patch
= M-6 (D-14), M-8 (D-14)
The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch 3 on village map scale of1:2500 with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.3.
(B) Mahananda Command
Sub-Patch 4
Area = 1000 ha
Location = In Patch 3
Village = JhunkiMusahara, Hatgav
District = Kishanganj
Minor(s) Serving the Sub- = M-4 (D-1), M-6 (D-1), M-8 (D-1), M-1 (D-2)
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Patch
The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch 4 on village map scale of1:2500 with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.4.
Sub-Patch 5
Area = 1381 ha
Location = In Patch 3
Village = Dogacchi, Jhingakata, Pahatgav,JhingakataIstamrar, Maheshbathna,TaufirJhingakata
District = Kishanganj
Minor(s) Serving the Sub-Patch
= M-11 (D-4), M-12 (D-4), M-13 (D-4), M-14 (D-4), M-15 (D-4), M-16 (D-4), M-7 (D-5), M-16(D-5)
The survey output of topographical survey of Sub-Patch 5 on village map scale of
1:2500 with 0.25m contour interval are given in Plate 5.5.
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CHAPTER-VI
AGRONOMICAL STUDIES
6.1 GENERAL
Water resources development projects having irrigation as one of the component, are
aimed at increasing the production and yield of crops by ensuring adequacy and
timeliness of irrigation supplies. For this purpose, detailed agriculture planning is
required to be undertaken considering the existing and proposed cropping pattern,
crop water requirement, water availability etc. depending upon the agro-climatic and
soil conditions of the command area. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to
work out 10 daily water irrigation requirement for Burhi Gandak –Bagmati and
Mahananda basins separately.
6.2 AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES
Weather and climate parameters, such as rainfall, temperature, humidity etc. play an
important role in optimizing crop benefits. Weather is, however, highly variable and
constitutes as one of the most important inputs in the agriculture management and
operations in the field.
According to the Agroclimatic Atlas of India published by India Meteorological
Department in 1987 (Plate-6.1), the Project area falls under the most sub-humidity
classification. The area receives plentiful rainfall and has a temperate climate.
Planning Commission in their document entitled “Agro-Climatic Regional Planning
(1989)”, have delineated the country is 15 Agro-Climatic Regions based on the
criteria of homogeneity in agro-characteristics such as temperature, soil, topography,
cropping and farming systems and water resources. The state of Bihar lies in Agro-
climatic Zone-IV i.e. Middle Gangetic Plain. It comprises of 26 districts of Bihar
Plains and 12 districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. This zone is characterized as “rich
water and soil resources, low productivity level, high production pressure on land, and
increasing proportion of problem soil”. This zone has been further sub-divided into
six sub-zones, each having adequate agro-climatic homogeneity for detailed
operational planning. According to this classification, whole of Bihar falls under sub-
zone-4, sub-zone-5 and sub-zone-6. The same is depicted in Plate 6.2.
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Bihar is located in Middle Gangetic Plains and therefore, falls in Division IV of
nationally recognized Agro-climatic Zones of India. The State is further divided in
three Agro-Climatic zones, keeping in view the soil condition, rainfall pattern, other
meteorological factors and stabilized cropping pattern. Agriculture planning is greatly
governed by the nature of the prevailing agro-climate. The details of the three Agro-
climatic zones are given in Table-6.1.
Table - 6.1Agro-Climatic Sub-zones
Agro-climatic zone GeographicalArea - lakh
ha
Averageannual
Rainfall-mm
Districts included
I-Northwest alluvialplains
32 1201.91 All districts of Trihut &Saran Divisions, andMadhubani, Dharbhanga andSamstipur Districts ofDharbhanga Division.
II-Northeast alluvialplains
21 1442.60 All districts of Purnea andKosi Division with Khagariaand Begusarai Districts
III-South alluvialplains
40 1097.37 All districts of Patna,Magdh, Munger andBhagalpur Divisions
From the above Table, it is seen that the project area is located in Zones I and II.
Characteristic features of three Zones are as follows:
6.2.1 Northwest alluvial plains
The North West Alluvial Plain Zone includes the districts of East Champaran,
Sitamarhi, Muzaffarpur, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur and part of Begusari
lying west of the river Burhi Gandak. While the eastern part of this zone comes under
the influence of the rivers like Bagmati and Kamla, the western part comes under the
influence of the rivers like Gandak, Burhi Gandak and Ghaghara. It is the eastern
part of the zone that forms part of the project area. This part of the land has either
neutral, acidic or saline soils.
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The sub-zone is mostly thickly populated region of the State, covering 18.8 % of the
total area. The concept of agriculture as a subsistence still persists. The area suffers
from water logging and salinity. Soils in uplands in general, to the extent of 3.2 lakh
ha are high in P-fixation capacity. Both, area and intensity of soil salinity are on
increase, leading to low crop productivity and lowered nutrient efficiency. There is
need to bridge the gap by developing suitable control measures and farming
technology for such large areas. Widespread deficiency of Zinc is prevalent. Crops
have been found to differ in response to Zn-application. Similarly, the deficiency of
Boron (B) at places has been observed. Soils are becoming poorer in organic matter.
Unstable crop due to recurrence of floods in the area is to the extent of 17 lakh ha in
northwest plains. Vast area is located in low lands with 1 to 5 meter depth of water,
which makes agricultural management difficult. This results into the poor harvest.
The sub-zone has rich alluvial soils and good scope of ground water exploitation. It is
rich in fruits like mango, litchi and banana. The important field crops are rice, wheat,
maize, oilseeds (rape and mustard), spices - turmeric, ginger, dhania, chilies, garlic,
methi, saunf and mangaraila, tubers (sweet potato), sugarcane etc.. It has been an
important sugarcane belt.
6.2.2 Northeast alluvial plains
The North East Alluvial Plain zones include the districts of Saharsa, Supaul,
Madhepura, Araria, Khagaria, Purnea, Katihar, Kishanganj and Bhagalpur
(Neugachhia sub-division). The zone occupies the north-eastern part of the state of
Bihar, north of river Ganga, and covers the flood plains of the rivers Kosi, Mahananda
and their tributaries. The Kosi and the Mahananda rivers are notorious for their
floods, high velocity currents and heavy sediment loads during their spates. As a
result, this part of the land has developed its own soil type. The soils have developed
from the coarse sediments of Kosi and Mahananda. In areas where water table is high
and drainage is poor, the problem of increasing salinity and alkalinity is in evidence.
Alkalinity has also developed particularly in areas where the soils are heavy and less
porous.
The soils, in general, are moderately acidic to neutral. Very acidic soils with pH of
near about 5 or even lower are found in the organic matter-rich but light textured soils
of north eastern Purnea and areas of very heavy rainfall and high permeability. Saline
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and alkaline patches are found in Madhepura, Saharsa, western part of Purnea and
southern portion of Katihar districts, mostly along the courses of channels. The soils
of this zone vary from excessively drained to poorly drained depending upon local
physiography and relief as well as water table depth. The heavy textured surface soils
have invariably sandy sub-stratum below the depth ranging from 40 to 100 cm.
Sandy to loamy soils, very highly permeable and strong acidic non-calcareous soils of
light texture, especially in northeastern part of Purnea dominate the land. The soils are
very poor in nitrogen (especially the very light textured ones), very poor to medium in
available phosphorous and potash. Deficiency of Zinc and Boron and toxicity of
manganese has been recognized in these areas. Heavy leaching of the soil has
increased soil acidity and caused nutritional problems, resulting in micro-nutrient
deficiency and in non-setting of seeds in cereals and pulses. Recurrence of floods in
large areas and consequent waterlogged areas to the extent of about 10.6 lakh ha
annually is a major constraint of agricultural production. Poor irrigation facility, to the
tune of only 21% of cropped area is available. Lack of suitable farming system for
different geographical situation such as flooded area between embankments and sandy
uplands having little irrigation facilities provide severe bottleneck for agricultural
production. Rice, jute, maize, summer pulses (moong), summer millets and sugarcane
are important crops in this sub-zone. There is a tremendous scope for exploiting
waterlogged area by growing winter (boro) rice. Maize is very high performing crop
in this sub-zone. In northeastern portion of the sub-zone, pineapple is an important
crop and southern portion is famous for banana cultivation.
The project area comprises of the Burhi-Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla, Kosi and
Mahananda basins located in the eastern part of North Bihar.
6.3 EXISTING CROPPING PATTERN
Cropping pattern in the area is variable and has evolved in response to agro-ecological
and farming situations (rainfall, land situation and water accumulation) prevailing in
the command area. There are five distinct farming situations viz. sandy uplands,
typical medium-lowlands, deep water areas, areas within Kosi embankments, and
diara lands. The sandy uplands are mono cropped (growing kharif crops) under
rainfed condition but double cropped (kharif and rabi crops) under irrigated condition.
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The medium-low lands have paddy as the dominant kharif crop while during rabi
season, wheat/barley/oilseeds are grown. In deep water areas, sowing of deep water
paddy mixed with moong, sorghum, sesame and also jute is done in February. In some
deep water areas, early maturing maize is also grown as forage/grain depending upon
flood condition. The areas within the embankments get flooded during the rainy
season. In sandy areas, water melon, musk melon, pointed gourd, pumpkin, sweet
potato, summer groundnut. etc are grown. In low-lying area, moong and deep water
paddy are grown. On diara lands, only rabi and summer crops such as wheat, gram,
lentil, maize, raya and mustard, linseed, black gram, safflower, sweet potato etc. are
grown.
Across the farming situations, the important crop rotations in normal and waterlogged
areas are as given below:
Normal areas: Paddy - Wheat
Paddy - Wheat-Summer maize
Paddy - Wheat-Summer moong
Paddy - Wheat-Sunflower
Maize - Potato-Onion
Jute+Paddy - Wheat-Moong
Maize - Sugarcane
Paddy - Paira Masur-Moong
Paddy - Paira Masur-Moong
Paddy - Mustrad/Raya-Moong
Groundnut - Wheat-Moong
Waterlogged area: Paddy+Maize+Moong
Paddy+Jute+Moong
Paddy+Maize-Summer Paddy/Maize
Between 1974-75 and 1997-98, the productivity of major cereal crops such as rice,
maize and wheat has increased more than two-fold. In pulse crops, only a modest
increase in productivity has been discernible.
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6.3.1 Existing Crop Coverage and Irrigation Intensities
Besides agro-climate, infra-structural development and marketing support at macro
level (district level) dictates the cropping pattern of an area. Cropping pattern
developed is the resultant of existing infrastructure support available at district / sub
district levels. The analysis of the existing cropping pattern would provide an insight
for future planning. Therefore, an attempt has been made to view the cropping pattern
from basin/district level because the advancement in transport sector, input
management, marketing infrastructure that take place at macro level plays an
important role in the evolution of the crop pattern.
6.3.1.1 The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)
The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994) has compiled the details of
crop coverage in the State as a whole both under irrigated and rainfed conditions as
collected from various sources. Accordingly, the details of the overall percentage of
gross cropped area and net sown area for the state as a whole is presented in the
Table 6.2.
Table 6.2Overall percentage of crop coverage in respect of Gross and
Net Cropped area in Bihar
Sl.No
Crop Season Crop Percentage ofgross croppedarea
Percentageof net sownarea
1. BHADAI Paddy 6.9 5.0(Autmn) Maize & Millets 4.2 3.0
Moong /Urd 0.7 0.5Til 0.1 0.1Vegetables 0.5 0.4
Subtotal 12.4 9.02. KHARIF Paddy HYV 21.7 15.8
Paddy general 35.6 25.9Maize HYV 0.3 0.2Maize general - -Millets 0.3 0.2Kharif Pulses 1.5 1.1Kharif oil seeds 0.6 0.4Vegetables 1.5 0.9Miscellaneous 1.2 1.1
Subtotal 62.7 45.6
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Sl.No
Crop Season Crop Percentage ofgross croppedarea
Percentageof net sownarea
3. RABI Wheat 27.5 20.0Barley 0.7 0.5Winter maize 2.8 2.0Rabi Pulses 9.1 6.6Rabi oil seeds 2.4 1.8Potato 1.6 1.2Winter vegetables 0.7 0.5Spices 0.2 0.2Miscellaneous 0.4 0.3
Subtotal 45.4 33.14. GARMA (ZAID) Paddy 4.3 3.1
Maize & Millets 4.4 3.2Moong/Urd 2.8 2.0Til 0.4 0.3Vegetables 3.2 2.4
Subtotal 15.1 11.0Sugarcane (Annual) 1.8 1.3Grand Total 137.4 100.0
(Source: Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission Vol-II, 1994)
Basinwise cropping pattern as percentage of net cultivated area is shown in Table 6.3
and basinwise percentage of net cultivated area under irrigated and rainfed conditions
in Bihar is given in Table 6.4.
Table 6.4Basinwise Percentage of Net Cultivated Area (1991-1992)
Si.No. Name of Basin
Intensity ofCultivation(Percentage)
Irrigated Rain-fed Total1A Ghaghra-Mahi-Western Gandak
Composite68.39 82.95 151.34
1B Upper Eastern Gandak-Upper BurhiGandak
55.29 78.7 133.99
1C Lower Eastern Gandak Baya-LowerBurhi Gandak
57.72 95.53 153.25
2 Bagmati-Adhwara 47.25 99.91 147.163 Kamala-Balan 41.79 123.37 165.164 Kosi 63.50 93.18 156.685 Mahananda 39.55 107.79 147.346 Karmnasa 95.18 29.21 124.397 Sone-Kanhar & Kao-Gangi Complex 100.01 32.26 140.278 North Koel 21.46 73.32 94.789 Punpun 84.96 36.37 121.33
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10 Harohar 74.28 37.84 112.1210A Kiul 39.50 62.23 101.7311 Badua-Belharna 59.30 58.84 118.1412 Bilasi-Chandan-Chir 54.10 56.22 110.3213 Main Ganga Stem 50.07 49.09 99.16
(Source: Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission Vol-II, 1994)
The cropping intensity in respect of Bagmati-Adwara, Kamla-Balan, Kosi and
Mahananda basins for irrigated and rainfed crops, as extracted from Table 6.4 is as
under:
Sl.No.
Basin Cropping Intensity (Percentage)
Irrigated Rainfed Total
1 Bagmati-Adwara 47.3 99.9 147.2
2 Kamla-Balan 41.8 123.4 165.23 Kosi 63.5 93.2 158.74 Mahananda 39.6 107.8 147.4
As per the above, the existing cropping intensity both for irrigated and rainfed
conditions ranges from 147.2% to 165.2%. The percentages of rainfed cropping
pattern is very high i.e. ranging from 93.2% to 123.4% while the same is very low
for irrigated crops ranging from 39.6% to 63.5% indicating thereby that there is a lot
of scope for increasing irrigation in all the above four basins.
6.3.1.2 Basin wise/Districtwise Trend of the Existing Cropping Pattern
Basinwise/districtwise trend of the cropping pattern in respect of Burhi Gandak,
Bagmati-Adwara, Kamla-Balan, Kosi and Mahananda basins has been studied from
the available statistics for the past three years, 2000-01, 2001-02 and 2002-03. The
details of the same have been worked out on prorata basis for each district lying in the
basin and are given at Annex 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 respectively while an abstract of the
same is given in Table 6.5. The average cropping pattern is depicted in Fig. 6.1.
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Table 6.5Basinwise Existing Cropping Pattern for the Project Area
(Burhi Gandak, Bagmati-Adwara, Kamla-Balan, Kosi and Mahananda Basins)
Sl.
No.
Crop % of Area Average
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Cereals
1 Paddy 56.31 50.00 63.31 56.54
2 Wheat 22.79 27.49 20.19 23.49
3 Maize 9.44 10.91 7.97 9.44
4 Barley 0.94 0.06 0.01 0.34
Total Cereals 89.48 88.45 91.48 89.81
Pulses
5 Gram 0.24 0.05 0.04 0.11
6 Masoor 1.18 1.41 1.07 1.22
7 Arhar 0.32 0.31 0.17 0.27
8 Khesari 1.05 1.19 0.73 0.99
9 Peas 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.20
Total Pulses 2.97 3.20 2.20 2.79
Cash Crops
10 Sugarcane 0.68 0.82 0.58 0.69
11 Potato 3.01 2.34 1.85 2.40
12 Tobacco 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.15
13 Jute 3.71 4.99 3.74 4.15
14 Chillies 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02
Total Cash Crops 7.55 8.35 6.32 7.41
Grand Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
(Source: Bihar through Figures, 2003, Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation,Bihar)
It is clear from the above Table that cereals occupy the maximum area under
cultivation, around 90% of the total cropped area. Paddy is the main cereal crop in all
the basins in the order of about 50% to 63%. The cultivation of Maize is done in about
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9% of area with the highest percentage of 12.9% in Kosi Basin and the lowest of 2.4%
in Kamla Basin. It may thus be surmised that the cereals would continue to dominate
the cropping pattern.
The position of pulses is very dismal. Barely 2 to 3% of the total cropped area is
under pulses. From the sustainability aspects, the present cropping pattern is not
balanced. Masoor is the main pulse crop of the area, followed by Khesari. Among the
cash crops, occupying about 7.41% of the cropped area on an average , Jute is the
most favoured crop, with the maximum area of about 14% in Mahananda basin and
negligible towards Kamla, Bagmati and Burhi-Gandak.
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Fig. 6.1
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The average productivity levels of different crops in Bihar for the year 2000-01, 2001-
02 and 2002-03 are given in Table 6.6. Among cereals, maize has the highest
productivity, even higher than that of paddy. The productivity of pulses is in general
low.
Table 6.6The average productivity levels of different crops in Bihar for the
year 2000-01, 2001-02 and 2002-03
Sl.No.
Crop District wise Productivity kg / ha2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 Average
1 Autumn rice 1330 1240 1171 12472 Winter rice 1512 1493 1460 14883 Summer rice 1701 1933 1642 17594 Wheat 2147 2065 1894 20355 Bhadai maize 1748 1882 1679 17706 Rabi maize 2920 3194 2610 29087 Summer maize 2955 2651 2683 27638 Jowar 914 851 1010 9259 Bajra 1030 722 826 85910 Ragi 1099 850 688 87911 Gram 1034 959 1010 100112 Arhar 1350 1155 1140 121513 Masoor 986 799 872 88614 Caster 827 1050 968 94815 Linseed 682 716 760 71916 Sesamum Bhadai 462 554 853 62317 Rape Seeds & Mustard 870 838 688 79918 Sugarcane 42635 45938 42141 4357119 Tobacco 1163 1096 1124 112820 Potato (Aghani) 9960 8680 9820 948721 Potato (Rabi) 9530 10870 10050 10150
(Source: Bihar through Figures, 2003, Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation,Bihar)
6.3.1.3 Cropping pattern as developed under Eastern Kosi Canal System
The report of Kosi Project (KP) - 1953 indicates that while formulating cropping
pattern, the principal crops which were taken into consideration were mainly bhadai
paddy, aghani paddy, jute, sugarcane and wheat besides other minor crops grown in
the area. The intensity of principal crops as existing was 79.7% and that of minor
crops as 32.8%, making total cropping intensity of 112.5% during pre-project period.
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The cropping pattern in the Kosi command in the post-project period envisaged
increasing the intensity of principal crops from 79.7% to 115% and reducing intensity
of minor crops from 32.8% to 20%. The cropwise intensities are given in Table 6.7
and graphically depicted in Fig. 6.2.
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Fig. 6.2
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Table 6.7Cropping Pattern & Intensities as per Kosi Project – 1953
Sl.No.
Name of Crop Cropping Intensities as per Kosi Project - 1953Pre-Project Post-Project
1 Bhadai Paddy 10.6 12.0
2 Aghani Paddy 51.5 65.0
3 Wheat (Rabi) 9.3 20.0
4 Sugarcane 0.1 3.0
5 Jute 8.2 15.0
Sub Total 79.7 115.0
6 Other Minor Crops 32.8 20.0
Total 112.5 135.0
Kosi Irrigation Committee (KIC), 1975 reviewed the coverage percentage of different
principal crops in the command area for the years 1976-77 and 1985-86 which
indicated the following trend vis-à-vis the intensities proposed in KP 1953 as given in
Table 6.8.
Table 6.8Coverage Area of Different Crops in Eastern Kosi Canal System
Sl.No.
Name of Crop Percentage Intensities1976-77 1985-86
1 Bhadai Paddy 13.9 14.1
2 Aghani Paddy 52.1 57.6
3 Wheat (Rabi) 19.0 21.5
4 Sugarcane 0.02 0.1
5 Jute 8.5 9.5
Total 93.52 102.8
KIC, 1975 found that the area under Aghani Paddy has consistently increased from
52.1% in 1976-77 to 57.6% in 1985-86 against 65% as proposed during post- project
period. Similarly, area under wheat also increased from 19% in 1976-77 to 21.5% in
1985-86 against proposed 20%. Accordingly, it was recommended that there is
sufficient scope to increase the area under wheat.
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6.4 STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING IRRIGATION
The supply of irrigation water is most important and crucial input in enabling the
system to produce crops at a desired level of productivity. The water supply has to be
adequate for creating sufficient moisture in the soil root zone of the plants to satisfy
the water requirements of crops for their normal growth. When the supply of water is
deficient and the crop water requirements are not fully met, the soil moisture stress
develops that affects the crop growth. The impact of soil moisture stress is greatly
dependent on the crop species and the stage of crop growth. Generally, crops are more
sensitive to water deficiency during emergence, flowering and early grain formation
than they are during early vegetative and late growth periods.
Considering irrigation as the most productive input for agricultural development, the
Government of Bihar has been conscious for development of irrigation as well as for
holistic development of the command areas. The formulation of the Kosi Irrigation
Project bears a testimony to this concern. The Eastern Kosi Canal System under the
Kosi Irrigation Project had been completed and operationalised since 1964. The
Rajpur Branch Canal had also been included towards the end of Third Five Year Plan.
The originally planned GCA and CCA for both Eastern Kosi Canal and Rajpur
Branch Canal were 9.19 lakh ha ( 7.43+1.76) and 6.12 lakh ha (4.95+1.17)
respectively which were later revised by Kosi Irrigation Committee ( 1975) as 7.44
lakh ha ( 6.04 + 1.40) and 4.40 lakh ha (3.49 + 0.91). The ultimate irrigation potential
of both the system was assessed as 4.48 lakh ha (2.86 + 1.62). The performance of the
Eastern Kosi Canal System has been sub-optimal in respect of creation and utilization
of irrigation potential as well as crop productivity. Moreover, it has caused
degradation of the production resource base by way of waterlogging and concomitant
soil salinization. OFD works in the command have not been fully developed to utilize
the available water. Moreover, the distribution system has also dilapidated for want
of adequate O&M funds.
The committee also observed that the creation of potential has been slow to the extent
of 75% and that too, not being utilized. The Committee gave recommendations for
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development of full irrigation potential of Kosi canal system and its ultimate
utilization. Some of these recommendations are as follows:
i) Completion of residual works upto water courses.
ii) Construction of high dam in upper catchment to tackle siltation problem in thecanal as long term measure.
iii) Main canal and branches shall not run below 2/3rd of design capacity and thesystem lower down should either run full or be kept closed. Any surplus watermay be released through escapes.
iv) Canal reaches showing excessive water loss should be strengthened withlining in a phased manner.
v) Water course longer than 1.5 km, passing through sandy reaches should belined at first instance. Other water courses may also be lined in phasedmanner.
vi) Traditional varieties of paddy may be replaced by high yielding variety, asearly as possible in as large an area as practicable.
vii) Wheat cultivation may be encouraged and less water consuming crops such as‘moong’ etc. may be irrigated through alternative sources and popularizedduring hot weather.
viii) A properly designed surface drainage system should be provided.
ix) The work of consolidation of holdings, land leveling and shaping andconstruction of field channels and field drains may be completed on prioritybasis.
x) More attention should be given on maintenance and running of canal system.
xi) The present ‘Satta’ system may be replaced by a system of compulsory levyon land under assured irrigation to be collected along with the revenue.
The Government is conscious towards increasing agricultural productivity in the
existing command through the holistic development of the command area by way of
On-Farm Development works, suitable cropping pattern, conjunctive use of surface
and ground water, drainage provision, reclamation of problem soils (waterlogged /salt
affected soils), efficient operation and maintenance of the irrigation system and
agricultural extension so as to optimize the benefits of irrigation.
Considering the facts that the command areas under reference have high agricultural
potential, the need is to convert the potential into production through improved
irrigation management. To make that happen, the following imperatives are identified:
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i) Presently, the actual irrigated area is much less than the area commanded.Water deliveries rarely correspond in quantity and timing of crop waterdemands resulting in low cropping intensities and productivity levels. In viewof limited water resources, especially during lean season, crop intensificationmay not provide an optimal solution. On the other hand, extensive irrigationmay be a desirable option to cover larger areas to obtain economic optimawith the supplies as available. Less water better delivered may be the requiredreform method. Appropriate irrigation scheduling in terms of quantity andtiming may have to be worked out in consideration of sensitivity of cropgrowth stages to soil water stress. For this purpose, unit crop productivityshould be stabilized and improved through better water management practicesand introduction of new farming techniques.
ii) Paddy will continue to be the predominant kharif crop. No crop substitutionfor kharif paddy may be possible in view of the excessively high soil-waterregime. As canal water releases during the kharif season raise the water table,kharif season releases may have to be properly regulated so as to augmentwater supply during the rabi season and maintain ground water balance. Atthe same time, planted area should be increased by all-year-round irrigationsystem, thus maximizing the crop production
iii) The command areas present high scope for market-oriented cropdiversification, particularly during the rabi season. Shift in emphasis fromcereal production to pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables and other highvalue crops may be warranted. Such diversification will cause planting andwater needs to become more varied from field to field. These changes willplace new demands on the operational skills of water delivery organizations.For this purpose, reliability of water delivery becomes more significant.
iv) Farmers will be required to make higher investments in inputs such as HYVsof crops, chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, periodical seedreplacement, modern farm implements for field preparation, cropestablishment, harvesting, threshing, etc. Governmental support will bewarranted in establishment and strengthening of institutional mechanism formeeting the desired objectives, especially at field level agriculture extensionservices. Simultaneously, existing ayacut road conditions should be improvedand strengthened to stimulate and support allied agricultural activities.
v) Drainage conditions should be improved to ensure optimum crop productivityper unit of land under improved irrigation conditions.
6.5 PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN
Within the framework of the policy of the irrigation development for maximizing
agricultural production from the available land resource, the prospective cropping
pattern (the one that is possible to happen) is planned to be developed keeping in view
the internalized factors such as the agro-climatic conditions as also various external
factors viz. irrigation water availability, technology accessibility, market situations,
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policy instruments of the government, etc. It is presumed that storage-based reliable
and sufficient water supply will stimulate farmers to invest increasingly in agricultural
inputs and technologies. The cropping pattern will continue to be driven by the
imperative of meeting the stable food requirement, but it has to be increasingly
integrative with economic development that creates new opportunities for all strata of
the rural people. In the backdrop of the above preamble, further consideration is
given to the development of the prospective cropping pattern
6.5.1 Review of Past Reports
(i) The Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972)
The Second Irrigation Commission, Govt. of India has suggested the following policy
for deciding future cropping pattern and irrigation intensity.
i) Maximum production per unit of areaii) Maximum production per unit of water, andiii) Maximum area served
“The Indo-Gangetic Plain has a high density of population, good fertile soil andabundant surface and groundwater. In all these areas, water resources are adequatebut land is scarce and the aim should be to secure the maximum production per unitof area through multiple cropping, high yielding varieties and the latest technology”.
In view of the above recommendation, the policy of maximum production per unit of
cultivated area needs to be one of the major thrusts for the State of Bihar.
(ii) The National Commission on Agriculture (GOI, 1976)
The policy thrust for irrigation to achieve maximum production per unit area as
recommended by the Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972) was fully endorsed
by the National Commission on Agriculture.
(iii) The Committee on Agricultural Productivity in Eastern India (RBI, 1984)
The Committee studied the problems of agriculture prevailing in Eastern India
comprising West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar & Eastern UP and made important
observations and valuable recommendations which highlighted the potential for
development of agriculture in this region. The following extracts attest the potential
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for development of agriculture in Bihar and underpins the constraints that besiege the
harnessing of the potential.
“However, even after nearly two and half decades of this significant shift inproduction strategy, the process of intensification of agriculture through sciencebased and industry-linked farming has not spread uniformly in all parts of thecountry. Eastern India comprising West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and East UP is a casein point.
‘Eastern India presents a picture of the highest concentration of population and thelowest per capita food-grains production. Labour alone, obviously, is not enough fordeveloping intensive agriculture. It is only when labour along with thecomplementary inputs of capital and skills (irrigation, drainage, yield augmentinginputs, efficient implementation, research extension, etc.) are used intensively to makeup for the scarcity of land that conditions are created for sustained increase inproductivity.
“The application of fertilizers and use of HYV seeds in the Eastern Region (WestBengal, Orissa, Bihar and East UP) are still at a low level. Rate of fertilizersapplication in 1981-82 averaged around 25 kg/ha. Coverage of area under cerealswith HYV seeds has also been low, less than 40 percent. Raising the level ofapplication of these two inputs alone can considerably improve land productivity ofthe region”.
(iv) The Agro-Climatic Regional Planning, Planning Commission (1989)
According to the study conducted by the Planning Commission for Agro-Climatic
Regional Planning (1989), the State of Bihar, lies in Zone-IV i.e. Middle Gangetic
Plain. This zone has been further sub-divided into six sub-zones, each having
adequate agro-climatic homogentiy for detailed operational planning, according to
which the whole of Bihar falls under sub-zone-4., sub-zone-5 and sub-zone-6. Sub-
zone-5 comprises the basins of Bagmati, Kamala, Kosi and Mahananda located in the
eastern part of North Bihar. Zone-IV has been characterized by rich water and soil
resources, low productivity level, high population pressure on land and increased
proportion of problem soils. Rainfall in this region is high and irrigation is fairly
developed (39% of GCA) with cropping intensity of 142%. Cropping is cereal based
to the extent of 70% in Bihar plains. Apparently, the agro-climatic features bestow
high agricultural production potential to this region which remains to be realized.
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(v) The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)
The Commission studied in detail the land and water resources of the state and also
examined basin-wise existing cropping intensity as well as the future cropping
intensity in the light of available water and land resources and prevailing constraints.
After a great deal of deliberations, the Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission
arrived at the prospective cropping pattern for future based on constraints of available
water, land potential, scope for storage and diversion of water etc., which is given in
the Table 6.9.
Table 6.9Basinwise Prospective Cropping Pattern in North Bihar
Sl.No
No.
Name of the Basin Percentage of CultivableArea (NSA) to Croppedarea (%)
CroppingIntensity (%)
RainfedSituation
IrrigatedSituation
1. Ghaghra-Mechi-Western GandakComposite
46 151 197
2. Upper Eastern GandakUpper Burhi GandakComposite
49 142 191
3. Lower EasternGandak-Baya-LowerBurhi GandakComposite
65 139 204
4. Bagmati-Adhwara 59 136 1955. Kamla-Balan 59 143 2026. Kosi 43 162 2057. Mahananda 43 151 194
Total North Bihar 51 148 199
From the perusal of Table 6.9, it transpires that the Commission has suggested
cropping intensity of 195% (136% for irrigated & 59% for rainfed) for Bagmati,
205% (162% for irrigated & 43% for rainfed) for Kosi and 194% (151% for irrigated
and 43% for rainfed) for Mahananda basins.
This is to be noted that these recommendations are under the constraints that the
irrigation schemes are only run-of-the river schemes as no storage sites are available
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within the State. Thus, with only run-of-the river schemes, an average cropping
intensity of 199% for North Bihar and 182% for South Bihar has been
recommended. With proposal of creation of reservoirs by construction of dams on
major rivers like Kosi and Gandak, there will be considerable scope of increasing the
cropping and irrigation intensities over what has been proposed by the Second Bihar
State Irrigation Commission with only run-of-the schemes.
The important point to underscore is that the Commission foresees the possibility of
achieving high cropping intensity of around 200% which implies to approximate the
similar level of irrigation intensity whenever the water resource infrastructure gets so
developed.
(vi) The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development(1999)
The Commission has recommended that the basins with possible surplus water, near
saturation utilization of land and water has first to be aimed at, subject to the
condition that such utilization is not based on impractical engineering such as storage
requirements for which reservoir sites are not available or involve very high lifts or
wasteful use that may result in very low efficiency and excessive water application.
(vii) The DPR of Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal System, WAPCOS(2003)
The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal
System, a Project sponsored by the Planning Commission, Government of India has
been prepared by WAPCOS Ltd., a Government of India Undertaking. In this report,
WAPCOS has recommended an irrigation intensity of 228%. This has been possible,
as exploitation of ground water has been undertaken on large scale through
implementation of Million Shallow Tubewells in the area under a scheme undertaken
by the Planning Commission and which is still under implementation. According to
the Report prepared by WAPCOS, an irrigation intensity of 228% is feasible with
conjunctive use of surface and ground water. WAPCOS has proposed an irrigation
intensity of 90% with ground water and 138% with surface water both to be used
conjunctively.
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It is very pertinent to note that the above irrigation intensity as adopted by
WAPCOS is also based on run-of-the river scheme and is not supported by any
reservoir. With the proposal of' creation of reservoirs by constructing dam on river
Gandak, there is scope of increasing the irrigation intensity further.
(viii) The Expert Committee on Impact of Interlinking of Rivers in Bihar(2003)
Taking into consideration available surface and ground water, the soil and climatic
characteristics as well as other socio-agro-economic factors, following
cropping/irrigation intensities have been proposed for different agro-climatic sub-
zones by the Expert Committee.
(Unit: Percentage)
Sl.
No.
Region Irrigation Intensity
Kharif Rabi H.W. Total
1 Sub-Zone -4 North Bihar (West) 80 95 75 250
2 Sub-Zone -5 North Bihar (East) 75 95 80 250
3 Sub-Zone -6(a) South Bihar (West) 95 95 50 240
4 Sub-Zone -6(b) South Bihar (East) 95 95 45 230
6.5.2 Emerging Insights
The insights emerging from the appraisal of the past reports are the following:
i) Maximizing crop production per unit of land area needs to be the major thrustfor crop planning in the project area.
ii) For reasons of agro-climatic conditions and guided by the need for staple foodproduction, primacy has to be given to the cultivation of cereal crops such asrice, wheat and maize. These are the crops in which technological breakthrough has imbibed high yield potential.
iii) The storage-based water supply will enhance water availability during rabi andsummer seasons. There will be a necessity for diversified cropping patternduring these seasons. The major crops may include, besides wheat, wintermaize, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and spices, plantation crops (dwarf banana,coconut, pineapple etc.), perennial crops and others. Such diversification willopen up the opportunities for an all- round rural development.
iv) In commanding maximum possible area with the available irrigation watersupply and for achieving highest possible yield level, it will be necessary to
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increasingly adopt the practices of efficient water application and irrigationscheduling as per the crop growth stage sensitivity for soil water stress. It willbe highly prudent to adopt the principle of better delivered less water use.
From the above view, it could be construed that storage-based water supply may
enable to achieve a high irrigation intensity of around 200% which can be further
enhanced to a significantly higher level in conjunction with ground water
development.
6.5.3 Proposition
It is amply authenticated that there is enormous potential for development of
agriculture in Bihar, which is located in the middle reach of Gangetic plain, endowed
with plenty of plain and fertile land and vast water resources both surface and ground
water. The following points are therefore, very relevant and would be kept in view
while deciding the cropping / irrigation intensities:
i) Maximum production for unit area of land (i.e. no constraints on utilization ofwater) as recommended by the Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972)and endorsed by the National Commission on Agriculture (GOI, 1976).
ii) Inherent potential for development of agriculture in Eastern India as revealedin the report of the Committee on Agricultural Productivity constituted by theReserve Bank of India (1984).
iii) The stress on development of agriculture in the middle Gangetic Plain zone asproposed by the report on Agro-Climatic Regional Planning by the PlanningCommission (GOI, 1989). The cropping irrigation intensities as suggested bythe Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994).
iv) The proposed cropping / irrigation intensity as suggested by WAPCOS in theDPR for Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal Scheme (2003).
Since the assured irrigation in the form of regulated release from Sapt Kosi High dam
would be available during kharif and rabi seasons, much of the effort would be
required for maximizing crop production in Kharif and Rabi seasons. During this
period when rainfall is occurring, soils are recharged of moisture for most of time,
except for long dry spells witnessed between rainfall events. Kharif crops, being
grown during rainy season, have low irrigation requirements, and irrigation demand is
generated or increasingly felt mainly from the beginning of Rabi season. During Rabi
season, when irrigation is intensively required, the surface water availability reduces.
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This situation warrants a concrete strategy for full utilisation of land and water
resources as stipulated below:
a) Maximum Kharif area by increasing irrigation intensity during Kharif
The attempt will have to be to utilize maximum water during Kharif season.
The coverage of irrigation in Kharif season will spread to almost the whole of
the available command area. This will not only stabilize the production of
Kharif crops in the command but also to maximize it given the lower water
requirements.
b) Providing supplementary irrigation to paddy crop grown in low lying wetlands
There is significant proportion of low lying area available in the command
area. In these areas, no crop other than paddy may come up very well and
provide greater economic returns. Because of uneven distribution of rains,
irrigation is required necessarily. Moreover, paddy is the most preferred crop
of the area and also meets particular requirement of food and fodder. The yield
level of paddy crop is also significantly higher than any other irrigated crop
and so it increases the net returns. Moreover, as it is an established crop of the
area, farmers are well versed with the farm-crop practices. However, extension
support would be required to cover area under hybrids and improved varieties
and promote intensive plant protection measures and effective use of input.
c) Allocating larger area to crops highly responding to irrigation duringKharif season in order to maximize the use of available water
The crops like maize are highly responsive to irrigation, even during Kharif
season. Therefore, larger area may be allotted to them and wherever possible
advance planting of these crops could be attempted with conjunctive use of
ground water, so that by the time rains occur the crop stand is established. The
standing crop may have higher water / irrigation requirement as compared to a
crop undergoing germination stage; relatively larger quantity of irrigation
water would be consumed by the standing crop.
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6.5.4 Selection of Crops
Selection of crops for the proposed cropping pattern is based on consideration of
farmers’ preference as evident from the prevailing practices, natural resource
conditions such as type of soil, availability of land and water and local economic
needs.
Based upon all the assumptions as stated above, the proven performance of the
selective crops under different farming situations and having considered agro-climate,
soils, socio-economic acceptability and other factors, the following crops have been
identified:
(a) Kharif Paddy
Because of typical condition of the availability of irrigation water during rainy
season and existing coverage of a large chunk of area, there is no crop other
than paddy that may come up very well and provide greater economic returns.
The development of salinity in the traditional paddy fields is another factor to
consider cultivation of paddy in rainy season. Therefore, there appears a
possibility of covering larger area under paddy crop during rainy season.
However, traditional varieties may be replaced as early as possible with high
yielding varieties in as greater an area as possible, which may be harvested by
end of October so that field may be available for wheat cultivation which may
be sown by end of November or first week of December to get the best results.
(b) Wheat
The main hurdles which stand in the way of increasing the acreage under
wheat are as under:
i) The fields under Aghani paddy are not free till the middle orend of December and it becomes late for wheat cultivation. If thetraditional varieties of Aghani paddy are replaced by High YieldingVarieties of early paddy as far as possible, it will go a long way inincreasing the acreage under wheat.
ii) The non-availability of seeds, fertilizers, etc (inputs) in time also stands inthe way of increasing wheat cultivation.
iii) The cost of wheat cultivation being high, sometimes the cultivatorsare not able to invest the required amount. Thus, if loans are
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given to cultivators for wheat cultivation and recovered after harvesting, itwill help in increasing the acreage under wheat,
iv) Procurement policy of wheat levy has also made the cultivators shy ofwheat cultivation. Necessary irritants in this respect should be adequatelyaddressed,
v) Additional difficulty in wheat irrigation is that field to field irrigation isnot possible as in the case of rice cultivation. Construction of fieldchannels and field drains in addition to leveling and shaping of land willhelp much in increasing the irrigated wheat acreage.
In spite of above, wheat cultivation has been of the order of 20% as envisaged
in the Eastern Kosi project. Under the proposed project utilizing the regulated
releases from Sapt Kosi High dam, it is envisaged to substantially increase the
area under rabi cultivation, as has also been recommended by KIC, 1975 (to
the level of 38.7%) with the earnest and sustained efforts on the part of WRD,
AD and CADA, supported with sound water management and agronomical
practices. The increase in wheat area is also substantiated by the fact that
there would be adequate quantity of water available during non-monsoon
season due to regulated releases from dam.
(c) Maize
Maize crop is one of the established crops of very high yielding potential. This
crop is not only very well known for Kharif season but also known for its very
high productivity in hot weather season. The advanced planting of Kharif
season Maize in the month of May, may be considered with an additive benefit
to the production; by the time rains occur the crop stand gets stout to bear the
vagaries of nature.
(d) Other crops
The other crops include oilseeds, pulses, vegetables and spices, plantation and
fiber crops etc. These crops have high economic potential and some of these,
being quite labour intensive, may provide rural employment opportunities.
They have to be brought in the cropping pattern on incremental basis over a
period of time. The necessity of diversified cropping is amply borne from the
standpoints of soil health sustainability, water use economy, maximizing
economic returns, and overall rural welfare.
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6.5.5 Crop Calendar
Broad crop calendar for the crops suited for North Bihar region is given in Table 6.10.
This Table provides a very wide range of periods for the key events of crop
cultivation such as sowing, transplanting and harvesting. In order to compute crop
water requirement for selected crops, a specific crop calendar has been traced out for
the Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda basins and is given in Table 6.10.
TABLE 6.10Broad Crop Calendar for North Bihar Region
SI.No.
Crop / Variety CropDurationin days
StagesSeeding / Sowing Transplanting Harvesting
I Kharif1 Paddy
(i) Early Paddy 75 - 120 20 Jun to 10 Jul 12 Jul to 01Aug
03 Sep to07 Nov
(ii) Mid EarlyPaddy
130 - 140 10 Jun to 20 Jun 25 Jun to 5 July 18 Oct to28 Oct
(iii)Long Duration 140 - 160 15 May to 10 Jun 05 Jun to 25 Jun 28 Oct to20 Oct
(iv) PhotoSensitive tallvariety (Improved)
05 Jun to 10 Jul 05 Jul to 12 Jul
2 Maize
(i) Hybrid (HYV) 160 - 165 01 May to 30 May - 07 Oct to06 Nov
(ii) Composite 135 - 160 01 May - 30 May - 22 Sep - 07Oct
3 Green Manure 40 -45 01 May to 30 May - 10 Jun to15 Jun
4 Jute 125 - 130 10 Jun to 30 Jun - 15 Oct to25 Oct
II Rabi5 Wheat
(i) Long Duration 125 - 130 15 Nov - 10 Dec - 25 Mar to15 Apr
(ii) Mid Duration 105 - 115 10 Dec to 30 dec - 01 Apr to30 Apr
(iii)Short Duration 100 - 105 01 Jan to 15 Jan - 15 Apr to30 Apr
6 Burseem(Green fodder)
90 - 122 15 Oct to 15 Dec - 15 Jan to15 Apr
7 Winter Maize 92 - 96 15 Nov to 10 Dec - 15 Feb to15 Mar
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8 AutumSugarcane
15 Oct to 30 Nov - 15 Dec to30 Mar
9 Potato 100 - 120 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 1 Feb to 28Feb
10 Oil Seeds(i) YellowMustard
130 -135 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 30 Dec to28 Feb
(ii) Sunflower 125 - 140 15 Oct - 15 Nov - 1 Mar - 30Mar
(iii)Linseed 160 - 165 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 15 Apr to15 May
(iv)Safflower(Kusum)
160 - 165 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 15 Apr to15 May
11 Pulses(i) Gram 130 - 135 15 Oct - 15 Nov - 15 Apr - 15
May(ii) Green Gram(Moong)
130 - 135 15 Oct - 15 Nov - 15 Apr - 15May
(iii)Chick Pea 130 - 135 15 Oct - 15 Nov - 15 Apr - 15May
(iv) Cow Pea 70 - 75 15 Oct to 15 Dec - 01 Dec to01 Feb
(v) Lintil 136 - 140 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 01 Mar to30 Mar
(vi) Peas 130 - 140 15 Oct to 15 Nov - 15 Jan to15 Feb
(v) Razma 130 - 140 15 Nov to 15 Dec - 15 Feb to15 Mar
12 Vegetables 110 - 120 20 Oct to 10 Nov - 10 Feb to28 Feb
III Hot Weather13 Maize 90 - 95 10 Mar to 25 Mar - 20 Jun to
30 Jun14 Moong (Green
Gram)80 - 90 15 Mar - 10 Apr - 05 Jun - 12
July15 Vegetables 90 - 95 15 Mar to 31 Mar - 15 Jun to
30 Jun16 Boro Paddy 135 - 140 15 Dec to 30 Jan 30 Jan to 15
Mar30 Apr to05 Jun
17 Urad (BlackGram)
75 - 80 20 Mar to 30 Apr - 25 May to20 Jul
18 China (commonmillet)
80 - 85 01 Feb to 30 Mar - 20 Apr to25 Jun
IV Perennial19 Sugarcane 302 - 365 01 Feb - 30 Mar - 01 Dec - 31
Mar
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30WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VI
Table 6.11Specific Crop Calendar for Selected Crops Proposed in
Burhi Gandak - Bagmati and Mahananda Basins
SI.No.
Name ofCrop
CropDurationin Days
Date ofSowing
Date ofTransplantation
Date ofHarvest
1 Kharif
i) Paddy-I 132 Jun 21-30 Jul 01-20Oct 31-Nov 10
ii) Paddy-II 112 Jul 1 - 10 Jul 21 - 31Oct 21 -31
iii) Maize 123 May 11-20 Sep 11-20
iv) Jute 123 Jun 21-25Oct 15 -20
2 Rabii) Wheat 130 Nov 11-20 Mar 21-31ii) Maize 92 Nov 11-20 Feb 10-20
iii) Oilseeds 128 Oct 11-20 Feb 16-25iv) Pulses 128 Oct 11-20 Feb 16-25
v) Vegetables 110 Nov 11-20 Mar 1-103 Hot Weatheri) Maize 92 Mar 11-20 Jun 10-20ii) Green Gram 82 Mar 25-31 Jun 11-20
iii) Vegetables 94 Feb 11-20May 16-25
4 Perenniali) Sugarcane 334 Feb 21-28 Jan 21-31
6.5.6 Summing Up
The climatological data pertaining to the respective basins indicates that the
climatology of the Burhi Gandak and Bagmati basins is nearly same. Therefore, both
these basins have been clubbed together for carrying out agronomical studies. The
Mahananda basin, on the other hand, receives comparatively more rainfall than the
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin. The agronomical studies of the Mahananda basin have,
therefore been taken up separately.
Final Report
31WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VI
From the present study, prospective cropping pattern need to be evolved for Burhi
Gandak-Bagmati Basin on the western side and western fringe of Mahanandi Basin
(upto Mechi River) on the eastern side of project area.
For this purpose, cropping pattern and irrigation intensities as planned under existing/
ongoing projects, as proposed under various projects and as recommended by various
agencies have been taken into consideration. The same is given in Table 6.12. Based
on this, proposed irrigation intensities have been derived for both Burhi-Gandak-
Bagmati and Mahananda Basins separately as given in Table 6.13.
Final Report
32WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VI
Table 6.12Cropping Pattern and Irrigation Intensities as planned, proposed and recommended
As Planned in Existing/Ongoing Projects As Proposed in various projects As Recommended bydifferent Agencies
Eastern Kosi Canal (KosiProject 1953)
Western Kosi Canal Gandak Restoration Bagmati(Ph-I) Gandak(Ph-II) 2nd BiharIrrigation
Commission(1994)
ExpertCommittee
(2003)
Crop Intensity(%)
Crop Intensity(%)
Crop Intensity(%)
Crop Intensity(%)
Crop Intensity(%)
Intensity(%)
Intensity(%)
KharifPaddy 77 Paddy 61 Paddy 71 Paddy 57 Paddy 51Jute 15 Jute 12 Maize 15 Maize 38 Maize 15
Sub Total 92 73 86 95 66 85 75Rabi
Wheat 20 Wheat 30 Wheat 50 Wheat 20 Wheat 63Oil Seeds 2.5 Oil Seeds 10 Oil Seeds 10 Oil Seeds 11
Pulses 2.5 Pulses 10 Pulses 10 Pulses 10Vegetables 5 Vegetables 6 Vegetables 10 Vegetables 10
Sub Total 20 40 76 50 94 78 95
Hot Weather Maize 43 Maize 11 Maize 15G.Gram 10 G.Gram 6
Vegetables 8 Vegetables 2Sub Total 61 11 23 42 80PerennialSugarcane 3 2.5 Sugarcane 5 Sugarcane 4 Sugarcane 4Sub Total 3 2.5 5 4 4
Grand Total 115 115.5 228* 160 187 205 250
* including conjunctive use.
Final Report
33WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VI
Table 6.13Proposed Irrigation Intensity for Burhi Gandak- Bagmati Basin and
Western Fringe of Mahananda Basin (Upto Mechi River)
Sl.No.
Crop Irrigation Intensity (%)
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati Basin Mahananda Basin
Kharif1 Paddy 1 40 40
2 Paddy II 30 25
3 Maize 20 10
4 Jute 15
Sub Total 90 90
Rabi
5 Wheat 45 45
6 Maize 8 8
7 Oil Seeds 10 10
8 Pulses 10 10
9 Vegetables 7 7
Sub Total 80 80Hot Weather
10 Maize 20 15
11 G.Gram 10 10
12 Vegetables 3 3
Sub Total 33 28
Perennial
13 Sugarcane 5 -
Sub Total 5 -
Grand Total 208 198
The above cropping patterns for Burhi Gandak-Bagmati & Mahananda basins are
graphically depicted in Fig. 6.3 and 6.4.
Si. No. Dist / Basin Rice Wheat Maize Barley Gram Massor Arhar Khesari Peas Su.Cane Potato Tobacco Jute Chillies1
(i) Supaul 122016 53568 9920 185504 1984 4960 992 7936 4960 10912 15872 209312(i) Saharsa 94245 86010 25620 205874 915 3660 915 5490 915 915 212279(iii) Madhepura 85000 52000 44000 181000 2000 3000 1000 6000 4000 11000 15000 202000(iv) Madhubani 32049 11578 336 43962 1342 168 503 2014 168 1007 1175 47150(v)Purnia 73807 33374 26314 133495 2567 1284 3851 26314 13478 39792 177137(vi)Araria 62321 22082 8833 93236 2944 1472 1472 2454 491 8833 491 2944 15212 18647 120716(vii)Katihar 43327 14904 7626 65857 347 347 693 2426 11785 14211 80761(viii)Bhagalpur 4759 4345 4552 207 13862 414 310 103 310 207 1345 207 310 517 15724(ix)Khagaria 4900 7056 8820 20776 196 196 196 588 196 196 21560(x)Darbhanga 303 204 31 538 10 3 10 24 3 10 14 575
522726 285121 136050 207 944105 3358 11144 1747 16724 3801 36773 869 43083 0 62387 0 106339 108721748.08 26.22 12.51 0.02 86.84 0.31 1.02 0.16 1.54 0.35 3.38 0.08 3.96 0.00 5.74 0.00 9.78 100.00
2(i)Purnia 34368 15540 12253 62162 1195 598 1793 12253 6276 18529 82484(ii)Katihar 43793 15065 7708 66565 350 350 701 2452 11912 14364 81630(iii)Araria 61660 21848 8739 92247 2913 1457 1457 2428 486 8739 486 2913 15051 18449 119436(iv)Kishanganj 48283 11109 427 59820 427 427 427 1282 1282 13246 14528 75629
188104 63563 29127 0 280794 3340 3430 1457 3803 486 12515 486 18900 0 46484 0 65870 35917952.37 17.70 8.11 0.00 78.18 0.93 0.95 0.41 1.06 0.14 3.48 0.14 5.26 0.00 12.94 0.00 18.34 100.00
3(i)Madhubani 108488 39192 1136 148816 4544 568 1704 6816 568 3408 3976 159608
% Area
% Area
TotalPulses
Total CashCrops
CEARELS PULSES CASH CROPSTotalCearels
DistrictTotal
KAMLA BALAN
MAHANANDA
KOSI
CROPPED AREA UNDER VARIOUS CROPS IN THE PROJECT AREA - YEAR 2000-01Annex- 6.1
Basin Total
Basin Total
(i)Madhubani 108488 39192 1136 148816 4544 568 1704 6816 568 3408 3976 159608(ii)Darbhanga 61588 41520 6228 109336 2076 692 2076 4844 692 2076 2768 116948(iii) Saharsaincluding Supaul 4439 2907 746 8092 59 177 39 275 118 216 334 8701(iv) Khagaria 2097 3020 3775 8893 84 84 84 252 84 84 9229(v) Samastipur 19253 12033 10283 9408 50976 438 438 219 1094 656 2407 1313 4376 56445
195865 98672 22168 9408 326113 0 7200 1698 4259 123 13281 1916 8092 1313 216 0 11537 35093155.81 28.12 6.32 2.68 92.93 0.00 2.05 0.48 1.21 0.04 3.78 0.55 2.31 0.37 0.06 0.00 3.29 100.00
4
(i)East Champaran 28523 8195 1222 72 38011 503 288 72 863 503 503 1006 39880(ii) Muzaffarpur 98907 26816 10913 136636 624 624 312 1559 0 1871 312 2183 140378(iii)Samastipur 57025 10800 9229 8444 85498 393 393 196 982 589 2160 1178 3927 90407(iv)Begusarai 30476 9693 11758 51927 159 159 159 159 636 318 477 159 953 53516(v)Khagaria 43747 10598 13248 67593 294 294 294 883 294 294 68771(vi)Darbhanga 69510 20786 3118 93414 1039 346 1039 2425 346 1039 1386 97224(vii)Madhubani 92366 18204 528 111098 2111 264 791 3166 264 1583 1847 116110(vii) Sitamari 229400 50828 4795 285023 3836 2877 6713 5754 4795 10549 302286
649954 155920 54811 8516 869200 159 8959 2073 5582 453 17226 7774 12723 1490 159 22146 90857371.54 17.16 6.03 0.94 95.67 0.02 0.99 0.23 0.61 0.05 1.90 0.86 1.40 0.16 0.00 0.02 2.44 100.00
2(i) East & WestChamparam 62151 32391 4933 329 99803 0 3124 1644 164 164 5097 7892 2137 0 0 0 10030 114929(ii) Samastipur 18576 11610 9921 9077 49184 0 422 422 211 0 1055 633 2322 1267 0 0 4222 54461(iii) Begusarai 5096 13517 16397 0 35010 222 222 222 0 222 886 443 665 0 0 222 1330 37226(iv) Muzaffarpur 15041 9950 4049 0 29041 0 231 231 116 0 578 0 694 116 0 0 810 30429(v) Khagaria 219 315 394 0 929 0 9 0 9 9 26 0 9 0 0 0 9 964
101083 67783 35695 9406 213966 222 4008 2519 500 395 7644 8969 5827 1382 0 222 16400 23800942.47 28.48 15.00 3.95 89.90 0.09 1.68 1.06 0.21 0.17 3.21 3.77 2.45 0.58 0.00 0.09 6.89 100.00
1657732 671058 277852 27536 2634178 7079 34741 9493 30868 5257 87439 20014 88625 4185 109087 380 222292 294390856.31 22.79 9.44 0.94 89.48 0.24 1.18 0.32 1.05 0.18 2.97 0.68 3.01 0.14 3.71 0.01 7.55 100.00
% Area
BURHI GANDAK
Grand Total% Area
% Area
% Area Basin Total
Basin Total
Basin Total
BAGMATI-ADHWARA
Si. No. Dist / Basin Rice Wheat Maize Barley Gram Masoor Arhar Khesari Peas Su.Cane Potato Tobacco Jute Chillies1 KOSI
(i) Supaul 108128 55552 11904 175584 1984 4960 992 7936 4960 15872 20832 204352(i) Saharsa 84180 45750 23790 153720 915 2745 915 4575 915 915 159209(iii) Madhepura 89000 52000 39000 180000 2000 4000 1000 7000 4000 16000 20000 207000(iv) Madhubani 29867 12081 168 42117 1342 168 503 2014 168 839 1007 45137(v)Purnia 75091 37866 25672 138629 2567 1284 642 4493 7702 13478 21179 164301(vi)Araria 59868 29443 9814 99125 1472 1963 491 3926 1963 16684 18647 121698(vii)Katihar 42980 14904 8665 66550 347 347 347 1040 2773 12132 14904 82494(viii)Bhagalpur 4759 4759 4655 207 14379 414 414 103 310 207 1448 207 207 414 16241(ix)Khagaria 5488 8232 8624 22344 196 196 196 588 196 196 23128(x)Darbhanga 249 201 31 480 10 3 10 24 10 10 514
499609 260789 132323 207 892928 760 11247 275 16318 4442 33043 375 23564 0 74166 0 98105 102407648.79 25.47 12.92 0.02 87.19 0.07 1.10 0.03 1.59 0.43 3.23 0.04 2.30 0.00 7.24 0.00 9.58 100.00
2 MAHANANDA
(i)Purnia 34966 17632 11954 64552 1195 598 299 2092 3586 6276 9862 76507(ii)Katihar 43443 15065 8759 67266 350 350 350 1051 2803 12262 15065 83382(iii)Araria 59233 29131 9710 98073 1457 1942 486 3884 1942 16507 18449 120407(iv)Kishanganj 41019 11964 427 53410 427 427 1709 13246 14955 68792
Total Cash Crops
Basin Total
% Area
Annex - 6.2
CEARELS PULSES CASH CROPS
CROPPED AREA UNDER VARIOUS CROPS IN THE PROJECT AREA - YEAR 2001-02
TotalPulses
(Unit: ha)District TotalTotal Cearels
Basin Total
(iv)Kishanganj 41019 11964 427 53410 427 427 1709 13246 14955 68792178660 73792 30850 0 283302 350 3430 0 2890 784 7454 0 10040 0 48291 0 58331 349088
51.18 21.14 8.84 0.00 81.15 0.10 0.98 0.00 0.83 0.22 2.14 0.00 2.88 0.00 13.83 0.00 16.71 100.003 KAMLA BALAN
(i)Madhubani 101104 40896 568 142568 4544 568 1704 6816 568 2840 3408 152792(ii)Darbhanga 50516 40828 6228 97572 2076 692 2076 4844 2076 2076 104492(iii) Saharsa includingSupaul
3948 2082 746 6776
59 157 39 255 118 314 432 7463(iv) Khagaria 2349 3524 3691 9564 84 84 84 252 84 84 9900(v) Samastipur 18596 12033 9845 40474 438 438 219 1094 438 2188 1313 3938 45506
176513 99363 21079 0 296955 0 7200 1698 4240 123 13261 1006 7306 1313 314 0 9938 32015455.13 31.04 6.58 0.00 92.75 0.00 2.25 0.53 1.32 0.04 4.14 0.31 2.28 0.41 0.10 0.00 3.10 100.00
4
(i)East Champaran 14448 8554 1222 71.88256048 24296 503 288 791 431 503 934 26021(ii) Muzaffarpur 41783 26816 10913 311.8127364 79824 312 624 312 1247 312 1871 312 2495 83566(iii)Samastipur 16691 10800 8837 0 36328 393 393 196 982 393 1964 1178 3535 40844(iv)Begusarai 4449 8898 9851 158.894682 23358 159 159 159 477 477 477 159 1112 24946(v)Khagaria 8243 12365 12953 33561 294 294 294 883 294 294 34739(vi)Darbhanga 25289 20439 3118 48846 1039 346 1039 2425 1039 1039 52311(vii)Madhubani 46961 18996 264 66221 2111 264 791 3166 264 1319 1583 70970(vii) Sitamari 117960 68091 3836 189887 3836 959 2877 7672 4795 3836 8631 206190
275825 174958 50995 543 502320 0 8647 3032 5510 453 17643 6671 11303 1490 0 159 19624 53958751.12 32.42 9.45 0.10 93.09 0.00 1.60 0.56 1.02 0.08 3.27 1.24 2.09 0.28 0.00 0.03 3.64 100.00
2 BURHI GANDAK(i) East & WestChamparam 59191 32719 5261 329 97501 0 3288 1644 0 164 5097 10852 1973 0 0 164 12989 115587(ii) Samastipur 17942 11610 9499 0 39051 0 422 422 211 0 1055 422 2111 1267 0 0 3800 43906(iii) Begusarai 6204 12409 13738 222 32573 0 222 222 0 222 665 665 665 0 0 222 1551 34789(iv) Muzaffarpur 15504 9950 4049 116 29619 0 116 231 116 0 463 116 694 116 0 0 926 31008(v) Khagaria 245 368 385 0 999 0 9 0 9 9 26 0 9 0 0 0 9 1034
99087 67056 32934 666 199743 0 4057 2519 336 395 7306 12054 5452 1382 0 386 19274 22632343.78 29.63 14.55 0.29 88.26 0.00 1.79 1.11 0.15 0.17 3.23 5.33 2.41 0.61 0.00 0.17 8.52 100.00
1229695 675957 268181 1416 2175248 1111 34581 7524 29294 6198 78707 20106 57665 4185 122771 545 205272 245922850.00 27.49 10.91 0.06 88.45 0.05 1.41 0.31 1.19 0.25 3.20 0.82 2.34 0.17 4.99 0.02 8.35 100.00
Grand Total
Basin Total
% Area
% Area
% Area
BAGMATI-ADHWARA
% Area
Basin Total
Basin Total
Basin Total% Area
Si. No. Dist / Basin Rice Wheat Maize Barley Gram Masoor Arhar Khesari Peas Su.Cane Potato Tobacco Jute Chillies1
(i) Supaul 106144 55552 13888 175584 1984 2976 992 5952 5952 15872 21824 203360(i) Saharsa 86925 45750 26535 159209 915 2745 915 4575 1830 1830 165614(iii) Madhepura 87000 50000 36000 173000 2000 3000 1000 6000 1000 4000 16000 21000 200000(iv) Madhubani 30706 14598 336 45640 1342 168 336 1846 168 1342 1510 48996(v)Purnia 78942 36583 25030 140555 3209 1284 642 5134 5776 18612 24388 170078(vi)Araria 59868 27480 6870 94218 491 1472 1963 491 4416 2944 14231 17175 115809(vii)Katihar 45406 14904 9012 69323 347 347 693 2426 12132 14558 84574(viii)Bhagalpur 4759 4345 4759 207 14069 310 310 103 310 103 1138 207 207 414 15621(ix)Khagaria 5096 8036 9408 22540 196 196 196 588 196 196 23324(x)Darbhanga 3201 225 34 3459 10 7 17 3 10 14 3490
508046 257473 131872 207 897598 801 11786 271 13163 4339 30360 1378 24684 0 76847 0 102909 103086749.28 24.98 12.79 0.02 87.07 0.08 1.14 0.03 1.28 0.42 2.95 0.13 2.39 0.00 7.45 0.00 9.98 100.00
2
(i)Purnia 36759 17035 11655 65449 1494 598 299 2391 2690 8667 11356 79196(ii)Katihar 45895 15065 9109 70069 350 350 701 2452 12262 14714 85484(iii)Araria 59233 27189 6797 93218 486 1457 1942 486 4370 2913 14080 16993 114581(iv)Kishanganj 37174 12391 855 50419 427 427 855 1282 13673 14955 66229
179060 71679 28416 0 279155 486 3728 0 3317 784 8316 0 9337 0 48682 0 58019 345490
MAHANANDA
KOSI
Basin Total
CASH CROPSPULSESTotalCereals
Total PulsesCEREALS
% Area
% Area
Annex - 6.3
District Total
Basin Total
CROPPED AREA UNDER VARIOUS CROPS IN THE PROJECT AREA - YEAR 2002-03(Unit: ha)
Total Cash Crops
179060 71679 28416 0 279155 486 3728 0 3317 784 8316 0 9337 0 48682 0 58019 34549051.83 20.75 8.22 0.00 80.80 0.14 1.08 0.00 0.96 0.23 2.41 0.00 2.70 0.00 14.09 0.00 16.79 100.00
3
(i)Madhubani 103944 49416 1136 154496 4544 568 1136 6248 568 4544 5112 165856(ii)Darbhanga 650481 45672 6920 703073 2076 1384 0 3460 692 2076 2768 709301(iii) Saharsa includingSupaul
3967 2082 845 6894 59 118 39 216157 314 471 7581
(iv) Khagaria 2181 3440 4027 9648 84 84 84 252 84 84 9984(v) Samastipur 18596 11377 9845 39818 438 438 219 1094 656 2844 1531 5032 45944
779170 111986 22773 0 913929 0 7200 1006 2941 123 11270 1916 9705 1531 314 0 13467 93866683.01 11.93 2.43 0.00 97.36 0.00 0.77 0.11 0.31 0.01 1.20 0.20 1.03 0.16 0.03 0.00 1.43 100.00
4
(i)East Champaran 13658 5822 1294 20774 575 216 0 791 503 503 1006 22571(ii) Muzaffarpur 45836 27128 10290 83254 624 312 312 1247 1871 1871 86372(iii)Samastipur 16691 10211 8837 35739 393 393 196 982 589 2553 1375 4516 41237(iv)Begusarai 4608 8898 9851 23358 159 159 0 159 477 477 636 159 1271 25105(v)Khagaria 7654 12070 14131 33855 294 294 294 883 294 294 35033(vi)Darbhanga 325643 22864 3464 351971 1039 693 1732 346 1039 1386 355089(vii)Madhubani 48280 22953 528 71761 2111 264 528 2902 264 2111 2374 77038(vii) Sitamari 102616 68091 3836 174542 3836 959 2877 7672 2877 2877 5754 187969
564986 178037 52231 0 795254 0 9031 2302 4900 453 16686 5056 11884 1375 0 159 18474 83041468.04 21.44 6.29 0.00 95.77 0.00 1.09 0.28 0.59 0.05 2.01 0.61 1.43 0.17 0.00 0.02 2.22 100.00
2 BURHI GANDAK(i) East & WestChamparam 57711 26472 5426 0 89609 0 3453 1480 0 164 5097 10030 2302 0 0 164 12496 107201(ii) Samastipur 17942 10977 9499 0 38418 0 422 422 211 0 1055 633 2744 1478 0 0 4855 44329(iii) Begusarai 6426 12409 13738 0 32573 0 222 222 0 222 665 665 886 0 0 222 1773 35010(iv) Muzaffarpur 17008 10066 3818 0 30892 0 231 116 116 0 463 0 694 0 0 0 694 32049(v) Khagaria 228 359 421 0 1008 0 9 0 9 9 26 0 9 0 0 0 9 1043
99315 60282 32902 0 192499 0 4337 2239 336 395 7306 11328 6635 1478 0 386 19827 21963245.22 27.45 14.98 0.00 87.65 0.00 1.97 1.02 0.15 0.18 3.33 5.16 3.02 0.67 0.00 0.18 9.03 100.00
2130578 679458 268193 207 3078435 1287 36082 5818 24656 6095 73938 19678 62246 4384 125843 545 212695 336506863.31 20.19 7.97 0.01 91.48 0.04 1.07 0.17 0.73 0.18 2.20 0.58 1.85 0.13 3.74 0.02 6.32 100.00
BAGMATI-ADHWARA
KAMLA BALAN
Basin Total
Basin Total
Basin Total
% Area
% Area
% Area
Basin Total% Area
Grand Total% Area
Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total
1AGhaghra-Mahi-Western GandakComposite
482423 1.56 18.35 19.91 0.92 34.62 35.54 63.57 8.64 72.21 2.02 14.98 17.00 0.32 6.36 6.68 68.39 82.95 151.34
1BUpper Eastern Gandak UpperBurhi Gandak
547355 1.37 13.16 14.53 16.25 30.95 47.20 27.14 17.10 44.24 10.13 7.22 17.35 0.40 10.27 10.67 55.29 78.70 133.99
1CLower Eastern gandak Baya-Lower Burhi Gandak
459916 1.60 20.91 22.51 3.79 36.87 40.66 48.21 14.42 62.63 4.10 22.14 26.24 0.02 1.19 1.21 57.72 95.53 153.25
2 Bagmati-Adhwara 431852 3.01 17.66 20.67 5.94 59.46 65.40 34.86 14.06 48.92 3.33 6.71 10.04 0.12 2.02 2.14 47.25 99.91 147.16
3 Kamla-Balan 279401 1.95 16.32 18.27 8.44 79.40 87.84 29.10 15.12 44.22 2.30 12.10 14.40 0.00 0.43 0.43 41.79 123.37 165.16
4 Kosi 709209 0.14 2.02 2.16 17.79 43.80 61.59 32.81 14.11 46.92 12.71 32.89 45.60 0.05 0.36 0.41 63.50 93.18 156.68
5 Mahananda 365766 1.25 17.59 18.84 5.26 65.13 70.39 21.28 13.84 35.12 11.76 11.01 22.77 0.00 0.22 0.22 39.55 107.79 147.34
6 Karnasa 289955 0.02 0.61 0.63 58.34 3.61 61.95 35.52 24.47 59.99 0.72 0.52 1.24 0.58 0.00 0.58 95.18 29.21 124.39
7Sone-Kankhar & Kao GangiComposite
522440 0.07 2.57 2.64 67.08 3.01 70.09 39.62 25.03 64.65 0.73 1.60 2.33 0.51 0.05 0.56 100.01 32.26 132.27
8 North Koel 205829 0.14 28.89 29.03 14.43 29.02 43.45 5.68 14.84 20.52 0.83 0.56 1.39 0.38 0.01 0.39 21.46 73.32 94.78
9 Punpun 466894 0.26 2.21 2.47 62.01 1.92 63.93 20.93 31.95 52.88 1.01 0.12 1.13 0.75 0.12 0.87 84.96 36.37 121.33
GARMA AGHANI GRAND TOTALNetCultivated
Table - 6.3BASINWISE PERCENT CROPPING PATTERN AS PERCENTAGE OF NET CULTIVATED AREA (1991-92 DATA)
Name of BasinSI. No. BHADAI KHARIF RABI
9 Punpun 466894 0.26 2.21 2.47 62.01 1.92 63.93 20.93 31.95 52.88 1.01 0.12 1.13 0.75 0.12 0.87 84.96 36.37 121.33
10 Harohar 665156 0.58 3.96 4.54 45.37 8.46 53.83 27.08 24.79 51.87 0.92 0.62 1.54 0.33 0.01 0.34 74.28 37.84 112.12
10A Kiul 81481 0.21 11.00 11.21 22.60 30.28 52.88 15.48 20.55 36.03 0.89 0.35 1.24 0.32 0.05 0.37 39.50 62.23 101.73
11 Badua-Belharna 98781 0.53 8.72 9.25 40.50 32.41 72.91 16.59 16.21 32.80 1.41 1.43 2.84 0.27 0.07 0.34 59.30 58.84 118.14
12 Bilasi-Chandan-Chair 167509 0.39 8.22 8.61 40.77 34.05 74.82 11.37 13.09 24.46 1.14 0.82 1.96 0.43 0.04 0.47 54.10 56.22 110.32
13 Ganga Stem 300289 0.05 2.94 2.99 12.64 13.04 25.68 33.85 26.28 60.13 3.47 6.77 10.24 0.06 0.06 0.12 50.07 49.09 99.16
14 Gumani & Koa-Bhena 144640 0.12 9.90 10.02 4.20 47.59 51.79 6.86 13.53 20.39 1.02 1.75 2.77 0.00 0.01 0.01 12.20 72.78 84.98
15 Mayurkshi and Others 175830 0.22 13.25 13.47 1.76 89.03 90.79 4.85 6.06 10.91 0.53 1.06 1.59 0.00 0.03 0.03 7.36 109.43 116.79
16Small Streams DrainingIndependently Outside the State
46098 0.07 13.27 13.34 0.97 91.25 92.22 1.08 2.17 3.25 0.76 1.00 1.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 107.69 110.57
17 Ajay 109557 0.01 6.30 6.31 1.80 76.70 78.50 5.53 0.48 6.01 0.33 0.08 0.41 0.01 0.02 0.03 7.68 83.58 91.26
18 Sankh 122914 0.00 42.62 42.62 0.64 53.19 53.83 1.82 1.60 3.42 0.54 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.01 97.41 100.42
19 South Koel 317139 0.00 39.61 39.61 1.42 63.03 64.45 3.18 1.72 4.90 0.68 0.58 1.26 0.01 0.06 0.07 5.29 105.00 110.29
20 Damodar 199813 0.02 22.80 22.82 3.64 71.67 75.31 5.03 2.55 7.58 0.89 0.27 1.16 0.02 0.00 0.02 9.60 97.29 106.89
20A Barakar 138334 0.11 17.17 17.28 3.43 86.37 89.80 6.66 1.91 8.57 0.72 1.23 1.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.92 105.65 116.57
21 Subernarekha 255791 0.03 16.83 16.86 2.90 66.38 69.28 2.12 1.64 3.76 0.91 0.49 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.96 85.68 91.64
21A Kharkai 109260 0.00 5.13 5.13 5.19 94.43 99.62 0.46 2.63 3.09 0.09 0.14 0.23 0.02 0.00 0.02 5.76 102.33 108.09
(Source : Second Bihar Irrigation Commission Report)
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1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VII
CHAPTER-VII
WATER AVAILABILITY STUDIES
7.1 GENERAL
Hydrological analysis is the most important component of the planning process for any
water resources development scheme. As a matter of fact, the hydrological studies are
required at all the stages of the water resources project viz., a) pre-feasibility stage; b)
preparation of feasibility report; c) planning and design of the project; d) execution of the
project; and e) operation and maintenance of the project.
The reasonable estimate of the available water resources of the river at identified
locations is the basic information required at the feasibility stage. Once the project is
identified, the most important step in the planning is to have an accurate estimate of the
available water resources, its time distribution both on long term and short term basis, as
well as other important features such as extreme values of discharges and critical time
periods both for high and low flow conditions.
7.2 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH
For irrigation projects, 75 % dependable water availability at the project site is required.
Following procedure is generally employed to obtain water availability at different levels
of confidence.
Scan and process all the observed hydrometeorological data of the basin/adjoining
basin having hydrometeorological characteristics similar to the project catchment.
Apply standard consistency checks on the quality of data.
Based on the processed data, obtain the site-specific runoff series of appropriate
period using observed data series at the project site (10-years in case of diversion
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2WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VII
project and 40 years for over-the-year storage project) or generate the site-specific
runoff series using Rainfall-Runoff Model.
Work out dependable water availability as per standard methodology.
7.3 WATER AVAILABILITY OF RIVER BURHI GANDAK
WAPCOS has carried out detailed water availability studies of river BurhiGandak at
Chanpatia and Lalbhagiaghat G & D sites. The details of these studies are given below.
For working out yield of the catchment at different levels of confidence, sufficient long-
term site-specific runoff data (based on the observed runoff data or generated runoff data
using rainfall-runoff relations) is required. The availability of discharge data for carrying
out water availability studies of river BurhiGandak is given in Table 7.1.
Table - 7.1
Availability of Discharge Data of BurhiGandak
Sl.
No
G & D Site Catchment
Area (sq. km)
Period
From To
1 Chanpatia 1464 1979 2004
2 Lalbagiaghat 6900 1979 2004
Based on this data, water availability studies have been carried out at the above G & D
sites, as per details given below.
7.3.1 Water Availability at Chanpatia
The G& D data of river Burhi-Gandak at ChanpatiaGhat had some data-gaps. These data-
gaps were filled by developing month-wise runoff-runoff relations between the
concurrent monthly runoff data of Lalbagiaghat (X) and corresponding monthly runoff
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3WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VII
data of ChanpatiaGhat (Y) for each month of rainy season (June to October). For filling
data-gaps during the lean season (November to May), average values (computed on the
basis of observed data) were considered. Details of the runoff – runoff relationships are
given inAnnex 7.1. The runoff series for the period 1979-80 to 2004-05, used for
carrying out water availability studies is given in Annex 7.2. Based on the runoff series,
the annual average and 75% dependable flow has been worked out as 1548 MCM and
1213 MCM respectively.
7.3.2 Water Availability at Lalbagiaghat
The observed runoff series for the period 1979-80 to 2004-05 at Lalbagiaghat G & D site
is given in Annex 7.3. Based on this series, the annual average and 75% dependable flow
has been worked out as 6246 MCM and 4093 MCM respectively.
7.4 WATER AVAILABILITY OF RIVER BAGMATI
WAPCOS has carried out water availability studies of river Bagmati at the proposed
barrage at Ramnagar under Bagmati Irrigation and Drainage Project Phase-I. For this
purpose, the observed flow series of Dheng Bridge G&D site (CA 3790 sq.km, located at
about 3 km. upstream of the proposed site) has been considered as in-situ flow series at
the proposed barrage. The data for the period 1980-2006 was available for carrying out
the studies. The study was divided into three parts; viz: study using the flow series from
1980-1991(pre-Karmaiya barrage period), flow series from 1993-2006 (post-Karmaiya
period) and 1980-2006 (complete flow series).
Based on the available flow data, 10-daily flow for each month was worked out for each
year. Total annual flow series was ranked to work out annual 75% dependable flow for
each period. The results are summarized in Table 7.2.
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4WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VII
Table – 7.2
75 % dependable Flow at DhengBridge on River Bagmati
(Unit: MCM)
Season Period of Data Used
1980-1991 1993-
2006
1980-
2006
Jun - Oct 3781 4633 4217
Nov - May 503 553 552
Total 4284 5186 4769
The details of flow series are given in Annex - 7.4(a), 7.4 (b) and 7.4 (c)respectively.
Following inferences have been drawn from the above studies.
(a) Effect of Noonthore Dam on d/s Flows
The water availability study has been carried out without considering the effect of
proposed Noonthore Dam in Nepal, which may come up at a later stage. In case the
proposed high dam is taken up for construction, it will ensure regulated releases from the
dam and thereby increasing the lean season flows.
(b) Effect of Karmaiya Barrage on d/s Flows
Karmaiya barrage (in Nepal) came into existence during the year 1992. In order to study
the effect of the Karmaiya Barrage on the downstream flows in Indian territory, the data
series at Dheng bridge for the period 1980 to 2006 was divided into two parts, viz., series
for the period 1980-1991 (pre-Karmaiya barrage period) and series for the period 1993-
2006 (post-Karmaiya barrage period). Accordingly 75 % dependable flow has been
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5WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VII
worked out using data series from 1980 to 2006, and 1980-1991 and 1993-2006 and is
given in Table 7.2.
It can be seen from Table 5.2 that the 75% dependable flow during both the seasons is
comparatively higher during the post- Karmaiya barrage period (1993-2006) than the pre
-Karmaiya barrage period (1980-91) and also with respect to the total period considered
from 1980-2006.
The salient features of the proposed Noonthore dam, Karmaiya Barrage and the proposed
Barrage at Ramnagar are given in Annex 7.5, 7.6 and 7.7 respectively.
In case of an unrealistic estimate of the water resources, the project may become a curse
rather than a boon. A higher estimate of the available water resources may lead to future
problems and the project may not fulfill its envisaged objectivities. On the other hand, a
lower estimate of the water resources may render the project unfeasible and the scarce
water resources may not be utilized efficiently.
7.5 WATER AVAILABILITYOF RIVER SUN-KOSI, CWC (2006)
The dam on the river Sun-Kosi, a tributary of the Sapt-Kosi, under Sun Kosi Diversion-
cum-Storage Scheme is proposed to be located at Kurule (catchment area: 19000 sq km).
There is one G&D Site No. 680, upstream of the proposed dam site having catchment
area of 17600 sq.km. The data available at this site is from 1966 to 1985. This series has
been extended upto 2003 by developing regression with another Site No. 630 on the river
Sun Kosi. The consistency of the data has also been established. The series at G&D Site
No. 680 has been transposed to the Dam Site on catchment area proportional basis
(19000/17600). The transposed flow series is given at Annex-7.8.
The annual yield of river Sun-Kosi for different dependabilities at the proposed dam site
is given below:
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6WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VII
Annual Mean : 24824 MCM
50 % Dependable Yield : 25179 MCM
75 % Dependable Yield : 21902 MCM
90 % Dependable Yield : 20123 MCM
7.6 WATER AVAILABILITYOF RIVER SAPTA KOSI
No G&D data was recorded on the river Sapt-Kosi prior to 1947, when investigation for
Kosi High Dam at Barahkshetra was taken up. From 1947 onwards, G&D sites were
established, one at the Chatra Gorge and one each at the Sun-Kosi, the Arun and the
Taimur. Daily discharge data are available from 1947 onwards in respect of these G&D
sites.
Water availability studies for the Sapt-Kosi basin have been attempted by Central Water
Commission (CWC), National Water Development Agency (NWDA) and Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The results of these studies are summarized
below:
7.6.1 CWC Studies (1981)
A Feasibility Report for the construction of SaptaKosi High Dam was prepared by CWC
in 1981. Water availability studies at dam site were based on the G&D data observed
from 1947 to 1977 and annual average yield was worked out as 51182 MCM. Ten-daily
inflow series on an average basis, 75% and 90% dependability is given at Annex-7.9.
CWC has developed Working Tablesforgeneration of power at Chatra Power House, in
which following month-wise irrigation requirements have been taken into consideration,
as given in Table 7.3.
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7WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VII
Table – 7.3Total irrigation requirement of Chatra Canals
Month cumec MCMJanuary 203.23 544.33
February 203.23 491.65
March 198.67 532.12
April 80.62 208.96
May 185.05 495.64
June 356.51 924.07
July 625.55 1675.46
August 664.14 1778.84
September 664.14 1721.46
October 737.96 1976.56
November 188.45 488.46
December 188.45 504.74
7.6.2 JICA Master Plan Study (1985)
A Master Plan Study on the Kosi River Water Resources Development was carried
out by JICA. The JICA team collected meteorological data of 107 meteorological
stations in the Kosi basin, and on the basis of the same, carried out water availability
studies. The annual average yield worked out by JICA for different sub-basins of
SaptaKosi Basin are given in Table7.4.
Table –7.4Annual Average Yield of SaptaKosiBasin as per JICA Report
River Catchment Area(sq. km)
Annual Average Yield(MCM)
SaptaKosi 61000 50900
Sun Kosi 19000 22400
Arun 36000 18300
Taimur 6000 10200
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7.6.3 NWDA Studies (1997)
The NWDA has also assessed the water availability at Barahkshetra G&D site located in
Nepal. The study is based on the monthly flow data of Barahkshetra G&D site from 1947
onwards. The 50% and 75% dependable flow has been worked out as 52020 MCM and
46727 MCM respectively
The inflow series is given in Annex 7.10.
7.6.4 CWC Studies (2007)
Water availability studies for SaptaKosi High Dam Multipurpose Project were again
taken up by CWC during the year 2007. These studies were based on the runoff data
observed at Chatara-Kothu (Site no. 695, CA 59539 sq. km.) which is located at the
proposed dam site. Long term discharge data is available at this site for the period 1947–
48 to 2002-03. On analyzing the observed data, it was found that the observed monsoon
runoff during the period 1978-79 to 2002-03 are under-observed, compared to the
observed runoff for the period 1947-48 to 1977-78. In view of the non-homogeneity in
the two data- series, it was decided to generate the data series for the period 1978-79 to
2002-03, using the monthly rainfall-runoff relationships. The monthly rainfall-runoff
relationships used to generate the data series are given in Table 7.5.
Table – 7.5Monthly Rainfall – Runoff Relationships
Month 26 Stns V/s 55 Stns 38 Stns V/s 55 Stns
January Y = 1.0192 X + 0.8497 Y = 0.9698 X + 0.1319
February Y = 0.9591 X + 2.1357 Y = 0.9469 X + 0.165
March Y = 1.0177 X + 1.124 Y = 0.9974 X - 1.6244
April Y = 1.0714 X - 3.5911 Y = 0.9859 X - 3.6283
May Y = 0.962 X + 13.008 Y = 0.9725 X -1.6308
June Y = 0.9251 X + 45.267 Y = 0.9863 X + 1.6833
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9WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VII
Month 26 Stns V/s 55 Stns 38 Stns V/s 55 Stns
July Y = 0.8984 X + 84.924 Y = 0.9345 X + 29.594
August Y = 0.8623 X + 90.109 Y = 0.98786 X + 55.443
September Y = 0.9557 X + 28.545 Y = 0.9201 X + 19.988
October Y = 1.0337 X + 0.3611 Y = 1.0023 X - 4.005
November Y = 0.8187 X + 1.8454 Y = 0.9554X + 0.1883
December Y = 0.9855 X + 0.6986 Y = 0.9846X + 0.0537
Where Y = Mean monthly rainfall for 55 stationsX = Mean monthly rainfall for 26 or 38 stations
The non-monsoon data series for the period 1947-48 to 2002-03 periods was found to be
homogeneous. Therefore, the observed non-monsoon data series for the period 1947-48
to 2002-03 has been retained. The data series thus developed is given in Annex 7.11.
Using the data series given in Annex 7.11, the yields at different levels of confidence
have been worked out, as per details given in Table 7.6.
Table 7.6Annual Yield at SaptaKosi Dam Project
Dependability Annual Yield (MCM)
Average Annual Yield 50199.30
50% Dependable Yield 50598.66
75% Dependable Yield 44688.44
90% Dependable Yield 40454.19
7.7 SUMMARY
Yield at SaptaKosi High Dam, as worked out by various agencies is summarized in Table
7.7
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10WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VII
Table 7.7Yield at SaptaKosi High Dam by various agencies
(Unit MCM)
Sl.
No
Dependability Feasibility
Report CWC
1981
JICA NWDA CWC
2007
1 Annual average 51182 5000 - 50199
2 50 % dependability - - 52020 50599
3 75 % dependability - - 46727 44688
4 90 % dependability - - - 40454
XY
Year X Y1979 120 541980 404 1441981 124 481982 289 1191983 61 261984 708 1721985 266 1181986 141 671987 98 701988 79 471989 87 521990 59 181991 203 721992 34 131993 42 301994 92 341995 228 561996 55 221997 80 221998 199 53
Annex 7.1
Monthly flow at Lalbagiaghat (MCM)Monthly flow at Chanpatia (MCM)June
Regression Equation Between Monthly Flow at Lalbagiaghat & Chanpatia
y = 0.244x + 20.65R² = 0.853
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 500 1000
y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Y
0
200
400
600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
y = 0.268x + 14.46R² = 0.715
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
y = 0.167x + 45.38R² = 0.634
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 500 1000 1500
1998 199 532001 171 59 X Y2002 136 48 Avr 185 662003 642 164 % 35.592004 198 1022005 101 31
Year X Y1980 1226 3181983 787.8 2941986 939.3 3011987 831.6 2761988 670.8 3091990 302.5 1211991 567.7 2181992 509.9 1981993 692.8 1231994 176 1181995 949.9 1351996 2245 2821998 3257 4822001 316 203 X Y2004 3159 427 Avr 1062 2492005 354.4 181 % 23.47
July
y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Y
0
200
400
600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
y = 0.268x + 14.46R² = 0.715
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
y = 0.167x + 45.38R² = 0.634
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 500 1000 1500
y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Year X Y1979 1195 2961980 1370 4171981 1995 5341982 585 2171983 938 1981984 2332 3361985 1343 2011987 5075 11181989 830.7 2661990 630.4 3491991 1117 2931992 505.9 2011993 1419 5851994 864 3021995 2487 2281996 1164 1821997 1170 1052001 2804 7922002 1485 4882003 2294 525 X Y2004 408 77 Avr 1543 3732005 1942 505 % 24.19
August
y = 0.244x + 20.65R² = 0.853
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 500 1000
y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Y
y = 0.193x + 74.85R² = 0.694
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
0
0 500 1000 1500
y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677
100
200
300
400
500
600
Year X Y1979 534.9 1311980 704.8 2641981 1963 4761982 964.5 5401983 649.5 2171984 2028 5111985 3296 6281986 2279 9071987 886.4 2221988 1760 4581989 703.5 2041990 735.9 3761991 628.6 2031992 239 1021993 1013 2441994 2485 8851995 1053 1551996 942.6 1461997 647.2 722001 3175 10212002 743 3262003 1418 235 X Y2004 690.4 182 Avr 1288 3612005 1379 156 % 28.01
September
y = 0.244x + 20.65R² = 0.853
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 500 1000
y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Y
y = 0.268x + 14.46R² = 0.715
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
y = 0.167x + 45.38R² = 0.634
0
250
300
350
0 500 1000 1500
y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677
100
200
300
400
500
600
Year X Y1979 545.4 1351980 364.7 1231981 353.4 1151982 157.9 751983 421.9 1431984 338.7 721985 1216 3221986 387.4 1221988 242.4 901989 622.3 1121990 610.3 1861991 195 891992 594.1 2011993 317.5 551994 508.9 551995 305.3 1001996 824.2 1401998 1112 2102002 462.4 1072003 1032 161 X Y2004 664.1 201 Avr 522.6 1332005 222 105 % 25.39
October
y = 0.244x + 20.65R² = 0.853
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 500 1000
y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Y
y = 0.193x + 74.85R² = 0.694
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
y = 0.268x + 14.46R² = 0.715
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
y = 0.167x + 45.38R² = 0.634
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 500 1000 1500
y = 0.091x + 152.0R² = 0.677
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Total Z to A RankI II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II I II III I II III
1 79-80 4.8 13.1 36.0 53.4 133.6 456.1 73.0 133.0 90.4 64.6 46.4 19.9 46.3 66.0 22.2 7.1 6.0 5.2 6.3 4.8 6.3 16.8 15.6 9.2 12.6 8.3 5.6 6.7 5.2 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.7 5.2 8.5 1394.58 2690.07 0.04
2 80-81 59.5 46.4 38.5 50.2 120.1 147.3 75.7 218.4 123.3 171.1 54.5 38.5 65.3 38.1 19.2 8.6 6.8 5.5 4.6 3.9 3.7 13.9 8.8 11.5 8.0 5.1 3.7 5.2 4.5 2.0 2.0 1.7 9.2 10.6 10.1 1395.51 2413.02 0.07
3 81-82 6.8 4.8 36.6 104.8 142.4 198.3 209.3 30.5 293.9 169.7 215.6 90.2 55.5 26.0 33.3 26.9 10.5 6.4 6.4 5.6 5.9 13.1 6.2 8.2 8.6 7.3 5.3 7.5 5.8 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.7 2.8 4.3 1756.90 2301.71 0.11
4 82-83 6.0 58.9 54.3 34.3 176.6 219.6 121.6 39.3 56.2 39.7 422.7 77.6 22.7 24.0 28.7 13.1 10.8 7.9 5.3 5.6 6.5 6.2 7.0 8.8 13.1 7.9 5.6 6.6 6.4 2.3 2.1 2.0 4.7 8.2 17.9 1530.34 2175.97 0.15
5 83-84 7.3 7.8 11.2 84.6 40.8 168.9 92.9 29.9 75.2 54.1 58.6 104.5 44.3 60.7 38.3 12.3 7.3 5.2 4.7 3.8 5.1 10.5 14.8 22.9 13.6 8.4 10.4 7.3 6.7 2.1 1.7 1.7 5.8 5.8 15.6 1044.82 2170.59 0.19
6 84-85 27.0 74.1 71.0 101.3 260.0 606.1 213.8 27.6 94.2 221.1 197.2 92.2 18.7 27.4 25.9 8.1 5.9 5.3 4.5 4.5 4.3 6.6 6.7 10.3 7.6 8.3 8.5 5.9 4.1 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.2 4.4 9.1 2167.54 2041.98 0.22
7 85-86 27.0 36.5 54.3 150.4 135.5 293.3 65.1 31.7 103.9 264.5 163.6 200.0 76.0 201.3 44.7 12.8 9.3 7.2 5.9 5.0 6.4 5.7 4.7 8.1 10.9 10.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 2.3 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.7 4.8 1964.60 2023.51 0.26
8 86-87 7.5 10.0 49.8 89.0 150.1 61.8 221.0 54.1 898.6 65.6 795.2 45.8 56.4 46.7 18.8 10.2 7.5 6.6 6.2 7.3 8.3 5.1 4.6 4.0 4.0 5.4 6.7 15.0 14.0 2.0 1.4 1.6 2.1 1.6 1.0 2685.07 1971.10 0.30
9 87-88 16.3 19.1 34.9 63.2 52.8 159.9 545.4 518.4 54.5 69.8 43.9 107.9 43.5 93.8 191.5 14.4 8.8 6.7 6.1 8.0 9.1 10.2 8.7 15.1 8.2 9.2 15.6 13.1 3.7 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.3 3.7 11.3 2172.81 1872.56 0.33
10 88-89 14.2 13.6 19.1 182.0 77.5 49.5 104.7 491.4 410.0 311.8 120.5 26.0 30.2 32.8 27.4 6.7 4.8 4.1 3.8 3.4 4.4 4.2 6.5 7.0 21.2 23.1 8.0 3.3 2.3 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.9 3.0 7.3 2028.38 1760.14 0.37
11 89-90 10.7 18.6 22.6 33.3 263.0 138.2 172.6 54.2 39.1 59.8 59.8 84.4 75.3 24.0 13.0 6.9 5.2 4.3 3.7 4.0 4.1 3.8 9.1 13.8 19.1 19.0 5.8 11.3 4.6 2.5 1.6 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.5 1194.98 1622.41 0.41
12 90-91 2.7 3.7 11.6 16.1 49.0 55.8 59.5 187.7 101.6 46.3 72.6 256.5 121.7 39.5 24.6 10.1 11.6 6.0 5.1 3.7 3.2 4.0 15.3 20.0 19.0 17.2 13.8 15.3 13.5 5.5 2.6 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1219.44 1620.01 0.44
13 91-92 2.4 34.2 34.9 63.4 121.3 33.4 90.5 102.1 100.0 93.6 68.4 41.4 27.7 24.2 36.9 28.1 12.6 5.5 4.2 7.9 5.9 3.3 11.4 13.4 15.8 20.2 14.4 11.0 11.3 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.8 1046.95 1535.85 0.48
14 92-93 2.0 3.8 7.0 6.5 129.0 62.5 94.3 29.7 77.1 47.7 22.2 32.3 62.3 87.7 51.3 14.6 10.4 6.1 3.7 2.8 2.3 1.8 1.6 2.1 3.7 16.4 12.3 11.8 13.0 8.5 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.4 3.5 836.45 1517.10 0.52
15 93-94 8.8 5.8 15.7 53.2 32.3 37.9 86.4 305.5 192.9 132.2 74.3 37.6 23.0 18.7 13.3 6.8 6.7 5.7 4.9 4.0 6.2 5.9 9.6 19.2 12.1 13.0 9.8 7.0 4.7 2.5 1.8 1.5 1.9 2.5 10.8 1174.09 1398.26 0.56
16 94-95 7.8 11.5 14.7 40.7 12.7 64.8 45.2 159.2 97.5 33.6 694.5 156.6 33.8 16.6 5.1 4.6 7.8 5.5 5.4 5.8 7.0 6.9 4.7 6.1 7.3 8.6 7.8 6.4 5.5 3.8 3.2 4.7 5.2 5.3 6.1 1512.21 1397.50 0.59
17 95-96 5.2 22.2 29.0 27.4 86.5 20.6 26.9 145.8 54.9 30.2 34.9 90.1 48.9 26.6 24.4 8.2 13.6 8.4 6.9 4.8 5.1 3.7 9.0 11.2 4.7 9.3 7.8 6.4 5.8 1.8 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 789.43 1228.61 0.63
18 96-97 3.1 6.9 12.5 9.9 150.4 122.1 43.0 77.8 61.4 64.0 35.3 47.0 94.8 30.9 14.6 7.3 5.9 5.0 4.7 3.7 3.6 2.5 4.1 9.8 7.4 4.2 3.1 4.2 4.1 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 2.5 852.35 1215.98 0.67
19 97-98 4.5 5.6 12.2 67.6 71.7 33.6 16.1 56.3 32.7 8.5 24.2 39.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 4.1 3.6 3.5 8.2 4.2 8.5 7.6 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.4 5.5 4.4 4.2 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 448.15 1197.96 0.70
20 98-99 8.1 6.1 38.8 40.3 154.6 287.1 211.9 231.6 249.1 189.7 55.5 43.7 131.9 43.0 34.7 13.5 10.5 8.0 7.1 6.6 6.4 7.4 8.2 10.7 10.4 9.9 7.6 8.0 6.4 2.9 2.1 2.1 2.8 3.4 6.7 1866.95 1180.75 0.74
21 99-00 14.2 24.6 45.5 97.6 151.6 196.4 214.6 212.9 262.3 256.7 286.4 165.6 142.0 110.3 85.8 13.5 10.5 8.0 7.1 6.6 6.4 7.4 8.2 10.7 10.4 9.9 7.6 8.0 6.4 2.9 2.1 2.1 2.8 3.4 6.7 2407.41 1052.42 0.78
22 00-01 41.3 71.8 132.9 75.6 117.4 152.1 127.3 126.3 155.6 131.8 147.0 85.0 46.0 35.7 27.8 13.5 10.5 8.0 7.1 6.6 6.4 7.4 8.2 10.7 10.4 9.9 7.6 8.0 6.4 2.9 2.1 2.1 2.8 3.4 8.9 1616.80 1052.16 0.81
23 01-02 10.4 14.2 34.6 18.0 85.8 99.3 397.7 97.4 296.8 778.7 147.5 94.6 95.7 21.3 14.3 9.4 6.9 5.4 4.5 5.1 5.4 4.7 4.4 7.8 7.8 5.5 3.6 4.3 3.8 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.5 4.3 2298.96 854.54 0.85
24 02-03 6.0 12.8 29.8 180.1 33.2 305.8 190.3 190.2 107.7 88.5 92.4 145.2 43.2 34.0 30.2 14.7 15.3 11.9 8.9 5.0 4.7 10.6 5.4 5.2 12.1 5.8 6.0 4.4 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 1616.23 850.33 0.89
25 03-04 2.6 18.7 142.4 349.9 214.4 99.9 220.0 126.7 178.8 65.6 32.5 137.3 83.5 39.6 37.5 29.3 29.1 29.1 27.5 21.0 10.9 9.0 10.1 13.1 11.8 8.7 8.3 9.2 8.5 5.9 3.7 2.9 2.7 2.4 21.8 2014.17 792.29 0.93
26 04-05 18.7 22.8 60.4 93.8 242.7 90.8 27.2 14.9 34.4 61.3 62.6 58.3 97.3 62.7 40.8 21.7 19.3 16.9 16.3 15.1 15.7 14.2 13.2 15.9 14.3 11.2 7.6 10.2 7.0 4.0 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 4.5 1209.72 456.42 0.96
MCM 1547.88 MCM
SI.No.
Period APR MAY
Annex 7.2
Unit: MCMJUN JUL NOVSEP
75% Dependable Flow of River Burhi Gandak at Chanpatia, CA 1464 sq km
AUG OCT
Average75 % dependable flow: 1212.8
DEC JAN FEB MAR
Sl.No Period
I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III Total Z to A Rank
1 1979-80 7.16 17.57 94.9 138.8 242.09 791.7 503.3 340.85 350.4 243.66 196.3 95.017 227.83 216.1 101.5 49.6 41.36 39.41 38.26 30.82 32.92 43 36 38 34 34 27 37 32 20 11 9 8 10 20 25 4185 13904 0.04
2 1980-81 91.5 191.7 121 95.35 380.02 750.9 288.7 507.1 574.7 394.04 204.5 106.28 147.52 121.6 95.55 51.4 40.18 35.29 27.2 21.3 25.34 37 45 53 52 45 24 23 24 19 14 19 15 23 27 33 4723 11674 0.07
3 1981-82 29.4 25.85 68.9 572.2 330.12 839 1015 184.04 795.4 595.41 945.6 422.01 189.79 102.6 61.09 58.4 32.33 25.86 21.47 25.92 33.71 35 29 33 47 40 31 36 31 25 10 7 12 9 15 16 6749 9497 0.11
4 1982-83 18.1 156.9 114 81.65 427.08 693.5 376.5 92.854 115.7 108.97 469.2 386.33 51.019 48.16 58.76 47.9 41.83 27.14 26.21 26.95 31.51 34 33 34 56 51 24 31 30 24 12 11 11 21 35 54 3861 9436 0.15
5 1983-84 24.3 20.78 15.9 254.2 168.98 364.7 313.9 150.46 473.7 233.04 163.4 253.1 160.65 145 116.3 59 36.24 31.62 28.11 22.94 30.38 40 50 76 48 35 44 44 35 28 14 9 8 10 19 22 3548 8549 0.19
6 1984-85 55.5 204.6 448 289.1 878.19 1157 1247 549.33 536 474.28 877.4 676.82 152.36 105 81.34 41.1 26.35 24.95 25.11 21.72 24.23 23 25 37 51 47 35 37 33 22 12 7 5 3 13 30 8276 8276 0.22
7 1985-86 79.6 102.8 83.6 212.5 342.09 728.8 774.3 161.85 406.4 1129.1 1183 983.26 441.72 516.3 257.5 65.4 29.93 39.06 32.95 42.3 48.38 43 38 43 42 59 40 52 48 40 20 15 16 14 19 35 8183 8183 0.26
8 1986-87 21.2 21.02 98.4 284.6 364.32 290.4 624.2 160.59 1832 279.96 1488 511.27 150.21 152.5 84.67 49.5 38.8 53.72 50.45 54.29 61.52 47 37 39 36 52 34 42 42 31 16 12 14 34 21 13 7142 7144 0.30
9 1987-88 24.9 31.18 41.5 174.1 108.66 548.8 2264 2459.1 352 390.17 239.1 257.15 154.4 152.8 581.8 111 65.8 51.09 42.92 39.54 34.76 27 32 35 35 37 39 40 29 33 17 15 20 17 14 34 8549 7142 0.33
10 1988-89 30.3 20.93 28.2 336.2 215.65 118.9 237.2 570.07 930.5 861.18 730.7 168.31 95.898 78.6 67.91 48.7 45 36.8 30.54 23.84 28.98 31 28 24 50 50 40 19 15 19 10 7 5 5 6 15 5027 6749 0.37
11 1989-90 34.3 25.51 27.5 75.17 383.5 301.2 479.8 165.92 185 226.38 192.4 284.71 428.44 126.2 67.63 51.3 41.07 36.18 31.38 25.96 25.46 21 27 31 35 38 26 34 22 19 14 10 8 13 11 23 3548 6198 0.41
12 1990-91 17.1 16.93 24.8 26.92 117.16 158.5 127 317.69 185.7 101.43 203.1 431.31 420.34 117.4 72.59 45.7 37.5 27.35 26.45 23.67 20.69 28 36 36 30 28 23 33 27 22 14 10 8 8 6 6 2835 6021 0.44
13 1991-92 8.53 108.2 86.6 149.5 329.1 89.16 358 532.05 226.8 263.52 244.3 120.7 73.872 58.53 62.6 53.2 32.73 29.76 26.81 28.06 31.22 26 32 33 34 39 29 31 24 19 13 11 9 9 8 11 3242 5826 0.48
14 1992-93 8.45 13.32 12.6 22.71 293.93 193.3 201.3 76.62 228 104.03 75.19 59.78 136.6 275.4 182.1 60.5 42.62 37.02 29.93 24.73 23.54 20 19 20 22 35 27 43 37 42 27 16 13 11 9 11 2455 5801 0.52
15 1993-94 10.5 14.08 17.3 201.7 142.04 349.1 251.7 578.88 588.5 604.71 259.3 148.52 125.02 103.1 89.42 69.1 54.77 48.2 39.2 31.11 34.15 30 36 45 35 39 39 39 28 27 17 12 12 14 13 26 4171 5598 0.56
16 1994-95 30.4 33.64 27.7 48.44 50.674 76.84 114.9 345.17 403.9 65.837 717.3 1701.6 292.2 106.7 110 101 95.13 45.56 30.15 30.05 31.34 34 33 32 30 37 29 30 23 18 11 9 13 15 16 19 4807 5027 0.59
17 1995-96 16.3 92.62 119 197.9 571.97 180.1 145.1 1114.8 1228 521.51 316.7 214.27 136.94 86.22 82.18 59 59.11 48.21 44.9 41.65 45.16 39 23 27 20 21 18 20 20 20 15 13 12 9 9 10 5598 4807 0.63
18 1996-97 9.36 7.31 38.8 77.47 907.63 1260 270.7 427.51 466.3 377.65 312.4 252.55 351.13 306.1 166.9 49.2 37.88 33.96 32.13 29.26 30.05 21 21 46 47 38 17 35 35 19 13 14 20 21 17 19 5826 4723 0.67
19 1997-98 17.9 18.07 44.1 524.9 632.71 231.3 232.7 484.27 453.4 264.64 162.5 220.06 249.44 193.5 170.6 127 91.84 82.6 76.14 96.25 90.98 89 84 81 103 107 88 110 111 114 108 100 100 96 29 16 5801 4185 0.70
20 1998-99 16.6 12.21 170 127.6 387.47 2742 1859 1182.2 2401 1709.5 754.3 640.28 714.23 271.2 126.7 72.6 56.61 62.76 58.57 47.96 50.1 35 30 36 40 40 31 40 32 30 24 19 16 14 20 34 13904 4171 0.74
21 1999-00 24.4 31.9 204 998.1 1197.2 891.9 814.1 1104.6 1262 1292.7 798.7 488.1 1333.1 423 103.9 66.8 56.23 52.71 47.22 38.6 40.41 39 39 38 36 30 25 24 22 23 18 17 20 21 24 28 11674 3861 0.78
22 2000-01 79.1 253.5 591 867.5 775.03 387 690.8 620.34 418.3 636.28 422.3 239.41 211.66 95.54 73.95 55.9 53.15 45.3 42.31 30.24 26.57 41 47 49 40 35 26 33 31 33 30 30 30 30 33 42 7144 3548 0.81
23 2001-02 58.2 39.12 73.7 54.61 145.01 116.4 1091 595.34 1117 1287.4 1214 673.83 744.68 546.7 495.2 287 63.09 57.59 51.96 47.68 50.06 41 40 53 45 43 35 44 42 44 40 37 36 38 41 49 9436 3548 0.85
24 2002-03 42.5 40.69 52.7 548.7 200.53 1211 729.7 519.35 236 179.02 209.4 354.5 217.73 120.4 124.3 97.5 92.45 73.53 59.34 50.89 51.47 64 77 81 75 68 51 59 57 60 39 37 33 35 35 38 6021 3242 0.89
25 2003-04 35.8 37.34 569 1238 1008.6 429.9 794.9 446.08 1053 554.34 340.6 522.89 527.21 333.2 171.6 131 113.4 96.34 88.73 80.4 76.78 66 68 83 80 67 56 59 56 57 48 48 46 38 36 41 9497 2835 0.93
26 2004-05 41.7 53.47 103 692.8 1632.6 833.7 122.3 103.59 182.1 306.46 213.2 170.7 249.64 226.4 188.1 141 11.72 113.9 101.1 54.26 45.54 47 49 61 60 47 35 41 37 41 34 30 30 31 33 36 6198 2455 0.96
32 61.19 126 318.9 470.48 605.2 612.6 530.41 653.9 507.89 497.4 399.33 307.06 193.4 145.9 78.8 51.43 48.3 42.67 38.09 39.43 38.49 39.12 44.65 45.38 44.67 34.3 39.9 35.4 32.61 23 20 20 21.1 20.4 26.4 6246
0.51 0.98 2.02 5.105 7.5323 9.689 9.808 8.4918 10.47 8.1313 7.964 6.3933 4.9161 3.096 2.336 1.26 0.823 0.773 0.683 0.61 0.631 0.616 0.626 0.715 0.727 0.715 0.55 0.64 0.57 0.522 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.34 0.33 0.42 100
Annex 7.3
Unit: Mcum
JUNE JULY AUG DEC JAN
75% Dependable Flow : 4093.22 MCMAverage Flow : 6246 MCM
75 % dependable yield at Lalbagiaghat (CA 6900 sq.km) on River Burhi-Gandak
% over Annual
Average yield
FEB MAR APR MAYOCT NOVSEPT
Annex 7.4 (a)
Annual Des. Order Rank 75%
I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III Total Flow Flow
1 1980 36.52 30.70 23.42 17.03 15.96 16.07 17.10 16.02 16.20 19.17 14.93 12.18 7.61 21.23 20.65 102.31 140.82 186.14 219.50 449.15 344.65 398.07 328.01 351.08 448.21 251.40 131.80 111.16 77.88 69.81 40.82 33.69 30.99 29.73 22.97 22.16 4075.15 6159.81 0.08
2 1981 20.97 21.18 19.93 15.92 12.43 8.88 9.86 9.21 9.88 13.88 18.34 15.92 19.49 20.39 47.67 30.22 18.41 120.11 235.23 273.50 287.46 446.10 241.95 365.88 160.96 258.37 223.64 217.64 154.08 66.14 44.29 40.99 39.17 27.09 26.42 18.24 3559.85 6152.30 0.15
3 1982 15.03 16.13 20.33 16.75 22.63 9.02 13.30 11.61 10.32 9.37 14.80 18.85 12.62 13.70 10.90 7.95 145.36 200.38 162.53 277.07 313.65 281.44 255.30 325.81 224.20 286.10 261.76 106.76 59.90 46.22 34.70 39.14 32.15 26.79 22.79 20.23 3345.60 5913.27 0.23
4 1983 17.05 14.80 16.52 22.62 15.04 9.42 9.57 7.86 9.00 6.86 6.08 7.34 14.95 34.34 50.90 26.92 19.47 31.99 358.36 287.57 609.36 438.52 262.55 513.21 283.73 394.14 480.75 282.23 245.33 141.46 85.14 61.28 48.69 38.64 29.82 29.39 4910.91 5743.28 0.31
5 1984 24.48 23.13 27.23 19.49 16.04 14.82 13.35 11.83 10.84 7.72 8.62 11.16 39.64 92.27 55.21 95.86 187.67 287.23 387.25 435.42 679.16 384.03 244.27 357.76 711.86 1029.38 331.91 92.98 74.07 59.12 39.52 34.57 29.50 26.93 24.82 24.15 5913.27 5542.48 0.38
6 1985 18.76 17.92 21.14 15.25 13.68 9.69 11.14 9.99 12.05 10.73 9.06 8.22 13.70 24.15 24.19 35.50 45.30 57.20 226.79 330.57 736.75 397.05 464.30 717.82 682.95 502.84 332.94 261.60 252.62 139.64 77.31 66.82 57.56 55.84 35.28 46.92 5743.28 5483.56 0.46
7 1986 47.39 30.01 25.95 19.58 27.53 15.13 16.33 15.37 13.19 10.63 10.53 15.51 20.40 33.01 38.43 27.63 26.92 218.72 269.67 210.48 401.76 488.21 265.77 582.99 590.72 514.76 389.25 311.50 306.20 145.89 90.46 64.71 44.19 35.51 42.33 41.24 5407.92 5407.92 0.54
8 1987 31.29 28.40 24.88 25.89 24.70 15.49 15.15 13.18 16.03 12.22 10.47 9.78 26.10 11.86 9.93 18.21 26.87 27.13 327.81 249.01 584.37 467.39 580.29 354.99 459.47 313.70 270.90 242.61 194.31 248.42 116.65 60.40 47.14 41.81 34.15 33.07 4974.08 4974.08 0.62
9 1988 28.41 25.65 24.70 21.90 23.05 19.35 20.46 26.29 27.21 14.84 18.34 25.53 23.76 22.41 35.85 44.79 71.94 144.90 390.61 343.10 461.33 539.96 601.04 783.77 670.00 391.82 148.16 146.34 98.71 76.29 65.31 51.93 40.99 36.11 32.30 45.33 5542.48 4910.91 0.69
10 1989 45.79 58.39 45.43 47.91 41.48 39.25 44.00 44.42 42.95 32.24 26.28 26.04 22.45 27.13 81.30 97.84 100.64 77.23 254.99 333.53 398.21 335.30 305.36 286.57 520.06 483.86 470.38 406.30 243.92 156.98 97.12 73.21 65.04 62.97 45.59 43.40 5483.56 4075.15 0.77 4284.09
11 1990 26.96 20.81 20.90 15.62 20.54 16.09 17.57 19.61 15.88 13.21 14.31 16.03 29.05 41.86 83.59 84.54 46.09 186.97 331.95 387.94 650.42 508.38 560.56 605.75 267.15 413.42 473.73 420.34 298.25 178.24 95.04 98.50 70.74 40.49 36.86 32.42 6159.81 3559.85 0.85
12 1991 39.10 31.16 27.11 23.32 22.08 14.28 17.68 15.63 14.40 24.29 18.69 11.08 19.55 14.74 29.45 37.19 229.13 199.67 409.10 521.42 512.96 545.27 555.38 505.44 619.32 593.91 483.49 179.37 103.51 83.11 53.47 45.33 38.85 34.81 34.74 44.26 6152.30 3345.60 0.92
29.31 26.52 24.80 21.77 21.26 15.62 17.13 16.75 16.50 14.60 14.20 14.80 20.78 29.76 40.67 50.75 88.22 144.81 297.82 341.56 498.34 435.81 388.73 479.26 469.89 452.81 333.23 231.57 175.73 117.61 69.99 55.88 45.42 38.06 32.34 33.40 5105.68 5105.68
0.57 0.52 0.49 0.43 0.42 0.31 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.41 0.58 0.80 0.99 1.73 2.84 5.83 6.69 9.76 8.54 7.61 9.39 9.20 8.87 6.53 4.54 3.44 2.30 1.37 1.09 0.89 0.75 0.63 0.65 100 100.00
24.60 22.25 20.81 18.27 17.84 13.11 14.37 14.06 13.84 12.25 11.92 12.42 17.43 24.97 34.13 42.58 74.02 121.50 249.89 286.60 418.15 365.68 326.18 402.13 394.27 379.94 279.60 194.30 147.45 98.68 58.72 46.89 38.11 31.94 27.14 28.03 4284.09
88.26 %
3781.01 MCM
% Non.Mon.Fl 11.74 %
75%N.M. Fl 503.08 MCM
NovemberSeptember
Av. Flow
July August
75 % Mon. Fl
April May
% of An. Av. Fl
75 % depend.flow
% Mon. Flow
Computation of 75 % Dependable Flow of River Bagmati (Pre-Karmaiya Period - 1980 to 1991)
(Unit: MCM)Sl.No
YearJanuary February March DecemberJune October
SI.NO Year Total Total Rank
I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III (Z to A)
1 1993 21.87 19.79 18.73 15.11 14.85 11.06 14.28 12.82 27.86 16.55 22.73 39.61 20.97 29.41 46.80 50.85 67.66 94.84 153.36 287.71 957.31 562.81 678.67 516.41 565.57 321.41 334.11 282.36 141.00 89.25 55.87 52.88 46.35 43.13 48.56 52.29 5734.85 7731.44 0.07
2 1994 35.26 34.78 30.61 22.30 21.95 14.48 15.23 12.23 14.63 14.71 10.48 9.95 9.56 9.48 42.53 27.76 71.73 95.38 276.90 230.03 559.28 504.38 542.77 445.34 310.96 665.19 348.78 103.66 64.30 50.58 38.80 33.98 30.31 26.83 23.24 20.26 4768.64 7129.65 0.13
3 1995 16.54 15.79 16.03 13.28 13.13 10.98 12.15 11.25 10.12 7.68 7.10 5.20 3.58 55.43 73.25 55.54 147.05 381.46 603.94 734.49 537.58 673.89 96.60 680.75 341.71 213.58 405.91 249.00 172.90 145.57 61.43 88.73 51.03 29.53 35.16 40.39 6017.73 6805.72 0.20
4 1996 32.36 23.79 37.12 18.33 17.63 14.88 15.55 11.40 10.84 7.39 5.04 3.91 9.27 21.14 9.72 27.06 48.94 314.19 41.92 906.26 541.30 433.90 552.96 517.80 649.21 318.21 350.09 332.55 138.59 63.41 43.67 49.53 45.50 42.93 39.99 37.90 5734.29 6711.07 0.27
5 1997 30.84 31.98 40.37 32.94 35.15 25.77 24.83 14.94 14.60 19.66 20.63 18.07 19.91 11.64 17.06 13.79 19.55 183.43 561.43 607.82 627.59 577.15 789.00 569.38 385.69 435.63 476.93 346.38 225.07 162.47 58.38 32.63 29.48 29.15 51.22 32.64 6573.19 6678.12 0.33
6 1998 22.81 21.47 16.49 14.76 12.34 9.42 12.77 12.67 11.62 19.13 12.15 16.06 32.69 20.68 34.78 17.06 7.38 72.09 512.00 567.23 1066.31 614.81 589.89 590.81 687.48 343.67 438.00 330.96 127.41 157.53 79.18 57.24 50.32 37.73 32.02 29.16 6678.12 6573.19 0.40
7 1999 21.42 20.96 22.43 16.17 13.22 8.74 10.15 8.56 7.94 5.07 5.33 3.59 3.38 20.07 78.00 43.39 197.94 427.87 1065.05 571.54 510.94 404.22 469.52 1071.54 495.62 411.15 347.28 427.14 269.67 405.29 163.39 61.14 43.71 36.26 37.44 26.31 7731.44 6017.73 0.47
8 2000 24.39 22.89 24.13 24.01 29.18 16.56 16.03 13.62 12.34 9.27 9.17 16.23 23.00 33.70 124.47 167.67 158.33 378.10 501.56 546.64 577.02 1231.08 639.07 562.74 510.99 406.19 299.69 102.52 67.48 65.35 44.87 44.05 30.86 27.93 22.46 22.12 6805.72 5818.96 0.53
9 2001 23.08 21.31 22.88 23.82 20.64 12.35 15.32 13.88 11.84 8.92 13.31 10.13 29.55 32.89 53.35 127.17 149.84 229.74 173.66 271.99 432.69 429.84 551.32 573.00 431.22 456.11 352.60 280.11 152.84 104.20 78.64 57.02 57.08 55.42 41.96 33.51 5353.23 5734.85 0.60
10 2002 35.98 31.96 41.62 34.15 33.81 21.97 26.87 22.54 17.39 18.41 17.45 23.87 25.54 50.76 87.87 79.82 166.75 132.71 344.56 332.90 1262.91 613.35 564.97 597.02 426.30 305.25 273.63 255.57 195.09 116.12 75.99 57.58 48.90 36.96 34.30 34.88 6445.75 5734.29 0.67
11 2003 30.84 34.77 45.48 50.98 35.64 28.23 26.57 27.19 35.40 37.26 33.02 36.22 46.67 41.07 43.99 49.24 69.48 228.53 502.16 495.76 670.55 624.33 636.51 750.82 424.66 296.78 481.33 339.03 139.02 99.01 84.79 73.27 56.51 49.45 43.42 43.10 6711.07 5353.23 0.73
12 2004 37.42 38.86 57.73 38.46 22.66 17.38 18.18 21.38 17.59 10.38 12.48 45.14 40.56 14.12 78.11 147.92 159.93 178.85 719.02 928.80 566.78 280.28 271.38 381.72 412.85 326.45 202.07 248.75 166.67 94.50 53.35 46.26 55.71 46.18 35.41 25.63 5818.96 4768.64 0.80
13 2005 18.19 22.29 32.84 32.11 31.38 20.10 16.39 17.07 19.80 14.93 12.16 9.17 19.27 19.81 16.14 9.98 14.94 128.27 127.34 330.16 210.56 355.12 483.62 640.98 272.14 138.08 174.95 170.12 83.63 124.44 70.98 57.00 49.77 45.40 37.50 29.69 3856.31 3856.31 0.87
14 2006 22.48 25.87 23.90 21.75 19.85 14.33 17.25 18.80 13.81 10.54 26.52 31.17 15.20 59.85 49.92 131.99 153.96 277.95 281.59 299.96 296.64 227.39 115.49 227.03 243.86 589.46 405.53 219.29 118.27 136.54 71.79 43.40 39.64 36.52 37.82 25.47 4350.81 4350.81 0.93
26.68 26.18 30.74 25.58 22.96 16.16 17.26 15.60 16.13 14.28 14.83 19.17 21.37 30.00 54.00 67.80 102.39 223.10 418.89 507.95 629.82 538.04 498.70 580.38 439.88 373.37 349.35 263.39 147.28 129.59 70.08 53.91 45.37 38.82 37.18 32.38 5898.58
0.45 0.44 0.52 0.43 0.39 0.27 0.29 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.25 0.32 0.36 0.51 0.92 1.15 1.74 3.78 7.10 8.61 10.68 9.12 8.45 9.84 7.46 6.33 5.92 4.47 2.50 2.20 1.19 0.91 0.77 0.66 0.63 0.55 100
23.45 23.02 27.03 22.49 20.19 14.21 15.17 13.71 14.18 12.55 13.04 16.85 18.79 26.38 47.48 59.61 90.03 196.16 368.30 446.60 553.76 473.06 438.47 510.29 386.75 328.28 307.16 231.58 129.49 113.94 61.62 47.40 39.89 34.13 32.69 28.47 5186.21
89.34 %
4633.48 Mcum
% Non.Mon.Fl 10.66 %
75%N.M. Fl 552.73 Mcum
75% Dep.Flow(Mm3)
% Mon. Flow
75 % Mon. Fl
December
Average Flow
% of Ann Flow
August September October November
Annex 7.4 (b)
Computation of 75 % Dependable Flow of River Bagmati at Dheng Bridge (Post-Karmaiya Period - 1993 to 2006)
Unit: - MCM
January February March April May June July
I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II IIITotal Des. Order
1 1980 36.52 30.70 23.42 17.03 15.96 16.07 17.10 16.02 16.20 19.17 14.93 12.18 7.61 21.23 20.65 102.31 140.82 186.14 219.50 449.15 344.65 398.07 328.01 351.08 448.21 251.40 131.80 111.16 77.88 69.81 40.82 33.69 30.99 29.73 22.97 22.16 4075.15 7731.48 0.04
2 1981 20.97 21.18 19.93 15.92 12.43 8.88 9.86 9.21 9.88 13.88 18.34 15.92 19.49 20.39 47.67 30.22 18.41 120.11 235.23 273.50 287.46 446.10 241.95 365.88 160.96 258.37 223.64 217.64 154.08 66.14 44.29 40.99 39.17 27.09 26.42 18.24 3559.85 7129.67 0.07
3 1982 15.03 16.13 20.33 16.75 22.63 9.02 13.30 11.61 10.32 9.37 14.80 18.85 12.62 13.70 10.90 7.95 145.36 200.38 162.53 277.07 313.65 281.44 255.30 325.81 224.20 286.10 261.76 106.76 59.90 46.22 34.70 39.14 32.15 26.79 22.79 20.23 3345.60 6805.73 0.11
4 1983 17.05 14.80 16.52 22.62 15.04 9.42 9.57 7.86 9.00 6.86 6.08 7.34 14.95 34.34 50.90 26.92 19.47 31.99 358.36 287.57 609.36 438.52 262.55 513.21 283.73 394.14 480.75 282.23 245.33 141.46 85.14 61.28 48.69 38.64 29.82 29.39 4910.91 6711.05 0.14
5 1984 24.48 23.13 27.23 19.49 16.04 14.82 13.35 11.83 10.84 7.72 8.62 11.16 39.64 92.27 55.21 95.86 187.67 287.23 387.25 435.42 679.16 384.03 244.27 357.76 711.86 1029.38 331.91 92.98 74.07 59.12 39.52 34.57 29.50 26.93 24.82 24.15 5913.27 6678.13 0.18
6 1985 18.76 17.92 21.14 15.25 13.68 9.69 11.14 9.99 12.05 10.73 9.06 8.22 13.70 24.15 24.19 35.50 45.30 57.20 226.79 330.57 736.75 397.05 464.30 717.82 682.95 502.84 332.94 261.60 252.62 139.64 77.31 66.82 57.56 55.84 35.28 46.92 5743.28 6573.19 0.21
7 1986 47.39 30.01 25.95 19.58 27.53 15.13 16.33 15.37 13.19 10.63 10.53 15.51 20.40 33.01 38.43 27.63 26.92 218.72 269.67 210.48 401.76 488.21 265.77 582.99 590.72 514.76 389.25 311.50 306.20 145.89 90.46 64.71 44.19 35.51 42.33 41.24 5407.92 6159.81 0.25
8 1987 31.29 28.40 24.88 25.89 24.70 15.49 15.15 13.18 16.03 12.22 10.47 9.78 26.10 11.86 9.93 18.21 26.87 27.13 327.81 249.01 584.37 467.39 580.29 354.99 459.47 313.70 270.90 242.61 194.31 248.42 116.65 60.40 47.14 41.81 34.15 33.07 4974.08 6152.30 0.29
9 1988 28.41 25.65 24.70 21.90 23.05 19.35 20.46 26.29 27.21 14.84 18.34 25.53 23.76 22.41 35.85 44.79 71.94 144.90 390.61 343.10 461.33 539.96 601.04 783.77 670.00 391.82 148.16 146.34 98.71 76.29 65.31 51.93 40.99 36.11 32.30 45.33 5542.48 6017.73 0.32
10 1989 45.79 58.39 45.43 47.91 41.48 39.25 44.00 44.42 42.95 32.24 26.28 26.04 22.45 27.13 81.30 97.84 100.64 77.23 254.99 333.53 398.21 335.30 305.36 286.57 520.06 483.86 470.38 406.30 243.92 156.98 97.12 73.21 65.04 62.97 45.59 43.40 5483.56 5913.27 0.36
11 1990 26.96 20.81 20.90 15.62 20.54 16.09 17.57 19.61 15.88 13.21 14.31 16.03 29.05 41.86 83.59 84.54 46.09 186.97 331.95 387.94 650.42 508.38 560.56 605.75 267.15 413.42 473.73 420.34 298.25 178.24 95.04 98.50 70.74 40.49 36.86 32.42 6159.81 5818.92 0.39
12 1991 39.10 31.16 27.11 23.32 22.08 14.28 17.68 15.63 14.40 24.29 18.69 11.08 19.55 14.74 29.45 37.19 229.13 199.67 409.10 521.42 512.96 545.27 555.38 505.44 619.32 593.91 483.49 179.37 103.51 83.11 53.47 45.33 38.85 34.81 34.74 44.26 6152.30 5743.28 0.43
13 1992 28.83 20.53 20.59 21.42 22.58 17.18 14.64 13.24 13.76 11.40 10.45 8.83 16.42 16.96 19.37 17.01 27.31 109.73 136.34 259.63 247.71 361.15 321.32 474.60 369.62 343.87 255.14 183.17 312.77 123.03 65.09 52.67 39.10 34.23 30.53 29.04 4049.26 5734.88 0.46
14 1993 21.87 19.79 18.73 15.11 14.85 11.06 14.28 12.82 27.86 16.55 22.73 39.61 20.97 29.41 46.80 50.85 67.66 94.84 153.36 287.71 957.31 562.81 678.67 516.41 565.57 321.41 334.11 282.36 141.00 89.25 55.87 52.88 46.35 43.13 48.56 52.29 5734.88 5734.28 0.50
15 1994 35.26 34.78 30.61 22.30 21.95 14.48 15.23 12.23 14.63 14.71 10.48 9.95 9.56 9.48 42.53 27.76 71.73 95.38 276.90 230.03 559.28 504.38 542.77 445.34 310.96 665.19 348.78 103.66 64.30 50.58 38.80 33.98 30.31 26.83 23.24 20.26 4768.65 5542.48 0.54
16 1995 16.54 15.79 16.03 13.28 13.13 10.98 12.15 11.25 10.12 7.68 7.10 5.20 3.58 55.43 73.25 55.54 147.05 381.46 603.94 734.49 537.58 673.89 96.60 680.75 341.71 213.58 405.91 249.00 172.90 145.57 61.43 88.73 51.03 29.53 35.16 40.39 6017.73 5483.56 0.57
17 1996 32.36 23.79 37.12 18.33 17.63 14.88 15.55 11.40 10.84 7.39 5.04 3.91 9.27 21.14 9.72 27.06 48.94 314.19 41.92 906.26 541.30 433.90 552.96 517.80 649.21 318.21 350.09 332.55 138.59 63.41 43.67 49.53 45.50 42.93 39.99 37.90 5734.28 5407.92 0.61
18 1997 30.84 31.98 40.37 32.94 35.15 25.77 24.83 14.94 14.60 19.66 20.63 18.07 19.91 11.64 17.06 13.79 19.55 183.43 561.43 607.82 627.59 577.15 789.00 569.38 385.69 435.63 476.93 346.38 225.07 162.47 58.38 32.63 29.48 29.15 51.22 32.64 6573.19 5353.23 0.64
19 1998 22.81 21.47 16.49 14.76 12.34 9.42 12.77 12.67 11.62 19.13 12.15 16.06 32.69 20.68 34.78 17.06 7.38 72.09 512.00 567.23 1066.31 614.81 589.89 590.81 687.48 343.67 438.00 330.96 127.41 157.53 79.18 57.24 50.32 37.73 32.02 29.16 6678.13 4974.08 0.68
20 1999 21.42 20.96 22.43 16.17 13.22 8.74 10.15 8.56 7.94 5.07 5.33 3.59 3.38 20.07 78.00 43.39 197.94 427.87 1065.05 571.54 510.94 404.22 469.52 1071.54 495.62 411.15 347.28 427.14 269.67 405.29 163.39 61.14 43.71 36.26 37.44 26.31 7731.48 4910.91 0.71
21 2000 24.39 22.89 24.13 24.01 29.18 16.56 16.03 13.62 12.34 9.27 9.17 16.23 23.00 33.70 124.47 167.67 158.33 378.10 501.56 546.64 577.02 1231.08 639.07 562.74 510.99 406.19 299.69 102.52 67.48 65.35 44.87 44.05 30.86 27.93 22.46 22.12 6805.73 4768.65 0.75
22 2001 23.08 21.31 22.88 23.82 20.64 12.35 15.32 13.88 11.84 8.92 13.31 10.13 29.55 32.89 53.35 127.17 149.84 229.74 173.66 271.99 432.69 429.84 551.32 573.00 431.22 456.11 352.60 280.11 152.84 104.20 78.64 57.02 57.08 55.42 41.96 33.51 5353.23 4350.80 0.79
23 2002 35.98 31.96 41.62 34.15 33.81 21.97 26.87 22.54 17.39 18.41 17.45 23.87 25.54 50.76 87.87 79.82 166.75 132.71 344.56 332.90 1262.91 613.35 564.97 597.02 426.30 305.25 273.63 255.57 195.09 116.12 0.00 57.58 48.90 36.96 34.30 34.88 7129.67 4075.15 0.82
24 2003 30.84 34.77 45.48 50.98 35.64 28.23 26.57 27.19 35.40 37.26 33.02 36.22 46.67 41.07 43.99 49.24 69.48 228.53 502.16 495.76 670.55 624.33 636.51 750.82 424.66 296.78 481.33 339.03 139.02 99.01 84.79 73.27 56.51 49.45 43.42 43.10 6711.05 4049.26 0.86
25 2004 37.42 38.86 57.73 38.46 22.66 17.38 18.18 21.38 17.59 10.38 12.48 45.14 40.56 14.12 78.11 147.92 159.93 178.85 719.02 928.80 566.78 280.28 271.38 381.72 412.85 326.45 202.07 248.75 166.67 94.50 53.35 46.26 55.71 46.18 35.41 25.63 5818.92 3856.32 0.89
26 2005 18.19 22.29 32.84 32.11 31.38 20.10 16.39 17.07 19.80 14.93 12.16 9.17 19.27 19.81 16.14 9.98 14.94 128.27 127.34 330.16 210.56 355.12 483.62 640.98 272.14 138.08 174.95 170.12 83.63 124.44 70.98 57.00 49.77 45.40 37.50 29.69 3856.32 3559.85 0.93
27 2006 22.48 25.87 23.90 21.75 19.85 14.33 17.25 18.80 13.81 10.54 26.52 31.17 15.20 59.85 49.92 131.99 153.96 277.95 281.59 299.96 296.64 227.39 115.49 227.03 243.86 589.46 405.53 219.29 118.27 136.54 71.79 43.40 39.64 36.52 37.82 25.47 4350.80 3345.60 0.96
27.93 26.12 27.72 23.74 22.19 15.96 17.10 16.02 16.20 14.31 14.39 16.84 20.92 29.41 46.79 58.34 93.31 184.10 354.62 424.80 557.23 486.05 443.26 531.52 450.61 407.58 338.69 246.28 166.05 124.02 67.04 54.74 45.16 38.31 34.78 32.71 5503.02
0.51 0.47 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.26 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.53 0.85 1.06 1.70 3.35 6.44 7.72 10.13 8.83 8.05 9.66 8.19 7.41 6.15 4.48 3.02 2.25 1.22 0.99 0.82 0.70 0.63 0.59 100.00
24.20 22.64 24.02 20.57 19.23 13.83 14.82 13.88 14.04 12.40 12.47 14.60 18.13 25.49 40.55 50.56 80.86 159.54 307.29 368.11 482.87 421.19 384.10 460.59 390.48 353.19 293.50 213.41 143.90 107.47 58.09 47.43 39.13 33.20 30.14 28.35 4768.65
88.44 %
4217.39 MCM
% Non.Mon.Fl 11.56 %
75%N.M. Fl 551.26 MCM
75 % depend.flow
% Mon. Flow
Annual Flow
75 % Mon. Fl
November December
Average flow
% of annual flow
Computation of 75% Dependable Flow of River Bagmati at Dheng Bridge (1980 to 2006)
Unit: MCMSl.No
YearJuly
Annex 7.4 (C)
January February March AprilRank
May June August September October
Annex- 7.5
Salient Features of Proposed Noonthore Dam on River Bagmati (Nepal)
1. Location 1 km u/s of Karmaiya Barragein Nepal
2. Longitude/Latitude Lat. 270-8’-45” NLong. 850-29’-30” E
3. Catchment area 2706 sq km (1057 sq miles)
4. Mean annual runoff 1245 mm (49”)5. Maximum rainfall 3580 mm (140”)6. Minimum rainfall 1524 mm (60”)7. Average rainfall 1880 mm ( 74”)8. Average runoff 1245 mm (49”)9. 75% dependable runoff 737 mm (29”)10. Top level of dam 252.98 m
11. FRL 243.84 m
12. DSL 205.74 m
13 Gross storage capacity 174.3 MCM (21500 Ac ft)
14. Live storage capacity 153.5 MCM ( 189300 Ac ft)
15. Dead storage capacity 20.8 MCM (25700 Ac ft)
16. Maximum height of dam 115.82 m
17. Free board 9.144 m
18. Bed level 137.16 m
19. Width of dam at top 12.2 m
20. Road way on dam top Double
21. Crest level of spillway 243.84 m
22. Power plant capacity 24 MW
23. Number of units proposed 4 Nos
24. Total cost of dam Rs. 9784.78 lakh
25. Tail race water level 140.208 m
26. Water for irrigation (capacity at outlet) 99 cumec (3500 cusec)
(Source: Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission, 1994, Volume V, Part-1)
Annex- 7.6
Salient Features of Existing Karmaiya Barrage on River Bagmati (Nepal)
A Barrage
1 Location 3 km upstream of Mahendra Raj Margcrossing near village North Karmahiya(Satchi)
2 Length of barrage 400 m3 Design discharge 7600 cumec4 Sluice gate 6 spans (9 m X 6 m)5 Barrage gate 30 spans (9 9 m X 3 m)6 Pond level 123.35 m
B Head regulator Eastern Western Total
1 Discharge 64.4 cumec 48.2 cumec 112.6cumec
2 Width 37 m 26 m3 Gates 7 Nos (4m X 2 m) 5 Nos ( 4 m X 2 m)4 Bed level of canal 125.21 m 125.61m5 crest level - 126.50 m
C. Canal details
1 Irrigation area (CCA) 68000ha2 Item Main eastern canal Main western canal
Length (km) 21 54Capacity (cumec) 15 48.2Branch (km) 53 120Distributaries (km) 53 68
(Source: Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission, 1994, Volume V, Part-1)
Annex- 7.7
Salient Features of the Proposed Bagmati Barrage Project at Ramnagar on River
Bagmati (India)
1. State: : Bihar
2. District: : Sitamarhi
3. Type of structure : Barrage
4. River : Bagmati
5. Location : Latitude: 26o- 42’- NLongitude 85o- 20’- EAt Ramnagar, about 3 km d/s of DhengRailway Bridge on Darbhanga-Narkatiyaganj section of N-E Railway(Dheng bridge is 3 km d/s of Indo-Nepalborder)
6. Catchment area upto project :3835 sq.km
7. Designed discharge at the barrage :7575 cumec (100-year return period flood)
8. 75% annual dependable flow :4769 MCM
9. Overall length of waterway : 456 m
10. Crest level : + 68.70 m
11. Pond level : + 71 m
12. High flood level(before construction): + 74 m
13. Permissible Afflux : 0.4 m
14. Free Board : 1.5 m
15. Top level of protection works : + 75.90 m ( 74 +0.4+ 1.5 FB)
16. Gross command area :148115 ha
17. Culturable command area :Left bank = 71225 ha:Right bank = 32375 haTotal = 103600 ha (70 % of GCA)
18. Intensity of cultivation : 160% of CCA
19. Annual Irrigation : 165760 ha
20. Main canals : Left Bank Main Canal- Length – 35 km- Design discharge 56.64 cumec
(2000 cusec)Right Bank Main Canal
- Length – 27.74 km- Design discharge – 28.32 cumec
(1000 cusec)
21. Districts benefited : Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi & EastChamaparan
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1966 209 184 159 166 220 639 2008 3109 1846 499 320 222 798 25179
1967 174 152 149 167 221 450 1695 2159 1349 580 312 248 638 20123
1968 177 155 153 153 196 657 2407 3120 2073 1533 450 309 949 29919
1969 188 163 154 153 190 453 1673 2073 1565 558 320 264 646 20381
1970 228 214 203 206 245 610 2407 3088 1371 678 335 230 818 25792
1971 194 176 168 201 258 1716 2245 2483 1295 776 327 218 838 26436
1972 166 141 138 137 231 461 1738 2008 1447 537 307 212 627 19769
1973 171 143 148 159 234 1024 1576 2321 1835 1090 465 298 789 24872
1974 239 199 181 207 256 552 2040 2623 1760 758 371 254 787 24807
1975 205 177 153 175 234 744 2062 2073 2094 1112 430 262 810 25548
1976 215 184 152 162 229 827 1781 2267 1609 605 331 227 716 22569
1977 182 154 139 174 206 418 1803 2397 1306 637 320 209 662 20881
1978 163 132 132 158 350 1090 2375 2645 1468 872 342 215 828 26126
1979 173 176 145 159 203 460 2170 2958 1986 846 383 244 825 26024
1980 175 147 139 145 180 860 3152 3390 2505 927 394 264 1023 32269
1981 209 177 157 173 241 766 2915 3401 2213 852 401 270 981 30941
1982 220 196 185 209 220 850 2386 2882 1878 668 416 311 868 27389
1983 242 205 196 202 323 498 2235 2688 2332 1220 460 290 908 28620
1984 220 184 157 148 258 904 2936 2310 2828 949 445 309 971 30609
1985 240 209 195 191 241 725 2980 2656 2537 1134 458 247 984 31043
1986 217 175 151 180 195 805 2021 1871 1775 823 391 254 738 23276
1987 182 149 133 168 203 477 2427 2613 1762 814 396 269 799 25210
1988 192 152 169 182 413 926 2342 3226 1568 659 416 322 881 27768
1989 289 250 254 268 555 1047 1971 2784 1960 901 416 289 915 28869
1990 234 216 236 269 510 1083 2299 2085 1646 783 388 267 835 26322
1991 219 176 176 184 297 655 1400 2445 1696 541 315 230 695 21902
Source: Water Availability Studies of River Sun-Kosi, CWC (2006)
Aug SepYear Jan Feb Mar Apr May Oct NovJun Jul
Annex - 7.8
Dec AnnualAverage( Cumec)
Annual(MCM)
Average Monthly Flow Series at Sun - Kosi Diversion-cum-Storage Dam
Annex - 7.9
Unit: cumecMonth Period Average Flow 75 %
Dependable Flow90%
Dependable FlowI 420.4 403.3 375.3II 403.0 373.1 346.0III 381.5 358.8 314.0I 362.2 342.2 313.2II 353.6 331.9 306.7III 345.0 334.5 316.3I 340.4 325.4 307.9II 351.1 315.3 299.0III 350.0 324.5 299.7I 385.0 336.1 321.3II 413.3 356.6 325.4III 468.6 403.2 354.8I 568.7 479.2 381.6II 650.5 510.9 456.7III 828.7 679.9 593.3I 1750.0 917.7 767.4II 2169.8 1487.5 1036.0III 2644.2 2108.0 1833.6I 3377.8 2800.1 2380.4II 3836.6 2933.6 2783.2III 4594.2 3612.8 2962.0I 4793.2 3869.9 3083.7II 4719.2 3977.1 3199.3III 4575.6 3658.7 2911.4I 3768.4 3168.8 2960.6II 3294.5 2947.7 2693.3III 2980.0 2395.5 1835.6I 2629.5 1853.8 1561.4II 1739.0 1448.8 1224.7III 1244.0 1029.2 953.5I 993.4 880.7 772.0II 815.5 743.7 626.0III 690.8 648.7 588.9I 605.2 552.9 498.0II 528.0 498.6 466.6III 476.7 440.7 426.7
Oct
Source: Feasibility Report of Kosi High Dam Project, CWC Report - 1981.
Nov
Dec
AVERAGE, 75 % & 90 % DEPENDABLE FLOW AT SAPTA KOSI HIGH DAM
Jul
Aug
Sep
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Annex - 7.10
Unit: MCM
S.No. Year Annual Yield
1 1971-72 65524
2 1976-77 64854
3 1985-86 63511
4 1984-85 63443
5 1970-71 63340
6 1948-49 60209
7 1968-69 60151
8 1954-55 59882
9 1987-88 58284
10 1974-75 58053
11 1980-81 57867
12 1949-50 55835
13 1949-50 55629
14 1988-89 54892
15 1975-76 54567
16 1962-63 54249
17 1973-74 53791
18 1963-64 53136
19 1947-48 53076
20 1979-80 52250
21 1950-51 52040
22 1983-84 52020
23 1976-77 51740
24 1969-70 51739
25 1964-65 50716
26 1966-67 50453
27 1967-68 49699
28 1972-73 49355
29 1958-59 49447
30 1989-90 48799
31 1981-82 48605
32 1961-62 48294
33 1986-87 46727
34 1969-70 44977
35 1959-60 44845
36 1955-56 43674
37 1952-53 42783
38 1965-66 42477
39 1953-54 41661
40 1957-58 41327
41 1956-57 40463
42 1982-83 40003
43 1951-52 37121
Source: Water Availability Studies at Barakshetra G&D Site on river Sapta Kosi in Nepal, NWDA (1997)
Annual Yield Series of Kosi River at Barahkshetra G&D Site
Year June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Monsoon Non-Mon Annual1947-48 4494.73 12442.69 13505.42 6654.74 6354.86 2125.18 1492.86 1077.45 817.29 842.71 1091.61 2167.09 43452.44 9614.19 53066.64
1948-49 3542.43 12439.01 13777.27 12068.63 6718.73 2583.34 1757.63 1279.64 1094.86 1042.34 1415.56 2472.06 48546.07 11645.43 60191.5
1949-50 5573.88 11650.96 13697.41 10425.40 5101.56 2378.33 1496.83 1153.63 880.44 875.27 893.40 1495.41 46449.21 9173.30 55622.511950-51 5233.80 9620.92 14937.41 10276.46 943.10 1863.81 1244.52 967.59 775.47 850.64 802.50 1862.96 41011.68 8367.49 49379.17
1951-52 4640.28 6459.63 7349.35 6369.30 3172.33 1981.04 1322.40 992.79 840.58 916.90 1074.06 1996.62 27990.89 9124.39 37115.28
1952-53 2414.58 8175.35 9832.17 9300.66 1052.65 2062.88 1424.34 1033.00 803.26 1067.26 973.82 1667.86 30775.40 9032.41 39807.81
1953-54 3902.62 9305.19 8818.99 7541.34 1062.18 1837.48 1285.30 945.50 749.65 791.74 993.64 1819.92 30630.32 8423.22 39053.54
1954-55 6896.84 14690.77 16124.73 9677.84 1262.23 1953.58 1339.39 920.58 897.56 986.27 893.96 1434.81 48652.41 8426.15 57078.56
1955-56 3932.64 9127.64 9541.07 6703.16 2472.06 2031.45 1444.16 1130.12 865.00 922.56 1034.70 2742.20 31776.57 10170.19 41946.76
1956-57 5419.27 6849.56 8391.97 6438.68 3978.23 2155.19 1522.60 1292.38 927.31 985.43 1033.00 1460.58 31077.71 9376.48 40454.19
1957-58 3208.30 8469.84 11587.53 6453.97 3401.98 1772.07 1288.70 1025.35 759.47 834.21 1048.29 1754.51 33121.62 8482.60 41604.22
1958-59 3805.50 8481.17 13936.12 8664.10 3010.29 2133.67 1467.09 1066.69 842.55 992.50 1151.08 1707.79 37897.18 9361.38 47258.56
1959-60 4296.51 7888.50 9421.01 8029.52 5729.63 2479.14 1408.76 1079.72 909.07 956.26 922.28 1714.58 35365.16 9469.81 44834.97
1960-61 5273.72 9706.16 11387.61 9627.15 5407.95 2359.92 1645.21 1161.84 951.16 1089.91 1261.23 1858.15 41402.59 10327.43 51730.02
1961-62 5388.97 7558.61 11665.68 8068.59 5100.43 2400.98 1488.62 1125.59 963.23 1208.85 1268.31 2045.89 37782.28 10501.47 48283.75
1962-63 7737.00 9131.32 14389.19 9647.26 2052.90 2177.85 1423.77 1078.59 793.43 925.96 1029.88 1747.43 42957.68 9176.91 52134.59
1963-64 6455.39 11628.59 13292.20 8115.88 4731.74 2333.59 1287.28 1024.79 817.85 807.60 987.12 1649.17 44223.79 8907.40 53131.19
1964-65 4236.20 10070.03 12290.63 11029.97 3548.66 2225.42 1501.64 1070.66 873.42 900.19 1166.65 1794.44 41175.49 9532.42 50707.91
1965-66 4376.65 7433.45 11050.92 6633.50 3779.73 2323.40 1330.61 978.06 912.71 891.98 982.31 1775.46 33274.25 9194.53 42468.78
1966-67 4176.73 10361.12 14097.81 9765.90 2262.48 1728.46 1194.40 965.32 869.77 1020.26 1185.06 1775.46 40664.05 8738.73 49402.79
1967-68 4551.93 9551.26 11074.99 8462.48 843.07 2246.37 1600.18 1171.18 1481.05 2033.71 1206.01 1873.44 34483.74 11611.96 46095.70
1968-69 5161.02 13455.02 12248.44 8555.64 8811.34 1531.66 1413.29 1153.34 956.22 1016.01 1067.26 1945.93 48231.47 9083.71 57315.18
1969-70 3632.20 11230.73 10415.78 8549.98 2381.44 2051.55 1241.13 949.46 755.54 871.31 1062.45 1832.66 36210.13 8764.11 44974.24
1970-71 5159.61 18130.69 18697.31 9234.68 2043.38 1590.27 1260.95 901.32 636.82 733.69 1011.48 1441.04 53265.67 7575.58 60841.25
1971-72 10351.78 14202.30 16811.98 8084.74 6262.83 1790.19 1256.70 1159.01 936.01 1047.16 1125.03 2487.63 55713.63 9801.72 65515.35
1972-73 4803.95 11937.24 11428.10 8556.21 3374.23 1949.33 1324.38 1038.38 802.97 962.77 1113.98 2057.50 40099.73 9249.32 49349.05
1973-74 4798.57 9125.10 13635.12 11005.33 6652.75 2336.70 1559.97 1175.71 832.16 862.25 1194.40 2020.69 45216.86 9981.89 55198.76
1974-75 4568.92 13507.69 15326.76 10139.12 5510.45 2158.02 1388.94 1014.31 826.27 866.49 1003.55 1734.41 49052.94 8991.99 58044.94
1975-76 5478.46 12790.99 10331.96 12457.70 3661.08 2305.27 1433.11 1097.84 968.28 933.04 1041.78 2083.83 44720.19 9863.16 54583.35
1976-77 8426.24 13626.62 16234.32 11023.74 3076.98 2682.17 1617.17 1012.33 799.05 844.12 1283.60 2224.29 52387.89 10462.73 62850.61
1977-78 4037.98 10411.53 13849.76 7554.93 4912.97 2403.53 1527.41 1083.97 770.70 937.57 1154.76 3069.83 40767.16 10947.76 51714.92
1978-79 7775.61 14146.59 15211.62 8453.15 3215.11 2166.91 1424.91 1033.86 812.85 771.38 959.04 1620.43 48802.07 8789.39 57591.46
1979-80 5525.88 11763.01 13065.08 8029.86 6115.69 1829.95 1384.73 961.55 754.79 905.30 1124.93 1765.07 44499.52 8726.31 53225.83
1980-81 5784.15 10381.52 11635.01 8913.70 2810.24 2485.73 1406.16 1001.72 938.65 985.65 1461.89 1885.59 39524.61 10165.39 49690.01
Annex - 7.11
Water Availability Series For Sapta Kosi Dam(Unit-MCM)
Year June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr . May Monsoon Non-Mon Annual1981-82 4676.36 10772.97 12016.51 8022.41 538.23 2268.00 1288.31 958.87 817.69 956.19 1272.67 1698.11 36026.48 9259.83 45286.32
1982-83 4704.11 7829.82 8374.78 7874.86 2691.16 1552.61 1183.85 803.52 597.54 709.78 850.18 1960.59 31474.72 7658.06 39132.78
1983-84 4247.33 12961.97 12375.61 8649.89 5081.74 2089.15 1336.52 999.04 706.41 779.41 899.42 1660.61 43316.53 8470.57 51787.10
1984-85 6219.58 15162.59 14445.08 10906.42 1848.09 1692.58 1218.67 907.98 733.02 878.52 850.18 1486.51 48581.76 7667.45 56349.21
1985-86 4593.12 12152.81 12519.61 9599.30 6503.68 2444.26 1323.13 1012.44 786.24 749.95 878.69 1202.60 45368.51 8397.30 53765.81
1986-87 4366.86 7909.96 8994.44 9083.61 5399.73 1467.07 1052.61 677.64 481.42 549.07 775.01 1151.71 35754.60 6154.53 41909.13
1987-88 4185.43 8985.53 12011.65 9837.77 6545.68 1936.22 1446.34 1106.18 841.88 1009.76 1031.62 1660.61 41566.0 9032.60 50598.66
1988-89 3592.05 9475.93 13023.23 7651.29 1305.09 2078.78 1708.82 1537.40 1248.31 1384.73 1402.27 2367.71 35047.60 11728.02 46775.62
1989-90 5158.75 10790.18 11877.38 9819.89 2433.95 2006.21 1497.23 1205.28 1028.16 1183.85 1353.02 2498.95 40080.14 10772.70 50852.84
1990-91 6255.87 10222.41 12308.22 8784.03 2915.03 2013.98 1465.08 1221.35 960.42 1079.40 1132.70 1826.67 40485.55 9699.61 50185.16
1991-92 7903.68 10199.67 14469.15 9119.38 1476.57 1749.60 1323.13 1079.40 885.43 999.04 987.55 1331.16 43168.43 8355.31 51523.75
1992-93 3792.69 8807.18 9567.12 8064.14 5491.72 1632.96 1138.32 894.59 737.86 736.56 920.16 1703.46 35722.85 7763.90 43486.75
1993-94 4172.63 8008.61 10927.60 8548.54 5095.74 1726.27 1189.21 964.22 766.89 921.37 909.79 1553.47 36753.11 8031.23 44784.33
1994-95 5397.81 8489.58 11093.82 7885.29 957.39 1568.16 1253.49 1060.65 948.33 1039.22 1202.69 2504.30 33823.89 9576.84 43400.72
1995-96 7342.31 13319.18 15259.78 7827.16 3076.98 2112.48 1411.52 1307.06 958.00 1130.28 1163.81 2488.23 46825.41 10571.39 57396.79
1996-97 7109.65 15205.34 16709.49 8527.67 2886.45 1936.22 1325.81 1060.65 856.40 991.01 1078.27 1524.01 50438.61 8772.36 59210.97
1997-98 5442.63 8418.91 10932.04 9393.62 1443.23 1586.30 1293.67 956.19 754.79 910.66 1220.83 2335.56 35630.43 9058.00 44688.44
1998-99 5092.58 11595.08 15099.58 8523.20 3448.50 1809.22 1280.28 999.04 812.85 811.56 927.94 1976.66 43758.94 8617.54 52376.48
1999-2000 7094.71 13192.90 15585.59 8733.35 6615.67 2050.27 1331.16 996.36 781.40 827.63 1117.15 2008.80 51222.22 9112.78 60335.00
2000-01 5694.50 10469.07 13723.61 7622.97 2067.19 1578.53 1240.10 1023.15 844.30 916.01 1013.47 1799.88 39577.34 8415.45 47992.79
2001-02 5444.77 6488.18 10079.82 9092.55 6491.68 1653.70 1205.28 972.26 817.69 891.91 1029.02 1657.93 37596.99 8227.79 45824.78
2002-03 4272.95 14131.78 14539.73 7530.57 1933.83 1511.14 1215.99 1052.61 916.88 993.69 1174.18 1960.59 42408.85 8825.07 51233.92
Average 5211.12 10720.36 12589.19 8778.77 3697.55 2016.04 1373.82 1052.13 855.31 948.73 1075.16 1881.12 40996.99 9202.31 50199.30
Std. Dev. 1451.43 2552.16 2443.12 1362.48 1991.64 309.28 143.81 131.37 144.64 200.22 154.41 376.20 6514.91 1058.10 6628.81% ofMonsoon
Total 12.71 26.15 30.71 21.41 9.02 4.92 3.35 2.57 2.09 2.31 2.62 4.59 100.00 22.45 122.45
% of
Annual
Total 10.38 21.36 25.08 17.49 7.37 4.02 2.74 2.10 1.70 1.89 2.14 3.75 81.67 18.33 100.00
Note: 1947-48 to 1977-781978-79 to 2002-03
:Observed Series (Non-monsoon period):Computed Series from rainfall- runoff relationship (Monsoon period): Observed Series (Monsoon & Non monsoon period)
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1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Chapter-VIII
WATER DEMAND
8.1 GENERAL
Development of irrigated agriculture is directed towards achieving the desired
objective through optimal and efficient use of available resources in harmony with the
environment to ensure sustainability.
It is accordingly necessary to carry out various agronomical studies covering the
present status of agriculture development, trend of development, cultivated land, crop
yields, marketing facilities and willingness of farmers to adopt improved methods and
practices, viability of introduction of high value crops, Efficient water, soil and crop
management, assessment of 10 daily irrigation water requirement for the design
cropping pattern etc.
The command areas of all the basins i.e. Bagmati-Adhwara, Kamla-Balan, Kosi,
Mahananda and Burhi-Gandak lie in North Bihar and as per classification of
agroclimatologial zones, the entire North Bihar lies in one particular agroclimatic
zone i.e. zone IV and sub zone -5. Based on the type of soil and sustainability of
different types of crops, inputs required mainly in the form of irrigation water at
different periods of crop growth are assessed for the command as a whole as well as
for the sub-commands. Review of pre and post project crop yield provides a
perspective of likely irrigation benefits that can be generated from the project.
The agronomical studies also include assessment of the quantity of water required for
various crops included in the crop pattern during different stages of their
development. The water requirement of a crop is first met by the effective rainfall (i.e.
net rainfall which actually contributes towards the crop development) in the command
area. The balance water requirement, if any, is met by the surface water available in
the river system through irrigation canal network which conveys the surface water
from the headworks to the field. However, all the water available at the canal head is
not available for the crop growth, as part of it may get lost in transit from canal head
to the field and part through water application process. Therefore, conveyance and
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2WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
field application efficiencies have to be assessed for ponded and non-ponded crops
separately to account for such water loss.
8.2 METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
The details of various meteorological parameters like Rainfall, Temprature, Relative
Humidity, Wind Speed & Cloud Cover are given in Chapter-II (Para 2.3).
8.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
A large quantity of water diverted at the head works of a canal system is lost through
seepage and surface evaporation of the conveyance system while flowing from the
canal head works to the field. Again, in field also there are losses of water in form of
percolation losses below root zone of crops in water handling process by the farmers.
The loss of water through the conveyance system is termed as conveyance losses. The
conveyance system comprises of main canals, branches, distributaries, minors and
water courses. The loss of water in the field is termed as field application losses.
88..33..11 CCoonnvveeyyaannccee EEffffiicciieennccyy
Conveyance efficiency accounts for the losses in the conveyance system. The losses in
the conveyance system primarily depend on the type of materials used in construction
of the channel and its wetted perimeter. Lesser the perimeter, lesser will be the losses
and higher the efficiency and vice versa. The lined system offers leser conveyance
loss, consequently higher efficiency compared to the unlined one. If Ec be the
conveyance efficiency of the system, then Ec can be represented by
EEcc == EEffcc xx EEwwcc xx EEmmii xx EEddiissttyy xx EEbbcc xx EEmmcc
Here, E represents the efficiency and the subscripts c, fc, wc, mi, disty, bc & mc
represent conveyance, field channel, water course, minor, distributary, branch canal
and main canal respectively.
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3WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Since field channels, water courses and minors are of smaller length with smaller area
of cross section, the conveyance and regulation losses through them are considered as
0.95 for each component i.e. Efc = Ewe = Emi = 0.95.
Distributaries, branches and main canal have got larger wetted perimeter. Hence the
conveyance losses in these components would be higher than that of minors and water
courses. The theoretical value of seepage through main canal is taken as generally 10
percent of head discharge, which gives as efficiency of 90 percent. The efficiency of
the branch canal (Ebc) and distributaries (Edisty) are also taken same as that of the
main canal. Thus,
EEddiisstt == EEbbcc == EEmmcc == 00..9900..
88..33..22 FFiieelldd AApppplliiccaattiioonn EEffffiicciieennccyy
The field application efficiency, Ea, depends upon method of agricultural practices,
whether ponded or non-ponded. For ponded crops, it is generally taken as 0.85 and for
non-ponded crops as 0.65. Since sugarcane is a non-ponded crop, hence field
application efficiency for this crop would be same and equal to 0.65 throughout the
crop period.
88..33..33 PPrroojjeecctt EEffffiicciieennccyy
Taking the above parameters, the efficiency of the canal system have been computed
as shown below:-
For ponded crops, project efficiency, E
= Ea x Efc x Ewc x Emi x Edisty x Ebc x Emc .
= 0.85 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.90 x 0.90 x 0.90
= 0.53
For non-ponded crops, project efficiency Ep
= Ea x Efc x Ewc x Emi x Edisty x Ebc x Emc.
= 0.65 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.90 x 0.90 x 0.90
= 0.41
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4WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
The gross irrigation requirement at the head works of main canal would be
considering the project efficiency as 0.53 for ponded crop and that as 0.41 for non-
ponded crops.
8.4 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT
The requirement of water for a particular crop in the command area depends upon a
number of factors such as climate, type of soil, cropping pattern, culturable command
area (CCA), intensity of irrigation etc. Apart from CCA, cropping pattern, intensity of
irrigation and project efficiency, all the other factors which have a bearing on water
demand of the crops are accounted for by following four parameters:
Reference Potential Evapotranspiration (ETo) Crop Coefficient ( Kc) Effective rainfall (ER) Special Water Requirement viz , Percolation Loss (PL) and Pre-Sowing
Requirement (PSR)
(a) Reference Potential Evapo-transpiration (ETo)
ETo is the reference potential evapo-transpiration. It is the rate of evapo-transpiration
from an extensive grass surface of 8 to 15 cm tall green cover of uniform height,
actively growing, completely shading the ground and not short of water. The well
accepted methodology of estimation of ETo in this country and most part of the World
is Modified Penman Method. Based on this methodology, the Penman-Montieth
Model has been used for the computation of ETo.
ETo values for each month have been worked out separately for Burhi Gandak-
Bagmati basin and Mahananda basin. For Burhi Gandak -Bagmati basin,
meteorological data of Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga Observatories have been taken
into consideration while for Mahananda basin, Purnea has been identified as the
representative Observatory. The Software “CROPWAT” has been used to work out
ETo values. This Software requires monthly values of following meteorological data
as input.
Average temperature (oC) Humidity (%) Windspeed (km/day) Sunshine hours (hour)
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5WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Based on the above meteorological data of Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Purnea
Observatories, the ETo values at these Observatories have been worked out.
For Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin, monthly values of ETo have been computed for
Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga Observatories and an average of the same has been
considered for working out the water demand . The monthly ETo values of
Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga Observatories are given in Tables 8.1 and 8.2
respectively. The average ETo values to be used for Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin are
given in Table 8.3.
Table-8.1Computation of Evapotranspiration (ETo)
Station : Muzaffarpur
Latitude :26o07'N
Longitude: 85o24'E
Month Avg. Temp.(oC)
Humidity(%)
Wind Speed(km/d)
Sunshine(hr's)
Sol. Radiation(MJ/m2/d)
Eto
(mm/d)
Jan 15.95 77 79.00 8.37 15.10 1.95
Feb 18.60 64 106.00 9.07 18.20 2.85
Mar 23.73 51 142.00 10.20 22.50 4.54
Apr 28.48 50 173.00 10.28 24.60 5.97
May 30.36 58 174.00 10.72 26.10 6.47
Jun 30.33 73 176.00 7.59 21.50 5.33
Jul 29.49 83 175.00 5.17 17.70 4.22
Aug 29.17 83 176.00 5.33 17.40 4.08
Sep 27.90 82 131.00 6.64 18.00 3.94
Oct 25.67 77 73.00 9.28 19.30 3.66
Nov 21.27 74 61.00 8.10 15.30 2.55
Dec 17.43 76 55.00 8.93 15.00 2.02
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Table-8.2Computation of Evapotranspiration (ETo)
Station : Darbhanga
Latitude : 25o59'N
Longitude : 85o40'E
Month Avg.Temp.(oC)
Humidity(%)
Wind Speed(km/d)
Sunshine(hr's)
Sol. Radiation(MJ/m2/d)
Eto
(mm/d)
Jan 16.04 69 41.16 8.37 15.10 1.88Feb 18.75 61 58.44 9.07 18.20 2.64Mar 22.95 50 70.44 10.2 22.60 3.90Apr 28.24 46 122.28 10.28 24.60 5.52May 29.72 59 142.80 10.72 26.10 6.14Jun 29.76 71 145.44 7.59 21.50 5.19Jul 28.74 80 138.72 5.17 17.70 4.19Aug 29.03 80.5 126.96 5.33 17.40 4.03Sep 17.03 76 120.24 6.64 18.00 3.33Oct 27.03 74 52.92 9.28 19.30 3.25Nov 22.19 67 35.04 8.1 15.30 2.53Dec 6.84 70 24.84 8.93 15.10 1.66
Table-8.3Computation of Average Evapotranspiration (ETo)
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinUnit: mm/day
Month Darbhanga * Muzaffarpur * AverageJan 1.88 1.95 1.91Feb 2.64 2.85 2.74Mar 3.9 4.54 4.22Apr 5.52 5.97 5.74May 6.14 6.47 6.30Jun 5.19 5.33 5.26Jul 4.19 4.22 4.20Aug 4.03 4.08 4.05Sep 3.33 3.94 3.63Oct 3.25 3.66 3.45Nov 2.53 2.55 2.54Dec 1.66 2.02 1.84
Note: * Refer Tables- 8.16 & 8.17
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7WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
The monthly ETo values, worked out on the basis of the meteorological data of Purnea
Observatory have been considered for Mahananda basin and the same are given in
Table 8.4.
Table-8.4Computation of Evapotranspiration (ETo) - Mahananda Basin
Station : PurneaLatitude : 25059'NLongitude : 85040'E
Month Avg. Temp.(oC)
Humidity(%)
Wind Speed(Km/d)
Sunshine(hr's)
Sol. Radiation(MJ/m2/d)
Eto
(mm/d)
Jan 15.90 72 71 8.40 15.20 1.99
Feb 18.80 59 106 9.10 18.30 2.95
Mar 23.50 48 135 10.20 22.60 4.54
Apr 27.80 49 169 10.30 24.70 5.88
May 28.70 64 179 10.70 26.10 6.08
Jun 28.90 78 155 7.60 21.50 4.91
Jul 28.40 85 130 5.20 17.70 3.99
Aug 28.60 69 143 5.30 17.40 4.39
Sep 28.20 82 116 6.60 18.00 3.91
Oct 26.10 78 70 9.30 19.30 3.71
Nov 21.30 74 52 8.10 15.40 2.55
Dec 17.10 74 62 8.90 15.10 2.06
(b) Crop Coefficient ( Kc)
The crop coefficient is the ratio of ETc / ETo, where, ETc is the crop
evapotranspiration of a crop and ETo is the reference evapotranspiration of grass crop.
Kc is defined as the canopy coverage factor, which is influenced by following factors:
(i) Type of Crop(ii) Growth stage of the crop(iii) Climate and(iv) Surface moisture condition of the field
The Kc values for each of the four stages of the crop development have been finalized
in consultation with the Scientists of Rajendra Agriculture University, Pusa,
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8WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Samastipur and with reference to FAO Publication No. 24 and the same are given in
Table 8.5.
Table 8.5Duration of Crop Stages and Crop Coefficient, Kc, in the Project Area
SlN.
Name ofcrop
Duration Crop Coefficient
Total I II III IV I II III IV
Initial Develop-ment
Midseason
LateSeason
Initial Develop-ment
Midseason
LateSeason
1 Kharif
Paddy-I 132 20+6 40 40 26 0.85 1.05 1.05 0.90
Paddy -II 112 20 30 40 22 0.85 1.05 1.05 0.90
Maize 123 20 35 35 33 0.6 => 1.00 => 0.55
Jute 123 16 61 31 15 0.89 1.20 1.14 0.63
2 Rabi
Wheat 130 20 40 40 30 0.4 0.70 1.10 =>0.20
Maize 92 15 25 30 22 0.65 => 1.10 =>0.55
Oilseed 128 20 40 40 285 0.55 => 1.10 0.40
Pulses 128 20 40 40 28 0.3 0.70 1.05 0.30
Vegetables 110 20 25 35 30 0.35 0.65 0.95 0.80
3 Hotweather
Maize 87 14 24 30 19 0.65 => 1.10 => 0.55
GreenGram
82 15 25 25 17 0.45 => 1.15 => 0.60
Vegetables 94 20 25 30 19 0.30 0.95 1.05 0.90
4 Perennial
Sugarcane 334 80 80 90 84 0.35 => 0.95 =>0.50
(c) Effective Rainfall (ER)
The crop requirement can be fully or partly met by the rainfall. However, all the
rainfall is not effective as part of it gets lost by surface runoff, deep percolation and
evaporation. The effective rainfall (ER) is that part of rainfall which is actually
available to the crop for its growth. The effectiveness of the rainfall depends on a
number of factors such as rainfall intensity and duration, land slope, ground water
condition, soil characteristics, vegetative cover, temperature, field management
practices etc.
In the present study, the effective rainfall has been computed on the basis of the
monthly normal rainfall of the respective districts in which the basin area is located.
From the district-wise rainfall values, as given in Table 2.28, weighted average
rainfall values of Burhi Gandak- Bagmati and Mahananda basin have been separately
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9WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
worked out. The weighted average rainfall of the Burhi Gandak- Bagmati basin has
been worked out considering part areas of east & west Champaran, Samstipur,
Begusarai, Muzaffarpur, Khagaria, Madhubani and Sitamarhi districts lying in the
basin while that for Mahananda basin, district rainfall of the Purnea (including Araria
and Kishanganj districts) and Katihar districts has been considered. The weighted
average rainfall has been computed by the following expression:
Weighted average rainfall =
Where :Wi = District area falling in the basinXi = District rainfalln = Number of districts
The weighted average rainfall thus worked out is given in Tables 8.6 and 8.7respectively.
Table-8.6Weighted Average Rainfall – Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total(mm)District Basin
Area(W) in'sq.km'
Rain fall (X) in 'mm'
E&WChamparan 1797 16.00 11.70 12.20 17.00 51.30 207.70 351.00 325.20 223.60 54.80 4.80 3.20 1278.50
Samastipur 1183 14.30 13.20 8.70 12.90 41.30 153.80 286.70 291.30 232.30 78.00 6.70 2.80 1142.00
Begusarai 730 11.80 12.30 10.70 17.30 41.50 144.20 256.80 289.20 198.80 79.10 40.80 2.20 1104.70
Muzaffarpur 1356 14.40 13.20 7.70 11.80 47.80 164.10 304.80 292.70 208.80 61.70 5.80 2.40 1135.20
Khagaria 536 14.80 15.50 10.90 16.50 47.90 186.20 278.30 300.70 217.20 70.50 9.30 2.40 1170.20
Darbhanga 695 13.10 11.50 9.90 18.50 59.30 180.10 286.50 280.30 212.90 60.00 8.20 1.80 1142.10
Madhu bani 924 13.10 10.30 12.10 24.60 72.80 212.20 234.80 303.40 222.90 73.40 7.70 1.90 1189.20
Sitamarhi 2294 15.00 14.30 13.30 19.20 68.00 215.70 339.70 307.00 222.10 57.00 6.10 2.60 1280.00
Wt. Avg. Rainfall 14.44 12.84 11.02 17.12 55.31 189.05 306.38 302.43 219.10 64.13 9.04 2.54 1203.40
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10WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Table-8.7Weighted Average Rainfall – Mahananda Basin
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total(mm)
District BasinArea
(W) in'sq.km'
Rainfall (X) in 'mm'
Purnea * 3144 13.70 12.20 16.00 43.70 116.70 316.50 442.10 371.90 296.00 88.20 7.60 2.10 1726.70
Katihar 1071 9.60 12.10 11.60 23.10 82.90 220.00 307.20 291.50 241.10 98.10 7.30 1.30 1305.80
Wt. Avg. Rainfall 12.66 12.17 14.88 38.47 108.11 291.98 407.82 351.47 282.05 90.72 7.52 1.90 1619.75
Note: District Purnea includes districts Araria and Kisanganj
From the weighted average rainfall, the month-wise effective rainfall has been
computed using the method recommended by the United States Bureau of
Reclamation (USBR). This method prescribes following two equations to compute
effective rainfall.
The month-wise effective rainfall thus worked out is given in Tables 8.8 and 8.9 for
Burhi Gandak and Mahananda Basins respectively.
Table- 8.8Effective Rainfall - Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin
(Unit: mm)
Sl.No
Month Weighted Avg.Rainfall*
Eff. Rainfall(ER)
ER/day
1 Jan 14.44 14.10 0.45
2 Feb 12.84 12.60 0.45
3 Mar 11.02 10.80 0.35
4 Apr 17.12 16.70 0.56
5 May 55.31 50.40 1.63
if, rainfall > 125 mm; → Effective rainfall = 125 + (0.1 * Avg.RF)
rainfall < 125 mm; → Effective rainfall = Avg. RF / [125* (125-0.2*avg RF)]
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11WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Sl.No
Month Weighted Avg.Rainfall*
Eff. Rainfall(ER)
ER/day
6 Jun 189.05 130.90 4.36
7 Jul 306.38 155.60 5.02
8 Aug 302.43 155.20 5.01
9 Sep 219.10 142.30 4.74
10 Oct 64.13 57.50 1.85
11 Nov 9.04 8.90 0.30
12 Dec 2.54 2.50 0.08
Table-8.9Effective Rainfall - Mahananda Basin
(Unit: mm)Sl.No.
Month WeightedAvg. Rainfall*
Eff. Rainfall(ER)
ER/day
1 Jan 12.66 12.40 0.40
2 Feb 12.17 11.94 0.41
3 Mar 14.88 14.53 0.47
4 Apr 38.47 36.10 1.20
5 May 108.11 89.41 2.98
6 Jun 291.98 154.20 5.14
7 Jul 407.82 165.78 5.35
8 Aug 351.47 160.15 5.17
9 Sep 282.05 153.21 5.11
10 Oct 90.72 77.55 2.50
11 Nov 7.52 7.43 0.25
12 Dec 1.90 1.89 0.06
(d) Special Water Requirement
Percolation Loss (PL)
Paddy crop being a water loving crop needs some standing water in the field, which
increases the percolation loss. Percolation loss in the paddy field depends on several
factors such as;
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12WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Physical and chemical characteristics of soil Slope of land Depth of soil Depth of ground water table Nature of drainage Hudraulic conductivity of soil
In case of heavy soil and shallow depth of water table, percolation rate is generally
low, being of the order of about 1 to 2 mm / day, whereas it is as high as 10 mm/day
or more in case of course – textured soils and for deeper depth of water (about 2.0
meter or more). However, according to Second Irrigation Commission, GOI, (1972)
field having percolation loss more than 5 mm per day should not be considered
suitable for paddy cultivation. Following guidelines, as given in Table 8.10 are
generally adopted for considering the appropriate value of percolation loss:
Table 8.10Percolation Loss
Sl. No. Type of Soil Percolation Lossmm/day
1 Clay 1.0 to 1.5
2 Silty Clay 1.5 to 2.0
3 Clay loam, Silty Clay loam 2.0 to 2.5
4 Sandy Clay Loam 2.5 to 3.0
5 Sandy Loam 3.0 to 3.5
For the command area under study, the percolation loss has been considered as 3 mm
per day. The percolation loss has been considered only after transplanting operation of
paddy right upto the period of maturity and not during nursery stage.
Pre Sowing Requirement (PSR)
Land preparation of the field like puddling becomes necessary before transplantation
of the paddy seeding. Hence, an additional water supply is often required for this
purpose in addition to pre-sowing irrigation for the nursery bed which is taken into
account for 1/10th of actual cropped area. Therefore, an additional water requirement
of 125 mm has been considered for pre-sowing irrigation for nursery bed as well as
for transplantation while working out net irrigation requirement for the paddy crop.
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13WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Since the soil moisture content in the area under study remains sufficiently enough, no
pre-sowing irrigation for other crops has been considered.
8.4.1 Computation of Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR)
The climatological data pertaining to the respective basins indicates that the
climatology of the Burhi Gandak and Bagmati basins is nearly same. Therefore, both
these basins have been clubbed together for carrying out agronomical studies. The
Mahananda basin, on the other hand, receives comparatively more rainfall than the
Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin. The agronomical studies of the Mahananda basin have,
therefore been taken up separately.
The NIR is the total depth of water required for crop growth after deducting rainfall
contribution. Therefore, NIR can be expressed as:
NIR = CWR + PL + PSR – ER
Where:
NIR is the Net irrigation requirement.
CWR is the crop water requirement given by.
CWR = ETo x Kc
PL is Percolation loss.
PSR is Pre-sowing requirement.
ER is Effective rainfall.
In consideration with the values of Kc, ETo, PL, PSR and ER as discussed above and
the crop calendar given in the Table 8.11, Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) for
individual crop has been worked out on 10-daily basis, separately for Burhi Gandak-
Bagmati basin and Mahananda basin.
The 10-daily NIR values are given in Tables 8.12 to 8.35. The abstract of 10-daily
NIR values of Burhi Gandak-Bagmati basin and Mahananda basin are given in Tables
8.36 and 8.37 respectively.
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14WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Table 8.11Crop Calendar for Selected Crops in
Burhi Gandak - Bagmati and Mahananda Basins
SI.No.
Name of Crop CropDurationin Days
Date ofSowing
Date ofTransplantation
Date ofHarvest
1 Kharif
i) Paddy-I 132 Jun 21-30 Jul 01-20Oct 31-Nov 10
ii) Paddy-II 112 Jul 1 - 10 Jul 21 - 31 Oct 21 - 31
iii) Maize 123 May 11-20 Sep 11-20
iv) Jute 123 Jun 21-25 Oct 15 - 20
2 Rabi
i) Wheat 130 Nov 11-20 Mar 21-31
ii) Maize 92 Nov 11-20 Feb 10-20
iii) Oilseeds 128 Oct 11-20 Feb 16-25
iv) Pulses 128 Oct 11-20 Feb 16-25
v) Vegetables 110 Nov 11-20 Mar 1-103 Hot Weather
i) Maize 92 Mar 11-20 Jun 10-20
ii) Green Gram 82 Mar 25-31 Jun 11-20
iii) Vegetables 94 Feb 11-20 May 16-25
4 Perennial
i) Sugarcane 334 Feb 21-28 Jan 21-31
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15WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin
TABLE-8.12
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR)FOR PADDY-I, KHARIFDuration 132 Days Date of Transplantation Jul 11
Date of Sowing Jun 21 Harvest Period Oct 31 to Nov 10
(Unit: mm)
Duration 10-daily Stage @ Days Eto/day* Eto Kc** CWR PL *** PSR $ ER/day # ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 = 4*5 7 8 = 7*6 9 10 11 12 =4*11 13 14
Nursery Period
June 21 to June 30 III
I
10 5.26 52.60 0.85 44.71 0 125.00 4.36 43.60 12.61 12.61
July 1 to July 10 I 10 4.20 42.00 0.85 35.70 0 0.00 5.02 50.20 0.00 0.00
Cropping Period
July 11 to July 16 II 6 4.20 25.20 0.85 21.42 18 125.00 5.02 30.12 134.30143.86
July 17 to July 20 II
II
4 4.20 16.80 1.05 17.64 12 0.00 5.02 20.08 9.56
July 21 toJuly 31 III 11 4.20 46.20 1.05 48.51 33 0.00 5.02 55.22 26.29 26.29
Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.05 40.50 1.05 42.53 30 0.00 5.01 50.10 22.43 22.43
Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.05 40.50 1.05 42.53 30 0.00 5.01 50.10 22.43 22.43
Aug 21 to Aug 25 III 5 4.05 20.25 1.05 21.26 15 0.00 5.01 25.05 11.2124.67
Aug 26 to Aug 31 III
III
6 4.05 24.30 1.05 25.52 18 0.00 5.01 30.06 13.46
Sept 1 to Sept 10 I 10 3.63 36.30 1.05 38.12 30 0.00 4.74 47.40 20.72 20.72
Sept 11 to Sept 20 II 10 3.63 36.30 1.05 38.12 30 0.00 4.74 47.40 20.72 20.72
Sept 21 to Sept 30 III 10 3.63 36.30 1.05 38.12 30 0.00 4.74 47.40 20.72 20.72
Oct 1 to Oct 4 I 4 3.45 13.80 1.05 14.49 12 0.00 1.85 7.40 19.0944.62
Oct 5 to Oct 10 I
IV
6 3.45 20.70 0.90 18.63 18 0.00 1.85 11.10 25.53
Oct 11 to Oct 15 II 5 3.45 17.25 0.90 15.53 15 0.00 1.85 9.25 21.28 21.28
Oct16 to Oct 31 15 No irrigation, Dry out Period
Crop Duration 132 380.32 380.32Note:@ Stage I is of 26 days. Out of 26 days, 20 days are for nursery purpose during which area has been reduced to 1/10th.Remaining 6 days are for transplantation purpose.Eto/day (Evapotranspiration) values, refer Table-8.18Kc (Crop Coefficient) values , refer Table-8.20PL (Percolation Loss) has been considered @ 3 mm/day. No percolation loss has been considered during nursery period.$ PSR (Pre sowing requirement) has been considered as 125 mm# ER/day ( Effective Rainfall/day), refer Table-8.23
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16WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin
Table-8.13NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR)FOR PADDY-II KHARIF
Duration 112 Days
Date of Sowing Jul 1
Date of Transplantation Jul 21
Harvest Period Oct 21 to Oct 31 (Unit: mm)
Duration10-
daily Stage @ Days Eto/day* Eto Kc** CWR PL *** PSR $ ER/day # ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 = 4*5 7 8 = 7*6 9 10 11 12 =4*11 13 14
Nursery Period
July 1 to July 10 II
10 4.20 42.000.85
8.50 0.00 125.00 5.02 50.20 8.33 8.33
July 11 to July 20 II 10 4.20 42.00 8.50 0.00 0.00 5.02 50.20 0.00 0.00
Cropping Period
July 21 to July 31 III
II
11 4.20 46.20
1.05
11.55 33.00 125.00 5.02 55.22 114.33 114.33
Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.05 40.50 10.50 30.00 0.00 5.01 50.10 0 0.00
Aug 11 to Aug 19II
9 4.05 36.45 9.45 27.00 0.00 5.01 45.09 00.00
Aug 20
III
1 4.05 4.05
1.05
1.05 3.00 0.00 5.01 5.01 0
Aug 21 to Aug31 III 11 4.05 44.55 11.55 33.00 0.00 5.01 55.11 0 0.00
Sep 1 to Sep 10 I 10 3.63 36.30 10.50 30.00 0.00 4.74 47.40 0 0.00
Sep 11 to Sep 20 III 10 3.63 36.30 10.50 30.00 0.00 4.74 47.40 0 0.00
Sept 21 to Sep 28II
8 3.63 29.04 8.40 24.00 0.00 4.74 37.92 00.00
Sept 29 to Sept 30
IV
2 3.63 7.26
0.90
1.80 6.00 0.00 4.74 9.48 0
Oct 1 to Oct 8 III 8 3.45 27.60 7.20 24.00 0.00 1.85 14.80 16.4 16.40
Oct 9 to Oct 10 I 2 3.45 6.90 1.80 6.00 0.00 1.85 3.70 4.1 4.10
Oct 11 to Oct 20 II 10 No irrigation, dry out periodI
Total Duration 112 143.16 143.16
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17WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.14
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR)FOR MAIZE-KHARIF
Duration 123 Days
Date of Sowing 11-May
Harvest Period Sept 11 to Sept 20
(Unit :mm)
Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 = 5*6 8 9=8*4 10 11
May 11 to May 20 III
10 6.30 63.00 0.60 37.80 1.63 16.30 21.50 21.50
May 21 to May 31 III 11 6.30 69.30 0.60 41.58 1.63 17.93 23.65 23.65
Jun 1 to Jun 10 I
II
10 5.26 52.60 0.80 42.08 4.36 43.60 0.00 0.00
Jun 11 to Jun 20 II 10 5.26 52.60 0.80 42.08 4.36 43.60 0.00 0.00
Jun 21 to Jun 30 III 10 5.26 52.60 0.80 42.08 4.36 43.60 0.00 0.00
July 1 to July 4 I 4 4.20 16.80 0.80 13.44 5.02 20.08 0.000.00
July 5 to July 10 I
III
6 4.20 25.20 1.00 25.20 5.02 30.12 0.00
July 11 to July 20 II 10 4.20 42.00 1.00 42.00 5.02 50.20 0.00 0.00
July 21 to July 31 III 11 4.20 46.20 1.00 46.20 5.02 55.22 0.00 0.00
Aug 1 to Aug 8 I 8 4.05 32.40 1.00 32.40 5.01 40.08 0.000.00
Aug 9 to Aug 10 I
IV
2 4.05 8.10 0.55 4.46 5.01 10.02 0.00
Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.05 40.50 0.55 22.28 5.01 50.10 0.00 0.00
Aug 21 to Aug 31 III 11 4.05 44.55 0.55 24.50 5.01 55.11 0.00 0.00
Sept 1 to Sept 10 I 10 No Irrigation, dry out period
Crop Duration 123 45.15 45.15
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18WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.15
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR)FOR WHEAT-RABIDuration 130 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Mar 22 to Mar 31
(Unit: mm)
Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR10-D-aaNIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12Nov 11 to Nov 20 II
I10 2.54 25.40 0.40 10.16 0.30 3.00 7.16 7.16
Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.54 25.40 0.40 10.16 0.30 3.00 7.16 7.16
Dec 1 to Dec 10 I
II
10 1.84 18.40 0.70 12.88 0.08 0.80 12.08 12.08
Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 1.84 18.40 0.70 12.88 0.08 0.80 12.08 12.08
Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 1.84 20.24 0.70 14.17 0.08 0.88 13.29 13.29
Jan 1 to Jan 9 I 9 1.91 17.19 0.70 12.03 0.45 4.05 7.989.63
Jan 10 I
III
1 1.91 1.91 1.10 2.10 0.45 0.45 1.65
Jan 10 to Jan 20 II 10 1.91 19.10 1.10 21.01 0.45 4.50 16.51 16.51
Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.91 21.01 1.10 23.11 0.45 4.95 18.16 18.16
Feb 1 to Feb 10 I 10 2.74 27.40 1.10 30.14 0.45 4.50 25.64 25.64
Feb 11 to Feb 18 II 8 2.74 21.92 1.10 24.11 0.45 3.60 20.5120.71
Feb 19 to Feb 20 II
IV
2 2.74 5.48 0.20 1.10 0.45 0.90 0.20
Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.74 21.92 0.20 4.38 0.45 3.60 0.78 0.78
Mar 1 to Mar 5 I 5 4.22 21.10 0.20 4.22 0.35 1.75 2.47 2.47
Mar 6 to Mar 20 15 No Irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 130 145.68 145.68
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19WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.16
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT (NIR) FOR MAIZE-RABIDuration 92 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Feb 11 to Feb 20
(Unit :mm)Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12Nov 11 to Nov 20 II
I10 2.54 25.40 0.65 16.51 0.30 3.00 13.51 13.51
Nov 21 to Nov 25 III 5 2.54 12.70 0.65 8.26 0.30 1.50 6.7616.37
Nov 26 to Nov 30 IIIII
5 2.54 12.70 0.88 11.11 0.30 1.50 9.61
Dec 1 to Dec 10 I 10 1.84 18.40 0.88 16.10 0.08 0.80 15.30 15.30
Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 1.84 18.40 0.88 16.10 0.08 0.80 15.30 15.30
Dec 21 to Dec 31 IIIIII
11 1.84 20.24 1.10 22.26 0.08 0.88 21.38 21.38
Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.91 19.10 1.10 21.01 0.45 4.50 16.51 16.51
Jan 11 to Jan 19 II 9 1.91 17.19 1.10 18.91 0.45 4.05 14.8615.46
Jan 20 IIIV
1 1.91 1.91 0.55 1.05 0.45 0.45 0.60
Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.91 21.01 0.55 11.56 0.45 4.95 6.61 6.61
Feb 1 to Feb 6 I 6 No Irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 92 120.44 120.44
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20WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.17
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT (NIR) FOR OIL SEEDS- RABIDuration 128 DaysDate of Sowing 11-OctHarvest Period Feb 16 to Feb 25
(Unit : mm)
Duration10-
daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Oct 11 to Oct 20 III
10 3.45 34.50 0.55 18.98 1.85 18.50 0.48 0.48
Oct 21 to Oct 30 III 10 3.45 34.50 0.55 18.98 1.85 18.50 0.481.47
Oct 31 III
II
1 3.45 3.45 0.83 2.85 1.85 1.85 1.00
Nov 1 to Nov 10 I 10 2.54 25.40 0.83 20.96 0.30 3.00 17.96 17.96
Nov 11 to Nov 20 II 10 2.54 25.40 0.83 20.96 0.30 3.00 17.96 17.96
Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.54 25.40 0.83 20.96 0.30 3.00 17.96 17.96
Dec 1 to Dec 9 I 9 1.84 16.56 0.83 13.66 0.08 0.72 12.9414.89
Dec 10 I
III
1 1.84 1.84 1.10 2.02 0.08 0.08 1.94
Dec 11 to Dec 20 I 10 1.84 18.40 1.10 20.24 0.08 0.80 19.44 19.44
Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 1.84 20.24 1.10 22.26 0.08 0.88 21.38 21.38
Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.91 19.10 1.10 21.01 0.45 4.50 16.51 16.51
Jan 11 to Jan 18 II 8 1.91 15.28 1.10 16.81 0.45 3.60 13.2113.84
Jan 19 to Jan 20 IIIV
2 1.91 3.82 0.40 1.53 0.45 0.90 0.63
Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.91 21.01 0.40 8.40 0.45 4.95 3.45 3.45
Feb 1 to Feb 15 15 No Irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 128 145.32 145.32
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21WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.18
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT (NIR) FOR PULSES- RABIDuration 128 DaysDate of Sowing 11-OctHarvest Period Feb 16 to Feb 25
(Unit : mm)
Duration10-
daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Oct 11 to Oct 20 III
10 3.45 34.50 0.30 10.35 1.85 18.50 0.00 0.00
Oct 21 to Oct 30 III 10 3.45 34.50 0.30 10.35 1.85 18.50 0.000.57
Oct 31 III
II
1 3.45 3.45 0.70 2.42 1.85 1.85 0.57
Nov 1 to Nov 10 I 10 2.54 25.40 0.70 17.78 0.30 3.00 14.78 14.78
Nov 11 to Nov 20 II 10 2.54 25.40 0.70 17.78 0.30 3.00 14.78 14.78
Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.54 25.40 0.70 17.78 0.30 3.00 14.78 14.78
Dec 1 to Dec 9 I 9 1.84 16.56 0.70 11.59 0.08 0.72 10.8712.72
Dec 10 I
III
1 1.84 1.84 1.05 1.93 0.08 0.08 1.85
Dec 11 to Dec 20 I 10 1.84 18.40 1.05 19.32 0.08 0.80 18.52 18.52
Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 1.84 20.24 1.05 21.25 0.08 0.88 20.37 20.37
Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.91 19.10 1.05 20.06 0.45 4.50 15.56 15.56
Jan 11 to Jan 18 II 8 1.91 15.28 1.05 16.04 0.45 3.60 12.4412.69
Jan 19 to Jan 20 IIIV
2 1.91 3.82 0.30 1.15 0.45 0.90 0.25
Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.91 21.01 0.30 6.30 0.45 4.95 1.35 1.35
Feb 1 to Feb 15 15 No Irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 128 126.12 126.12
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22WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.19
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT (NIR) FOR VEGETABLES- RABIDuration 110 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Mar 1 to Mar 10
(Unit :mm)
Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Nov 11 to Nov 20 III
10 2.54 25.40 0.35 8.89 0.30 3.00 5.89 5.89
Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.54 25.40 0.35 8.89 0.30 3.00 5.89 5.89
Dec 1 to Dec 10 III
10 1.84 18.40 0.65 11.96 0.08 0.80 11.16 11.16
Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 1.84 18.40 0.65 11.96 0.08 0.80 11.16 11.16
Dec 21 to Dec 25 III 5 1.84 9.20 0.65 5.98 0.08 0.40 5.5815.59
Dec 26 to Dec 31 III
III
6 1.84 11.04 0.95 10.49 0.08 0.48 10.01
Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.91 19.10 0.95 18.15 0.45 4.50 13.65 13.65
Jan 11 to Jan 20 II 10 1.91 19.10 0.95 18.15 0.45 4.50 13.65 13.65
Jan 21 to Jan 29 III 9 1.91 17.19 0.95 16.33 0.45 4.05 12.2814.44
Jan 30 to Jan 31 III
IV
2 1.91 3.82 0.80 3.06 0.45 0.90 2.16
Feb 1 to Feb 10 I 10 2.74 27.40 0.80 21.92 0.45 4.50 17.42 17.42
Feb 11 to Feb 20 II 10 2.74 27.40 0.80 21.92 0.45 4.50 17.42 17.42
Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.74 21.92 0.80 17.54 0.45 3.60 13.94 13.94
Crop Duration 110 140.19 140.19
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23WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.20
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF MAIZE (HOT WEATHER)Duration 92 DaysDate of Sowing 11-Mar
Harvest Period Jun 10 to Jun 20(Unit : mm)
Duration10-
daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Mar 11 to Mar 20 III
10 4.22 42.20 0.65 27.43 0.35 3.50 23.93 23.93
Mar 21 to Mar 25 III 5 4.22 21.10 0.65 13.72 0.35 1.75 11.9732.02
Mar 26 to Mar 31 IIIII
6 4.22 25.32 0.88 22.16 0.35 2.10 20.06
Apr 1 to Apr 10 I 10 5.74 57.40 0.88 50.23 0.56 5.60 44.63 44.63
Apr 11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.74 57.40 0.88 50.23 0.56 5.60 44.63 44.63
Apr 21 to Apr 30 IIIII
10 5.74 57.40 1.10 63.14 0.56 5.60 57.54 57.54
May 1 to May 10 I 10 6.30 63.00 1.10 69.30 1.63 16.30 53.00 53.00
May 11 to May 20 II 10 6.30 63.00 1.10 69.30 1.63 16.30 53.00 53.00
May 21 to May 31 IIIIV
11 6.30 69.30 0.55 38.12 1.63 17.93 20.19 20.19
Jun 1 to Jun 4 I 4 5.26 21.04 0.55 11.57 4.36 4.36 7.21 7.21
Jun 5 to Jun 10 I 6 No Irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 92 336.14 336.14
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24WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.21
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF GREEN GRAM (HOT WEATHER)
Duration 82 DaysDate of Sowing 25-MarHarvest Period Jun 15 to Jun 20
(Unit :mm)
Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Mar 25 to Mar 31 IIII
7 4.22 29.54 0.45 13.29 0.35 2.45 10.84 10.84
Apr 1 to Apr 8 I 8 5.74 45.92 0.45 20.66 0.56 4.48 20.1028.73
Apr 9 to Apr 10 I
II
2 5.74 11.48 0.80 9.18 0.56 1.12 8.62
Apr11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.74 57.4 0.80 45.92 0.56 5.60 45.36 45.36
Apr 21 to Apr 30 III 10 5.74 57.4 0.80 45.92 0.56 5.60 45.36 45.36
May 1 to May 3 I 3 6.30 18.9 0.80 15.12 1.63 4.89 13.4962.58
May 4 to May10 I
III
7 6.30 44.1 1.15 50.72 1.63 11.41 49.09
May 11 to May 20 II 10 6.30 63 1.15 72.45 1.63 16.30 70.82 70.82
May 21 to May 28 III 8 6.30 50.4 1.15 57.96 1.63 13.04 56.3366.04
May 29 to May 31 III
IV
3 6.30 18.9 0.60 11.34 1.63 4.89 9.71
Jun 1 to Jun 5 I 5 5.26 26.3 0.60 15.78 4.36 21.80 0.000.00
Jun 6 to Jun 10 I 5 5.26 26.3 0.60 15.78 4.36 21.80 0.00
Jun 11 to Jun 14 4 No Irrigation, dry out period
Crop Duration 82 329.73 329.73
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25WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.22
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF VEGETABLES (HOT WEATHER)
Duration 94 DaysDate of Sowing 11-FebHarvest Period May 16 to May 25
(Unit :mm)
Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Feb 11 to Feb 20 II
I
10 2.74 27.40 0.30 8.22 0.45 4.50 3.72 3.72
Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.74 21.92 0.30 6.58 0.45 3.60 2.98 2.98
Mar 1 to Mar 2 I 2 4.22 8.44 0.30 2.53 0.35 0.70 1.8331.10
Mar 3 to Mar 10 I
II
8 4.22 33.76 0.95 32.07 0.35 2.80 29.27
Mar 11 to Mar 20 II 10 4.22 42.20 0.95 40.09 0.35 3.50 36.59 36.59
Mar21 to Mar 27 III 7 4.22 29.54 0.95 28.06 0.35 2.45 25.6141.94
Mar 28 to Mar 31 III
III
4 4.22 16.88 1.05 17.72 0.35 1.40 16.32
Apr 1 to Apr 10 I 10 5.74 57.40 1.05 60.27 0.56 5.60 54.67 54.67
Apr 11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.74 57.40 1.05 60.27 0.56 5.60 54.67 54.67
Apr 21 to 26 III 6 5.74 34.44 1.05 36.16 0.56 3.36 32.8051.23
Apr 27 to Apr 30 III
IV
4 5.74 22.96 0.90 20.66 0.56 2.24 18.42
May 1 to May 10 I 10 6.30 63.00 0.90 56.70 1.63 16.30 40.40 40.40
May 11 to May 15 II 5 6.30 31.50 0.90 28.35 1.63 8.15 20.20 20.20
Crop Duration 94 337.49 337.49
Final Report
26WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinTable-8.23
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE (PERENNIAL)Duration 334 DaysDate of Sowing 21-FebHarvest Period Jan 20 to Jan 31
(Unit :mm)
Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Feb 21 to Feb 28 III
I
8 2.74 21.92
0.35
7.67 0.45 3.60 4.07 4.07
Mar 1 to Mar 10 I 10 4.22 42.20 14.77 0.35 3.50 11.27 11.27
Mar 11 to Mar 20 II 10 4.22 42.20 14.77 0.35 3.50 11.27 11.27
Mar 21 to Mar 31 III 11 4.22 46.42 16.25 0.35 3.85 12.40 12.40
Apr 1 to Apr 10 I 10 5.74 57.40 20.09 0.56 5.60 14.49 14.49
Apr 11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.74 57.40 20.09 0.56 5.60 14.49 14.49
Apr21 to Apr 30 III 10 5.74 57.40 20.09 0.56 5.60 14.49 14.49
May 1 to May 10 I 10 6.30 63.00 22.05 1.63 16.30 5.75 5.75
May 11 II 1 6.30 6.30 2.21 1.63 1.63 0.5822.76
May 12 to May 20 II
II
9 6.30 56.70
0.65
36.86 1.63 14.67 22.19
May 21 to May 31 III 11 6.30 69.30 45.05 1.63 17.93 27.12 27.12
Jun 1 to Jun 10 I 10 5.26 52.60 34.19 4.36 43.60 0.00 0.00
Jun 11 to Jun 20 II 10 5.26 52.60 34.19 4.36 43.60 0.00 0.00
Jun 21 to Jun 30 III 11 5.26 57.86 37.61 4.36 47.96 0.00 0.00
July 1 to July 10 I 10 4.20 42.00 27.30 5.02 50.20 0.00 0.00
July 11 to July 20 II 10 4.20 42.00 27.30 5.02 50.20 0.00 0.00
July 21 to July 29 III 9 4.20 37.80 24.57 5.02 45.18 0.000.00
July 30 to July 31 IIIIII
2 4.20 8.400.95
7.98 5.02 10.04 0.00
Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.05 40.50 38.48 5.01 50.10 0.00 0.00
Final Report
27WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Duration 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.05 40.50 38.48 5.01 50.10 0.00 0.00
Aug 21 to Aug 31 III 11 4.05 44.55 42.32 5.01 55.11 0.00 0.00
Sept 1 to Sept 10 I 10 3.63 36.30 34.49 4.74 47.40 0.00 0.00
Sept 11 to Sept 20 II 10 3.63 36.30 34.49 4.74 47.40 0.00 0.00
Sept 21 to Sept 30 III 10 3.63 36.30 34.49 4.74 47.40 0.00 0.00
Oct 1 to Oct 10 I 10 3.45 34.50 32.78 1.85 18.50 14.28 14.28
Oct 11 to Oct 20 II 10 3.45 34.50 32.78 1.85 18.50 14.28 14.28
Oct 21 to Oct 27 III 7 3.45 24.15 22.94 1.85 12.95 9.999.99
Oct 28 to Oct 31 III
IV
4 3.45 13.80
0.50
6.90 1.85 7.40 0.00
Nov 1 to Nov 10 I 10 2.54 25.40 12.70 0.30 3.00 9.70 9.70
Nov 11 to Nov 20 II 10 2.54 25.40 12.70 0.30 3.00 9.70 9.70
Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.54 25.40 12.70 0.30 3.00 9.70 9.70
Dec 1 to Dec 10 I 10 1.84 18.40 9.20 0.08 0.80 8.40 8.40
Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 1.84 18.40 9.20 0.08 0.80 8.40 8.40
Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 1.84 20.24 10.12 0.08 0.88 9.24 9.24
Jan 1 to Jan 9 I 9 1.91 17.19 8.60 0.45 4.05 4.55 4.55
Jan 10 to Jan 19 II 10 No irrigation, dry out periodCrop Duration 334 236.33 236.33
Final Report
28WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda Basin
Table-8.24NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR PADDY I -KHARIF
Duration 132 Days Date of Transplantation 11-Jul
Date of Sowing 21-Jun Harvest Period Oct 31 to Nov 10
(Unit: mm)
Duration 10-daily Stage @ Days Eto/day Eto * Kc ** CWR PL *** PSR $ ER/day # ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 = 4*5 7 8 = 7*6 9 10 11 12 =4*11 13 14
Nursery Period
June 21 to June 30 III
I
10 4.91 49.10 0.85 41.74 0 125.00 5.14 51.40 11.53 11.53
July 1 to July 10 I 10 3.99 39.90 0.85 33.92 0 0.00 5.35 53.50 0.00 0.00
Cropping Period
July 11 to July 16 II 6 3.99 23.94 0.85 20.35 18 125.00 5.35 32.10 131.25138.61
July 17 to July 20 II
II
4 3.99 15.96 1.05 16.76 12 0.00 5.35 21.40 7.36
July 21 toJuly 31 III 11 3.99 43.89 1.05 46.08 33 0.00 5.35 58.85 20.23 20.23
Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.39 43.90 1.05 46.10 30 0.00 5.17 51.70 24.40 24.40
Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.39 43.90 1.05 46.10 30 0.00 5.17 51.70 24.40 24.40
Aug 21 to Aug 25 III 5 4.39 21.95 1.05 23.05 15 0.00 5.17 25.85 12.2026.83
Aug 26 to Aug 31 III
III
6 4.39 26.34 1.05 27.66 18 0.00 5.17 31.02 14.64
Sept 1 to Sept 10 I 10 3.91 39.10 1.05 41.06 30 0.00 5.11 51.10 19.96 19.96
Sept 11 to Sept 20 II 10 3.91 39.10 1.05 41.06 30 0.00 5.11 51.10 19.96 19.96
Sept 21 to Sept 30 III 10 3.91 39.10 1.05 41.06 30 0.00 5.11 51.10 19.96 19.96
Oct 1 to Oct 4 I 4 3.71 14.84 1.05 15.58 12 0.00 2.50 10.00 17.5840.62
Oct 5 to Oct 10 I
IV
6 3.71 22.26 0.90 20.03 18 0.00 2.50 15.00 23.03
Oct 11 to Oct 15 II 5 3.71 18.55 0.90 16.70 15 0.00 2.50 12.50 19.20 19.20
Oct16 to Oct 31 15 No irrigation, Dry out Period
Crop Duration 132 365.68 365.68
Note: @ Stage I is of 26 days. Out of 26 days, 20 days are for nursery purpose during which area has been reduced to 1/10th.Remaining 6 days are for transplantation purpose.
* Eto values, refer Table-8.19
** Kc value, refer Table-8.20
*** PL (Percolation Loss) has been considered @ 3 mm/day. No percolation loss has been considered during nursery period.$ PSR ( Pre Sowing requirement) has been considered as 125 mm# ER ( Effective Rainfall), refer Table-8.24
Final Report
29WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.25
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR)FOR PADDY-II KHARIFDuration 112 Days
Date of Sowing 1-Jul
Date of Transplantation 21-Jul
Harvest Period Oct 21 to Oct 31 (Unit: mm)
Duration 10-daily Stage @ Days Eto/day* Eto Kc** CWR PL *** PSR $ ER/day # ER NIR
10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 = 4*5 7 8 = 7*6 9 10 11 12 =4*11 13 14
Nursery Period
July 1 to July 10 I
I
10 3.99 39.90
0.85
8.50 0.00 125.00 5.35 53.50 8.00 8.00
July 11 to July 20 II 10 3.99 39.90 8.50 0.00 0.00 5.35 53.50 0.00 0.00
Cropping Period
July 21 To July 31 III
II
11 3.99 43.89
1.05
11.55 33.00 125.00 5.35 58.85 110.70 110.70
Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.39 43.90 10.50 30.00 0.00 5.17 51.70 0.00 0.00
Aug 11 to Aug 19II
9 4.39 39.51 9.45 27.00 0.00 5.17 46.53 0.000.00
Aug 20
III
1 4.39 4.39
1.05
1.05 3.00 0.00 5.17 5.17 0.00
Aug 21 to Aug 31 III 11 4.39 48.29 11.55 33.00 0.00 5.17 56.87 0.00 0.00
Sept 1 to Sep 10 I 10 3.91 39.10 10.50 30.00 0.00 5.11 51.10 0.00 0.00
Sept 11 to Sept 20 II 10 3.91 39.10 10.50 30.00 0.00 5.11 51.10 0.00 0.00
Sept 21 to Sept 28III
8 3.91 31.28 8.40 24.00 0.00 5.11 40.88 0.000.00
Sept 29 to Sept 30
IV
2 3.91 7.82
0.90
1.80 6.00 0.00 5.11 10.22 0.00
Oct 1 to Oct 8I
8 3.71 29.68 7.20 24.00 0.00 2.50 20.00 11.20 11.20
Oct 9 to Oct 10 2 3.71 7.42 1.80 6.00 0.00 2.50 5.00 0.00 0.00
Oct 11 to Oct 20 II 10 No irrigation, dry out period
Total 112 129.90 129.90
Final Report
30WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.26
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR MAIZE-KHARIF
Duration 123 DaysDate of Sowing May 11Harvest Period Sept 11 to Sept 20
(Unit:mm)Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 = 5*6 8 9=8*4 10 11
May 11 to May 20 III
10 6.08 60.80 0.60 36.48 2.98 29.80 6.68 6.68
May 21 to May 31 III 11 6.08 66.88 0.60 40.13 2.98 32.78 7.34 7.34
Jun 1 to Jun 10 I
II
10 4.91 49.10 0.80 39.28 5.14 51.40 0.00 0.00
Jun 11 to Jun 20 II 10 4.91 49.10 0.80 39.28 5.14 51.40 0.00 0.00
Jun 21 to Jun 30 III 10 4.91 49.10 0.80 39.28 5.14 51.40 0.00 0.00
July 1 to July 4 I 4 3.99 15.96 0.80 12.77 5.35 21.40 0.000.00
July 5 to July 10 I
III
6 3.99 23.94 1.00 23.94 5.35 32.10 0.00
July 11 to July 20 II 10 3.99 39.90 1.00 39.90 5.35 53.50 0.00 0.00
July 21 to July 31 III 11 3.99 43.89 1.00 43.89 5.35 58.85 0.00 0.00
Aug 1 to Aug 8 I 8 4.39 35.12 1.00 35.12 5.17 41.36 0.000.00
Aug 9 to Aug 10 I
IV
2 4.39 8.78 0.55 4.83 5.17 10.34 0.00
Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.39 43.90 0.55 24.15 5.17 51.70 0.00 0.00
Aug 21 to Aug 31 III 11 4.39 48.29 0.55 26.56 5.17 56.87 0.00 0.00
Sept 1 to Sept 10 I 10 No Irrigation, Dry out periodCrop Duration 123 14.02 14.02
Final Report
31WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.27
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR JUTE-KHARIFDuration 123 Days
Date of Sowing 21-JunHarvest Period Oct 17 to Oct 21
(Unit:mm)Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Jun 21 to Jun 30 IIII
10 4.91 49.10 0.89 43.70 5.14 51.40 0.00 0.00
July 1 to July 6 I 6 3.99 23.94 0.89 21.31 5.35 32.10 0.000.00
July 7 to July 10 I
II
4 3.99 15.96 1.20 19.15 5.35 21.40 0.00
July 11 to July 20 II 10 3.99 39.90 1.20 47.88 5.35 53.50 0.00 0.00
July 21 to July 31 III 11 3.99 43.89 1.20 52.67 5.35 58.85 0.00 0.00
Aug 1 to Aug 10 I 10 4.39 43.90 1.20 52.68 5.17 51.70 0.98 0.98
Aug 11 to Aug 20 II 10 4.39 43.90 1.20 52.68 5.17 51.70 0.98 0.98
Aug 21 to Aug 31 III 11 4.39 48.29 1.20 57.95 5.17 56.87 1.08 1.08
Sept 1 to Sept 5 I 5 3.91 19.55 1.20 23.46 5.11 25.55 0.000.00
Sept 6 to Sept 10 I
III
5 3.91 19.55 1.14 22.29 5.11 25.55 0.00
Sept 11 to Sept 20 II 10 3.91 39.10 1.14 44.57 5.11 51.10 0.00 0.00
Sept 21 to Sept 30 III 10 3.91 39.10 1.14 44.57 5.11 51.10 0.00 0.00
Oct 1 to oct 6 I 6 3.71 22.26 1.14 25.38 2.50 15.00 10.3810.38
Oct 7 to oct 10 IIV
4 3.71 14.84 0.63 9.35 2.50 10.00 0.00
Oct 11 to Oct 16 II 6 3.71 22.26 0.63 14.02 2.50 15.00 0.00 0.00
Oct 17 to Oct 21 5 No Irrigation-dry outCrop Duration 123 13.41 13.41
Final Report
32WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.28
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR WHEAT-RABI
Duration 130 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Mar 22 to Mar 31
(Unit:mm)Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Nov 11 to Nov 20 III
10 2.55 25.50 0.40 10.20 0.25 2.50 14.08 14.08
Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.55 25.50 0.40 10.20 0.25 2.50 7.70 7.70
Dec 1 to Dec 10 I
II
10 2.06 20.60 0.70 14.42 0.06 0.60 13.82 13.82
Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 2.06 20.60 0.70 14.42 0.06 0.60 13.82 13.82
Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 2.06 22.66 0.70 15.86 0.06 0.66 15.20 15.20
Jan 1 to Jan 9 I 9 1.99 17.91 0.70 12.54 0.40 3.60 8.9410.73
Jan 10 I
III
1 1.99 1.99 1.10 2.19 0.40 0.40 1.79
Jan 10 to Jan 20 II 10 1.99 19.90 1.10 21.89 0.40 4.00 17.89 17.89
Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.99 21.89 1.10 24.08 0.40 4.40 19.68 19.68
Feb 1 to Feb 10 I 10 2.95 29.50 1.10 32.45 0.41 4.10 28.35 28.35
Feb 11 to Feb 18 II 8 2.95 23.60 1.10 25.96 0.41 3.28 22.6823.04
Feb 19 to Feb 20 II
IV
2 2.95 5.90 0.20 1.18 0.41 0.82 0.36
Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.95 23.60 0.20 4.72 0.41 3.28 1.44 1.44
Mar 1 to Mar 5 I 5 4.54 22.70 0.20 4.54 0.47 2.35 2.19 2.19
Mar 6 to Mar 20 15 No Irrigation-dry out periodCrop Duration 130 167.93 167.93
Final Report
33WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.29
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR MAIZE-RABI
Duration 92 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Feb 7 to Feb 20
(Unit:mm)Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Nov 11 to Nov 20 III
10 2.55 25.50 0.65 16.58 0.25 2.50 14.08 14.08
Nov 21 to Nov 25 III 5 2.55 12.75 0.65 8.29 0.25 1.25 7.0416.94
Nov 26 to Nov 30 III
II
5 2.55 12.75 0.88 11.16 0.25 1.25 9.91
Dec 1 to Dec 10 I 10 2.06 20.60 0.88 18.03 0.06 0.60 17.43 17.43
Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 2.06 20.60 0.88 18.03 0.06 0.60 17.43 17.43
Dec 21 to Dec 31 III
III
11 2.06 22.66 1.10 24.93 0.06 0.66 24.27 24.27
Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.99 19.90 1.10 21.89 0.40 4.00 17.89 17.89
Jan 11 to Jan 19 II 9 1.99 17.91 1.10 19.70 0.40 3.60 16.1016.79
Jan 20 II
IV
1 1.99 1.99 0.55 1.09 0.40 0.40 0.69
Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.99 21.89 0.55 12.04 0.40 4.40 7.64 7.64
Feb 1 to Feb 6 I 6 No Irrigation-dry out period
Crop Duration 92 132.46 132.46
Final Report
34WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.30
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR OIL SEEDS- RABIDuration 128 DaysDate of Sowing 11-OctHarvest Period Feb 16 to Feb 25
(Unit: mm)Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Oct 11 to Oct 20 III
10 3.71 37.10 0.55 20.41 2.50 25.00 0.00 0.00
Oct 21 to Oct 30 III 10 3.71 37.10 0.55 20.41 2.50 25.00 0.000.56
Oct 31 III
II
1 3.71 3.71 0.83 3.06 2.50 2.50 0.56
Nov 1 to Nov 10 I 10 2.55 25.50 0.83 21.04 0.25 2.50 18.54 18.54
Nov 11 to Nov 20 II 10 2.55 25.50 0.83 21.04 0.25 2.50 18.54 18.54
Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.55 25.50 0.83 21.04 0.25 2.50 18.54 18.54
Dec 1 to Dec 9 I 9 2.06 18.54 0.83 15.30 0.06 0.54 14.7616.96
Dec 10 I
III
1 2.06 2.06 1.10 2.27 0.06 0.06 2.21
Dec 11 to Dec 20 I 10 2.06 20.60 1.10 22.66 0.06 0.60 22.06 22.06
Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 2.06 22.66 1.10 24.93 0.06 0.66 24.27 24.27
Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.99 19.90 1.10 21.89 0.40 4.00 17.89 17.89
Jan 11 to Jan 18 II 8 1.99 15.92 1.10 17.51 0.40 3.20 14.3115.10
Jan 19 to Jan 20 IIIV
2 1.99 3.98 0.40 1.59 0.40 0.80 0.79
Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.99 21.89 0.40 8.76 0.40 4.40 4.36 4.36
Feb 1 to Feb 15 15 No Irrigation-dry out periodCrop Duration 128 156.81 156.81
Final Report
35WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.31
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR PULSES- RABIDuration 128 Days
Date of Sowing 11-Oct
Harvest Period Feb 16 to Feb 25
(Unit :mm)
Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Oct 11 to Oct 20 III
10 3.71 37.10 0.30 11.13 2.50 25.00 0.00 0.00
Oct 21 to Oct 30 III 10 3.71 37.10 0.30 11.13 2.50 25.00 0.000.10
Oct 31 III
II
1 3.71 3.71 0.70 2.60 2.50 2.50 0.10
Nov 1 to Nov 10 I 10 2.55 25.50 0.70 17.85 0.25 2.50 15.35 15.35
Nov 11 to Nov 20 II 10 2.55 25.50 0.70 17.85 0.25 2.50 15.35 15.35
Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.55 25.50 0.70 17.85 0.25 2.50 15.35 15.35
Dec 1 to Dec 9 I 9 2.06 18.54 0.70 12.98 0.06 0.54 12.4414.54
Dec 10 I
III
1 2.06 2.06 1.05 2.16 0.06 0.06 2.10
Dec 11 to Dec 20 I 10 2.06 20.60 1.05 21.63 0.06 0.60 21.03 21.03
Dec 21 to Dec 31 III 11 2.06 22.66 1.05 23.79 0.06 0.66 23.13 23.13
Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.99 19.90 1.05 20.90 0.40 4.00 16.89 16.89
Jan 11 to Jan 18 II 8 1.99 15.92 1.05 16.72 0.40 3.20 13.5213.91
Jan 19 to Jan 20 IIIV
2 1.99 3.98 0.30 1.19 0.40 0.80 0.39
Jan 21 to Jan 31 III 11 1.99 21.89 0.30 6.57 0.40 4.40 2.17 2.17
Feb 1 to Feb 15 15 No Irrigation-dry out period
Crop Duration 128 137.82 137.82
Final Report
36WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.32
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT(NIR) FOR VEGETABLES- RABI
Duration 110 DaysDate of Sowing 11-NovHarvest Period Mar 1 to Mar 10
(Unit :mm)Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Nov 11 to Nov 20 III
10 2.55 25.50 0.35 8.93 0.25 2.50 6.43 6.43
Nov 21 to Nov 30 III 10 2.55 25.50 0.35 8.93 0.25 2.50 6.43 6.43
Dec 1 to Dec 10 III
10 2.06 20.60 0.65 13.39 0.06 0.60 12.79 12.79
Dec 11 to Dec 20 II 10 2.06 20.60 0.65 13.39 0.06 0.60 12.79 12.79
Dec 21 to Dec 25 III 5 2.06 10.30 0.65 6.70 0.06 0.30 6.4017.78
Dec 26 to Dec 31 III
III
6 2.06 12.36 0.95 11.74 0.06 0.36 11.38
Jan 1 to Jan 10 I 10 1.99 19.90 0.95 18.91 0.40 4.00 14.90 14.90
Jan 11 to Jan 20 II 10 1.99 19.90 0.95 18.91 0.40 4.00 14.90 14.90
Jan 21 to Jan 29 III 9 1.99 17.91 0.95 17.01 0.40 3.60 13.4115.80
Jan 30 to Jan 31 III
IV
2 1.99 3.98 0.80 3.18 0.40 0.80 2.38
Feb 1 to Feb 10 I 10 2.95 29.50 0.80 23.60 0.41 4.10 19.50 19.50
Feb 11 to Feb 20 II 10 2.95 29.50 0.80 23.60 0.41 4.10 19.50 19.50
Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.95 23.60 0.80 18.88 0.41 3.28 15.60 15.60
Crop Duration 110 156.41 156.41
Final Report
37WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.33
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT FOR MAIZE (HOT WEATHER)
Duration 92 DaysDate of Sowing 11-MarHarvest Period Jun 10 to Jun 20
(Unit:mm)Date of Start 10-daily Stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Mar 11 to Mar 20 III
10 4.54 45.40 0.65 29.51 0.47 4.70 24.81 24.81
Mar 21 to Mar 25 III 5 4.54 22.70 0.65 14.76 0.47 2.35 12.4133.42
Mar 26 to Mar 31 IIIII
6 4.54 27.24 0.88 23.84 0.47 2.82 21.02
Apr 1 to Apr 10 I 10 5.88 58.80 0.88 51.45 1.20 12.00 39.45 39.45
Apr 11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.88 58.80 0.88 51.45 1.20 12.00 39.45 39.45
Apr 21 to Apr 30 IIIII
10 5.88 58.80 1.10 64.68 1.20 12.00 52.68 52.68
May 1 to May 10 I 10 6.08 60.80 1.10 66.88 2.98 29.80 37.08 37.08
May 11 to May 20 II 10 6.08 60.80 1.10 66.88 2.98 29.80 37.08 37.08
May 21 to May 31 IIIIV
11 6.08 66.88 0.55 36.78 2.98 32.78 4.00 4.00
Jun 1 to Jun 4 I 4 4.91 19.64 0.55 10.80 5.14 20.56 0.00 0.00
Jun 5 to Jun 10 I 6 No Irrigation-dry out periodCrop Duration 92 267.96 267.96
Final Report
38WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.34
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT FOR GREEN GRAM (HOT WEATHER)
Duration 82 DaysDate of Sowing 25-MarHarvest Period Jun 15 to Jun 20
(Unit:mm)
Duration10-
daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Mar 25 to Mar 31 IIII
7 4.54 31.78 0.45 14.301 0.47 3.29 11.01 11.01
Apr 1 to Apr 8 I 8 5.88 47.04 0.45 21.168 1.20 9.60 19.9728.18
Apr 9 to Apr 10 I
II
2 5.88 11.76 0.80 9.408 1.20 2.40 8.21
Apr11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.88 58.8 0.80 47.04 1.20 12.00 45.84 45.84
Apr 21 to Apr 30 III 10 5.88 58.8 0.80 47.04 1.20 12.00 45.84 45.84
May 1 to May 3 I 3 6.08 18.24 0.80 14.592 2.98 8.94 11.6157.58
May 4 to May10 I
III
7 6.08 42.56 1.15 48.944 2.98 20.86 45.96
May 11 to May 20 II 10 6.08 60.8 1.15 69.92 2.98 29.80 66.94 66.94
May 21 to May 28 III 8 6.08 48.64 1.15 55.936 2.98 23.84 52.9660.92
May 29 to May 31 III
IV
3 6.08 18.24 0.60 10.944 2.98 8.94 7.96
Jun 1 to Jun 5 I 5 4.91 24.55 0.60 14.73 5.14 25.70 0.000.00
Jun 6 to Jun 10 I 5 4.91 24.55 0.60 14.73 5.14 25.70 0.00
Jun 11 to Jun 14 4 No Irrigation-dry out period
Crop Duration 82 316.30 316.30
Final Report
39WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinTable-8.35
NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT FOR VEGETABLES (HOT WEATHER)
Duration 94 DaysDate of Sowing 11-FebHarvest Period May 16 to May 25
(Unit:mm)Duration 10-daily stage Days Eto/day Eto Kc CWR ER/day ER NIR 10-D-NIR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7*6 9 10=9*4 11 12
Feb 11 to Feb 20 II
I
10 2.95 29.50 0.30 8.85 0.41 4.10 4.75 4.75
Feb 21 to Feb 28 III 8 2.95 23.60 0.30 7.08 0.41 3.28 3.80 3.80
Mar 1 to Mar 2 I 2 4.54 9.08 0.30 2.72 0.47 0.94 1.7832.53
Mar 3 to Mar 10 I
II
8 4.54 36.32 0.95 34.50 0.47 3.76 30.74
Mar 11 to Mar 20 II 10 4.54 45.40 0.95 43.13 0.47 4.70 38.43 38.43
Mar21 to Mar 27 III 7 4.54 31.78 0.95 30.19 0.47 3.29 26.9044.09
Mar 28 to Mar 31 III
III
4 4.54 18.16 1.05 19.07 0.47 1.88 17.19
Apr 1 to Apr 10 I 10 5.88 58.80 1.05 61.74 1.20 12.00 49.74 49.74
Apr 11 to Apr 20 II 10 5.88 58.80 1.05 61.74 1.20 12.00 49.74 49.74
Apr 21 to 26 III 6 5.88 35.28 1.05 37.04 1.20 7.20 29.8446.21
Apr 27 to Apr 30 III
IV
4 5.88 23.52 0.90 21.17 1.20 4.80 16.37
May 1 to May 10 I 10 6.08 60.80 0.90 54.72 2.98 29.80 24.92 24.92
May 11 to May 15 II 5 6.08 30.40 0.90 27.36 2.98 14.90 12.46 12.46
Crop Duration 94 306.66 306.66
Final Report
40WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin
Table-8.36
Abstract of Net Crop Water Requirement (NIR)(Unit: mm)
Month 10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Perennial Total
Paddy I Paddy II Maize Wheat Maize Oil seed Pulses Veg. Maize G. Gram Veg. S. Cane
June
I 0.00 7.21 0.00 0.00 7.21
II 0.00 0.00 0.00
III 12.61 0.00 0.00 12.61
July
I 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 8.33
II 143.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 143.86
III 26.29 114.33 0.00 0.00 140.62
August
I 22.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.43
II 22.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.43
III 24.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.67
September
I 20.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.72
II 20.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.72
III 20.72 0.00 0.00 20.72
October
I 44.62 16.40 14.28 75.30
II 21.28 4.10 0.48 0.00 14.28 40.13
III 1.47 0.57 9.99 12.03
November
I 17.96 14.78 9.70 42.44
II 7.16 13.51 17.96 14.78 5.89 9.70 69.00
III 7.16 16.37 17.96 14.78 5.89 9.70 71.85
December
I 12.08 15.30 14.89 12.72 11.16 8.40 74.55
II 12.08 15.30 19.44 18.52 11.16 8.40 84.90
III 13.29 21.38 21.38 20.37 15.59 9.24 101.26
Final Report
41WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
January
I 9.63 16.51 16.51 15.56 13.65 4.55 76.40
II 16.51 15.46 13.84 12.69 13.65 72.14
III 18.16 6.61 3.45 1.35 14.44 44.01
February
I 25.64 17.42 43.06
II 20.71 17.42 3.72 41.85
III 0.78 13.94 2.98 4.07 21.77
March
I 2.47 31.10 11.27 44.84
II 23.93 36.59 11.27 71.79
III 32.02 10.84 41.94 12.40 97.20
April
I 44.63 28.73 54.67 14.49 142.51
II 44.63 45.36 54.67 14.49 159.15
III 57.54 45.36 51.23 14.49 168.62
May
I 53.00 62.58 40.40 5.75 161.73
II 21.50 53.00 70.82 20.20 22.76 188.28
III 23.65 20.19 66.04 27.12 136.99
Total 380.32 143.16 45.15 145.68 120.44 145.32 126.12 140.19 336.14 329.73 337.49 236.33 2486.06
Final Report
42WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda Basin
Table-8.37Abstract of Net Crop Water Requirement (NIR)
(Unit: mm)
Month 10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total
Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize Oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg
JuneI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
II 0.00 0.00
III 11.53 0.00 0.00 11.53
JulyI 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 8.00
II 138.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 138.61
III 20.23 110.70 0.00 0.00 130.93
AugustI 24.40 0.00 0.98 0.00 25.38
II 24.40 0.00 0.98 0.00 25.38
III 26.83 0.00 1.08 0.00 27.91
September
I 19.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.96
II 19.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.96
III 19.96 0.00 0.00 19.96
OctoberI 40.62 11.20 10.38 62.19
II 19.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.20
III 0.56 0.10 0.66
November
I 18.54 15.35 33.89
II 14.08 14.08 18.54 15.35 6.43 68.46
III 7.70 16.94 18.54 15.35 6.43 64.96
DecemberI 13.82 17.43 16.96 14.54 12.79 75.54
II 13.82 17.43 22.06 21.03 12.79 87.13
III 15.20 24.27 24.27 23.13 17.78 104.64
Final Report
43WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
JanuaryI 10.73 17.89 17.89 16.89 14.90 78.30
II 17.89 16.79 15.10 13.91 14.90 78.60
III 19.68 7.64 4.36 2.17 15.80 49.64
FebruaryI 28.35 19.50 47.85
II 23.04 19.50 4.75 47.29
III 1.44 15.60 3.80 20.84
MarchI 2.19 32.53 34.72
II 24.81 38.43 63.24
III 33.42 11.01 44.09 88.52
AprilI 39.45 28.18 49.74 117.37
II 39.45 45.84 49.74 135.03
III 52.68 45.84 46.21 144.73
MayI 37.08 57.58 24.92 119.57
II 6.68 37.08 66.94 12.46 123.15
III 7.34 4.00 60.92 72.26
Total 365.68 129.90 13.41 14.02 167.93 132.46 156.81 137.82 156.41 267.96 316.30 306.66 2165.37
Final Report
44WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
8.4.2 Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR)
All the water available at the canal head is not available for the crop growth, as part of
it may get lost in transit from canal head to the field and part through water
application process. Therefore, conveyance and field application efficiencies have to
be assessed for ponded and non-ponded crops separately to account for such water
loss. The project efficiency is worked out considering both the conveyance and field
application efficiencies. The details of the project efficiency used for working out the
GIR, as summarized below:
For ponded crops, project efficiency, Ep= 0.53
For non-ponded crops, project efficiency Ep= 0.41
Using the above values of project efficiency, the 10-daily GIR has been computed
separately for Burhi Gandak- Bagmati basin and Mahananda basin and is given in
Tables 8.38 and 8.39 respectively.
Final Report
45WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin
Table-8.38Abstract of Gross Crop Water Requirement (GIR)
(Unit: mm)
Month 10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Perennial Total
Paddy I Paddy II Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg. Maize G. Gram Veg. S. Cane
June
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.59
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
III 23.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.79
July
I 0.00 15.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.72
II 271.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 271.43
III 49.60 215.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 265.32
August
I 42.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.31
II 42.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.31
III 46.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.54
September
I 39.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.08
II 39.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.08
III 39.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.08
October
I 84.19 30.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.82 149.95
II 40.14 7.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.82 83.85
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.59 1.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.37 29.34
November
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 43.79 36.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.66 103.50
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.46 32.95 43.79 36.05 14.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.66 168.28
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.46 39.92 43.79 36.05 14.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.66 175.25
December
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.46 37.32 36.31 31.03 27.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.49 181.83
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.46 37.32 47.41 45.17 27.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.49 207.07
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.41 52.16 52.16 49.69 38.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.54 246.97
Final Report
46WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
January
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.50 40.27 40.27 37.94 33.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.09 186.34
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.27 37.71 33.75 30.95 33.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 175.95
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.30 16.11 8.42 3.30 35.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 107.34
February
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 105.02
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.49 0.00 0.00 9.07 0.00 102.07
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.99 0.00 0.00 7.26 9.93 53.09
March
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 75.86 27.49 109.38
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 58.37 0.00 89.24 27.49 175.10
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 78.10 26.45 102.29 30.24 237.07
April
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 108.84 70.07 133.34 35.34 347.59
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 108.84 110.63 133.34 35.34 388.16
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 140.34 110.63 124.94 35.34 411.26
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 129.27 152.62 98.54 14.02 394.45
II 0.00 0.00 52.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 129.27 172.73 49.27 55.51 459.22
III 0.00 0.00 57.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.23 161.07 0.00 66.13 334.12
Total 717.58 270.11 110.12 355.30 293.75 354.44 307.61 341.93 819.85 804.21 823.15 576.42 5774.48
Note: Project Efficiency has been considered as 0.53 for Ponded Crop (Paddy) & 0.41 for Other Crops
Final Report
47WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda Basin
Table-8.39Abstract of Gross Crop Water Requirement (GIR)
(Unit: mm)
Month 10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total
PI PII Jute Maize Wheat Maize Oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg
June
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 21.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.76
July
I 0.00 15.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.09II 261.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 261.52III 38.18 208.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 247.05
August
I 46.03 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.42II 46.03 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.42III 50.63 0.00 2.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.26
September
I 37.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.65II 37.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.65III 37.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.65
October
I 76.63 21.13 25.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 123.07II 36.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.22III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.37 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60
November
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.21 37.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 82.65
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.33 34.33 45.21 37.44 15.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 166.98
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.78 41.33 45.21 37.44 15.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 158.43
December
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.71 42.50 41.37 35.47 31.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 184.24II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.71 42.50 53.80 51.29 31.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 212.50III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.08 59.19 59.19 56.42 43.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 255.23
Final Report
48WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
January
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.16 43.63 43.63 41.21 36.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 190.98II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 43.63 40.96 36.84 33.93 36.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 191.71III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.00 18.63 10.62 5.28 38.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 121.07
February
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 116.71II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.56 0.00 0.00 11.59 115.34III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.05 0.00 0.00 9.27 50.83
March
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 79.34 84.68II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.51 0.00 93.73 154.24III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.51 26.86 107.53 215.90
April
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 96.22 68.72 121.32 286.26II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 96.22 111.80 121.32 329.34III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 128.49 111.80 112.71 353.00
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 90.43 140.43 60.77 291.63II 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 90.43 163.27 30.39 300.37III 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.76 148.58 0.00 176.25
Total Total 689.95 245.09 32.72 34.20 409.59 323.07 382.46 336.15 381.50 653.57 771.47 747.96 5007.72
Note: Project Efficiency has been considered as 0.53 for Ponded Crop (Paddy) & 0.41 for other Crops
Final Report
49WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
8.4.3 Crop Water Demand
The cropping intensity has been considered as 208 % and 198 % for the Burhi
Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda basins respectively. The crop-wise irrigation
intensity is given in Table 6.13. Using these cropping intensities, water demand has
been separately worked out for each of the three zones of the Burhi Gandak-Bagmati
basin (total CCA 5.24 lakh ha) and five zones of the Mahananda basin (total CCA
2.48 lakh ha).
The water demand for the respective zones and for the total CCA of the Burhi
Gandak-Bagmati basin and the Mahananda basin is given in Tables 8.40- (a) to 8.40
(d) & 8.41- (a) to 8.41 (f). Tables 8.42 and 8.43 give the overall water demand on 10-
daily and monthly basis of the Burhi Gandak-Bagmati and Mahananda basins
respectively.
The abstract of cropwise irrigation intensity and water demand for both Burhi Gandak
– Bagmati Command and Mahananda Command is given below:
Abstract of Cropwise Irrigation Intensity and Water DemandBurhi Gandak-Bagmati basin , CCA 5.24 lakh ha Mahananda basin , CCA 2.48 ha
Sl.No Crop Irr. Int. @Irrigated area
Irrigationdemand *
Irr. Int.@
Irrigatedarea
Irrigationdemand **
% (ha) MCM % (ha) MCM1 Kharifi) Paddy 1 40 209661 1504.49 40 99122 683.90
ii) Paddy II 30 157246 424.74 25 61951 151.84
iii) Maize 20 104831 115.44 10 24781 8.11
iv) Jute - - - 15 37171 12.71
2 Rabii) Wheat 45 235869 838.05 45 111512 456.74
ii) Maize 8 41932 123.17 8 19824 64.05
iii) Oil Seeds 10 52415 185.78 10 24781 94.78
iv) Pulses 10 52415 161.23 10 24781 83.30
v) Vegetables 7 36691 125.46 7 17346 66.18
3 Hot Weatheri) Maize 20 104831 859.45 15 37171 242.94
ii) G.Gram 10 52415 421.53 10 24781 191.17
Final Report
50WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
iii) Vegetables 3 15725 129.44 3 7434 55.60
4 Perenniali) Sugarcane 5 26208 151.07 -
Total 208 1090238 5039.86 198 490654 2111.30
Maximum Demand in one 10-daily(MCM)
569.09 259.23
Maximum Demand in one 10-daily(cumec)
658.67 300.03
Final Report
51WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinZone - I
Table - 8.40 (a )
Gross Crop Water RequirementCCA 67992 ha
Kharif 90%
Rabi 80%
Hot Weather 33%
Perennial 5%
Intensity of Irrigation 208%
Month Kharif Rabi H.weather Perennial Total
Paddy I Paddy II Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg. Maize G.Gram Veg. S.Cane (MCM) (cumec.)
Irr. Int.(%) 40 30 20 45 8 10 10 7 20 10 3 5 208
Area (ha) 27197 20398 13598 30596 5439 6799 6799 4759 13598 6799 2040 3400 141423
Jun
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.39 2.77
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
III 6.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.47 7.49
Jul
I 0.00 3.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.21 3.71
II 73.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 73.82 85.44III 13.49 44.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 57.49 60.49
Aug
I 11.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.51 13.32
II 11.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.51 13.32
III 12.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.66 13.32
Sep
I 10.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.63 12.30
II 10.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.63 12.30
III 10.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.63 12.30
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52WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Oct
I 22.90 6.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.18 30.39 35.18
II 10.92 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.18 13.76 15.92
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.83 1.17 1.23
Nov
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.98 2.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 6.23 7.21
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.34 1.79 2.98 2.45 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 14.05 16.26
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.34 2.17 2.98 2.45 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 14.43 16.70
Dec
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.01 2.03 2.47 2.11 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 17.62 20.39
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.01 2.03 3.22 3.07 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 19.33 22.37
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.92 2.84 3.55 3.38 1.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.77 22.25 23.41
Jan
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.19 2.19 2.74 2.58 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 16.66 19.28
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.32 2.05 2.29 2.10 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.35 23.56
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.55 0.88 0.57 0.22 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.90 17.78
Feb
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.16 24.49
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 17.66 20.44
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.62 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.34 2.69 3.89
Mar
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.55 0.93 4.33 5.01
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.94 0.00 1.82 0.93 10.69 12.37
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.62 1.80 2.09 1.03 15.53 16.34
Apr
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.80 4.76 2.72 1.20 23.49 27.18
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.80 7.52 2.72 1.20 26.24 30.38
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.08 7.52 2.55 1.20 30.36 35.13
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.58 10.38 2.01 0.48 30.44 35.23
II 0.00 0.00 7.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.58 11.74 1.00 1.89 39.35 45.54
III 0.00 0.00 7.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.69 10.95 0.00 2.25 27.74 29.19
Total 195.16 55.10 14.97 108.71 15.98 24.10 20.91 16.27 111.49 54.68 16.79 19.60 653.76
Final Report
53WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati BasinZone - II
Table - 8.40 (b )
Gross Crop Water RequirementCCA 147615 ha
Kharif 90%
Rabi 80%
Hot Weather 33%
Perennial 5%
Intensity of Irrigation 208%
Month Kharif Rabi H.weather Perennial Total
Paddy I Paddy II Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg. Maize G.Gram Veg. S.Cane (MCM) (cumec.)
Irr. Int.(%) 40 30 20 45 8 10 10 7 20 10 3 5 208
Area (ha) 59046 44285 29523 66427 11809 14762 14762 10333 29523 14762 4428 7381 307039
Jun
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.19 6.01
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
III 14.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.05 16.26
Jul
I 0.00 6.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.96 8.06
II 160.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 160.27 185.50
III 29.29 95.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 124.82 131.33
Aug
I 24.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.98 28.92
II 24.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.98 28.92
III 27.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.48 28.92
Sep
I 23.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.08 26.71
II 23.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.08 26.71
III 23.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.08 26.71
Final Report
54WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Oct
I 49.71 13.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 65.98 76.37
II 23.70 3.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 29.87 34.57
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 2.53 2.66
Nov
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.46 5.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 13.53 15.66
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.60 3.89 6.46 5.32 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 30.51 35.31
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.60 4.71 6.46 5.32 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 31.33 36.26
Dec
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.57 4.41 5.36 4.58 2.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.51 38.24 44.26
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.57 4.41 7.00 6.67 2.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.51 41.97 48.58
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.53 6.16 7.70 7.33 3.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.66 48.31 50.84
Jan
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.61 4.76 5.94 5.60 3.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 36.17 41.86
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.75 4.45 4.98 4.57 3.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.19 51.15
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.42 1.90 1.24 0.49 3.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.70 38.61
Feb
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.93 53.16
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.39 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 38.34 44.38
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.51 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.73 5.84 8.44
Mar
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.36 2.03 9.39 10.87
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.23 0.00 3.95 2.03 23.21 26.87
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.06 3.90 4.53 2.23 33.72 35.48
Apr
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.13 10.34 5.90 2.61 50.99 59.02
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.13 16.33 5.90 2.61 56.98 65.95
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.43 16.33 5.53 2.61 65.91 76.28
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.16 22.53 4.36 1.04 66.09 76.50
II 0.00 0.00 15.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.16 25.50 2.18 4.10 85.42 98.87
III 0.00 0.00 17.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.53 23.78 0.00 4.88 60.22 63.37
Total 423.70 119.62 32.51 236.02 34.69 52.32 45.41 35.33 242.04 118.71 36.45 42.54 1419.35
Final Report
55WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin
Zone - III
Table - 8.40 ( c)
Gross Crop Water RequirementCCA 308546 ha
Kharif 90%
Rabi 80%
Hot Weather 33%
Perennial 5%Intensity of
Irrigation 208%
Month Kharif Rabi H.weather Perennial Total
Paddy I Paddy II Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg. Maize G.Gram Veg. S.Cane (MCM) (cumec.)
Irr. Int.(%) 40 30 20 45 8 10 10 7 20 10 3 5 208
Area (ha) 123418 92564 61709 138846 24684 30855 30855 21598 61709 30855 9256 15427 641776
Jun
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.85 12.56
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
III 29.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.37 33.99
Jul
I 0.00 14.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.55 16.84
II 335.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 335.00 387.73III 61.22 199.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 260.90 274.51
Aug
I 52.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.22 60.44
II 52.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.22 60.44
III 57.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 57.44 60.44
Sep
I 48.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.24 55.83
II 48.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.24 55.83
III 48.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.24 55.83
Final Report
56WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Oct
I 103.90 28.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.37 137.92 159.63
II 49.54 7.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.37 62.43 72.26
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.11 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.76 5.29 5.57
Nov
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.51 11.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.65 28.28 32.74
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.25 8.13 13.51 11.12 3.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.65 63.77 73.81
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.25 9.85 13.51 11.12 3.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.65 65.49 75.80
Dec
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.91 9.21 11.20 9.58 5.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.16 79.94 92.52
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.91 9.21 14.63 13.94 5.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.16 87.73 101.54
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.00 12.87 16.09 15.33 8.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.48 100.99 106.26
Jan
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.63 9.94 12.42 11.71 7.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 75.59 87.49
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.91 9.31 10.41 9.55 7.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 92.37 106.91
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 61.50 3.98 2.60 1.02 7.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 76.70 80.70
Feb
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 96.01 111.12
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 70.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.18 0.00 0.00 0.84 0.00 80.14 92.76
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.34 0.00 0.00 0.67 1.53 12.20 17.65
Mar
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.02 4.24 19.63 22.72
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.02 0.00 8.26 4.24 48.52 56.16
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.19 8.16 9.47 4.66 70.49 74.16
Apr
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.17 21.62 12.34 5.45 106.58 123.36
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.17 34.14 12.34 5.45 119.10 137.84
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.60 34.14 11.57 5.45 137.76 159.44
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 79.77 47.09 9.12 2.16 138.15 159.89
II 0.00 0.00 32.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 79.77 53.30 4.56 8.56 178.55 206.66
III 0.00 0.00 35.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.38 49.70 0.00 10.20 125.88 132.45
Total 885.63 250.03 67.96 493.33 72.51 109.36 94.91 73.85 505.92 248.14 76.19 88.93 2966.74
Final Report
57WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Burhi Gandak & Bagmati Basin
Table - 8.40 ( d)Gross Crop Water Requirement of all Zones
CCA 524153 ha
Kharif 90%
Rabi 80%
Hot Weather 33%
Perennial 5%
Intensity of Irrigation 208%
Month Kharif Rabi H.weather Perennial Total
Paddy I Paddy II Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg. Maize G.Gram Veg. S.Cane (MCM) (cumec.)
Irr. Int.(%) 40 30 20 45 8 10 10 7 20 10 3 5 208
Area (ha) 209661 157246 104831 235869 41932 52415 52415 36691 104831 52415 15725 26208 1090238
Jun
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.44 21.34
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
III 49.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.89 57.74
Jul
I 0.00 24.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.71 28.60
II 569.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 569.09 658.67III 104.00 339.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 443.21 466.34
Aug
I 88.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 88.71 102.67
II 88.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 88.71 102.67
III 97.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 97.58 102.67
Sep
I 81.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.95 94.84
II 81.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.95 94.84
III 81.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.95 94.84
Final Report
58WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Oct
I 176.51 48.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.12 234.29 271.17
II 84.16 12.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.12 106.06 122.75
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.88 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.39 8.99 9.46
Nov
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.95 18.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.20 48.05 55.61
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.19 13.82 22.95 18.90 5.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.20 108.33 125.38
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.19 16.74 22.95 18.90 5.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.20 111.25 128.76
Dec
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.50 15.65 19.03 16.27 9.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.37 135.80 157.17
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.50 15.65 24.85 23.68 9.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.37 149.03 172.49
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 76.44 21.87 27.34 26.04 13.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.91 171.55 180.51
Jan
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.42 16.89 21.11 19.89 12.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.91 128.42 148.63
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 94.98 15.81 17.69 16.22 12.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 156.91 181.61
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 104.48 6.76 4.42 1.73 12.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 130.30 137.10
Feb
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 147.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 163.09 188.77
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 119.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.59 0.00 0.00 1.43 0.00 136.15 157.58
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.47 0.00 0.00 1.14 2.60 20.73 29.99
Mar
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.93 7.20 33.34 38.59
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 61.19 0.00 14.03 7.20 82.42 95.40
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.87 13.86 16.08 7.92 119.74 125.99
Apr
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 114.10 36.73 20.97 9.26 181.06 209.55
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 114.10 57.99 20.97 9.26 202.32 234.16
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 147.12 57.99 19.65 9.26 234.02 270.85
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 135.51 80.00 15.49 3.68 234.68 271.62
II 0.00 0.00 54.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 135.51 90.54 7.75 14.55 303.32 351.06
III 0.00 0.00 60.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 51.61 84.43 0.00 17.33 213.84 225.00
Total 1504.49 424.74 115.44 838.05 123.17 185.78 161.23 125.46 859.45 421.53 129.44 151.07 5039.86
Final Report
59WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinZone - I
Table - 8.41 (a )Gross Crop Water Requirement
CCA 82463 ha
Kharif 90%
Rabi 80%
Hot Weather 28%
Intensity of Irrigation 198%
Month
10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total
Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg MCM cumecIrr. Int. (%) 40 25 10 15 45 8 10 10 7 15 10 3 198
Area 32985.2 20615.75 8246.3 12369.4 37108.3 6597 8246 8246 5772 12369 8246 2474 163277
Jun
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 7.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.18 8.31
Jul
I 0.00 3.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.11 3.60II 86.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.26 99.84III 12.59 43.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.65 58.56
Aug
I 15.18 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.38 17.80II 15.18 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.38 17.80III 16.70 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.92 17.80
Sep
I 12.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.42 14.37II 12.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.42 14.37III 12.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.42 14.37
Final Report
60WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Oct
I 25.28 4.36 2.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 31.72 36.71II 11.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.95 13.83III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.14
Nov
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.73 3.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.82 7.89II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.74 2.26 3.73 3.09 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.72 26.30III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.97 2.73 3.73 3.09 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.42 20.16
Dec
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.51 2.80 3.41 2.92 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.45 27.14II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.51 2.80 4.44 4.23 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.78 29.84III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.76 3.90 4.88 4.65 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.70 31.25
Jan
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.71 2.88 3.60 3.40 2.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.68 25.09II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.19 2.70 3.04 2.80 2.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.83 31.05III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.81 1.23 0.88 0.44 2.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.58 23.75
Feb
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.40 32.88II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.75 0.00 0.00 0.29 23.89 27.64III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.23 3.73 5.39
Mar
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.96 3.94 4.57II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.49 0.00 2.32 9.80 11.35III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.08 2.21 2.66 14.96 15.74
Apr
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.90 5.67 3.00 20.57 23.81II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.90 9.22 3.00 24.12 27.92III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.89 9.22 2.79 27.90 32.29
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.19 11.58 1.50 24.27 28.09II 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.19 13.46 0.75 27.42 31.73III 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.21 12.25 0.00 15.68 16.49
Total Total 227.58 50.53 2.70 4.23 151.99 21.31 31.54 27.72 22.02 80.84 63.62 18.50 702.59
Final Report
61WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinZone-II
Table – 8.41 (b)Gross Crop Water Requirement
CCA 79581 ha
Kharif 90%
Rabi 80%
Hot Weather 28%
Intensity of Irrigation 198%
Month
10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total
Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg MCM cumecIrr. Int. 40 25 10 15 45 8 10 10 7 15 10 3 198
Area 31832.4 19895.25 7958.1 11937.15 35811.45 6366 7958 7958 5571 11937 7958 2387 157570
Jun
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 6.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.93 8.02
Jul
I 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 3.48II 83.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 83.25 96.35III 12.15 41.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.71 56.51
Aug
I 14.65 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.84 17.18II 14.65 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.84 17.18III 16.12 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.33 17.18
Sep
I 11.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.99 13.87II 11.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.99 13.87III 11.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.99 13.87
Oct
I 24.39 4.20 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.61 35.43II 11.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.53 13.34III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.13
Final Report
62WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Nov
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.60 2.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.58 7.61II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.29 2.19 3.60 2.98 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.93 25.38III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.73 2.63 3.60 2.98 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.81 19.45
Dec
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.07 2.71 3.29 2.82 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.63 26.19II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.07 2.71 4.28 4.08 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.88 28.79III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.28 3.77 4.71 4.49 2.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.66 30.16
Jan
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.37 2.78 3.47 3.28 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.92 24.22II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.63 2.61 2.93 2.70 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.89 29.97III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.19 1.19 0.85 0.42 2.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.79 22.92
Feb
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.41 31.73II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 0.00 0.00 0.28 23.05 26.68III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.12 0.00 0.00 0.22 3.60 5.21
Mar
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.89 3.81 4.41II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.22 0.00 2.24 9.46 10.95III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.73 2.14 2.57 14.43 15.19
Apr
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.49 5.47 2.90 19.85 22.98II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.49 8.90 2.90 23.28 26.94III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.34 8.90 2.69 26.93 31.16
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.79 11.18 1.45 23.42 27.11II 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.79 12.99 0.73 26.46 30.62III 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.16 11.82 0.00 15.13 15.92
Total Total 219.63 48.76 2.60 4.08 146.68 20.57 30.44 26.75 21.25 78.02 61.39 17.86 678.03
Final Report
63WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda BasinZone-III
Table - 8.41 (c )Gross Crop Water Requirement
CCA 35940 ha
Kharif 90%
Rabi 80%
Hot Weather 28%
Intensity of Irrigation 198%
Month
10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total
Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg MCM cumecIrr. Int. (%) 40 25 10 15 45 8 10 10 7 15 10 3 198
Area 14376 8985 3594 5391 16173 2875 3594 3594 2516 5391 3594 1078 71161
Jun
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 3.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.13 3.62
Jul
I 0.00 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.36 1.57II 37.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.60 43.51III 5.49 18.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.26 25.52
Aug
I 6.62 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.70 7.76II 6.62 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.70 7.76III 7.28 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.37 7.76
Sep
I 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.41 6.26II 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.41 6.26III 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.41 6.26
Oct
I 11.02 1.90 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.83 16.00II 5.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.21 6.03III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06
Final Report
64WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Nov
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.62 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.97 3.44II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.55 0.99 1.62 1.35 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.90 11.46III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.04 1.19 1.62 1.35 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.59 8.79
Dec
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.45 1.22 1.49 1.27 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.22 11.83II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.45 1.22 1.93 1.84 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.24 13.00III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.00 1.70 2.13 2.03 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.94 13.62
Jan
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.23 1.25 1.57 1.48 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.45 10.94II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.06 1.18 1.32 1.22 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.69 13.53III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.76 0.54 0.38 0.19 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.84 10.35
Feb
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.38 14.33II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.12 10.41 12.05III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.63 2.35
Mar
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 1.72 1.99II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26 0.00 1.01 4.27 4.95III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.39 0.97 1.16 6.52 6.86
Apr
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.19 2.47 1.31 8.97 10.38II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.19 4.02 1.31 10.51 12.17III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.93 4.02 1.22 12.16 14.07
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.88 5.05 0.66 10.58 12.24II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.88 5.87 0.33 11.95 13.83III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 5.34 0.00 6.83 7.19
Total Total 99.19 22.02 1.18 1.84 66.24 9.29 13.75 12.08 9.60 35.23 27.73 8.06 306.21
Final Report
65WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda Basin
Zone-IVTable – 8.41 (d)
Gross Crop Water Requirement
CCA 39198 ha
Kharif 90%
Rabi 80%
Hot Weather 28%
Intensity of Irrigation 198%
Month
10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total
Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg MCM cumecIrr. Int. (%) 40 25 10 15 45 8 10 10 7 15 10 3 198
Area 15679.2 9799.5 3919.8 5879.7 17639.1 3136 3920 3920 2744 5880 3920 1176 77612
Jun
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 3.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.41 3.95
Jul
I 0.00 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.48 1.71II 41.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.00 47.46III 5.99 20.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.45 27.83
Aug
I 7.22 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.31 8.46II 7.22 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.31 8.46III 7.94 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.04 8.46
Sep
I 5.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.90 6.83II 5.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.90 6.83III 5.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.90 6.83
Final Report
66WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Oct
I 12.02 2.07 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.08 17.45II 5.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.68 6.57III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.07
Nov
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.77 1.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.24 3.75II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.06 1.08 1.77 1.47 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.80 12.50III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.31 1.30 1.77 1.47 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.28 9.58
Dec
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.95 1.33 1.62 1.39 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.15 12.90II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.95 1.33 2.11 2.01 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.25 14.18III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.54 1.86 2.32 2.21 1.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.12 14.85
Jan
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.61 1.37 1.71 1.62 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.31 11.93II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.70 1.28 1.44 1.33 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.75 14.76III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.47 0.58 0.42 0.21 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.73 11.29
Feb
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.50 15.63II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.00 0.14 11.35 13.14III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.11 1.77 2.56
Mar
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.93 1.88 2.17II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.56 0.00 1.10 4.66 5.39III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.79 1.05 1.26 7.11 7.48
Apr
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.66 2.69 1.43 9.78 11.32II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.66 4.38 1.43 11.47 13.27III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.55 4.38 1.33 13.26 15.35
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.32 5.50 0.71 11.54 13.35II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.32 6.40 0.36 13.03 15.08III 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 5.82 0.00 7.45 7.84
Total Total 108.18 24.02 1.28 2.01 72.25 10.13 14.99 13.18 10.47 38.43 30.24 8.80 333.97
Final Report
67WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda Basin
Zone-VTable - 8.41 (e )
Gross Crop Water Requirement
CCA 10623 ha
Kharif 90%
Rabi 80%
Hot Weather 28%
Intensity of Irrigation 198%
Month
10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total
Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg MCM cumecIrr. Int.(%) 40 25 10 15 45 8 10 10 7 15 10 3 198
Area 4249.2 2655.75 1062.3 1593.45 4780.35 850 1062 1062 744 1593 1062 319 21034
Jun
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.92 1.07
Jul
I 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.46II 11.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.11 12.86III 1.62 5.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.17 7.54
Aug
I 1.96 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 2.29II 1.96 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 2.29III 2.15 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.29
Sep
I 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 1.85II 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 1.85III 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 1.85
Final Report
68WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Oct
I 3.26 0.56 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.09 4.73II 1.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 1.78III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02
Nov
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.88 1.02II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.64 0.29 0.48 0.40 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.93 3.39III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.35 0.48 0.40 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 2.60
Dec
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 0.36 0.44 0.38 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.02 3.50II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 0.36 0.57 0.54 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.32 3.84III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.77 0.50 0.63 0.60 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83 4.03
Jan
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.37 0.46 0.44 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.79 3.23II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 0.35 0.39 0.36 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.46 4.00III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.91 3.06
Feb
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.66 4.24II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.04 3.08 3.56III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.48 0.69
Mar
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.51 0.59II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.30 1.26 1.46III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.29 0.34 1.93 2.03
Apr
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.53 0.73 0.39 2.65 3.07II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.53 1.19 0.39 3.11 3.60III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 1.19 0.36 3.59 4.16
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.44 1.49 0.19 3.13 3.62II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.44 1.73 0.10 3.53 4.09III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 1.58 0.00 2.02 2.12
Total Total 29.32 6.51 0.35 0.54 19.58 2.75 4.06 3.57 2.84 10.41 8.20 2.38 90.51
Final Report
69WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Mahananda Basin
Table – 8.41 (f )Gross Crop Water Requirement of all Zones
CCA 247805 ha
Kharif 90%
Rabi 80%
Hot Weather 28%
Intensity of Irrigation 198%
Month
10-dailyKharif Rabi H.weather Total
Paddy I Paddy II Jute Maize Wheat Maize oil seed Pulses Veg Maize Gram Veg MCM cumecIrr. Int.(%) 40 25 10 15 45 8 10 10 7 15 10 3 198
Area 99122 61951 24781 37171 111512 19824 24781 24781 17346 37171 24781 7434 490654
Jun
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 21.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.57 24.97
Jul
I 0.00 9.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.35 10.82II 259.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 259.23 300.03III 37.84 129.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 167.24 175.97
Aug
I 45.62 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.22 53.49II 45.62 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.22 53.49III 50.19 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.84 53.49
Sep
I 37.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.32 43.19II 37.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.32 43.19III 37.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.32 43.19
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70WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Oct
I 75.96 13.09 6.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 95.32 110.33II 35.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.90 41.55III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.42
Nov
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.20 9.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.48 23.71II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.28 6.81 11.20 9.28 2.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 68.29 79.04III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.94 8.19 11.20 9.28 2.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.34 60.57
Dec
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.59 8.43 10.25 8.79 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 70.46 81.56II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.59 8.43 13.33 12.71 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 77.47 89.66III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.35 11.73 14.67 13.98 7.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 89.25 93.91
Jan
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.17 8.65 10.81 10.21 6.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 65.15 75.41II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.66 8.12 9.13 8.41 6.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 80.62 93.31III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.52 3.69 2.63 1.31 6.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.84 71.38
Feb
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 77.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 85.36 98.79II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.25 0.00 0.00 0.86 71.78 83.07III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.69 11.21 16.21
Mar
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.90 11.85 13.72II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.49 0.00 6.97 29.46 34.10III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.30 6.66 7.99 44.95 47.29
Apr
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.77 17.03 9.02 61.81 71.54II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.77 27.71 9.02 72.49 83.90III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.76 27.71 8.38 83.84 97.04
May
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.61 34.80 4.52 72.93 84.41II 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.61 40.46 2.26 82.38 95.35III 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.63 36.82 0.00 47.10 49.56
Total Total 683.90 151.84 8.11 12.71 456.74 64.05 94.78 83.30 66.18 242.94 191.17 55.60 2111.30
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71WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Table - 8.42
10-Daily Water Demand for Burhi Gandak - Bagmati & Mahananda Basins
Month 10-daily
Burhi Gandak - Bagmati MahanandaCCA= 5.24 lac ha CCA = 2.48 lac haIrri. Int. = 208 % Irri. Int.= 198 %
MCM* cumec MCM** cumec
JuneI 18.44 21.34 0.00 0.00II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00III 49.89 57.74 21.57 24.97
JulI 24.71 28.60 9.35 10.82II 569.09 658.67 259.23 300.03III 443.21 466.34 167.24 175.97
AugI 88.71 102.67 46.22 53.49II 88.71 102.67 46.22 53.49III 97.58 102.67 50.84 53.49
SepI 81.95 94.84 37.32 43.19II 81.95 94.84 37.32 43.19III 81.95 94.84 37.32 43.19
OctI 234.29 271.17 95.32 110.33II 106.06 122.75 35.90 41.55III 8.99 9.46 0.40 0.42
NovI 48.05 55.61 20.48 23.71II 108.33 125.38 68.29 79.04III 111.25 128.76 52.34 60.57
DecI 135.80 157.17 70.46 81.56II 149.03 172.49 77.47 89.66III 171.55 180.51 89.25 93.91
JanI 128.42 148.63 65.15 75.41II 156.91 181.61 80.62 93.31III 130.30 137.10 67.84 71.38
FebI 163.09 188.77 85.36 98.79II 136.15 157.58 71.78 83.07III 20.73 29.99 11.21 16.21
MarI 33.34 38.59 11.85 13.72II 82.42 95.40 29.46 34.10III 119.74 125.99 44.95 47.29
AprI 181.06 209.55 61.81 71.54II 202.32 234.16 72.49 83.90III 234.02 270.85 83.84 97.04
MayI 234.68 271.62 72.93 84.41II 303.32 351.06 82.38 95.35III 213.84 225.00 47.10 49.56
Total 5039.86 2111.30
Max. demand in one 10-daily 569.09 658.67 259.23 300.03
* Rfer Tables 8.55 (d)** Refer Table 8.56 (f)
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72WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-VIII
Table- 8.43Monthly Water Demand for Burhi Gandak - Bagmati &
Mahananda Basins
Month
Burhi Gandak - Bagmati Mahananda
CCA= 5.24 lac ha CCA = 2.48 lac haIrri. Int. = 208 % Irri. Int.= 198 %
MCM Cumec* MCM Cumec*
Jun 68.33 26.36 21.57 8.32
Jul 1037.01 387.18 435.82 162.72
Aug 275.00 102.67 143.27 53.49
Sep 245.84 94.84 111.96 43.19
Oct 349.34 130.43 131.62 49.14
Nov 267.63 103.25 141.10 54.44
Dec 456.38 170.39 237.18 88.55
Jan 415.63 155.18 213.61 79.75
Feb 319.97 132.26 168.34 69.58
Mar 235.51 87.93 86.26 32.21
Apr 617.39 238.19 218.15 84.16
May 751.84 280.70 202.42 75.57
Total 5039.86 - 2111.30 -* The monthly demand has been worked out as the weighted average of each10-daily demand
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1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
CHAPTER-IXBROAD SOIL RESOURCE MAPPING
9.1 GENERAL
Soil is the most vital natural non-renewable resource whose proper use greatly
determines the capability of life support system and the socio-economic development of
a region. It is a three dimensional body occupying the upper most part of the earth’s
crust and having properties different from the underlying rock material as a result of
interactions between climate, living organisms, parent material and relief, and which is
distinguished from other ‘soils’ in terms of differences in internal characteristics and/or
external features ( slope complexity , stoniness, etc.).
Land is geographically a broader entity which can be defined as a tract of land
occupying a specific area of the earth’s surface. Its characteristics embrace all
reasonably stable or predictably cyclic attributes of the biosphere vertically above and
below the specific area.
Soil is of special importance for land classification. For mapping purposes, it is among
the most stable attributes of land and yet flexible in its response to man’s interference
and offering the possibility of improvement.
Soil studies are exceedingly important for providing comprehensive information about
soil types of the command area. The broad general objectives of soil studies are both of
defining the soil types of command area and to classify the soils for various classes of
land irrigability. In brief, the study of soil in the command area would be required for
addressing the following issues:
To ensure selection of soils for irrigation that are productive
To determine irrigation needs of specific soil types
To determine drainage needs of specific soil types
To determine fertility status of command area
To determine problematic soils and their reclamation needs
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2WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
To determine overall land leveling needs
To help in determining land suitability for various crops
Periodic supply of irrigation water usually results into changes in the physical,
chemical, hydrodynamic and distribution of soluble salts in soil profile. FAO strongly
recommends that systematic soil studies shall be carried out to distinguish and
charactarize the soils in terms of various parameters which should form an integral part
of an irrigation project.
For sustainable irrigated agriculture, soil studies are of paramount importance
particularly with respect to crop suitability, irrigation scheduling, drainage requirement
and nutrient availability to plants. The physical properties of soils such as texture and
structure help in determining tillage requirement. Hydraulic properties such as field
capacity, wilting point, available water holding capacity, infiltration, percolation and
hydraulic conductivity are extremely important for preparation of irrigation schedules
for various crops under varying agro-climatic conditions. The chemical properties such
as available N,P and K broadly decide the fertility status of the command area and are
useful for determining fertilizer requirements. Other chemical properties such as pH,
EC, cations and anions are useful in determining the salinity, alkalinity and soil reaction
problems in the command area.
Optimum crop growth requires careful management of soil with respect to water and
nutrient availability and salt balance. In order to generate basic data required for land
suitability for irrigated agriculture, field soil studies are very essential. While the field
soil studies i.e. semi-detailed soil survey is proposed to be carried out at the micro level
planning limited to 10% of the CCA, the information regarding soil classification and
land use mapping (on 1:2,50,000 scale) as obtained from National Bureau of Soil
Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) is being used at the macro level
planning, under the Terms of Reference of the project.
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3WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
9.2 SOIL RESOURCE MAPPING
The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP), Regional
Centre, Calcutta, in cooperation with the Soil Survey and Land Use Planning Centre,
Rajendra Agricultrual University, Bihar have carried out the soil resource mapping of
Bihar state on 1:2,50,000 scale using 3-tier approach that is image interpretation, field
surveys and laboratory analysis, in order to generate soil map and database which may
help in rationalising land use on sustainable basis:
The major objectives of the study were:
To prepare soil resource map of the state which can provide basic informationon soils, physiography and climatic conditions, for developing perspective landuse plan.
To delineate the problematic/ degraded soils for their amelioration.
To generate different thematic maps.
To promote agricultural research so that soil based research findings can betransferred to other areas having comparable climate and soil- site conditions.
To generate database for storage and retrieval as and when desired for futureinterpretation.
To monitor the soil health for sustained agricultural productivity.
The entire State of Bihar for soil resource mapping on 1:2,50,000 scale has been
covered in 26 sheets. These sheets have been printed on 1:5,00,000 scale in four sheets
without any kind of generalisation. Out of which, our project area from Burhi Gandak
river to Mechi/ Mahananda rier is covered by two sheets which have been merged
together to show the entire project area at a glance and the same is given at Plate 9.1.
9.2.1 Methodology for Soil Resource Mapping
The methodology and techniques adopted for soil resource mapping using the latest
technology with a 3-tier approach are described as follows:
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4WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
i) Image Interpretation
The LANDSAT imagery on 1:250,000 scale were interpreted after developing a
detailed legend for generating a landform analysis map of the area. The physiographic
delineations were then transferred on the Survey of India topographical sheet
(1:250,000 scale). This formed the base map for undertaking field surveys.
ii) Field Survey (Ground Truth Checking)
During traversing and field reviews, three kinds of observations were taken.
(a) Strip observations
Eight to ten sample strips each covering an area of 5000 ha were marked on each
topobase and numbered as S1, S2……S8. These cover majority of the landform units in
the topobase. From each strip about 25 to 30 profile observations were taken upto a
depth of 150 cm. These strip observations of about 240 to 300 in topobase help to
develop soil-physiographic relationship. Horizonwise soil samples were collected from
the master profiles for laboratory analysis.
(b) Grid observations
Grids at 10 km interval were marked on each topobase and were numbered as
G1,G2,G3,...G121. The profile observations were taken at each grid point upto a depth
of 100 cm. These observations were used for digitizing the whole database and for
generating the thematic maps.
(c) Random observations
It consists of minipits, auger bores and profiles in landform units which are not
represented either by strip or grid observation. They help to confirm the soil
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5WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
physiographic relationship. In total, about 350 observations were taken on each
topographical sheet of 1:250,000 scale covering an area of about one million ha. The
collected soil samples were analysed for various physical and chemical properties, such
as pH, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, etc. Wherever needed, cation exchange
capacity and base saturation were determined.
iii) The Soil Map
Based on landform analysis, field surveys, laboratory analysis and field reviews, the soil
resource map of the state was prepared on 1: 250,000 scale and printed on 1: 500,000
scale without any kind of generalisation. Soil Family association with dominant phases
formed the mapping unit.
The map units have been assembled in a 3-tier approach. The Upper tier shows
important properties diagnostic of the dominant soil and its phases. It includes order,
suborder, great group, subgroup, soil depth, particle size class of family control section,
texture of surface soil, slope, erosion class and other phases of the dominant soil family,
such as salinity, flood hazards etc. The middle tier give landform attributes and the
lower tier gives the mapping unit (polygon).
9.2.2 Description of Soil Resource
i) General
For sustained utilisation of the soil resource, it is imperative to know the nature,
characteristics and extent of distribution of different soils, their qualities, productive
capacity and suitability for alternative land uses. Further, in order to assess the potential
and problems of different soils and to develop rational land use for optimising
agricultural production, consistent and comparable information about soils is needed
which is possible only through soil resource mapping (SRM).
The state of Bihar is endowed with a wide range of macro and microclimates,
physiography/landforms, geology and vegetation which have influence on the genesis of
soils. The soil resource mapping was carried out following climatic, physiographic and
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6WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
geologic studies of the terrain using latest approach as described.
ii) Soil – Landform Relationship
The relationship between the soils and landform was established. The generalised and
dominant characteristics of the soils are briefly described as given below.
iii) Soils of Eastern Himalayas
The area in the north-western corner of Bihar is a part of the well known extensive
Siwalik Range of Himalayan foot-hills. It consists of relatively young, sedimentary
rocks of Late Tertiary times (sandstones & pebbles). It experiences tropical humid type
of climate. Major portion of the area is under moist deciduous type of forest vegetation,
scrubs and grasses. The major constraints of the area are steep slopes, shallow soil
depth, severe erosion and coarse texture.
The dominant soils occurring on gently sloping hills and side slopes have deep, well
drained, loamy soils with low available water capacity (AWC). They are slightly acidic
in reaction and moderately eroded. The moderate to steeply sloping hills are dominantly
occupied with rock outcrops.
iv) Soils of Indo-Gangetic Plain
The Indo Gangetic alluvial plain covers about 45% of the state territory. It extends north
and south of river Ganga and is roughly delineated in the south by the contour line of
150 m above mean sea level. The plains in the north of river Ganga is monotonously
flat and the only diversities are due to action of rivers viz. Ghagra, Gandak, Burhi
Gandak, Kamala, Balan, Adhwara, Kosi and Mahananda while in the south, it is mainly
developed over the alluvium deposited by Sone, Punpun, Paimar, Phalgu, Chandan
rivers. The climate varies from hot moist subhumid to hot moist humid. Major portion
of the area is cultivated with rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane and arhar.
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The major constraints of the area are imperfect to poor drainage, moderate to severe
flooding, coarse texture and low available water capacity (AWC). The problem of slight
soil salinity and sodicity has been observed in patches.
A brief description of soils for the identified landscapes is presented as follows:
(a) Soils of Piedmont Plains
The piedmont plains are mainly located in West Champaran district of Bihar. The
dominant soils occurring on very gently sloping piedmont plains are generally very
deep, moderately well to well drained, fine-loamy to coarse-loamy in texture. They are
neutral to slightly alkaline. Some are calcareous. They are slightly to moderately
eroded. These soils have udic moisture and hyperthermic soil temperature regime. They
are generally associated with very deep, well drained, sandy soils.
(b) Soils of Active Alluvial Plains
Active alluvial plains are land mass adjoining the rivers and streams which get
frequently inundated during rainy season. The dominant soils occurring on this
landscape are very deep, well to moderately well drained, fine-loamy to coarse-loamy in
texture. They are neutral to slightly alkaline and generally calcareous. They have
medium to high AWC and are slightly to moderately eroded and subject to moderate
flooding. They are generally associated with very deep, well drained, sandy soils having
low to very low AWC.
(c) Soils of Recent Alluvial Plains
It covers the districts of East Champaran, Sitamarhi, Muzaffarpur, Gopalganj, Siwan,
Saran, Dharbhanga, Samastipur, Vaishali, Madhubani, Patna,Nalanda, Nawada and
Katihar. The soils occurring on this landform have wide variations especially in
drainage and texture. Dominantly, the soils are very deep, imperfectly to poorly drained,
fine loamy to fine in texture. They are neutral to slightly alkaline.
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(d) Soils of Old Alluvial plain
Old alluvial plains are mainly located in the districts of Rohtas, Bhojpur, Jahanabad and
Bhagalpur. Soils occurring on this landscape show appreciable profile development
with A-B-C horizon. Soils are very deep, imperfectly to poorly drained, fine-loamy to
fine in texture. They are slightly eroded. They are generally slightly acidic to neutral in
reaction. However, at places they are slightly alkaline and have slight to moderate
salinity/sodicity. Some are subject to flooding during rainy season.
(e) Soils of Allivial Cone (Kosi River)
This landscape is mainly observed in the districts of Saharsa, Madhepura and Western
part of Purnea. The dominant soils occurring in this landscape are very deep,
imperfectly to moderately well drained, loamy to sandy in texture and are subject to
moderate to severe flooding. They are slightly eroded and have neutral to slightly
alkaline soil reaction.
The generalised soil charateristics of Indo-Gangetic Plain are given in Table-9.1.
Table 9.1Generalised soil scape charactaristics of Indo-Gangetic Plain
Dominant soilcharacteristics
Land use Constraints
Piedmont plains
Very gently sloping, very deepmoderately well to well drained,neutral to slightly alkaline,fine loamy to sandy, low to medium AWC
Paddy, Wheat,Sugarcane
Moderate erosion Coarse texture Low to medium CEC Low to medium AWC
Active alluvial plains
Very gently sloping, very deep,well to moderately well drained,neutral to slightly alkaline, calcareous,loamy to sandy, low to medium AWC
Paddy, Wheat,Mustard, ArharVegetables
Coarse texture Moderate erosion Moderate flooding Low CEC and AWC
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9WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dominant soilcharacteristics
Land use Constraints
Recent alluvial plains
Very gently sloping, very deep,Imperfectly to poorly drained, fine-loamy/clayey, neutral to slightly alkaline,medium to high AWC
Paddy, Wheat,Khesari, GramMillets
Moderate to severeflooding
Poor drainage
Old alluvial plains
Very gently sloping, very deep,imperfectly to poorly drained, fine-loamy/clayey, slightly acidic to slightly alkaline,medium to high AWC
Paddy, Maize,Wheat,Sugarcane
Moderate to severeflooding
Imperfect drainage Slight to moderate
salinityAlluvial cone
Very gently sloping, very deep,imperfectly to moderately well drained,coarse-loamy/sandy, neutral to slightlyalkaline, low to medium AWC
Paddy, Wheat,Maize, PeaMustard,Linseed,Arhar,Vegetables
Moderate to severeflooding
Imperfect drainage Coarse texture Low AWC Low to medium AWC
9.2.3 Soil Survey Interpretation for Optimising Land Use
The soil resource maps provide the basic information on physiography, soils - their
characteristics and classification.
i) Soil depth
Soil depth is an important parameter which determines the availability of nutrients and
water for growth and development of crops. In view of large number of possible
combinations, some generalisation in respect of soil depth classes have been made.
Accordingly, six depth classes have been identified. The extent of area under different
classes has been given in Table 9.2 and their spatial distribution has been shown in
Fig. 9.1.
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10WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Table 9.2Soil depth classes
The data show that deep to very deep soils cover 81.2% of the total geographical area,
followed by moderately deep to slightly deep and shallow to very shallow soils
occupying 9.1 and 7.0 percent area, respectively. Shallow to very shallow soils mostly
observed on the moderately to steeply sloping hills require utmost care from soil
conservation point of view.
ii) Surface soil texture
Soil texture indicates the relative proportion of primary particles, such as sand, silt and
clay. It is a permanent physical characteristic. The textural class guides to understand
soil water retention and availability, workability of soil, infiltration and drainage
conditions, crop suitability, etc. Three textural groups used are clayey, loamy and
sandy. The extent of area under different groups has been given in Table 9.3 and their
spatial distribution has been shown in Fig 9.2.
Table 9.3Soil textural classes
Class Area (%)
Very shallow (0-25 cm)
Shallow (25-50 cm)
Slightly deep (50-75 cm)
Mod. deep (75-100 cm)
Deep (100-150 cm)
Very deep (150 cm)
Miscellaneous
0.6
6.4
0.2
8.9
31.5
49.7
2.7
Total 100
Class Area (%)SandyLoamyClayeyOther Miscellaneous including rockoutcrops
4.671.820.82.8
Total 100
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11WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
The data reveal that 71.8 per cent of the total geographical area have loamy surface
texture and 20.8 percent area has clayey surface texture. The coarse textured soils
(sandy surface texture), mainly encountered in Katihar and Purnea districts cover nearly
4.6 per cent of the geographical area. The supply of water to plants is greater in soils of
moderately fine texture than in those of coarse texture. Under similar condition, the
availability of soil nitrogen to plants usually increases as the texture becomes finer.
iii) Soil erosion
Soil erosion refers to wearing away of the earth's surface by the forces resulting due to
wind, water and ice. Erosion is the prime process responsible for the variation in
topography as it erodes elevated surfaces and simultaneously constructs the alluvial
plains in the valleys. Soil erosion is aggravated due to human intervention through
indiscriminate cutting of trees, mining, overgrazing etc., thus affecting natural
ecosystem.
Based on field studies, the soils of the state have been grouped under three erosion
classes. The extent of area under different erosion classes is given in Table 9.4 and their
spatial distribution has been shown in Fig. 9.3.
Table 9.4Soil erosion classes
Class Area (%)
Slight
Moderate
Severe / Very servere
Other Misc. includingrock outcrops
52.0
36.2
9.0
2.8
Total 100
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12WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
The data reveal that 9.0 per cent of the total geographical area of the state is affected by
severe soil erosion. Such areas need immediate attention for soil conservation measures
like bunding, contour farming, gully plugging, farm forestry, water harvesting, etc.
iv) Drainage
Drainage affects the soil-air-water relationship in soils and suggests the availability of
oxygen in mapped soils for root ramification. These data can be interpreted for
determining the suitability of mapped soils for different crops and hence for crop
planning. In areas subject to flooding or having drainage problems, a precise knowledge
about the drainage condition will be very useful for both crop planning as well as non-
agricultural uses of soils. Six drainage classes have been used. The extent of area under
different drainage classes has been given in Table 9.5 and their spatial distribution has
been shown in Fig. 9.4
Table 9.5Soil drainage classes
The data reveal that majority of soils are moderately well to well drained which
suggests less limitations for agricultural production. Nearly 43.9 per cent of the TGA
are under poor and imperfect drainage which are well suited to semi aquatic crops like
paddy and jute.
v) Calcareousness
Calcareousness influences the pH as well as the availability of macro and micro
nutrients in the soil for the growth of plants. The physical conditions of soils are also
greatly influenced by the quantity and the size of lime concretions present in the soil.
Class Area (%)Some-what excessiveWell drainedMod. well drainedImperfect by drainedVery poor / poor drainageMiscellaneous
3.624.225.623.520.42.7
Total 100
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Calcareous soils in the state are mostly observed in the districts Gopalganj, Chhapra,
Siwan, Vaishali, Muzaffarpur and part of Champaran, Samastipur, Begusarai and
Khagaria. It covers approximately 4.5 per cent of the total geographical area as shown
in Fig. 9.5.
vi) Soil salinity / sodicity
The information on the degree and extent of salt affected soils and the depth of its
occurrence is basic for ameliorating such degraded soils. In Bihar State, patches of
saline/sodic soils are mostly observed in the districts of Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Saharsa,
Madhepura, Purnea, East Champaran, Patna, Siwan, Saran, Gopalgang, Bhojpur and
Rohtas.
The extent of area under different salinity/ sodicity classes has been given in Table 9.6
and Fig. 9.6. The area affected by slight salinity/ sodicity problem accounts for 1.2 per
cent of the total geographical area whereas the moderately affected area accounts for
only 0.1 per cent. This indicates that the soils can be put under different land uses with
careful management.
Table-9.6Soil salinity / sodicity classes
Class Area (%)Nil 96.0Slight 1.2Moderate 0.1Miscelleneous 2.7
Total 100
vii) Particle Size Distribution
Particle size classes of soils is considered important since it indicates the drainage
condition, water holding capacity and nutrient storage capacity of soils. The study
indicates that Bihar soils are characterised by fine silty and fine texured soils (Table
9.7). A thematic on particle size classes of soils of Bihar is shown in Fig. 9.7.
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
14WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Table 9.7Particle size classes of soils
viii) Soil reaction (pH)
Soil reaction (pH) indicates the level of acidity and/or alkalinity which, in other words,
influences soil environment. This soil environment indirectly governs the availability of
different plant nutrients. It has been found that soils having neutral pH (6.5-7.5) are
ideal for crop growth in terms of available plant nutrients.
The study indicates that Bihar soils are mostly acidic followed by slightly alkaline soils
and neutral soils (Table 9.8). Fig. 9.8 also indicates that the soils in the northern Bihar
are mostly slightly alkaline and the southern part of the state is dominated by soils
which are slightly acidic.
Table - 9.8Soil reaction (pH) classes
Class Area (%)
Loamy skeletalSandyLoamyCoarse loamyFine loamyFine siltyFineVery fineSettelementsWater bodies
9.174.414.417.32
38.901.35
31.231.290.281.64
Total 100
Class Area (%)
Moderatly acidic (4.5-5.5)Slightly acidic (5.5-6.5)Neutral (6.5-7.6)Slightly alkaline (7.5-8.5)Moderately alkaline (7.5-8.5)SettelementsWater bodies
5.9146.4219.9324.521.290.281.64
Total 100
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15WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
ix) Slope
Slope determines the degree of run off in a given landscape which indirectly governs
the soil erosion. Slope, on the contrary is determined by position of the landscape. Basic
information on slopes helps the planners to decide the appropriate soil conservation
measures for controlling soil degradation.
The study indicates that about 94% total area of Bihar is characterised by level to gently
slcping soils as is evident in Table 9.9 and Fig. 9.9.
Table 9.9Slope classes
Class Area (%)
Level to nearly level(0-1%)
Very gently sloping(1-3%)
Gently sloping (3-8%)
Moderately sloping (15-30%)
Moderately steep sloping (15030%)
Steeply sloping (30-50%)
Settelements
Water bodies
19.01
43.33
31.24
4.02
0.44
0.05
0.28
1.64
Total 100
x) Parent Material
Parent material determines the probable source of soil mass deposited and/or formed on
a landscape. Parent material of soils is again governed by the geology of the area. Parent
material determines the characteristics of soils in terms of their physical, chemical and
mineralogical properties.
The study indicates that large part of northern and central portion of the state is
characterised by alluvial parent material. Major portion of the southern Bihar is covered
by granitegniessic parent material as given in Table 9.10 and depicted in Fig 9.10.
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
16WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Table 9.10Parent material classes
9.2.4 Dominant Soil Characteristics in Project Command
The project command area for irrigation planning in North Bihar under Sapta Kosi High
Dam comprises the following.
i) Burhi Gandak - Bagmati Basin
- Burhi Gandak Basin (Part)
- Bagmati Basin (Full)
ii) Mahananda Basin (Part)
- Western fringe of Mahananda upto Mechi River
As per soil resource mapping carried out by NBSS & LUP for optimising land use in
the above command areas, following mapping units have been identified covering Burhi
Gandak, Bagmati and Mahananda basins.
Basin Mapping Unit
Burhi Gandak - 42, 35
Bagmati - 12, 19, 20, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 42
Mahananda - 19, 21, 36, 38, 39, 41
The charactaristics of dominanat soils for the above mapping units are elaborated in
Table 9.11.
Class Area (%)
Alluviam
Granite – Gneiss
Gneiss – Schist
Sandstone
Basalt
Settelement
Water bodies
46.99
32.62
14.20
2.54
1.71
0.28
1.64
Total 100
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Table 9.11Characteristics of dominant soils
Mappingunit
Description Soiltaxonomy
Soils of Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plain
12 Very deep, moderately well drained, fine-loamy soils onvery gently sloping plain with loamy surface texture andslight erosion; associated with:
Very deep, moderately well drained, fine-loamy soils onnearly level land with loamy surface texture and slighterosion.
Fine-loamy
Soils of Recent Alluvial Plain19 Very deep, well drained, coarse-loamy soils on very gently
sloping plain with loamy surface texture, moderate erosionand severe flooding; associated with:
Very deep, moderately well drained, fine-loamy soils withloamy surface texture, slight erosion and severe flooding.
Coarse –loamy,
to
Fine-loamy
20 Very deep, poorly drained, fine soils on level to nearlylevel plain with clayey surface texture and very slighterosion associated with:
Very deep, poorly drained, very fine cracking soils withclayey surface texture and slight erosion.
Fine
to
very fine
21 Very deep, moderately well drained, fine-loamy soils onvery gently sloping plain with loamy surface texture, slighterosion and moderately flooding; associated with:
Very deep, well drained, sandy soils with sandy surfacetexture, slight erosion and moderately flooding.
Fine-loamy
33 Very deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine-loamysoils on very gently sloping plain with loamy surfacetexture, slight erosion, moderate flooding and slightsodicity; associated with:
Very deep, well drained, fine-loamy soils with loamysurface texture, slight erosion moderate flooding and slightsodicity.
Fine loamy
34 Very deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine-siltysoils on very gently sloping plain with loamy surfacetexture, slight erosion, severe flooding and slight sodicity;
Fine-silty
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Mappingunit
Description Soiltaxonomy
associated with:
Deep, imperfectly drained, fine-loamy soils with loamysurface texture, slight erosion and slight sodicity.
35 Very deep, poorly drained, calcareous fine-loamy soils onlevel to nearly plain with loamy surface texture, slighterosion, severe flooding; associated with:
Deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous fine-loamy soils withloamy surface texture and slight erosion.
Fine-loamy
36 Very deep, moderately well drained, coarse-loamy soils onvery gently sloping plain with loamy surface texture andslight erosion; associated with:
Very deep, imperfectly drained, fine-loamy soils withloamy surface texture and slight erosion.
Coarse-loamy
to
Fine-loamy
38 Very deep, well drained, calcareous fine-loamy soils onvery gently sloping plain with loamy surface texture, slighterosion, severe flooding and slight salinity/ sodicity;associated with:
Very deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous fine-loamy soilswith loamy surface texture, slight erosion, severe floodingand slight salinity / sodicity.
Fine-loamy
39 Very deep, moderately well drained, fine-loamy soils onvery gently sloping plain with loamy surface texture, slighterosion and severe flooding; associated with:
Very deep, imperfectly drained, fine-silty soils with slighterosion and severe flooding.
Fine-loamy
41 Very deep, moderately well drained, coarse-loamy soils onvery gently sloping land with loamy surface texture andslight erosion; associated with:
Very deep, moderately well drained, coarse-loamy soilswith loamy surface texture and slight erosion.
Coarse-loamy
42 Very deep, poorly drained, calcareous fine-loamy soils onlevel to nearly plain with loamy surface texture, slighterosion, severe flooding and slight salinity; associatedwith:
Very deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous coarse-loamysoils on very gently sloping land with loamy surfacetexture, slight salinity.
Fine-loamy
to
Coarse-loamy
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It would be noted from the above Table that:
Burhi Gandak: The soils in Burhi Gandak command belong to Recent Alluvial
plain which are ranging from coarse – loamy to fine loamy. They
are very deep, poorly drained with loamy texture on the surface.
They are predominantly calcareous in nature. They are very
gently sloping.
Bagmati: The soils in Bagmati command generally belong to Recent
Alluvial Plain with presence of soils of Indo-Gangetic Alluvial
Plain at some places.
The texture of the soils ranges from coarse-loamy to fine-loamy
with intrusion of fine-silty soil at few places. However, the
predominant texture is fine-loamy.
They are very deep, well drained to moderately well drained with
loamy texture on the surface. They are very gently sloping.
Mahananda: The soils in Mahananda Command (West of Mechi River)
belong to Recent Alluvial Plain.
The texture of the soils ranges from coarse-loamy to fine-loamy.
However, the predominant texture is coarse-loamy only.
They are very deep, well drained to moderately well drained with
loamy texture on the surface. They are very gently sloping.
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20WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
9.3 BROAD SOIL AND LAND CHARACTERIZATION OF PROJECT COMMAND
9.3.1 Introduction
During macro-planning stage, the overall development planning with respect to
irrigation, agriculture and drainage is to be carried out in order to improve the socio-
economic conditions of the command area people. This is to be based on broad
assessment of soil characteristics so as to efficiently use the soil resource of the project
area.
The project area is a part of the Indo-Gangetic plain/ lying in the north part of the river
Ganga which is the master line of drainage. The rivers coming from the Himalayas viz.
Burhi Gandak, Kamla, Balan, Adhwara, Kosi and Mahananda discharge their water into
the Ganga river. The soils are formed of alluvium of both older and recent formations,
which have been brought by these rivers. In general, the older alluvium occupies higher
grounds whereas the recent alluvium occupier the flood plains of the various rivers. The
alluvial plain is monotonously flat with only diversities caused due to the action of the
rivers, forming raised riverside uplands known as levees and depressions called
‘Chaurs’ quite away from the river banks.
The soil resource is the basis of agriculture which is particularly important for this
region as the economy is largely dependent on agriculture., and that too primarily a food
crop economy. Crop productively is low because of lack of assured source of water
availability as also because of adoption of traditional methods of cultivation since
majority of farmers are small and marginal farmers who are resource poor having little
or limited access to production inputs, technologies and services. Most importantly,
flood is the annual feature and there is hardly a portion which is not ravaged by flood.
The agro-climatic conditions prevailing in the project area favour the cultivation of
different crops viz. cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fiber crops, vegetables, fruits, etc.
However, the basic system of cropping pattern is cereal based, and rice, maize and
wheat are the dominant crops as they form the staple food for the population.
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9.3.2 Methodology
The soil survey is required to be carried out at variant intensity levels of survey. The
decision on the required intensity and method of survey is made keeping in view the
purpose that is required to be served. In the present context, since the purpose is to
outline the suitable land areas for irrigation and establish broad distinguishing criteria
for crop productivity potential as well as for production system management, the low
intensity survey has been considered to be a satisfying option to meet the stipulated
purpose. Keeping this requirement in focus, the soil survey was undertaken at non-grid
criss- cross reconnaissance level. Basically, it is a free survey method which is an
efficient and economic method of ground survey since observations are sited where they
are likely to be most informative.
The geographical setting for soil survey was planned to accord with the patches selected
for semi-detailed soil survey. The survey areas for ground ruth verification largely
encompassed the district administrative units of Sitamarhi, Darbhanga and Samastipur
which form a part of the North West Alluvial Plan Zone, and the district of Kishanganj
which forms a part of the North East Alluvial Plain Zone.
The soil survey was carried out based on land form analysis, field surveys, laboratory
analysis, available soil clasification maps on 1:250000 scale, prepared by National
Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use and experts’ reviews. The soils have been
examined in auger bores and existing dug out pits. The collected soil samples were
examined in the field survey for soil depth and depthwise colour, texture, structure,
consistency and calcareousness. Parts of the collected soil samples were analyzed in the
laboratory for chemical properties such as pH in 1:2.5 soil- water suspension and EC
(dS/m) in 1:2.5 soil- water suspension, as well as soil organic carbon (%).
The soils have been described with respect to location, physiography, topography (land
slope), erosion, relief, drainage, permeability, surface flooding, present land use and
physico- chemical characteristics as observed during field survey and those analysed in
the laboratory. Based on the description of the individual soils, interpretive grouping of
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individual soils has been carried out in terms of soil type (texture), available water
holding capacity (AWHC) – and level of limitation to crop production coupled with
identification of land capability sub-class, irrigability sub-class, productivity potential
and land use suitability.
9.3.2.1 Criteria for Land Capability Classification
For identification of land capability sub-class the criteria used are as per Soil Survey
Manual, All India Soil and Land use Survey Organisation, I.A.R.I, New Delhi. The
criteria for land capability classification are given below:
Land Capability Class Subclass(Dominant kindof land)
Suitable for (onlythe most intensive
safe use ismentioned)
Special needs orprecautions
I. Very good cultivableland
Deep, nearly levelproductive valley land
Intensive cultivationto all climaticallyadapted crops
No specialdifficulty infarming. usualgood farmingpractices tomaintain soilfertility andconserve water
II. Good cultivable land II e - Good soil on gentleslopes subject to watererosion or wind erosionon sandy soils
Cultivation withprecaution
Protection fromerosion, useconservationirrigation methods
II w - Good soil, slightlywet or subject to overflow
Cultivation withmanagement ofexcess water andselection of cropsadapted to wetconditions
Drainageimprovement orflood protection.
IIs- Soil with minor soilproblems such as clay orsandy texture, moderatedepth, or slight alkali
Cultivation withselection of cropsadapted to soillimitations
Treatment tooffset soillimitations and toconserve irrigationwater
III. Moderately goodcultivable land
IIIe- Good soil onmoderate slopes subject towater erosion, or sandysoil subject to winderosion
Cultivation withprecautions againstpermanent landdamage
Special attentionto crosion controland conservationirrigation
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Land Capability Class Subclass(Dominant kindof land)
Suitable for (onlythe most intensive
safe use ismentioned)
Special needs orprecautions
IIIw- Good soil,moderately wet or subjectto over flow.
Cultivation withcareful managementof excess water andselection of cropsadapted to wetconditions.
Intensive drainage,improvement orprotection fromflooding.
IIIs- Soil with moderateproblems due to moderatedepth, gravels, or alkali
Cultivation withcareful selection ofcrops adapted tosoil limitations
Intensivetreatment to offsetor overcome soillimitations andconserve irrigationwater
IV. Fairly good land.suited foroccasional orlimited cultivation
IVe- Moderately steepland subject to seriouswater erosion, or sandysoils subject to winderosion
Occasionalcultivation inrotation with hay orpasture, or orchardsprotected bypermanent covercrops
Intensive erosioncontrol when incultivation
IVw- Bottom land that isvery wet or subject tosevere overflow.
Cultivation tospecial summercrops, hazard ofcrop failure isalways present.
Intensive drainage,special attention toseeding andharvest dates tominimize cropfailure on overflow land
IVs- Fairly good land withlimitations due toshallowness, gravel, stone,or strong alkali
Occasionalcultivation inrotation with hay orpasture.
Very intensivetreatment toovercome soillimitations. carefulselection of crops
IVc- Good soil with justenough rainfall or crops infavourable years
Cultivation duringwet years, frequentcrop failure. Betterin permanentvegetation
Conserve allrainfall- developwater forirrigation orconvert to pastureor grazing use.
V. Very well suited forgrazing, not arable,
Vw- Good productivemountain meadows thatare wet and have shortgrowing season
Grazing andproduction of wildhay
Proper season ofuse and rate ofstocking; protectfrom gullying.
VI. Well suited forgrazing or forestry,not arable
VI e - Steep land subjectto erosion if cover isdepleted
Grazing or forestryor both
Manage grazingand logging tomaintain sufficientresidue and litteron the soil for soiland moisture
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Land Capability Class Subclass(Dominant kindof land)
Suitable for (onlythe most intensive
safe use ismentioned)
Special needs orprecautions
conservation fireprotection
VIw- Flat land,occasionally with salts,permanently wet orsubject to overflow
Grazing Manage grazing toprevent soilpuddling, and tofavour desirableforage plants
VIs- Flat to gently slopingshallow, stony, gravelly,or alkali land
Grazing or forestryor both
Good rang andforestrymanagementpractices. Fireprotection
VIc- Good or fairly goodsoil not enough moisturefor cultivation.
Grazing primarily,some forestry.Could be cultivatedif water wereavailable
Good range andforestrymanagementpractices. Fireprotection
VII. Fairly well suitedfor grazing or forestry,not arable
VII e – Very steep landsubject to erosion if coveris depleted
Grazing or forestryor both
Carefully managegrazing andlogging tomaintain enoughplant litter for soiland moistureconservation, fineprotection
VIIs – Very shallow,stony, or strong alkali land
Grazing or forestryor both
Good range andforestrymanagement, fireprotection
VII e – Fairly good soil,not enough moisture forcultivation
Grazing or forestryor both cultivation
Good range andforestrymanagement, fireprotection
VIIw – Flat, permanentlywet or overflow and alongstreams, tidal marsh areas
Limited grazing Range grazing tofavour desirable
VIII. Suited only forwild life, recreation andprotection of watersupplies
VIIIc - Highly erodible-gullies, bad lands, andsand dunes
Watershed and wildlife.
Maintainmaximum coverfor erosion control
VIIIw - Tidal land, streamchannels and swamps
Wild life,recreation, andwater spreading
Improve for wildlife and recreation
VIII s - Barren mountain Recreation and Improve for wild
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25WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Land Capability Class Subclass(Dominant kindof land)
Suitable for (onlythe most intensive
safe use ismentioned)
Special needs orprecautions
tops, little or no soil watershed life and recreation
9.3.2.2 Criteria for Land Irrigability Classification
For identification of land irrigability sub-class following standard criteria has been
used.
Class 1: Lands that have few limitations for sustained use under irrigation.
Lands of this class are capable of producing sustained and relatively high yields of a
wide range of climatically adapted crops at reasonable cost. There are few or no
limitations of soil, topography or drainage. The soils in this class are nearly level, have
deep rooting zones, have fanourable permeability, texture and available moisture
holding capacity, and are easily maintained in good tilth. Lands with unfanourable soil
or topography are not included in this class, nor are lands where drainage or salinity
problems are predicted after introduction of irrigation due to unfavourable water
quality, sub-strata conditions, or lack of outfalls.
Class 2: Land that have moderate limitations for sustained use under irrigation
Land of this class have moderate limitations of either soil, topography, or drainage
when used for irrigation. Limitations may include singly or in combination the effects
of (i) very gentle slopes, (ii) less than ideal soil depth, texture, (iii) moderate salinity or
alkali when in equilibrium with the irrigation water, and somewhat unfavourable
topography or drainage conditions.
Class 3: Lands that have severe limitations for sustained use under irrigation
Lands of this class have severe limitations of either soil, topography or drainage when
used for irrigation, limitations may include singly or in combination the effects of (i)
gentle slopes, (ii) unfavourable soil depth, texture permeability or other soil properties,
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(iii) moderately severe salinity or alkali when in equilibrium with the irrigation water,
and (iv) unfavourable topography or drainage conditions.
Class 4: Lands that are marginal for sustained use under irrigation because of verysevere limitations
Lands of this class have very severe limitations of either soils, topography or drainage
when used for irrigation. Limitations may include singly or in combination the effects
of (i) moderately steep slopes, (ii) very unfabourable soil depth, texture, permeability or
other soil properties, (iii) severe salinity or alkali when in equilibrium with the
irrigation water, and (iv) very unfavourable topography or drainage conditions.
Class 5: Land that are temporarily classed as not suitable for sustained use underirrigation pending further investigations
Lands of this class cannot be classified at the present level of investigations, and are
temporarily classed as not suitable for irrigaion. If these lands are to be given a final
classification, special investigations will be needed.
Class 6: lands not suitable for sustained use under irrigation
The lands of this class do not meet the minimum requirements for lands of other
classes, or are not susceptible to delivery of irrigation water.
Subclasses are groups of land irrigability units that have the same kinds of dominant
limitations for sustained use under irrigation. When lands are placed in any class lower
than I, the reasons should be indicated by appending the letters “s” “t” or “d” to class
number to show whether deficiency is in “soils”, “topography” or “drainage”. Lands
with more than one major deficiency may be indicated with the relevant letters after the
class, For example, if the land has both 2s and 2t deficiencies, this should be indicated
by the designation 2st.
9.3.3 Interaction with State Level Soil scientists
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A critical review of the soil survey outputs was carried out by holding interactive
sessions in the Department of Soil Science, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa
(Samastipur) with Professor & Head in the Chair and in participation with University
level soil scientists, particularly those involved in soil investigations in the North-
Eastern Indo- Gangetic plain Region of North Bihar. The review was capped up with
the participation of Director of Research of the University and former Principal of Bihar
Agricultural College, Sabour who are eminent soil scientists at the national level and
have worked extensively in the north-eastern Indo-Gangetic plain region.
9.3.4 Sample Ground Truth verification and findings
The findings of soil surveys are presented as per the geopraphical setting of the
command area surveyed which largely comprise the districts of Sitamarhi, Darbhanga,
Samastipur and Kishanganj.
The approach for soil studies has been land form analysis, field survey and laboratory
analysis. The basic data on soil depth, texture, structure, calcareousness, pH . EC and
organic carbon content have been provided. Appraising the soil-site conditions,
indicative observations have been made in respect of erosion, drainage and available
water holding capacity (AWHC). Taking an overall view of the above mentioned
properties and parameters, interpretative grouping of the soils has been made by way of
recognizing land capability sub-class, irrigability sub-class, productivity potential and
land use suitability. While these recognitions are empirical and qualitative, they are yet
reasonably useful as these are based on the Consultants extensive experience and
understanding of the project area coupled with intensive consultations with the
concerned top-level RAU Soil Scientists.
9.3.4.1 Sitamarhi District
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In course of traversing the command area for soil survey , the observations were sited
in the villages of Sahiara, Bishanpur, Dostia, Marpa, Mitiar, Kairwa, Barharwa, Ram
Nagra, Kishanpur, Sasoula, Narha, Ranjitpura, Dumri Kalan, Mahadeva, Riga,
Butakipur and Bulakipur. The information based on field observations and analytical
data is presented villagewise:
District : SitamarhiVillage : Sahiara
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain,gently sloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion,normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderatelyrapid permeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat/Lentil/KhesariSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Baluahi Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water )dS/m
Org.C
(%)0-15 Pale gray Sandy
loamMediummassive
Friable - 7.4 0.17 0.52
15-30 Pale gray Sandyloam
Mediummassive
Friable - 7.3 0.13 0.39
30-60 Pale olive Sandyloam
Medium sb Friable - 7.2 0.10 0.33
60-90 Pale olive Sandyloam
Medium sb Friable - 7.1 0.14 0.31
90-120 Lightyellowish
Loamysand
Loose Friable - 7.2 0.12 0.27
120-150 Lightyellowish
Loamysand
Loose Friable - 7.1 0.09 0.27
Interpretive grouping of soil
The soil is of sandy loam texture, having medium AWHC. Because of proneness to
surface flooding during rainy season, it has moderate level of limitation for crop
production.
Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 sd
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Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/mustard/vegetables
sb : sub-angular blockyAWHC : Available water holding capacityw : water related limitations : soil related limitationd : drainage related limitationdil.HCl : dilute hydrochloric acidDistrict : SitamarhiVillage : Bishanpur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion , normalrelief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderatelyrapid permeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat/Gram/Lentil
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Light
grayClayloam
sb Friable,Slightly sticky
- .6.1 0.16 0.53
15-30 Darkgrayishbrown
Sandyclayloam
sb Friable,Slightlysticky
- 6.5 0.12 0.37
30-60 Lightbrownish
gray
Sandyloam
sb Friable,Slightlysticky
- 6.2 0.08 0.38
60-90 Lightyellowish
gray
Sandyloam
sb Friable,Slightlysticky
- 6.2 0.05 0.27
90-120 Lightyellowish
brown
Loamysand
Mediumsb
Friable,Slightlysticky
- 6.3 0.08 0.26
120-150 Lightyellowish
brown
Sand Singlegrain
Loose, non--sticky
- 6.3 0.06 0.22
Interpretive grouping of soil
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The soil is of coarse loamy texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of surface
flooding during rainy season, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium & High Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/gram/lentil
District : SitamarhiVillage : Dostia
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, slighterosion , normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderatelyrapid permeability
Land use : Rice-/Gram/LentilSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mithi
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH (1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Light gray Clayloam
Massive Firm, sticky - 7.3 0.24 0.58
15-30 Light gray Clayloam
Massive Firm ,sticky - 6.7 0.21 0.41
30-60 Grayishbrown
Clayloam
Massive Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.19 0.31
60-90 Lightyellowish
Clayloam
Mediumsb
Firm, verysticky
- 6.9 0.22 0.19
90-120 Lightyellowish
Sandyclay
Mediumsb
Firm, verysticky
- 6.8 0.27 0.22
120-150
Yellowishbrown
Sandyclay
Mediumsb
Firm, verysticky
- 7.1 0.18 0.17
Interpretive grouping of soil
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The soil is of fine loamy texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of imperfect
drainage proneness to flooding during rainy season, it has moderate level of limitation
for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium to High Land use suitability : Rice-wheat/sugarcane/mustard/ vegetables
District : SitamarhiVillage : Marpa
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gentlysloping (1.3%), slight erosion , normal relief
Drainage : Slowly drained with low permeability
Land use : Rice-/wheat / mustard/ gram/ lentil/ sugarcane
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mithi
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Lightbrownish
gray
Clayloam
sb Friable andmoderately
sticky
- 7.3 0.24 0.58
15-30 Lightbrownish
gray
Clayloam
Mediumsb
Friable andmoderately
sticky
- 7.5 0.28 0.42
30-60 Light gray Clayloam
Massive Firm & sticky - 6.6 0.21 0.33
60-90 Light gray Silty clayloam
Massive Firm & sticky - 6.5 0.16 0.28
90-120 Gray Silty clayloam
Massive Firm & sticky - 6.8 0.13 0.19
120-150
Gray Silty clayloam
Massive Firm & sticky - 7.2 0.17 0.15
Interpretive grouping of soil
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
32WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
The soil is of clay loamy texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of proneness to
flooding during rainy season, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat//mustard/ sugarcane
District : SitamarhiVillage : Mitiar
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gently sloping( 1-3%), moderate erosion , normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately rapidpermeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat/mustard/ gram/ lentil/ sugarcane
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Lightbrownish
gray
Sandyclayloam
sb Friable,mediumsticky
- 6.7 0.27 0.52
15-30 Lightbrownish
gray
Clayloam
sb Friable,mediumsticky
- 6.9 0.20 0.47
30-60 Lightyellowishbrownish
Clayloam
sb Mediumsticky
- 7.2 0.18 0.23
60-90 Lightyellowishbrownish
Clay Massive Sticky - 7.1 0.21 0.22
90-120 Lightyellowishbrownish
Clay Massive Sticky - 6.8 0.17 0.17
120-150 Lightyellowishbrownish
Clay Massive Sticky - 6.8 0.17 0.15
Interpretive grouping of soil
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
33WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
The soil is of sandy clay loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because of
slow drainage and proneness to occasional flooding, it has modetate limitation for crop
production.
Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 sd Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-wheat/mustard/gram/ letin/ sugarcane
Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Kairwa
Physiography : Indo Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Imperfectly drained with very slow permeability
Land use : Rice -wheat, gram , lentil
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Kewal Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Gray Silty clayloam
Medium sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.37 0.53
15-30 Gray Silty clayloam
Medium sb Firm, sticky - 6.7 0.25 0.47
30-60 Gray Silty clayloam
Medium sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.20 0.42
60-90 Lightgrayish
Silty clayloam
sb Friable,sticky
- 6.8 0.21 0.31
90-120 Lightgrayish
Silty clayloam
sb Friable,sticky
- 7.2 0.08 0.27
120-150
Lightgrayish
Silty clayloam
sb Friable,sticky
- 7.2 0.08 0.23
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is fine of silty clay loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because of
imperfect drainage and proneness to flooding , it has severe limitation for crop
production.
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
34WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, gram, mustard, lentil, sugarcane
Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Barharwa
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, gentlysloping (1-3%) slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately slow drainage with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Rice -wheat, gram , lentil
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Olivebrown
Silty clayloam
sb Friable,sticky
- 6.9 0.31 0.58
15-30 Olivebrown
Silty clayloam
sb Friable,sticky
- 7.1 0.37 0.43
30-60 Lightyellowish
brown
Silty clayloam
sb Friable,sticky
- 7.3 0.32 0.28
60-90 Lightyellowish
brown
Silty clay Massive Firm sticky - 7.2 0.22 0.22
90-120 Lightyellowish
brown
Silty clay Massive Firm sticky - 7.4 0.23 0.19
120-150
Lightyellowish
brown
Silty clay Massive Firm sticky - 7.4 0.27 0.12
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
35WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is fine of silty clay loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because ofslow drainage and proneness to flooding , it has moderate to severe limitation forcrop production.
Land capability subclass : III w Irrigability subclass : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, mustard, lentil, sugarcane
Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Ramnagra
Physiography : Indo Gangetic recent alluvial nearly level ( 10-1%), very slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Slowly drained with slow permeability
Land use : Rice -wheat, gram , lentil
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Kewal Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH (1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Mediumgray
Silty clayloam
Massive Firm sticky - 6.9 0.31 0.58
15-30 Mediumgray
Silty clayloam
Massive Firm sticky - 7.3 0.28 0.42
30-60 Light gray Silty clayloam
Massive Firm sticky - 6.9 0.19 0.26
60-90 Lightbrownish
gray
Silty clayloam
sb Friablesticky
- 6.7 0.20 0.22
90-120 Brownishgray
Silty clayloam
sb Friablesticky
- 6.6 0.16 0.16
120-150
Brownishgray
Silty clay sb Friablesticky
- 6.9 0.13 0.12
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is fine of silty clay, loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Becauseof slow drainage and proneness to flooding , it has severe limitations for cropproduction.
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
36WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Land capability subclass : III w Irrigability subclass : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, gram, lentil, sugarcane
Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Kishanpur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately drained with moderately lowpermeability
Land use : Rice -wheat, gram , mustard
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Lightbrownish
gray
Clay loam sb Friable,slightlysticky
- 7.2 0.23 0.54
15-30 Lightbrownish
gray
Clay loam sb Friable,slightlysticky
- 7.3 0.27 0.47
30-60 Lightyellowish
brown
Silty clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.18 0.39
60-90 Lightyellowish
brown
Silty clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 6.9 0.12 0.39
90-120 Olivebrown
Silty clay sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.10 0.18
120-150
Olivebrown
Silty clay sb Firm, sticky - 7.2 0.10 0.12
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is of clay, loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because ofmoderate drainage and less proneness to flooding , it has moderate severe limitationfor crop production.
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
37WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Land capability subclass : II w Irrigability subclass : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, gram, lentil , mustard
Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Sasoula
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, nearly level (0-1%), very slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Poorly drained with moderately low permeability
Land use : Rice -wheat, gram , lentil
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Kebal Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency
Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Meduimgray
Silty clayloam
Massive Firmsticky
- 7.2 0.18 0.55
15-30 Meduimgray
Silty clay Massive Firmsticky
- 7.3 0.15 0.44
30-60 gray Silty clayloam
Massive Firmsticky
- 7.1 0.20 0.27
60-90 gray Silty clay Angularblocky
Firmsticky
- 7.4 0.17 0.22
90-120 gray Silty clay Angularblocky
Firmsticky
- 7.3 0.18 0.15
120-150 gray Silty clay Angularblocky
Firmsticky
- 7.2 0.12 0.15
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is of silty clay loam, having moderately high AWHC. Because of slowdrainage and proneness to flooding , it has severe limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, gram, lentil, mustard
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
38WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dist. : SitamarhiVillage : Narha
Physiography : Indo Gangetic recent alluvial plain very gentlysloping (1-3%), very slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Slowly drained with moderately low permeability
Land use : Rice -wheat, gram , mustard
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Chikni Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Meduimgray
clay loam sb Friable,slightlysticky
- 7.2 0.53 0.53
15-30 Meduimgray
clay loam Sb Friable,slightlysticky
- 7.1 0.40 0.47
30-60 Brownishgray
Silty clayloam
sb Friable,sticky
- 7.3 0.29 0.27
60-90 Brownishgray
Silty clay sb Firm, sticky - 7.4 0.26 0.22
90-120 Pale olive Silty clay sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.20 0.18
120-150 Pale olive Silty clay sb Firm, sticky - 7.2 0.22 0.15
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is of clay loam to silty clay loam texture, having moderately high AWHC.Because of slow drainage and proneness to flooding , it has severe limitation forcrop production.
Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - wheat, gram, lentil , mustard,
vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
39WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
District : SitamarhiVillage : Ranjitpura
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, nearlymoderately level land ( 0-1%), very slighterosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat/Sugarcane
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Kewal Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Gray Siltyclayloam
Massive Slightlyfriable,sticky
- 7.5 0.83 0.71
15-30 Light gray Siltyclayloam
Mediumsb
Slightlyfriable,sticky
-
7.6 1.04 0.57
30-60 Light olive toyellowish
Siltyloam
Mediumsb
Slightly hard,sticky
- 7.6 0.89 0.28
60-90 Yellowishbrown
Siltyloam
Mediumsb
Slightly hard,sticky
-
7.7 0.83 0.26
90-120 Yellowishbrown
Siltyloam
Mediumsb
Slightly hard,sticky
- 7.3 0.81 0.33
120-150 Brownishyellowish
Siltyclayloam
Massive Slightly hard,sticky
-
7.0 0.75 0.06
Interpretive grouping of soil
The soil is of silty clay loam texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because ofproneness to flooding, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIsw Irrigability sub-class : 2d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat/Sugarcane/Mustard/Vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
40WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
District : SitamarhiVillage : Dumri Kalan
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, nearly levelsloping ( 0-1%), very slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately to poorly drained with relatively slowpermeability
Land use : Rice-Mustard
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Chikni Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Grayishbrown
Clayloam
Massive Friable, sticky - 6.4 0.36 0.37
15-30 Grayishbrown
Clayloam
Medium sb Firm, verysticky
-
6.5 0.41 0.31
30-60 Lightbrownish
gray
Silty clay Medium sb Very firm,very sticky
- 6.5 0.44 0.19
60-90 Light grayto gray
Silty clay Angularblocky
Very firm,very sticky
-
6.3 0.33 0.15
90-120 Gray Clay Angularblocky
Very firm,very sticky
- 6.3 0.37 0.08
120-150 Gray Clay Angularblocky
Very firm,very sticky
-
6.3 0.37 0.08
Interpretive grouping of soil
The soil is of clay loam texture, having low AWHC. Because of poor drainage and slowpermeability, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat/Gram/Lantil/Mustard/Sugarcane
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
41WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
District : SitamarhiVillage : Mahadeva
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, nearly level( 0-1%), very slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Poorly drained with slow permeability
Land use : Rice-Mustard
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Chikni Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5
water )(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Dark grayishbrown
Clayloam
Massive Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.8 0.13 0.52
15-30 Light brownishgray
Clayloam
Medium sb Firm, sticky
-
7.1 0.11 0.40
30-60 Grayish brown Clay Medium sb Firm, verysticky
- 7.3 0.21 0.30
60-90 Light brownishgray
Clay Medium sb Firm, verysticky
-
7.4 0.17 0.25
90-120 Light brownishgray
Clay sb Firm, verysticky
- 7.4 0.17 0.16
120-150 Light yellowishbrown
Clay sb Firm, verysticky
-
7.6 0.17 0.16
Interpretive grouping of soil
The soil is of clay loam texture, having high AWHC. Because of poor drainage andproneness to flooding, it has severe limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIIw Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat/Gram/Khesari/Mustard/Vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
42WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
District : SitamarhiVillage : Riga
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, verygently sloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion,normal relief
Drainage : Moderately drained with moderatepermeability
Land use : Rice-/Wheat/Mustard
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Baluahi Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Light Gray Sandyloam
Medium sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 7.1 0.17 0.52
15-30 Light gray Sandyloam
Medium sb Friable,slightly sticky
-
6.6 0.11 0.32
30-60 Light yellowishbrown
Sandyloam
Medium sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.8 0.14 0.28
60-90 Pale brown Loamysand
Finegranular
Friable,slightly sticky
-
6.5 0.12 0.12
90-120 Light brown Loamysand
Finegranular
Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.8 0.09 0.10
120-150 Light brown Sand Singlegranular
Loose, nonsticky
-
6.8 0.05 0.09
Interpretive grouping of soil
The soil is of sandy loam texture, having low AWHC. Because of low water availabilityproneness to moderate surface flooding during the rainy season, it has moderate level oflimitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIws Irrigability sub-class : 2 sd Productivity potential : Medium
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
43WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Land use suitability : Rice/Wheat/Mustard/Vegetables
District : SitamarhiVillage : Butakipur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), very slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Imperfectly drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Paleyellow
Silt loam Medium sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 7.3 0.11 0.60
15-30 Lightolive
brown
Loam Medium sb Friable,slightly sticky
-
6.9 0.09 0.41
30-60 Olivebrown
Sandyclayloam
Medium sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.04 0.39
60-90 Olive Loamysand
Medium sb Firm, sticky
-
6.8 0.04 0.26
90-120 Olive Sandyclayloam
Medium sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.07 0.26
120-150 Olive Sandyclayloam
Medium sb Firm, sticky
-
6.7 0.07 0.13
Interpretive grouping of soil
The soil is of loamy structure, having moderate AWHC. Because of moderate drainageand moderate surface flooding during the rainy season, it has moderate level oflimitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
44WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat/Pulses/Oilseeds/Potato/Vegetables
District : SitamarhiVillage : Bulakipur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, verygently sloping ( 1-3%), very slight erosion,normal relief
Drainage : Imperfectly drained with moderatepermeability
Land use : Rice-/Wheat
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Pale gray Loam sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.6 0.23 0.52
15-30 Pale gray Loam sb Friable,slightly sticky
-
6.8 0.21 0.30
30-60 Olive Loam sb Firm, sticky - 7.0 0.14 0.23
60-90 Oliveyellow
Loam sb Firm, sticky
-
7.1 0.16 0.16
90-120 Oliveyellow
Loam sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.11 0.16
120-150 Oliveyellow
Loam sb Firm, sticky
-
7.1 0.11 0.10
Interpretive grouping of soil
The soil is of loamy texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of imperfect drainageand proneness to flooding it has several limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIIw Irrigability sub-class : D d Productivity potential : Medium
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
45WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Land use suitability : Wheat/Pulses/Oilseeds/Vegetables
(a) Analysis
The land physiography is nearly level to gently sloping. The solum is invariably deep (>
150 cm) which reflects positively on the effective soil depth. The top soil layer (0-30cm
soil depth) is mostly light to medium textured, ranging from sandy loam to clay loam.
The deeper soil layers (30 cm to 150cm soil depth) do not show any definite sequential
textural pattern. However, lithological discontinuity is not significantly evident. The
organic carbon content in the top 15 cm soil is usually at medium level averaging about
0.55%, which is further lower in deeper soil layers. The soil structure is mostly
subangular blocky and massive in some cases. Depending upon the clay proportion in
the soil and the soil structural condition, the consistency is friable to sticky of various
gradations. The friable consistency is indicative of relatively good soil structural
condition and soil air-soil water relationship relative to that under sticky consistency.
The soils are invariably non-calcarous, non-saline/ non-sodic and of nearly neutral soil
reaction (pH ranging around 6.8 to 7.5). By and large, these soil characteristics portand
high productivity potential. However, there are limitations attributable to flood
proneness and in some cases slow soil drainability. Because of these limitations, the
land capability sub-class ranges from IIw to IIIw, while the irrigability sub-class ranges
from 2d to 3d. Under these limiting conditions, the inherent productivity potential gets
masked to the level of medium productivity potential.
(b) Soil Suitability
During the kharif season, the soils are best suited for kharif maize and rice cultivation.
During the rabi season, wheat is an important crop under irrigated condition, the rabi
cropping will get more intensified with the inclusion of a wide variety of rabi crops
such as maize, oilseeds, sugarcane, etc.
As the soil conditions are seemingly responsive to production system management
practices, the cultural practices are required to be geared up to harness the soil is
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
46WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
inherent soil productivity potential during the flood free period. Irrigation water supply
during the flood-free period will have a catalytic effect on mobilising the requisite
production inputs for high yield agriculture.
9.3.4.2 Darbhanga District
The observations were sited in the villages of Bahera, Majhoura, Nawada, Sajhwar,
Hanuman Nagar, Ratanpur, Sobhan, Kansi, Bisanpur, Madhopur, Chhatouna and Ekmi.
The information based on field observations and analytical data are presented
villagewise.
Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Bahera
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3% slope); slight erosion; normal relief
Drainage : Imperfectly drained with moderate permeability
Land use : Cultivated with rice, wheat
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Light gray Clay loam sb Friable
sticky- 6.1 0.38 0.67
15-30 Pale olivegray
Loam sb Friablesticky
- 6.5 0.42 0.48
30-60 Light olivegray
Loam sb Friablesticky
- 7.1 0.33 0.37
60-90 Lightyellowish
Loam sb Friablesticky
- 7.3 0.21 0.33
90-120 Lightbrown
Loam sb Friablesticky
- 7.3 0.20 0.26
120-150
Lightyellowish
gray
Sandy clay sb Friablesticky
- 7.3 0.20 0.19
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
47WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
Fine loamy texture soil with moderate AWHC Land capability sub-class : II w Irrigability sub-class : 2d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-wheat
Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Majhoura
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately rapid permeability
Land use : Rice-khesari / Mustard
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Paleolive
Sandyclay loam
Sub-angularblocky (sb)
Friableslightly sticky
- 6.1 0.20 0.44
15-30 Paleolive
Sandyloam
sb Friableslightly sticky
- 6.2 0.20 0.41
30-60 Paleolive
Sandyloam
sb Friableslightly sticky
- 6.2 0.16 0.40
60-90 Paleolive
Loamysand
sb Friable, nonsticky
- 6.4 0.20 0.30
90-120 Paleolive
Loamysand
sb Friable, nonsticky
- 7.1 0.20 0.20
120-150
Paleolive
sand sb Loose - 7.1 0.17 0.19
Interpretive grouping of soil :
Land capability sub-class : III ws
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
48WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Irrigability sub-class : 3 ds Productivity potential : medium Land use suitability : Rice - pulses (khesari,lentil,gram) vegetables
Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Nawada
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3% slope) slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Imperfectly drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Cultivated with rice-khesari/lentil
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Kewal mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Light gray Silt loam sb Friableslightly sticky
- 5.8 0.03 0.67
15-30 Pale olive Silt loam sb Friableslightly sticky
- 6.0 0.05 0.29
30-60 Light olive Silt loam sb Friableslightly sticky
- 6.3 0.03 0.41
60-90 Light olive Silt loam sb Friableslightly sticky
- 6.6 0.07 0.23
90-120 Light olive Silt loam sb Friableslightly sticky
- 6.7 0.05 0.12
120-150
Light olive Silt loam sb Friableslightly sticky
- 6.7 0.04 0.12
Interpretive grouping of soil :
Land capability sub-class : III w Land Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - pulses/mustard/vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
49WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Sajhwar
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3% slope); slight erosion; normal relief
Drainage : Poorly drained with moderately slow permeability
Land use : Rice- wheat
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Pale yellow Clayloam
sb - 5.1 0.29 0.44
15-30 Pale olive Silt clayloams
sb - 5.6 0.30 0.40
30-60 Pale olive Clayloam
sb - 6.1 0.36 0.34
60-90 Olive gray Siltloams
sb - 6.6 0.40 0.24
90-120 Olive gray Siltloams
sb - 7.1 0.19 0.20
120-150 Olive gray Siltloams
sb - 7.1 0.19 0.12
Interpretive grouping of soil :
Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice -wheat/lentil/mustard /vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
50WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Hanuman Nagar
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-2% slope); slight erosion; normal relief
Drainage : Moderately drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Cultivated with rice-wheat
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Light
grayloam sb Firm - 6.8 0.30 0.52
15-30 Lightgray
Loam sb Firm - 7.1 0.37 0.43
30-60 Paleolive
Clayloam
sb Sticky - 7.2 0.41 0.31
60-90 Paleolive
Clayloam
sb Sticky - 6.5 0.32 0.30
90-120 Lightolive
Sandyclay
sb Sticky - 6.8 0.38 0.28
120-150 Lightolive
Sandyclay
Sb Sticky - 7.1 0.29 0.25
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is loamy textured, having moderately high AWHC. Because of being floodprone, it has moderate limitations for crop production.
Land capability subc-lass : II w Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice -wheat
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
51WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Ratanpur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3% slope), slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Cultivated with rice-wheat
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Lightgray
Loam sb Friable,slightlysticky
- 6.6 0.28 0.52
15-30 Lightgray
Clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.32 0.43
30-60 Paleolive
Clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.35 0.33
60-90 Paleolive
Sandyclayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.30 0.28
90-120 Paleolive
Sandyclay
sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.29 0.26
120-150 Paleolive
Sandyclay
Sb Firm, sticky - 7.2 0.28 0.28
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is loamy textured, having moderately high AWHC. Because of being floodprone, it has moderate limitations for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : II w Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice -wheat
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
52WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Sobhan
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very slight gentlysloping, very slight erosion; normal relief
Drainage : Moderately drained with moderately slowpermeability
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Lightgray
Siltyclay
sb Sticky - 6.6 0.27 0.44
15-30 Lightgray
Siltyclay
sb Sticky - 6.2 0.30 0.39
30-60 Lightgray
Siltyclay
sb Sticky - 6.8 0.28 0.35
60-90 Paleolive
Siltyclay
sb Sticky - 6.5 0.33 0.32
90-120 Paleolive
Siltyclay
sb Sticky - 6.8 0.35 0.27
120-150 Paleolive
Siltyclay
Sb Sticky - 6.5 0.32 0.24
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil has fine silly clay texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because ofimperfect drainage and proneness to flood, it has severe limitations for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - lentil
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
53WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Kansi
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic old alluvial plain, very slight gentlysloping ( 1-3%) very slight erosion; normalrelief
Drainage : Imperfectly drained with moderately slowpermeability
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Lightgray
Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.7 0.27 0.46
15-30 Lightgray
Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.8 0.32 0.38
30-60 Lightgray
Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.6 0.35 0.40
60-90 Paleolive
Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.3 0.29 0.32
90-120 Paleolive
Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.5 0.28 0.28
120-150 Paleolive
Silty clay Sb Sticky - 6.8 0.25 0.25
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil has fine silty clay texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because ofimperfect drainage and proneness to flood, it has severe limitations for cropproduction.
Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - lentil
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
54WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Bisanpur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very slightgently sloping ( 1-3%) slight erosion; normalrelief
Drainage : Moderately drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Rice - wheat
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Pale gray Clay loam sb Sticky - 6.8 0.18 0.5315-30 Light gray Clay loam sb Sticky - 6.7 0.22 0.4730-60 Pale olive Silty clay
laomsb Sticky - 7.1 0.17 0.43
60-90 Pale olive Silty claylaom
Sb Sticky - 7.2 0.22 0.40
90-120 Pale olive Silty claylaom
sb Sticky - 6.9 0.20 0.38
120-150 Pale olive Silty claylaom
Sb Sticky - 6.9 0.19 0.28
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil has fine loamy texture with moderately high AWHC. Because of imperfectdrainage and proneness to flood, it has moderate limitations for crop production.
Land capability subclass : II w Irrigability subclass : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - wheat
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
55WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dist. : DarbhangaVillage : Madhopur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain, very gently sloping (1-3%) slight erosion; normal relief
Drainage : Moderately drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Rice – wheat, maize, mustard, gram
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Pale gray Clayloam
sb Moderatelysticky
- 7.1 0.27 0.52
15-30 Pale gray Clayloam
sb Moderatelysticky
- 6.8 0.32 0.47
30-60 Light olive Clayloam
sb Moderatelysticky
- 6.9 0.28 0.38
60-90 Light olive Sandyclaylaom
Sb Slightlysticky
- 7.2 0.30 0.42
90-120 Light olive Sandyclaylaom
sb Slightlysticky
- 7.1 0.30 0.40
120-150 Light olive Sandyclaylaom
sb Slightlysticky
- 6.8 0.28 0.37
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil has fine loamy texture with moderately high AWHC. Because of proneness toflood, it has moderate limitations for crop production.
Land capability subclass : II w Irrigability subclass : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - wheat
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
56WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dist. : Darbhanga
Village : Chhatauna
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very slightgently sloping ( 1-3%) slight erosion; normalrelief
Drainage : Slowly drained with very slow permeability
Land use : Rice , -lentil/ gram
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Light greay Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.5 0.17 0.48
15-30 Light greay Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.2 0.20 0.43
30-60 Pale greay Silty clay sb Sticky - 6.7 0.27 0.40
60-90 Pale gray Silty clay Sb Sticky - 6.6 0.18 0.38
90-120 Pale oliveq Silty clayloam
sb Sticky - 6.8 0.20 0.37
120-150 Pale olive Silty clayloam
sb Sticky - 6.5 0.20 0.29
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is of clay texture, having moderately high AWHC. Because of slow drainageand proneness to flood, it has severe limitations for crop production.
Land capability subclass : III w Irrigability subclass : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – lentil
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
57WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Dist. : Darbhanga
Village : Ekmi
Physiography : Indo Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1-3%), normal relief
Drainage : Slowly drained with very slow permeability
Land use : Rice , wheat, gram
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Light gray Silty clay
loamsb Sticky - 6.8 0.18 0.43
15-30 Pale olivegray
Silty clayloam
sb Sticky - 6.6 0.23 0.38
30-60 Light olivegray
Silty clayloam
sb Sticky - 6.5 0.21 0.39
60-90 Light olive Sandy clayloam
Sb Sticky - 6.7 0.19 0.36
90-120 Light olive Sandy clay sb Sticky - 7.1 0.18 0.29
120-150 Pale olive Sandy clay sb Sticky - 7.1 0.20 0.30
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is of silty clay laom texture having moderately AWHC. Because of slowdrainage and proneness to flooding , it has severe limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice - lentil
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
58WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
(a) Analysis
The land physiography is nearly level to very gently sloping. The solum is invariably deep
(> 150 cm) which reflects positively on the effective soil depth. The top soil layer (0-30cm
soil depth) is mostly silt loam to silty clay loam, ranging from loam to silty clay. The
deeper soil layers (30 cm to 150cm soil depth) do not show any definite sequential textural
pattern. However, lithological discontinuity is not significantly evident. The organic c
arbon content in the top 15 cm soil layer is about 0.5% with the range of 0.43% to 0.67%
which is usually reflected through various gradations of gray colour. The deeper soil layers
have much lower organic carbon content. The soil structure is mostly subangular blocky
and massive in some cases. Depending upon the clay proportion in the soil and the soil
structural condition, the consistency is friable to sticky. The friable consistency is
indicative of relatively good soil structureal condition and better soil an-soil water
relationship relative to that under sticky consistency. The soils are invariably non-
calcarous, non-saline. The sol reaction in terms of pH ranges from 6 to 7 which is mostly
close to the neutral range. However, in some cases, pH is about 5.
By and large, the overall soil characteristics portand high productivity potential. However,
there are limitations attributable to flood proness and in some cases slow soil drainability.
Because of these limitations, the land capability sub-class ranges from IIw to IIIw/IIIws,
while the irrigability sub-class ranges from 2d to 3d. Under these limiting conditions, the
inherent productivity potential gets masked to the level of medium productivity potential.
(b) Soil Suitability
During the kharif season, the soils are best suited for rice cultivation. During the rabi
season, wheat is an important in sizeable areas. The other rabi crops include oilseeds, and
pulses. Under irrigated condition, a wide variety of rabi crops can be grown including
maize, sugarcane, etc., to achieve higher cropping intensity.
As the soil conditions are seeningly responsive to production system management
practices, the cultural practices are required to be geared to harness the soil inherent
productivity potential during the flood free period. Irrigation water supply during the flood-
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
59WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
free period will have a catelytic effect on mobilising the requisite production inputs for high
yield agriculture.
9.3.4.3 Samastipur District
The obserevations were sited in the villages of Barheta, Bhagwanpur, Ghoghraha,
Belsandi, Janardanpur, Dhruwangama, Baghla, Ratwara, Kalyanpur Birsingpur,
Muktapur and Ladoura. The information based on field observation and analytical data
are presented villagewise:
District : SamastipurVillage : Barheta
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately rapidpermeability
Land use : Rice-Maize/Wheat/Potato
Soil characteristics :
Local soil name : Baluahi Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Light
grayLoam sb Friable,
slightly stickySlight
effervescencewith dilute HCl
6.8 0.23 0.49
15-30 Lightgray
Loam Sb Friable,slightly sticky
Slighteffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.1 0.28 0.43
30-60 Olivegray
SandyLoam
Sb Friable,slightly sticky
Moderateeffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.2 0.18 0.22
60-90 Olivegray
Loamysand
Sb Friable,slightly sticky
Moderateeffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.4 0.20 0.17
90-120 Olivegray
Loamysand
Sb Friable,slightly sticky
Strongeffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.5 0.10 0.13
120-150
Grayishbrown
Sand Singlegarin
Friable, nonsticky
Strongeffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.6 0.08 0.07
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
60WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is of loamy texture, having low to moderate AWHC. Because of proneness tooccasional flooding during the rainy season, it has moderate limitation for cropproduction.
Land capability sub-class: IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 s Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice -maize/wheat/sugarcane/potato/maize-
Rajmas intercrop/maize-potato intercrop
District : SamastipurVillage : Bhagwanpur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent active alluvialplain, very gently sloping ( 1-3%),slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately drained with moderatepermeability
Land use : Rice-Maize/WheatSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Light Olivegray
Sandyclayloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightly sticky
Slighteffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.1 0.68 0.57
15-30 Light Olivegray
Sandyclayloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightly sticky
Slighteffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.2 0.75 0.42
30-60 Dark Olivegray
Sandyloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightly sticky
Moderateeffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.4 0.70 0.38
60-90 Grayishbrown
Sandyloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightly sticky
Moderateeffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.4 0.42 0.23
90-120 Olive gray Sandyloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightly sticky
Strongeffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.5 0.23 0.18
120-150
Grayishbrown
Loamysand
Loose tosinglegarin
Friable, nonsticky
Strongeffervescence
with dilute HCl
7.6 0.18 0.10
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
61WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil
The soil is of sandy clay loam texture, having moderate water holding capacity.
Because of proneness to occasional flooding during the rainy season, it has moderate
limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Land use suitability : Rice –wheat/maize/mustard/sugarcane/potato
District : SamastipurVillage : Ghoghraha
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderatepermeability
Land use : Rice-/Wheat/MustardSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Gray Sandy
clay loamsb Friable,
slightly sticky- 7.1 0.39 0.43
15-30 Lightgray
Sandyclay loam
Sb Friable,slightly sticky -
7.3 0.42 0.32
30-60 Lightbrownish
gray
Clay loam sb Friable,slightly sticky
Slighteffervescence with
dilute HCl
7.5 0.27 0.20
60-90 Brownishgray
Sandyclay
sb Friable,slightly sticky
Slighteffervescence with
dilute HCl
7.6 0.22 0.15
90-120 Lightyellowish
brown
Sandyloam
sb Friable,slightly sticky
Slighteffervescence with
dilute HCl
7.6 0.16 0.21
120-150 Lightyellowish
brown
Sandyloam
sb Friable,slightly sticky
Moderateeffervescence with
dilute HCl
7.8 0.19 0.12
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
62WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is of sandy clay loam texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of pronenessto flooding during the rainy season, it has moderate limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – Wheat/Mustard/Lentil
District : SamastipurVillage : Belsandi
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active recent alluvial plain, verygently sloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion , normalrelief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderatepermeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat/Lentil/MustardSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Baluahi Moti Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Light gray SiltLoam
Mediumsb
Friableslightlysticky
Slighteffervescence
with dilute
7.2 0.23 0.61
15-30 DarkgrayishBrown
SiltLoam
Mediumsb
Friableslightlysticky
Slighteffervescence
7.3 0.19 0.53
30-60 Darkgrayishbrown
Loam Mediumsb
Very Friableslightlysticky
Strongeffervescence
7.8 0.27 0.28
60-90 Yellowishbrown
SandyLoam
Mediumsb
Very Friableslightlysticky
Strongeffervescence
7.6 0.30 0.20
90-120 Darkyellowish
SandyLoam
Massive Very Friableslightlysticky
Strongeffervescence
7.8 0.27 0.23
120-150 LightBrown
SandyLoam
Massive Very Friableslightlysticky
Strongeffervescence
8.2 0.19 0.11
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
63WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is very deep, moderately drainage and coarse loamy, having moderate AWHC.Because of proneness to surface flooding during rainy season, it has severe limitationfor crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIIw Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/mustard/vegetables
District : SamastipurVillage : Janardanpur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion , normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately rapidpermeability
Land use : Maize/Rice-Wheat/MustardSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH (1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Sandy
clayloam
Sandyclay
Loam
MediumSb
Friable/Slightly sticky
Slighteffervesce-nce with dil
HCl
7.4 0.68 0.67
15-30 Sandyloam
SandyLoam
MediumSb
Friable/slightly/
sticky
Slighteffervesce-
nce
7.5 0.47 0.53
30-60 Sandyloam
SandyLoam
MediumSb
Friableslightly/sticky
Moderateeffervesce-
nce
7.7 0.52 0.27
60-90 Sandyloam
SandyLoam
MediumSb
Friableslightly/sticky
Strongeffervesce-
nce
7.6 0.37 0.18
90-120 Sandyloam
SandyLoam
MediumSb
Friableslightly/sticky
Slighteffervesce-
nce
7.8 0.28 0.15
120-150 sand Sand Singlegrain
Friableslightly/sticky
Slighteffervesce-
nce
7.8 0.20 0.09
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
64WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is very deep, moderate well drainage with moderately rapid permeability,having low to medium level of AWHC. Because of low water retentively andavailability, It has moderate level of limitation, because of surface flooding duringrainy season, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIws Irrigability sub-class : IIs Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Maize/Rice – wheat/mustard/vegetables
District : SamastipurVillage : Dhruwagama
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping (1.3%), slight erosion , normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained and moderate permeabilityLand use : Rice- Wheat/MustardSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Lightbrownish
gray
SandyClayloam
Massive Friable,slightlysticky
- 6.8 0.49 0.55
15-30 Brownishgray
SandyClayloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightlysticky
- 7.1 0.40 0.48
30-60 Grayishbrown
SandyClayloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightlysticky
Moderateeffervescencewith dil.HCl
7.5 0.37 0.29
60-90 Grayishbrown
SandyClayloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightlysticky
Moderateeffervescencewith dil.HCl
7.6 0.26 0.22
90-120 Gray SandyClayloam
Mediumsb
Friable,sticky
Strongeffervescencewith dil.HCl
7.6 0.33 0.20
120-150 Brown SandyClayloam
Massive Friable,sticky
Strongeffervescencewith dil.HC
7.8 0.25 0.12
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
65WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is very deep, moderately well drainage, fine loamy, having moderate AWHC.Because of proneness to moderate surface flooding during rainy season, it has moderatelevel of limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIIw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/mustard/ vegetables
District : SamastipurVillage : Baghla
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gently sloping(1.3%), slight erosion , normal relief
Drainage : Well drained with moderately rapid permeability
Land use : Rice-/wheat / mustard/ gram/ lentil/ sugarcane
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Baluahi Mithi
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Olivegray
Sandyloam
sb Friable non-sticky
Moderateeffervescen
ce
7.6 0.43 0.42
15-30 Olivegray
Sandyloam
sb Friable non-sticky
Moderateeffervescen
ce
7.8 0.37 0.26
30-60 Lightgray
Sandyloam
sb Friable non-sticky
Moderateeffervescen
ce
8.2 0.32 0.18
60-90 Lightgray
Loamysand
Singlegrain
Very friable,non-sticky
Strongeffervescen
ce
8.5 0.30 0.10
90-120 Gray Loamysand
Singlegrain
Very friable,non-sticky
Strongeffervescen
ce
8.6 0.28 0.13
120-150 Gray Loamysand
Singlegrain
Loosenon-sticky
Strongeffervescen
ce
8.4 0.22 0.08
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
66WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is deep, well drainage, light textured sandy loam, having low AWHC. Becauseof low water retention and availability coupled with proneness to flooding, it has verysevere limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IVw Irrigability sub-class : 4sd Productivity potential : Low Land use suitability : Maize/Rice – Mustard/ Vegetables
District : SamastipurVillage : Ratwara
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, nearly levelland ( 0-1%), very slight erosion , normal relief
Drainage : Moderately drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Bark Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Light gray Silty clay
loammassive Friable,
stickyModerate
effervescencewith dil,HCl
7.6 0.54 0.61
15-30 Light gray Silty clayloam
massive Friable,sticky
Moderateeffervescencewith dil,HCl
7.8 0.42 0.57
30-60 Light olivegray
Silt loam Sb Friable ,slightlysticky
Strongeffervescence
7.5 0.38 0.32
60-90 yellowishgray
Silt loam sb Friable ,slightlysticky
Strongeffervescence
7.8 0.27 0.20
90-120 yellowishgray
Silt loam Mediumsb
Friable ,slightlysticky
Strongeffervescence
7.8 0.30 0.15
120-150 Pale brown Siltyloam
Mediumsb
Friable ,slightlysticky
Strongeffervescence
7.6 0.24 0.10
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
67WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is deep, moderately drained, fined textured soil, having moderately highAWHC. Because of proneness to moderate flooding during rainy season, it hasmoderate level of crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIsw Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/ sugarcane
District : SamastipurVillage : Kalyanpur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-31%), very slight erosion , normalrelief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat / Mustard
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Bark Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Light
brownishgray
Loam massive Friable,slightly,sticky
Slighteffervescencewith dil,HCl
7.3 0.30 0.58
15-30 Lightbrownish
gray
Loam massive Friable,slightly,sticky
Moderateeffervescence
7.5 0.33 0.41
30-60 Lightyellowish
Sandyclayloam
mediumSb
Friable ,sticky
Strongeffervescence
7.6 0.25 0.31
60-90 Brown Sandyclayloam
mediumsb
Friable ,sticky
Strongeffervescence
7.6 0.30 0.25
90-120
Brown Sandyloam
sb Friable ,slightlysticky
Strongeffervescence
7.4 0.18 0.18
120-150
Grayishbrown
Loamysand
single sb Loose , non-sticky
Strongeffervescence
7.8 0.22 0.12
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
68WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is fine loamy, having moderate AWHC. Because of limited water retention andavailability, the soil has moderate level of limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIs Irrigability sub-class : 2 s Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/ maize/mustard
District : SamastipurVillage : Birsinghpur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-31%), very slight erosion , normalrelief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat / Mustard
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Bark Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C(%)
0-15 Light gray ClayLoam
massive Firm sticky - 6.8 0.48 0.51
15-30 Brownishgray
ClayLoam
massive Firm sticky Slighteffervescence
7.3 0.32 0.43
30-60 Grayishbrown
ClayLoam
mediumSb
Firm sticky Moderableeffervescence
7.5 0.23 0.27
60-90 YellowishBrown
ClayLoam
medium sb Firm sticky Moderableeffervescence
7.4 0.18 0.19
90-120 YellowishBrown
Sandyloam
massive Friable ,slightly sticky
Strongeffervescence
7.6 0.15 0.15
120-150
Pale brown Loamysand
massive Friable ,slightly sticky
Strongeffervescence
7.5 0.10 0.12
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
69WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil have fine loamy texture, having moderate AWHC. It has moderate level oflimitation for crop production because limited water retention and availabilityproduction.
Land capability sub-class : IIs Irrigability sub-class : 2 s Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/ maize/mustard/ vegetables
District : SamastipurVillage : Muktapur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-31%), very slight erosion , normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Rice-Maize / Mustard/ Pulses
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Bark Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Light gray Loam Sb Friable ,
slightlysticky
Slighteffervescence
7.4 0.64 0.60
15-30 Brownishgray
Loam Sb Friable ,slightlysticky
Slighteffervescence
7.3 0.45 0.48
30-60 Grayishbrownish
SandyLoam
Sb Friable ,slightlysticky
Moderableeffervescence
7.6 0.31 0.32
60-90 YellowishBrownish
SandyLoam
Sb Friable ,slightlysticky
Moderableeffervescence
7.8 0.27 0.23
90-120 GrayishBrown
Sandyloam
Sb Friable ,non- sticky
Strongeffervescence
8.0 0.20 0.20
120-150
Brown SandyLoam
Sb Friable ,non- sticky
Strongeffervescence
8.1 0.08 0.18
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
70WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is fine loamy in texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of moderate tosevere surface flooding during rainy season, it has severe limitation capability sub-classproduction.
Land capability sub-class : IIIs Irrigability sub-class : 2 ds Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/ maize/mustard/ vegetables
District : SamastipurVillage : Ladoura
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 0-1%), very slight erosion , normalrelief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Rice-wheat / maize/mustard
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Bark Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Brown Sandy
clayLoam
MediumSb
Friable ,slightly sticky
Slighteffervescence
7.4 0.51 0.56
15-30 Brown SandyLoam
Fine Sb Friable ,slightly sticky
Slighteffervescence
7.6 0.44 0.42
30-60 Brown SandyLoam
Fine Sb Friable ,slightly sticky
Moderateeffervescence
7.3 0.32 0.28
60-90 Palebrown
Loamysand
Very fineSb
Friable ,non- sticky
Moderateeffervescence
7.3 0.23 0.20
90-120 Brown Loamysand
Very fineSb
Friable ,non- sticky
Strongeffervescence
7.8 0.19 0.16
120-150 Brown Loamysand
Very fineSb
Friable ,non- sticky
Strongeffervescence
7.8 0.12 0.10
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
71WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil :
The soil is coarse texture, having moderate AWHC. Because of low water retention andavailability and proneness to surface flooding during rainy season, it has severelimitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIIs Irrigability sub-class : 2 s Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice – wheat/ maize/mustard/ oilseeds, vegetables
(a) Soil Analysis
The solum is invariably deep (> 150 cm) which reflects positively on the effective soil
depth. The top soil layer (0-30cm soil depth) is mostly light to medium textured,
ranging from sandy loam to sandy clay loam and clay loam. The deeper soil layers (30
cm to 150cm soil depth) tend to be relatively coarser in texture . There is no evidence
of lithological discontinuity and any impending soil layer. The organic carbon content
is at medium level averaging close to about 0.6%, excepting at one location where it is
about 0.4%. This is somewhat reflected through various gradations of gray colour.
The deeper soil layers have much lower organic carbon content. The soil structure is
mostly subangular blocky(sb). Depending upon the clay proportion in the soil and the
soil structural condition, the consistency is mostly friable to slightly sticky. The friable
consistency is indicative of satisfactory soil structural condition and soil air-soil water
relationship. The soils are invariably calcareous but non-saline/ non-sodic. The soil
reaction in terms of pH ranges from 7.5 which is in the neutral range. The land
capability sub-class ranges from IIw/IIws to IIIw/IIIws, while the irrigability sub-class
ranges from 2s/2d to 3d to 3ds. The lower order of land capability and irrigability is
due to relatively lower soil water retention and availability coupled with susceptibility
to rainy season flooding. The productivity potential is mostly at medium level, which
could be partly ascribed to soil calcareousness which can be expected to cause some
limiation to nutrient availability, particularly of macronutrient like phoshpate and
micronutrient like zinc and iron.
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
72WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
(b) Soil Suitability
During the kharif season, the soils are best suited for bunded rice and maize cultivation.
During the rabi season, a variety of crops such as wheat, maize, oil-seeds and
vegetables can be grown. Irrigation water supply during the flood-free period will have
a catalytic effect on mobilising the requisite production inputs for high yield agriculture.
9.3.4.4 Kishanganj District
The obserevations were sited in the villages of Fatehpur, Terhagachh, Mitiary,
Dhadhar, Haldikhoar, Purandaha, Bibiganj, Birpur, Latsar and Sontha. The information
based on field observation and analytical data are presented villagewise:
District : KishanganjVillage : Fatehpur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic lower piedmont plain, gentlysloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained and moderatepermeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat/LentilSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C(%)
0-15 Grayishbrown
Sandyloam
Mediumsb
Friable, nonsticky
- 6.4 0.39 0.39
15-30 Brown Loamysand
Mediumsb
Friable, nonsticky
- 6.8 0.41 0.18
30-60 Dark grayishbrown
Silt loam sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 7.0 0.42 0.16
60-90 Dark gray Silt loam sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 7.1 0.26 0.12
90-120 Dark grayishbrown
Silty clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 7.1 0.31 0.08
120-150 Dark grayishbrown
Silty clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 7.2 0.18 0.08
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
73WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is coarse textured, having low AWHC. Because of low AWHC and proneness
to surface flooding during the rainy season, it has severe limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : IIIsw Irrigability sub-class : 3 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice –wheat, oil seeds/ pulses, vegetables, tea
District : KishanganjVillage : Terhagachh
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic lower piedmont plain, gentlysloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained and moderatepermeability
Land use : RiceSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Baluahi Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Dark
yellowishbrown
Loamysand
Finegranular
Friable, nonsticky
- 6.8 0.17 0.30
15-30 brown Sand Singlegrain
Loose nonsticky
- 6.7 0.11 -
30-60 yellowishbrown
Sand Singlegrain
Loose nonsticky
- 6.8 0.14 -
60-90 brown Sand Singlegrain
Loose nonsticky
- 7.2 0.10 -
90-120 brown Sand Singlegrain
Loose nonsticky
- 7.2 0.10 -
120-150 brown Sand Singlegrain
Loose nonsticky
- 7.2 0.10 -
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
74WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is of coarse textured sandy, having very low AWHC. Because of excessive
drainability and very low soil water retentivity, it has very severe limitation for crop
production.
Land capability sub-class : IVs Irrigability sub-class : 4 s Productivity potential : Low Land use suitability : Watermelon, vegetables, tea
District : KishanganjVillage : Matiari
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gentlysloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Well drained with moderately rapedpermeability
Land use : Rice-MustardSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Olive
brownSilt
loamsb Friable
slightly sticky- 7.6 0.38 1.11
15-30 Grayishdrown
Siltloam
sb Firm slightlysticky
- 7.8 0.46 0.63
30-60 Grayishdrown
Sandyloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightly sticky
- 7.5 0.51 0.14
60-90 Yellowishbrown
Sand Singlegrain
Loose nonsticky
- 7.3 0.39 0.04
90-120
yellowishbrown
Sandyloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightly sticky
- 7.4 0.34 0.23
120-150
Olivebrown
Sandloam
Mediumsb
Friable,slightly sticky
- 7.3 0.37 0.18
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is of coarse loamy texture, having moderately low AWHC. Because of
moderately low soil water retentivity to severe limitation for crop production.
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
75WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
Land capability sub-class : III ws Irrigability sub-class : 3 sd Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Mustard, sunflower, vegetables
District : KishanganjVillage : Dhadhar
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic active alluvial plain, gentlysloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderatepermeability
Land use : Rice-WheatSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Light
brownishgray
Loam Massive Friableslightlysticky
- 6.3 0.22 0.58
15-30 Grayishbrownh
Loam sb Friable,slightlysticky
- 6.5 0.24 0.30
30-60 Gray Loam sb Friable, non-sticky
- 6.5 0.22 0.24
60-90 LightGray
Loam sb Friable, non-sticky
- 6.5 0.20 0.21
90-120
LightGray
Loam sb Friable, non-sticky
- 6.5 0.24 0.21
120-150
LightGray
Loam sb Friable, non-sticky
- 6.6 0.24 0.18
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is of coarse loamy texture, having medium AWHC. Because of somewhat low
soil water retentivity, it has moderate level of limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : II w Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, mustard
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
76WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
District : KishanganjVillage : Haldikhoar
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately slowpermeability
Land use : Wheat, MaizeSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Brown Silt loam sb Friable
slightly sticky- 6.2 0.09 0.44
15-30 Brown Loam sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.8 0.07 0.31
30-60 Brown Loam sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.7 0.10 0.12
60-90 Palebrown
Silt loam sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.6 0.09 0.32
90-120 Brown Clayloam
sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.9 0.07 0.12
120-150 Grayishbrown
Clayloam
sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.5 0.04 0.18
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is medium textured, having moderately high AWHC. Because of proneness to
moderate flooding during rainy season, it has moderate level of limitation for crop
production.
Land capability sub-class : II w Irrigability sub-class : 2 d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Wheat –Maize, Mustard, Vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
77WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
District : KishanganjVillage : Purandaha
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately well drained with moderately rapidpermeability
Land use : WheatSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Moti Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C(%)
0-15 Brown Sandy clayloam
sb Friableslightly sticky
- 7.1 0.11 0.36
15-30 Brown Sandyloam
sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.6 0.14 0.22
30-60 Brown Loamysand
Granular Very friable,non- sticky
- 6.3 0.12 0.18
60-90 Palebrown
Loamysand
Granular Very friable,non- sticky
- 6.3 0.15 0.10
90-120 Brown Loamysand
Granular Very friable,non- sticky
- 6.8 0.09 0.12
120-150
Grayishbrown
Sand Singlegrain
Loose non-sticky
- 6.8 0.10 0.10
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is coarse textured, having moderately low AWHC. Because of low water
retentivity and proneness to surface flooding during rainy season, it has severe
limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : III ws Irrigability sub-class : 2 sd Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, Oil seeds, Vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
78WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
District : KishanganjVillage : Bibiganj
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Poorly drained with slow permeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Brownish
grayLoam Massive Firm, sticky - 6.2 0.12 0.50
15-30 Light gray Clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.14 0.24
30-60 Light grayto gray
Clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.12 0.17
60-90 Gray Clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.10 0.13
90-120 Light gray Clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.08 0.11
120-150
Light gray Clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 7.0 0.10 0.09
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is medium textured, having moderately high AWHC. Because of poor
drainability of soil and poor soil air-water relationship, it has moderate to severe
limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3sd Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, mustard, vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
79WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
District : KishanganjVillage : Birpur
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), moderate erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Moderately drained with moderate permeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)0-15 Greish
brownSilt
loamMassive Friable
slightly sticky- 6.0 0.12 0.78
15-30 Greishbrown
Siltloam
sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 7.2 0.09 0.25
30-60 Brown Siltloam
sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.9 0.13 0.19
60-90 Yellowishbrown
Siltloam
sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 7.1 0.14 0.29
90-120
Yellowishbrown
Loam sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 6.9 0.09 0.35
120-150
Yellowishbrown
Clayloam
sb Friable,slightly sticky
- 7.1 0.10 0.19
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is medium textured, having moderately AWHC. Because of proneness to
severe flooding during rainy season, it has severe limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3d Productivity potential : Medium Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, oil seeds, pulses, vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
80WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
District : KishanganjVillage : Latar
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, very gentlysloping ( 1-3%), slight erosion, normal relief
Drainage : Poorly drained with slow permeability
Land use : Rice-WheatSoil characteristics :Local soil name : Barik Domat Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC(1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Brownishgray
Loam Massive Firm, sticky - 6.2 0.10 0.50
15-30 Light gray Clay loam sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.14 0.23
30-60 Light grayto gray
Clay loam sb Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.10 0.19
60-90 Gray Clay loam sb Firm, sticky - 6.6 0.10 0.12
90-120 Light gray Clay loam sb Firm, sticky - 6.8 0.12 0.10
120-150 Light gray Clay loam sb Firm, sticky - 7.0 0.08 0.09
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is medium textured, having moderately high AWHC. Because of poor
drainage and surface flooding during rainy season, it has severe limitation for crop
production.
Land capability sub-class : III w Irrigability sub-class : 3d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, Mustard, Vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
81WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
District : KishanganjVillage : Sontha
Physiography : Indo-Gangetic recent alluvial plain, level tonearly level (0-1%), very slight erosion, normalrelief
Drainage : Poorly drained with slow permeability
Land use : Rice-Wheat, Vegetables
Soil characteristics :Local soil name : Chikni Mitti
Depth(cm)
Colour Texture Structure Consistency Calcar-eousness
pH(1:2.5water)
EC (1:2.5water)(dS/m)
Org.C
(%)
0-15 Brown ClayLoam
Massive Firm, sticky - 6.4 0.20 0.54
15-30 Brown Silt clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 7.0 0.27 0.28
30-60 Brown Silt clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 7.2 0.33 0.20
60-90 Brown Silt clayloam
sb Firm, sticky - 7.4 0.26 0.16
90-120
Brown Silt clayloam
Angularblocky
Firm, verysticky
- 7.5 0.27 0.12
120-150
Brown Clay Angularblocky
Firm verysticky
- 7.4 0.17 0.10
Interpretive grouping of soil:
The soil is fine textured, having moderate to high AWHC. Because of poor drainage, it
has moderate limitation for crop production.
Land capability sub-class : II w Irrigability sub-class : 3d Productivity potential : Medium to high Land use suitability : Rice-Wheat, Gram, Vegetables
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
82WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
(a) Soil Analysis
The land physiography is gently to very gantly sloping. The solum is invariably deep (>
150 cm) which reflects positively on the effective soil depth. The top soil layer (0-30cm
soil depth) is mostly light to medium textured, ranging from sandy loam to clay loam
The deeper soil layers (30 cm to 150cm soil depth) show variable textural pattern
ranging from sand to silt loam, silty clay loam and silty clay. Lithological discontinuity
is not evident. The organic carbon content in the top 15 cm soil layer is usually low
averaging about 0.40%, except at the sites such as Mitiary ( 1.11%) and Birpur (0.78%)
where it is much higher. In the deeper soil layers (30 cm to 150cm soil depth) , the
organic carbon content is much lower (about 0.13%). The soil structure is mostly
subangular blocky (sb) while the range of structure is from single grain to sub-angular
blocky to massive. The consistency is mostly friable to slightly sticky. The soil
reaction in terms of pH is in the neutral range, averaging abound 6.5 to 7. The soils are
invariably non-calcareous, non-saline/ non-sodic. This is because the river Mahananda
flows through the non-calcareous Himalayan catchment areas which are rich in acidic
minerals. The land capability sub-class ranges mostly from IIw to IIIw. An extreme
case is IVs in case of Terhagachh. The soil limiting conditions are low water retentivity
and moderately rapid permeability couped with proneness to rainy season flooding.
Because of these soil conditions, the productivity potential is of low to medium level.
(b) Soil Suit
Rice is the most important Kharif crop grown under mono cropping or associated with
jute. Of particular significance is the adoption of tea cultivation in the light textured
upland areas. Under irrigated condition, there is a wide scope for intensified cropping
along with crop diversification with inclusion of Kharif and Rabi maize, wheat,
oilseeds, pulses and vegetables.
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
83WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
9.3.5 Summing Up
Soils are the most precious resource. Maintaining soils in a state of high productivity
on sustainable basis is a primary concern under irrigated agriculture so as to meet the
people’s basic needs. The people in this area are largely dependent on agriculture. In
this context, scientific appraisal of soils in respect of their characteristics and utilisation
potential is extremely important for optimizing land use. In pursuance of the TOR, soil
appraisal in the potential irrigation command area has been carried out with following
objective.
(i) To assess irrigation and drainage needs of the specific soils; and (ii) toconsider crops suitable for the specific soils and management requirement foroptimizing soil utilization and crop productivity on sustained basis.
Also, the appraisal of land capability will be useful to planners for allocating the costs
of development on the basis of potential returns.
The approach for soil appraisal has been land form analysis based on site observations
and examination of soil characteristics through field and laboratory investigations. The
basic data on soil depth, texture, structure, consistency, calcareousness, pH, EC and
organic carbon content have been provided. Soil depth suggests the volume of the soil
which the roots can exploit for obtaining water and nutrients for growth. The data show
very deep soils in the project area. Soil texture acts as a guide to many soil
characteristics directly or indirectly related to plant growth such as water retention and
availability, workability of soils, irrigation and drainage needs, crop suitability, etc.
The textural groups are mostly medium to fine textured, indicative of moderate to high
water retentively and availability. The soils of Kishanganj district forming a part of the
North-Eastern Plain Zone are usually light to medium textured, indicative of low to
moderate level of water retentively and availability. The structure is mostly sub-angular
blocky to massive which is indicative of moderate of slow soil drainability. Friable to
slightly sticky consistency is indicative of satisfactory level of soil air-soil water
relationship. On this count, most soils pose no problem for crop production.
Apparently, provision of surface drainage will ensure a satisfactory level of soil air-soil
water relationship for non-rice and non-jute crops. The soil reaction is mostly around
FFiinnaall RReeppoorrtt
84WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-IX
neutral which is the most suitable for nutrient availability for crop production. The
soils of Sitamarhi, Darbhanga and Kishanganj districts are non-calcareous and non-
sodic. The soils of Samastipur district lying between the river Bagmati and the river
Burhi-Gandak have varying levels of calcareousness. Calcium carbonate occurs in
sand, silt and clay size fractions which encompasses problems associated the alkaline
pH, free calcium and magnesium carbonates, and interacting reactions with plant
nutrients. Carbonates of Ca & Mg participate directly in some soil reactions,
controlling the solubility of phosphate and iron and reducing their availability to plants.
Other elements such as manganese and zinc also tend to become less available, while
molybdenum becomes more available approaching toxic level. The soil organic carbon
content is usually low. It is around 0.5% in the top 15 cm soil layer and further lower in
deeper soil layers. Low level of organic carbon content is indicative of low soil
nitrogen content.
The project area is above 90% agricultural land area. Therefore, land use planning
essentially turns to crop planning and production system management for optimizing
land utilization on sustained basis. Almost each parcel of land has to be brought into
agricultural activity of economic interest. What kind of activity would be suited to
which land is a matter of land suitability evaluation for which soil survey interpretation
is of paramount importance. It needs to be understood that soil survey interpretation is
an “iterative process” proceeded by successive approximation of land suitability for
irrigation and crop production. Despite quite favourable inherent soil characteristics, the
land suitability has been rated at the lower level mostly on account of excess water
problem caused by flooding and entrapment of flood water in local depressions that
have been caused by abrasive actions of the river flows. Because of flooding
incidences and adverse physiographic conditions caused thereof, the lands are mostly
under class 3 irrigability on at best under Class 2. However, it is to be accepted that
flood is the integral part which has to be lived with. The imperative for flood plains is
to work out effective pre and post-flood management options. Such options have to be
pre-requisite for soil management and land use planning in the flood-prone project land
areas.
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1WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X
CHAPTER-XDEVELOPMENT OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES
10.1GENERAL
Exploration is one of major exercise for assessment of Ground Water Status. Ground
water exploration in the state was initiated by Geological Survey of India along with
Exploratory Tubewell Organization under Technical Co-operation Mission Project
during the year 1955-1957. Subsequently, the exploration was continued by the
Geological Survey of India. The CGWB has started the exploration in the state in the
year 1972. This activity so far has resulted in generating wealth of information about
the disposition of granular zones, shallow and deep aquifers, their characteristics and
yield capacities etc.,which is very useful for planning purposes.
The exploration has been continued in alluvial areas and semi-consolidated areas also
covering north Bihar. An area of special interest in alluvial area is to identify the
zone under auto flow condition in north Bihar.Special thrust has been given in the
hard rock and other problematic areas. In the state, 53% exploratory wells are located
in hard rock areas and 43% are in alluvial areas. The remaining wells are located in
semi – consolidated area.
So far, 374 bore wells have been drilled in the state. The break up of different types
of wells is as follows:
i) Exploratory bore wells - 207 nos.
ii) Observation wells - 148 nos.
iii) Piezometers - 4 nos.
iv) Slim role - 1 nos.
The general description of ground water assessment units of the State ending March
2004 are given in Table 10.1 The hydrogeological data of exploratory wells in
alluvium till March 1998 are given in Table 10.2. On the basis of above exploration,
the annual replenishableground water resource of the state has been assessed as 29.19
BCM. The detailed status of ground water resources in the state is given in Para 10.4.
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Table10.1General description of ground water assessment units of Bihar as on 31st March,2004
SI.No
District Type ofgroundwater
assessmentunit
(Watershed/Block/Taluka/ Mandal)
Type of rockformation
Areal Extent
Totalgroundwater
assessment unit
Commandarea
Non-command area
Poorgroundwater
qualityarea
(In hectares)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 Araria Block Quaternary
Alluvium282994 - - 0
2 Arwal Block QuaternaryAlluvium
64818 - - 0
3 Aurangabad Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-
cambrian granitegneiss
309653 - - 0
4 Banka Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-
cambrian granitegneiss
258980 - - 0
5 Begusarai Block QuaternaryAlluvium
191862 - - 0
6 Bhabua Block QuaternaryAlluvium,Vindhyan
337137 - - 0
7 Bhagalpur Block QuaternaryAlluvium
255095 - - 0
8 Bhojpur Block QuaternaryAlluvium
233730 - - 0
9 Buxar Block QuaternaryAlluvium
161541 - - 0
10 Darbhanga Block QuaternaryAlluvium
227889 - - 0
11 EastChamparan
Block QuaternaryAlluvium
396725 - - 0
12 Geya Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-
cambrian granitegneiss
488856 - - 0
13 Gopalganj Block QuaternaryAlluvium
203730 - - 0
14 Jamul Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-
305158 - - 0
DDrraafftt DDeettaaiilleedd PPrroojjeecctt RReeppoorrtt
3WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X
SI.No
District Type ofgroundwater
assessmentunit
(Watershed/Block/Taluka/ Mandal)
Type of rockformation
Areal Extent
Totalgroundwater
assessment unit
Commandarea
Non-command area
Poorgroundwater
qualityarea
(In hectares)cambrian granite
gneiss
15 Jehanabad Block QuaternaryAlluvium
92181 - - 0
16 Kaithar Block QuaternaryAlluvium
304698 - - 0
17 Khagaria Block QuaternaryAlluvium
147719 - - 0
18 Kisanganj Block QuaternaryAlluvium
188366 - - 0
19 Lakhisarai Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-
cambrian granitegneiss
106631 - - 0
20 Madhepura Block QuaternaryAlluvium
178277 - - 0
21 Madhubani Block QuaternaryAlluvium
351338 - - 0
22 Munger Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-
cambrian granitegneiss
125967 - - 0
23 Muzafferpur Block QuaternaryAlluvium
317192 - - 0
24 Nalanda Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-
cambrian granitegneiss
238403 - - 0
25 Nawada Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-
cambrian granitegneiss
246494 - - 0
26 Patna Block QuaternaryAlluvium
320111 - - 0
27 Purnea Block QuaternaryAlluvium
316583 - - 0
28 Rpjtas Block QuaternaryAlluvium,Vindhyan
sandstone, shales,
374425 - - 0
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4WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X
SI.No
District Type ofgroundwater
assessmentunit
(Watershed/Block/Taluka/ Mandal)
Type of rockformation
Areal Extent
Totalgroundwater
assessment unit
Commandarea
Non-command area
Poorgroundwater
qualityarea
(In hectares)Limestone
29 Sajarsa Block QuaternaryAlluvium
165395 - - 0
30 Sa,sto[ir Block QuaternaryAlluvium
285606 - - 0
31 Saran Block QuaternaryAlluvium
262200 - - 0
32 Sheikhpura Block QuaternaryAlluvium, pre-
cambrian granitegneiss
66954 - - 0
33 Sheohar Block QuaternaryAlluvium
44288 - - 0
34 Sitamarhi Block QuaternaryAlluvium
221891 - - 0
35 Siwan Block QuaternaryAlluvium
209093 - - 0
36 Supaul Block QuaternaryAlluvium
242960 - - 0
37 Vaishali Block QuaternaryAlluvium
201561 - - 0
38 WestChamoparan
Block QuaternaryAlluvium
468130 - -
9194631
Table 10.2Hydrogeological Data of Exploratory Well in Alluvium till March 1998
SI.No
District
North Bihar
Depthrangeof well(m)
CumulativeThicknessof Aquifer(m)
ExistingYield(M3/hr)
DrawDown(m)
Transmi-ssivity(m2/day)
1 2 3 4 5 6 71 Bhagalpur (Part) 050-295 15-085 040-125 15-20 0064-42082 Gopal Ganj 093-205 24-073 084-211 05-12 1127-31483 Madhubani 329-400 30-070 040-180 06-13 215-17364 Munger (Part) 050-200 12-054 060-347 07-23 0295-2250
DDrraafftt DDeettaaiilleedd PPrroojjeecctt RReeppoorrtt
5WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X
5 Muzaffarpur 055-122 21-024 049-093 03-10 1274-15766 Saran 051-056 03-025 006-022 12-14 0029-06467 Siwan 198-200 30-075 160-094 07-12 2009-38208 Saharsa 65-168 309 West Champaran 250- 20.5-42.0 37.5
10.2 HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING
10.2.1 Geology, Stratigraphy and Lithology
The state of undivided Bihar exhibits one of the most diversified geology both in
terms of rock types and age of the formations. The rocks range from Archean
metamorphic to recent alluvial sediments. The stratigraphic succession of the state is
presented in Table 10.3.
Table 10.3Stratigraphic Succession of Bihar
Age Formation Broad Lithology
Quaternary Alluvial deposits Sand, clay, silt andoccasional gravel
Tertiary Siwaliks Sandstone,congomerate, claystone, gravel
L-Cambrian to Proterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup Sandstone, limestoneetc.
Proterozoic-Archean Chotanagpur granite gneiss,and rocks of Bihar Mica belt
Granites, granite-gneiss,schists, phyllites,dolomites, basic rocks,amphibolifes
However, the basin in question is covered largely by Quaternary Alluvial deposits and
a small patch in the North eastern portion bordering Nepal in the district of West
Champaran is of Siwalik type belonging to tertiary period and is made up of
sandstone, conglomerate redclay and spongy limestone etc. and forms structural hills
with a number of faults of different magnitude criss-crossing them.
Plate 10.1 shows panel diagram with sub-surface Lithological Correlation of aquifers
in the Ganga Basin, in Bihar which itself is self-explanatory. The lithology of the
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6WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X
basin by and large shows fine to medium sand, coarse sand, sand with pebble and
boulder in major parts and clay and silt and clay in some areas occurring in the basin.
10.2.2 Quaternary Alluvial Deposit
The Gangetic Alluvium in the state of Bihar is underlain by thick alluvium deposit of
post Siwalik period. The thick pile of deposition was abetted by down buckling of the
Himalayan Fore-deep. However, Quaternary Alluvial deposits form one of the most
potential aquifer systems in Indian sub-continent. Exploratory drilling by CGWB
reveals the hydrogeology of the Quaternary Alluvium down to a depth of 250 m
below ground level. They occupy almost entire North Bihar Plain. Deep exploratory
drillings have confirmed thickness of more than two kilometer of sedimentary deposit
in north Bihar. The sedimentary deposit consists of alternating layers of sand and
clay representing multi-cyclic nature of sedimentation.
In the northern part bordering Nepal, the Terai belt is occurring as a narrow strip in
Madhubani, Darbhanga, and West Champaran districts. The Terai belt coalesces with
alluvial North Ganga Plain further south. Auto flow wells have been observed in the
Terai belt in these districts. There are terraces of Older and Younger alluvium.
Ground water occurs under unconfined conditions in the phreatic aquifer, which is
generally disposed within 70 m bgl. In deeper aquifers, ground water occurs under
confined condition.
A hydrologeological map of the State is given at Plate 10.2.
10.3OCCURENCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF GROUND WATER ANDAQUIFERCHARACTERISTICS
The quaternary alluvial deposit spread over north of river Ganga is a part of porous
unit formation. The exploratory drilling in alluvial plains confirm presence of
potential aquifer down to a depth of 300 m below ground. The ground water occurs
under unconfined condition within the shallow aquifer generally disposed within 70 m
below ground. The aquifer at deeper levels remain under semi-confined to confined
conditions. In spite of geological continuity, a wide regional variation in hydraulic
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7WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X
properties and yield potential of the aquifers have been observed which are described
as follows:
In North Bihar the alluvium sediments spread over almost the entire area. In extreme
northern part, this unit can be further sub classed as sub-Terai belt. This sub-unit is
an extension of the Terai belt which is mostly located in Nepal. This belt is
characterised with pre-dominence of boulders, pebbles and coarse sand where ground
water remains under high confining pressure and even at places, it produces artesian
condition. This unit covers northern part of E & W Champaran, Sitamarhi,
Madhubani, Supaul and Araria districts. In Champaran district, the water level is
found at relatively deeper levels and fluctuation within a range of 5-10 m at places.
The alluvial sediments in North Bihar form prolific aquifer system. At shallow level,
i.e. within 50 m. bgl, 1-3 zones are usually found having individual thickness of 3-10
m. The specific yield ranges from 14-18% which again indicates towards non
confines of the aquifer or semi-confined aquifer. The transmissivity(T)ranges from
400-700 m2/day. The discharge generally ranges from 20-30 m3/hr, and in some cases
goes upto 50 m3/hr. In some locations, the second and third layer lie under clay bed
where ground water occurs under semi-confined condition. The T range in Kosi area
is around 2000 m2/day. In general, the shallow tube wells, tapping 20-25 m thick
aquifer, yield about 30 m3 /hr at around 1.5 m to 3 m draw down.
The CGWB has drilled a number of boreholes to explore the deeper aquifer.
Generally 3-5 granular zone are found within 200 m bgl & their cumulative thickness
ranges from 30-70 m . In parts of Muzaffarpur district, the thickness reduces and
ranges from 12-30 m. The static water level of this unit ranges from 6.59 m bgl to
2.77 m bgl at Ladania in Madhubani district. In general, the yield of wells tapping
deep aquifers varies from 135 to 200 m3/hr in the western sector of North Bihar and
from 125 to 150 m3/day in the eastern sector of North Bihar. However, in most of
the well the discharge exceeds 100 m3/hr and drawdown ranges from 3.1 m to 14.5 m.
The T ranges from 215 to around 1737 m2/day in Madhubani & Muzaffarpur districts
etc. Storativity ranges from 1.1x10-3 to as low as 8.39 x 10-5. At Ladania in the
district of Madhubani, the free flow discharge has been found as 14 m3/hr.
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To understand the disposition of granular zones in north Bihar, a section has been
produced along Uttarwar-Singhia Section in north of Ganga which is aligned in
WNW-ESE direction (Fig. 10.1). The section reveals that the granular zone lying
between 60-110 m bgl continues for the entire section and lies under a thick blanket
of clay. In Eastern part this zone moves upward and comes within 25 m bgl near
Singhia. Some discontinuous sand lenses are observed within the clay bed above the
main granular zone.
A brief description indicating the salient point of ground water hydrogeology for
different sub-basins of North Bihar plain is given below.
10.3.1 Burhi Gandak Sub-basin
In upper reaches, the shallow aquifer is poor in potential.However, the deeper zones
are having good prospect. Yield from the wells (upto 150 m bgl) ranges from 100-
150 m3/hr. In central part of the basin, the yield potential increases. At Karor in
Begusarai district, T is about 5000 m2/day. The discharge in the district ranges from
125-135 m3/day with 10 m draw down.
A saline and hot water belt occurs in Begusarai district along the course of Burhi
Gandak river between the village Sewer and Khdawanpur. CGWB exploration has
indicated that saline and hot water occurs down to the depth of 200 m bgl.
10.3.2 Bagmati and Kamla-Balan Sub-Basin
In the western part of the sub-basin, ground water occurs under unconfined condition
at shallow level and confined condition at deeper level. Autoflow conditions exist in
upper part of the basin. Piezometric head ranges from GL to 2.7 m bgl. Free flow
discharge ranges from 4-300 lpm. The yield of the wells of 100 m depth ranges from
46-170 m3/hr with draw down from 4-6m. T at Aurai in Muzaffarpur district is 1600
m2/day and storivity (S) is 2.6 x 10-3. The T increases in SE direction.
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9WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X
In the tail end of particularly Kamla Balan sub-basin, the yield increases in shallow
aquifers. In Khagaria and Samastipur districts, the shallow tubewell tapping 50 m
thick acquifer yield 35-50 m3/hr for 3-4 m drawdown.
10.3.3 Kosi sub-basin
In eastern part of Kosi sub-basin, ground water occurs under unconfined to semi-
confined condition in upper reaches within 150 m bgl. The shallow aquifer yield
ranges from 35-50 m3/hr for a meager draw down of 0.5 m to 1.5 m . However, in
lower reaches the yield is more and can withstand pumping for longer hours. But the
drawdown in this part is more.
In western part, there is a clay bed at the top of the succession. Ground water in
deeper aquifer remains under semi-confined to confined condition. In Dharbhanga
district, the aquifer within 150 m depth can yield 185 m3/hr for a drawdown of 5.5 m.
The shallow aquifers are not as potential as in eastern part except in Diara areas in
Khagaria and Dharbhanga districts. In down stream direction, the potential of both
shallow and deeper aquifers increases considerably.
10.3.4 Mahananda sub-basin
The details of ground water hydrogeology for the Mahananda sub-basin has not been
explored so far. But in general it may be presumed that this sub-basin also exhibits
almost similar characteristics as that of the Kosi eastern belt.
Salient characteristics of few exploration wells in North Bihar are listed in Table 10.2
and above details are shown on Plate 10.3.
10.4GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY
The ground water resource estimation was carried out following GEC-1997.
Methodology for 515 blocks covering 38 districts of Bihar as on 31st March 2004.
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10WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X
Salient features of dynamic ground water resource of Bihar state are presented in
Table 4.4. The annual ground water recharge during monsoon from rainfall and other
sources are 1945124 ha m and 395461 ha m respectively. The recharge during non-
monsoon season from rainfall and other sources are 342177 ha m and 236193 ha m
respectively. The gross annual ground water works out to be 2918955 ha m. The net
ground water resource availability works out to be 2742086 ha m. The gross ground
water draft for irrigation as on 31st March 2004 has been worked out to be 939367 ha
m and for domestic and industrial uses as 137218 ha m. The allocation of ground
water for next 25 years has been worked out as 214025 ha m. The net ground water
resource availability for irrigation for future development is 1588695 ha m. There is a
wide variation in the ground water resource availability from one district to another
because of the variation in geographical areas and the rock types. The stage of ground
water development as on 31st March 2004 for the entire state is 39%. The stage of
ground water development varies from 27% (Araria district) to 58% (Begusarai
district). In majority of the districts, the stage of ground water development remains
within 40%. The salient features of the dynamic ground water resource of Bihar are
as given below in Table 10.4.
The average ground water level fluctuations in the state during the period from 1984
to 1993 varies between 0 to 2 m except few small patches near north bank of the
Ganga in which it rangesbetween 2 to 4 m.
Table 10.4Salient features of dynamic ground water resource of Bihar as on
31st March,2004.
Type of Assessment unit 515
Total annual ground water recharge 2918955 ha m
Natural discharge during non-monsoon period 176869 ha m
Net annual ground water availability 2742086 ha m
Existing gross GW draft for irrigation 939367 ha m
Existing gross GW draft for M & I 137218 ha m
Existing gross draft for irrigation and M & I use 1076585
Allocation for domestic and industrial use up to2025
214025 ha m
Net ground water availability for irrigation in 1588695 ha m
DDrraafftt DDeettaaiilleedd PPrroojjeecctt RReeppoorrtt
11WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X
future
Stage of Ground Water development 39%
A perusal of the stage of ground water development and long term water level trend
of monitoring stations indicates that all the blocks fall under safe category. The
categorisation of blocks as per the norms of GEC-1997 as on 31.3.2004 is as given
below:
Sl.No.
Category Number of blocks
1 Over-exploited Nil2 Critical Nil3 Semi-critical Nil4 Safe 515
Based on the extent of geographical area falling in the Sapta Kosi Command, the
annual replenishable ground water for the Burhi Gandak – Bagmati- Kamla – Kosi
and Mahananda basins has been assessed as 5650 MCM as given in Table 10.5.
10.5GROUND WATER TABLE OBSERVATIONS
The depth of ground water level of phreatic aquifer during pre-monsoon 2003 was 2
to 5 meter below ground level which is more or less in whole of the basin area. Water
level has been observed to rest between 0 and 2 m below ground only in some small
patches in certain districts of the basin area. During post-monsoon period 2003, rise
in ground water level was observed to the tune of 2 to 4 m from pre-monsoon 2003
water level. In North Bihar plain, patches of ground water levels of 0 to 2 m below
ground have been observed, especially in the east of Kosi. In rest of the area, the
depth of water level remains between 2 to 5 m below ground. Observation on long-
term trend of ground water levels of National Hydrograph Network Stations do not
show any significant decline of ground water levels both in pre and post-monsoon
periods.
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Table 10.5Annually Replemshable Ground Water of unconfined aquifer as on 31-3-09 based on GEC 1997 Burhi Gandak – Bagmati – Kamla –Kosi & Mahananda Basin
(Unit: ha m)SI.No
AssessmentDistrict
Net annualG.W.
Availability
ExistingGross G.W.
Draft forIrrigation
Existing grossG.W for
domestic &industrial water
supply
ExistingGross G.WDraft for all
Uses
Allocationfor domestic& Industrialrequirementsupply upto
next 25 years
Net G.W.Availability for
futureirrigation
development
Stage of G.Wdevelopment
%Geographial
area falling inthe Command
Net G.W inthe
Command
(4+5) 3-4-7 (6/3)*100 (8)*10/100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 Araria 88339.5 20424.1 3478.5 23902.6 5477.7 62437.7 27.1 97.7 61001.6
2 Begusarai 62418.4 32158.4 3799.7 35958.1 6438.6 23821.4 57.6 38.1 9076.0
3 Darbhanga 55215.2 19725.0 4890.6 24615.6 8051.2 27439.0 44.6 100.0 27439.0
4 East Champaran 147743.8 47640.1 6811.2 54451.3 10822.8 89280.9 36.9 23.6 21070.3
5 Kathiar 96729.0 35801.4 3918.7 39720.1 6205.6 54722.0 41.1 69.7 38141.2
6 Khagaria 49982.9 16658.3 2146.2 18804.5 3361.4 29963.2 37.6 64.0 19176.4
7 Kishanganj 60608.5 14076.5 2234.0 16310.5 3591.6 42940.4 26.9 42.7 18335.6
8 Madhepur 59480.9 23408.8 2506.2 25915.0 3906.0 32166.1 43.6 100.0 32166.1
9 Madhubani 102856.0 25666.8 5788.1 31454.9 8782.4 68406.8 30.6 100.0 68406.8
10 Muzzfarpur 109768.3 46359.6 5862.4 52222.0 9226.6 54182.1 47.6 42.8 23189.9
11 Purnea 104168.1 37434.5 4044.3 41478.8 7200.1 59533.5 39.8 94.1 56021.0
12 Saharsa 55935.8 17149.1 2421.7 19570.8 3962.0 34824.7 35.0 94.6 32944.2
13 Sitamarhi 85396.8 31259.2 5362.0 36621.2 8038.3 46099.3 42.9 100.0 46099.3
14 Supaul 85957.1 22829.7 2898.8 25728.5 4922.4 58205.0 29.9 100.0 58205.0
15 Vaishali 74008.6 33588.1 4530.0 38118.1 6873.4 33547.1 51.5 0.0 0.0
16 Samstipur 102233.3 43413.6 5583.0 48996.6 8278.7 50541.0 47.9 62.6 31638.7
17 W. Champaran 178583.7 35578.3 5237.1 40815.4 8308.7 134696.7 22.9 16.4 22090.30
Total (ha-m) 565001.4
Total (MCM) 5650
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13WAPCOS Ltd Chapter-X
10.6QUALITY OF GROUND WATER
In general in northern part of the State, ground water is less mineralised with
electrical conductance within 1000 µs/cm. The ground water is alkaline earth
bicarbonate type. The calcium and bicorbonate is dominant cation and anious in 80%
cases. SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) values are mostly within 10, hence water is
suitable for irrigation purposes.
The chemical quality data of ground water samples in the state for the year 2003 of
National Hydrograph Network Stations of CGWB tapping phreatic aquifer indicates
that the ground water in phreatic aquifer is mildly alkaline in nature with average
value of pH as 7.7. The pH is more than 7 in almost all the samples. The Electrical
conductivity (EC) values indicate that the ground water is having moderate salinity
with mean value of 941 micromho/cm at 250 C. The range of EC values at 250 C
vary from 180 to 2400 micromho/cm. The standard deviation of EC is 501. Ca and
Na are two dominating cations while bicarbonate and chloride are two dominating
anions. The water is mainly calcium-magnesium bicarbonate type. Based on the
results of chemical analysis, it can be said that ground water is, by and large, potable
in nature and also suitable for irrigation purposes. The results of chemical analysis
are given in Table 10.6
Table 10.6Details of chemical analysis of phreatic aquifer of HNS in 2003
Sl.No.
Constituent Maximum Minimum Average Standard Deviation
1. E C (micromho/cmat 250C)
2400 180 941.40 501.28
2. pH 8.56 6.9 7.7 0.343. HCO3 (Mg/1) 54 0 2.0 8.734. Cl (Mg/l) 841 78 345.1 148.175. Ca (Mg/l) 454 18 113.6 83.11
The details of major chemical parameters of ground water samples of HNS during
pre-monsoon 2006 in various districtsas given in Annex 10.1 show that EC values at
all the stations in the basin area of the districts is within 1000 micromho/cm and the
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water is alkaline. All other chemical characteristics are within permissible limits.
Hence, the ground water is suitable for irrigation use.
10.7 POTENTIAL FOR GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN STUDY AREA
The ground water behavior in the study area does not exhibit occurrence of diversified
geological formations with lithological variations since it is primarily of porous
unconsolidated formations category. This area by far is the most significant ground
water reservoirs for large scale and extensive development. The hydrological
environment and ground water regime conditions in this area indicate the existence of
potential aquifers having enormous fresh ground water reservoir of the quality suited
for drinking and irrigation purposes. Bestowed with high intensity of rainfall and
covered by a thick pile of porous sediments, these ground water reservoirs get
replenishedevery year. In this area, in addition to the annual replenishable ground
water resource, phreatic aquifer resting within 70 m depth is also available. There
also exists a huge ground water reserve in the deep seated aquifers below say 70 m to
600 m depth. The zone of fluctuation i.e. dynamic ground waterresource zone as well
as the deeper confined aquifers are nearly unexplored. Present mode of development
of ground water in the basin area is through STW and at few locations say Madhubani
district DTW, bamboo boring, dug wells and hand pumps etc. for drinking purposes.
It is also to point out that over 50% of water demand for irrigation and agriculture is
met from ground water but still the stage of development so far in the state is only
39% with wide variation in the districts ranging from 23% in West Champaran to
45% in Dharbhanga. All the 515 Community Development Units of assessment fall
under “safe” category i.e. stage of ground water development is 70%.
The above scenario clearly shows that potential aquifers at shallow and deep levels
are well defined; draft of ground water is still quite low and hence in “safe” areas with
substantial scope of development and no significant long-term decline of pre or post
monsoon ground water levels is anticipated. The topography as well the hydrogeology
in the basin is such as lot of water is seeping in ground and hence aquifers are
maintained. Under this scenario, one of the points worth consideration would be that
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canal seepage should be limited to the minimum and hence canal lining with proper
water management to be adhered so that this additional seepage does not aggravate
already water logged condition in the command. The quality of ground water is also
conducive for irrigation use. Hence, this basin as a whole may be considered as
potential area for ground water development.
The Kosi basin, including the catchment areas of its tributaries like Bagmati, Kamla
etc. and the area covered by alluvial strata in Mahananda basin, is a prolific field for
the development of ground water resource. There is not only an abundant thickness
of loose unconsolidated alluvial sediments in this area but the latter is also endowed
with very favorable meteorological conditions and topography. All these factors
contribute to the making of a very promising geohydrological sub-province in this
basin.
A network of hydrographic stations in the form of wells, tapping the water-table
aquifers, is being maintained by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and the
State Ground Water Directorate (SGD) and the water levels from these stations are
being monitored periodically. The CGWB records the ground water table levels 5
times a year in April, June, August, November and January, whereas the SGD records
the water levels only twice annually i.e. one pre-monsoon and another post-monsoon.
Based on the above data, CGWB has assessed the ground water resource district wise.
The assessment of ground water is not only done for district as a whole but also for
each of the basin, worked out on the basis of proportionate area falling in the basin.
So far as existing projects of Eastern Kosi Canal Project (EKCP) and Kamla Irrigation
Project (KIP) are concerned, the districts of Bihar State involved are as under:
EKCP KIPDistrict Area in Kosi Basin (Lha.) District Area in Kosi Basin (Lha.)
Supaul 2.41 (99.2%)
Saharsa 1.54 (91.5%) Madhubani 1.99 (56.8%)
Madhepura 1.79 (100%)
Purnea 2.07 (64.2%)
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Araria 1.39 (49.1%)
Katihar 1.06 (34.7%)
Bhagalpur 0.27 (10.3%)
Kagaria 0.29 (19.6%)
Total 10.83 Total 1.99
The assessment of ground water resource carried out by CGWB for the above
districts is given in Table-10.7.
Table 10.7
Assessment of Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resourcesin project commands
(Unit: Mcum)Sl
No.District Net annual
GroundWater
availability
ExistingGW draft
forIrrigation
Allocationfor domestic& industrialrequirementfor next 25
years
Net GWavailability
forIrrigation
%agegeographical
area incommand
Net GWavailable incommand
1 2 3 4 5 6 =(3-4-5) 7 8=(6x7/100)
A Eastern Kosi Canal Project
1 Supaul 859 228 49 582 99.2 577
2 Saharsa 559 171 40 348 91.5 318
3 Medhepura 595 234 39 322 100 322
4 Purnea 1041 374 72 595 64.2 382
5 Araria 883 204 55 624 49.1 306
6 Katihar 967 358 62 547 34.7 190
7 Bhagalpur 670 154 65 451 10.3 58
8 Khagaria 500 166 34 300 19.6 59
Sub-total 6074 1889 416 3769 58.7 2212
B Kamla Irrigation Project
1 Madubani 1029 257 88 684 56.8 388
Sub-total 1029 257 88 684 56.8 388
Grand
Total
7103 2146 504 4453 58.4 2600
Source : As per ‘Salient features of dynamic ground water resources of Bihar’ as on 31st
March, 2004 – by CGWB
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Thus the annual ground water availability for irrigation for the existing projects from
the above Table works out as under :
EKCP = 2212 Mcum (for 8 districts)
KIP = 388 Mcum(for 1 district)
Considering a net irrigation requirement of 0.7 m for rabi crops and field application
efficiency of 0.65 for non-ponded crops, the gross irrigation requirement for ground
water works out to 1.07 (0.7/0.65) m. Accordingly, with the above ground water
availability, the additional area which can be irrigated works out to:-
EKCP = 2212 x 106/ 1.07 x 104= 2.07 lakh ha
KIP = 388 x 106 / 1.07 x 10 4 = 0.36 lakh ha
This shows that ample quantity of ground water is available to plan for increase the
irrigation intensity within the same command of the above projects.
10.8 ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE IMPACT ON GROUND WATER RECHARGEDUE TO CANAL LINING AND GROUND WATER UTILISATION
The ground water recharge study due to canal lining in this area has not been done so
far. However, the norms indicated in Table 10.8 are generally followed for estimation
of the impact of canal lining and ground water utilization.
Table 10.8Estimation of recharge from other sources
Canal SeepageFactor
Unlined canal 15 to 30 ham/day/millionsq.m. of wetted area
Lined canal 20% of above value forunlined canals
Return flow factor S.W. irrigation 0.10 to 0.50ground water irrigation 0.05 to 0.45
Seepage from waterbodies
1.4 mm/day based on averagearea of water spread
10.9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Ground water availability of 29.19 BCM with net ground water availability of 27.42
BCM and net ground water availability for irrigation in future as 15.89 BCM, the
status of overall draft at the level of 39% so far when more than 50% of irrigation and
agriculture requirements are being met through ground water, well defined potential
aquifers at shallow and deep levels and no significant long-term decline of pre and
post-monsoon ground water levels are enough to prove immense scope of its
development. Aquifers are adequately maintained with annual replenishment. The
quality of ground water is also conducive for use of this resource for irrigation. Since
water table in the basin area is high it appears that further addition to it through
unlined canal seepage may add to the problem of waterlogging in the basin and hence
provision of lined canal and ground water use shall be encouraged for future planning
in the area.
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CHAPTER – XI
WATER LOGGING, DRAINAGE AND RECLAMATION
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.1.1 Water Logging
A comprehensive definition of waterlogging has been suggested as “a soil (land) is
water logged when a portion of it gets saturated by excess input of water either or
both from surface and ground water sources to an extent that normal circulation of air
is restricted, causing loss of flexibility in land use and / or a significant decline in
growth and productivity of normally growing seasonal crops”.
Water logging is the result of repetitive process of excess inflow into a tract against
the outflow. This phenomenon may appear in several ways:
(i) Water stands in a low lying area throughout the year or for greater part of the
year and prevents the use of such areas for effective cultivation or crop
production. Land becomes water logged due to high water table caused by;
a) Excess water release in the command, causing heavy percolation andsubsequent rise of water table due to over irrigation on the land.
b) Seepage of irrigation water from adjoining high land to the subsoil.
c) Leakage and seepage of water through bed and sides of adjoiningcanals, tanks etc. which are at higher level.
d) Inadequate surface drainage resulting in percolation and consequentrise in water table.
e) Impervious obstructions in the path of laterally flowing subsoil watercausing the rise of water table on the upstream side of obstruction.
f) Soil having poor natural drainage properties e.g. soils with claysubstratum.
g) Poor maintenance of irrigation and drainage system network.
(ii) Water may not actually stand above the ground rather the sub-soil water table
may rise with capillary action to the root zone of crops due to rise of ground
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water table. As such crops would suffer serious loss of yield or even
destruction.
(iii) In capillary action of subsoil water at places, salt injurious to crops contained
in the subsoil would tend to rise to the surface and get deposited on the surface
when water evaporates. The repetition of this process year after year can
render the land unfit for cultivation.
For identificational purpose, among various norms, the one suggested by the
MOWR Working Group stipulates that an area with water table depth within
2.0 m is waterlogged, that with water table between 2-3 m is potential area for
water logging and that with water table depth deeper than 3 m is safer area.
The moot point is to identify and delineate the water logged areas, diagnose
the causes in locational context and then formulate area-specific projects for
solution to the problem of waterlogging.
11.1.2 Salinity/Alkalinity of soil
Soil salinity and alkalinity problems in irrigation commands develop when ever soil
and hydrological conditions favour the accumulation of soluble salts in the root zone
of crops. The application of irrigation water by itself means an input of salts.
Every agricultural soil has certain mineral salts in it. Some of these are beneficial
salts as they form the food of plants while the others are injurious as they hinder plant
growth. Injurious salts are also called alkali salts and their common examples are
NaCl, Na2So4 & Na2Co3. These salts prove harmful when they are present in excess,
in the root zone of plant. Out of these three salts, Na2Co3 is the most harmful and
NaCl is the least harmful.
When these soluble alkali salts are in excess in soil and in case ground water table is
near the ground, the water from water table rises up by capillary action and brings
with it alkali salts in solution, water evaporates from the surface of land leaving
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behind an accumulation of these salts in patches on the surface of the land. This
phenomenon is called salt efflorescence. While coming up, some salts also get
deposited in the first 0.9 to 1.2 m of the soil layer below the ground. This
concentration of salts present in the root zone of any plant, has corroding effect on the
roots with the result that the growth of the plant gets checked and the plant ultimately
dies. Such a salt affected soil is known as ' saline soil' and is unproductive and it
cannot support any plant life. Thus saline soil has excessive total soluble alkali salts
in it. These excessive soils should be removed early. If however the salt
efflorescence is to be allowed to be on land for some time and the soil is clayey, a
base exchange reaction will take place, thus sodifying the clay, making it
impermeable, ill-aerated and highly unproductive. Soil is then called alkaline soil and
is comparatively more difficult to reclaim than reclaiming a more saline soil.
Reclamation becomes more and more difficult as the alkanity of soil increases with
time.
In some cases, land also becomes saline or alkaline when it is irrigated by alkaline
irrigation water for some time.
The term ‘salt affected soils’ is used to denote the soil problem caused by soil salinity
and alkalinity. The salt affected soils can be defined as soil that show:
- A concentration of soluble salts high enough to interfere with crop growth;
- Exchangeable sodium percentage to be high enough to affect the ionic balance in
plant and the stability of the soil structure and thereby the soil water – soil air
relationship.
The effect of salinity and alkalinity on crop growth is mediated through osmotic effect
and specific ionic affect. As the salinity of a solution increases, its osmotic potential
increases too and reduces the availability of water for the crop. Moreover, an
imbalanced ion uptake is caused that results in deficiencies in certain elements and
yield depression. Some ions are toxic, causing characteristic injury symptoms
associated with the accumulation of a specific ion in the plant.
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The commonly adopted norm for soil salinity classification is as flows:
EC (ds/m)on saturated extract
Classification Crop yields
0-2 Non-saline Not affected
2-4 Slightly saline Sensitive crops affected
4-8 Saline Many crops affected
8-16 Strongly saline Only tolerant crops possible
>16 Extremely saline A few very tolerant crops possible
Exchangeable sodium affects plant growth in two ways: it causes nutritional problem
and poor soil structure. The soil solution of sodic soils after contains more sodium
than calcium. The nutritional problem may be caused even at the level of 5 to 10
exchangeable sodium percentate (ESP). As ESP value greater than 15 is considered to
be harmful for soil structure stability.
11.2 DRAINAGE PROBLEM OF COMMAND
The command area of Sapta Kosi High Dam Project in Indian territory lies between
eastern fringe of river Burhi Gandak and Western fringe of river Mahananda (upto
Mechi river) having geographical area of 29,69,748 ha spread in seventeen districts of
Bihar. The districts are East Champarian, West Champaran, Samastipur, Begusarai,
Muzaffarpur, Khagaria, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Sitamarhi, Saharsa, Supaul,
Madhepura, Purnea, Araria, Katihar, Bhagalpur & Kishanganj. The major rivers
flowing through the command in Indian territory are Kosi, Bagmati, Kamla Balan &
Bhutahi Balan. The characteristics development of existing projects in above river
basins are associated with water logging / drainage problems as described below:
11.2.1 Kosi River Basin Command
Unlike many rivers in India, the Kosi does not have any defined flood plain. It is
rather extensive and changing alongwith the shift in its course towards west. The
course of Kosi has shifted by 115 km from Purnea District to Saharsa District between
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the period from 1731 to 1954. In this process, the river has been building a fan
shaped inland delta with its apex at Chatra and sides passing near Purnea in the east
and Darbhanga on the west. During this continuous shift, the river had been
destroying vast tracts of agricultural land, roughly estimated to be between 12,800 to
15,260 sq km in the old district of Purnea and Saharsa in Bihar and 768 to 1024 sq km
area in Nepal. It has washed away towns and villages in the basin and created large
swamps. Another problem in this river system is that the river brings down huge
quantity of silt load every year during the flood which has been mainly responsible for
the inland brading of the river. The silt is mainly of course type and harmful to the
fertility of the land when deposited thereon by way of spilling.
After experiencing the huge devastations by the floods almost every year, it was
decided to construct embankments along the river. In the year 1955, work on Kosi
Project was started. Embankments of substantial lengths were completed in 1957,
which started accruing benefits from the same year. The barrage was completed in
1963 and Eastern Kosi canal system was commissioned in July, 1964.
In the report of the Kosi Technical Committee, constituted by the Govt. of Bihar in
1965 under the Chairmanship of Shri Kanwar Sain, former Chairman of the Central
Water Commission, flood problems of the Kosi river have been identified and
summarized as under:
a) The actual daily discharge of the river Kosi at Barahakshetra has been
measured from 1948 to date. The maximum discharge has varied from 5424
cumec (191413 cusec) to as much as 23670 cumec (835237 cusec), 25873
cumec (913000 cusec) observed in 1968. The normal flood during the years
for which the data are available is between 8500 to 9910 cumec.
b) Another peculiarity of the Kosi is abrupt rise of water level in the gorge which
at times has been found to be of the order of about 11 meter in 24 hours. In
the gorge portion, the current of the river is also very strong and at times
recorded velocity has gone to 7 m per second. As a result of this, the river
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erodes its banks and comes with it enormous load of sand and silt which it is
unable to transport and unload into the main drainage channel, the Ganga
river.
c) The other problem of the Kosi river is its steep slopes in the upper reaches
specially between Chatra and Dagmara. The slope from Chatra for a distance
of about 40 km is as steep as 0.88 m per km. Below this point upto Dagmara,
the slope still remains steep at the rate of 0.45 m per km. Beyond Dagmara, it
starts getting flatter in the last reach of the river. Due to the steep slope in the
upper reaches, high velocities are created and the river has great erosive
forces. In the middle reach, as the slope gets flatter, silt is deposited and the
stream divides into large number of smaller channels, which have much less
silt carrying capacity.
d) Another problem which is particularly severe in the Kosi is the enormous
amount of coarse silt present in it. It will be relevant to note here that the
average silt content of the Kosi river is 0.118 percent. The maximum silt
content is during the monsoon months when it is of the order of 0.35 percent.
In the winter months, silt content is only 0.013 percent to 0.060 percent.
Another important fact is that out of the main three tributaries, the Tamur
brings as much as 23.9 percent of the total silt, though the catchment area of
the Tamur is only 10% of the total catchment, coarse silt in Tamur is over 1/4th
of the entire coarse silt in the Kosi.
e) The rapid and high fluctuation in the discharge and the high sediment
concentration indicate that the Kosi, in spite of being one of the biggest rivers
coming out of Himalayas, exhibits really distinctive features of an extreme
flashy hill torrent.
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The above mentioned Kanwar Sain Committee has thus grouped the flood problems
of the Kosi into the following categories:
Inundation of large agricultural areas and habitations on both banks of therivers when the flood goes above one lakh cusec
Gradient control in the first 40 km below Chatra where the slope is 0.88 m perkm.
Gradient control in the next reach upto Dagmara in which the slope is 0.45 mper km.
Silt control by soil conservation measures in the upper catchment.
Silt control by river conservancy.
Various solutions to the above mentioned flood problems of the river Kosi were
mooted in the past and a number of alternatives were examined. Eventually, flood
embankments have been constructed in lengths of 144 km on the left bank and 123
km on the right bank. Except for a small gap on the right bank where the Bagmati
and the Kamla rivers join the Kosi, the right bank is going to be fully embanked upto
Kursela. On the left bank, embankment upto Koparia has already been constructed.
Along with the flood embankments, a barrage has also been constructed at Bhimnagar
with a view to control the gradient downstream of Chatra. The flood embankments
have been able to provide flood protection to an area of 2.137 lakh ha, in India and
51,400 ha in Nepal.
As the gradient is flat in the lower reaches, the braiding pattern of the river changes
into a single deep channel some distance downstream of Koparia. On account of this
change, the translatory tendency no longer exists, although inundation by spilling still
continues from the Ghugri channel (combined Kosi Bagmati and Kamla). The
problem of flooding by inundation in the lower reaches exists in an area of about 450
sq. km.
Though the embankments are protecting lands from river spilling, it has given rise to
some waterlogging and drainage problem. The waterlogging is due to seepage which
is attributed to rise in the river bed. The drainage congestion is a major problem in
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the lower catchment of the basin which includes the command area of Eastern Kosi
Canal System also. The problem is more acute in the low lying areas which are
locally known as 'Chaurs' and abandoned river course known as 'Dhars' consisting of
about 14% of the gross cropped area. The total length of Dhars is 478 km and total
area of chaurs is estimated to be 86,200 ha having sizes varying from 40 ha to 14,000
ha. These large tracts of low lands are abandoned courses of the river. During the
severe earthquake of 1934, some of the natural drainage channels got choked up
resulting in huge water accumulation. The old Dhars which are functioning as trunk
drains in the command area, otherwise, are over-grown with weeds, partly silted and
meandering. Consequently, these Dhars are not in a position to drain the area
properly. Moreover the sluices, which had been provided in the embankment, have
been rendered ineffective due to rise in the river bed, with the result that a vast sheet
of water spreads along the eastern embankment, submerging an area of about 14, 800
ha with a depth of water ranging from 90 cm to 300 cm. The problem has been
further aggravated by construction of large number of road and railway embankments
and release of irrigation water through a number of escapes in the canal system.
The residual flood problems in the Kosi river-system as existing now have also been
identified by the above mentioned Kanwar Sain High Level Committee. The same
are summarized below:
- Waterlogging and drainage problems on the eastern side of the river.
- Inundation problems in the lower reaches on the left bank (below Koparia) in
an area of about 450 sq. km.
- Erossive threats of the Kosi on the flood control works already executed which
can be removed by
a) Gradient control in the downstream of Kosi barrage for a distance of about25 km
b) Silt control by soil conservation measures in the upper catchment.
c) Silt control by river conservancy.
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11.2.2 Bagmati River Basin Command
River Bagmati is a major tributary of river Kosi having catchment area 6,320 sq. km
in India out of total catchment area 13,400 sq. km. The gradient of Bagmati river
between Noonthore (where it debounches into the plains in Nepal) and Dheng railway
bridge is very steep being of the order of 1.50 m/km. On the other hand, in the middle
reach between Dheng and Benihad (near Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga road crossing), the
gradient is only 0.14 m/km.
Nature of Drainage Problem
The river Bagmati has been shifting its course constantly in the past within the
meandering belt leaving a number of abandoned courses which go either by the name
of Bagmati itself or assume altogether a different name or the name of old dhar into
which it avulsed. The abandoned courses are either the full course of the river or only
isolated segments or remnants of them. These courses in part are now depressed land
like chaurs. Due to non-availability of proper outlets, these areas remain submerged
for a number of days during the flood season. The State Govt. in its sanctioned
Bagmati project has made the provision for drainage of some of these chaurs located
in the irrigation command.
Most of the spill channels of the Bagmati and its tributaries join the main river in the
lower reaches. As a result of Bagmati higher stage, the flood lockage in these
channels takes place causing inundation to the adjoining area. The synchronization of
rainfall in the middle and lower reaches with the high flood level in the main Bagmati
and tributaries further aggravate the drainage problems.
The Bagmati-Lakhandei Doab used to suffer severely from drainage problem due to
combined waters of both the rivers. The area now has been saved by constructing
Doab embankments and providing drainage sluices in them
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Also in the jacketed reach of the Bagmati so far, a large number of drainage sluices
spaced as close as at 1 km on an average have been constructed/ are being constructed
for providing proper drainage to the country side.
In the middle reaches, most of the huge discharge of the Bagmati gets spilled over
banks, spread over the countryside and submerges areas for a number of days
affecting standing crops. The spilled water ultimately drains through different spill
channels and dead courses of the Bagmati. One more important factor creating
drainage problem is inadequacy of waterways in rail and road bridges as is also
evident from a large number of breaches and overtopping of the roads and railway
during the past floods. Movement of flood water of the Bagmati on to the countryside
and subsequent draining partly from field to field and partly through existing small
courses is blocked by a large number of roads in the region. Sufficient waterways in
any of these channels could not be provided possibly because river keeps shifting its
course and total discharge remains divided into various streams. More striking is
severely limited waterway over the main Bagmati itself which has been pointed out
by almost all past Committees. GFCC has also brought out a report "Adequacy of
Waterway in Rail & Road Bridge of the Bagmati River System (1988)". Though at
present, the spill passes down through the bridges on the road other than those
provided on the main Bagmati, the scenario will change when the Bagmati will get
jacketed in the remaining middle reach too.
As present, most of the drainage problem occurs on the left of the Bagmati near the
outfall of the Darbhanga - Bagmati. The area bounded by Samastipur-Laheriasarai
road, the Darbhanga-Bagmati and the river Bagmati remains a pocket of high
drainage congestion.
11.2.2.1 Possibility of Waterlogging and Salinity / Alkalinity in Bagmati Commandduring Post-Project Period
At present, there is no project constructed in the Indian territory in Bagmati basin. The
problem of drainage congestion and waterlogging in the Bagmati river system may be
attributable to:
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i) Most of the spill channels of the Bagmati join the main river in the lower
reaches during high stage of Bagmati river. Flood locking in the spill channels
at the point of their outfall may take place, causing inundation to the adjoining
areas.
ii) The synchronization of the rainfall in the Bagmati Command with the rise in
flood stage in the main Bagmati and other spill channels may also result in
submergence of the command area causing damage to the crops.
iii) The inadequate waterway in rail and road bridges way may also cause afflux
in the upstream, leading to drainage congestion.
iv) The escape channels, if encroached upon, may also contribute to water logging
in certain areas of the command.
However, contribution from all above aspects may not create cognizable waterlogging
problem in the command where irrigation is to be provided. Earlier studies have
indicated that there is likelihood of some drainage congestion over an area of about
500 ha at the junction of Left Bagmati embankment and Right Lakhandei bank
embankment. The drainage in other areas is likely to be satisfactory provided the
surface drainage congestion, if any, is mitigated. The spilling in the middle reach of
the Belwadhar may extend to about 1.5 km on either bank for an average depth of 0.8
m, but the duration is expected to be less than 12 hours, and is therefore, not likely to
adversely affect the standing crops during Kharif. At the outfall reach of the
Belwadhar into the Bagmati near Kalanjarghat, there may be flood locking of the
Belwadhar, affecting an area of about 1000 ha but again the depth of water is likely
to be around 0.8 m with its duration as 2-3 days. Hence, such drainage congestion is
not considered to have substantial adverse effect on the kharif crops.
As far as post-embankment situation in the whole of the Bagmati basin is concerned,
once this is done, there will not be possibility of inundation from the river. However,
the embankments would need to be raised progressively from time to time to make up
for the encroachments in the free-board because of rise in river bed. This may create
some problem in the country side. The most important is the avulsing tendency of the
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river over which there is no control in the u/s so far, though on entry in India, the river
will be fully confined within embankments. Further, the situation in the Kareh
embankment below Hayaghat may also turn to be worse as these embankments,
originally designed for a discharge of 1416 cumec (50,000 cusec) have to cater for
almost three times higher discharge. This is substantiated by the fact that the
embankments on Adhwara Group of rivers in Phase-I also fall into the Bagmati,
through the Darbhnaga-Bagmati near Hayaghat which itself is designed for a
discharge of 1807 cumec (68,800 cusec) at Ekmighat, about 10 km before its outfall
in the Bagmati. The above design discharge has been raised by 50% above the 25
years frequency discharge to account for heavy spilling in upper and middle reaches
as well as at Ekmighat.
11.2.3 Kamla River Basin Command
The Kamla river is one of the two main river systems forming Adhwara group of
rivers between the Gandak Basin on the west and Kosi Basin on the east in North
Bihar, the Bagmati being the other main river system of this group.
The Kamla rises in the Mahabharat range of hills in Nepal at an elevation of 1200 m
at Lat. 27o 15'N and Long 85o 57' E. During its course in Nepal, the Kamla receives a
number of tributaries like the Chandaha, Thakur and Jiwakhola. After passing
through a gorge above Chanpat, it debouches into the terai area of Nepal at Chisapani.
After flowing for about 50 km in Nepal, the river enters Indian territory in village
Bajraha near Jayanagar in Madhubani district where there was formerly the famous
temple of Shibnath, which was swept away by a change of course of river during the
mid nineteenth century. The river thereafter known its Kamla-Balan proceeds in a
south easterly direction till it joins the river Kosi on the Border of Darbhanga and
Saharsa districts after flowing a distance of 278 km in Bihar. The total length of the
river is about 328 km.
The river Kamla has a nature of changing its course too frequently. This behaviour of
the river is attributed to the heavy sediment load it carries. Its abandoned courses are
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scattered in the entire area. During the period of Runnel's Survey (1779), it used to
flow west of Jayanagar and Madhubani about 3 km east of Darbhanga and ultimately
joined the river Kareh near village Phuhia. One hundred years later i.e. in 1877,
Hunter sketched Kamla flowing from Jayanagar in south-west direction towards
Kamtaul. Subsequently the river followed the old course upto village Rato but
thereafter it got diverted into Darbhanga-Bagmati near Raghauli village east of
Kamtaul Railway Station. Darbhanga-Bagmati thereafter joined the Bagmati a little
upstream of Railway Bridge over river Kareh. It crossed Darbhanga, Jayanagar road
about 3 km north of Darbhanga and the Tar Sarai road at Gousaghat 6 km from the
same place.
The river in the lower reaches changed its course again in 1922 and crossed the
railway line, north of Rajnagar railway station. After crossing the Darbhanga-Nirmali
Section, west of Sakri railway station and running almost parallel to Sakri-Baheri-
Supaul road it was joined by river Jiwach south of Jhaunta at Suharwa village. This
course of Kamla is joined by Patghat Kamla and following the course of latter, it
ultimately joined the river Tiljuga near Tilkeshwar.
The Sakri branch of river Kamla changed its course in 1930 below Mohanpur village.
The new course crossed the Sakri-Jayanagar Section of railway line and following
course of Chautharia Dhar through the bridge at Badriban, it joined the river Jiwach
near village Nima. Thereafter, it followed the course of the river Jiwach which
crossed Darbhanga-Nirmali section of N.E. railway, west of Tar Sarai railway station
and joined the Sakri Branch of Kamla south of Jamta village and ultimately fell in
river Tiljoga near Batharwa village.
Sometimes, during the year 1935-1940, the course of the river following Chautharia
Dhar and Jiwach was abandoned between Badriban and Dhakri village and Kamla
took another course which passed through village Sahna, Akaspurait and joined the
original Jiwach course again at village Dhanuki. This continued to be the main course
of river till early monsoon of 1954.
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In the latter part of monsoon of 1954, an avulsion took place on left bank of the river
near Bhakua village about 3 km north east of Khajouli railway station and it avulsed
into river Balan near Pipraghat. Since then, it is following the course of Balan.
The river, further below Pipraghat, branched off into two channels near village
Gumla. The main channel locally known as Kosi Dhar flows in easterly direction and
finally outfalls into river Kareh. The second channel known as Bhakna Dhar flows in
the southern direction and outfalls into the Kareh near Tilkeshwar about 2 km
downstream of Phuhia village.
The Kamla-Balan has a total catchment area of 1063 sq. km. In Nepal and 3600 sq.
km in Bihar. The discharge near Jayanagar where it enters Indian Territory varies
from 25 cumec during summer to 3900 cumec during floods. It used to spill along its
length. It has been embanked from Jayanagar to Darjia and the area has been
practically flood free. The right bank of the river, however, above Indo-Nepal border
has not yet been embanked. The river spills in this reach cause severe flooding in the
command of Kamla Western Main Canal during high floods.
The river below Darjia spills along both banks and inundates vast tract. Flooding of
area in lower reaches worsens on account of back water of the jacketed reach which
flows back and inundates the area.
11.3 EXISTING SURFACE DRAINAGE
11.3.1 Kosi River Basin
11.3.1.1 Existing Natural Drainage
There are a number of natural dhars in the command of Eastern Kosi Canal and
Rajpur Branch Canal system in the districts of Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura, Khagaria,
Araria, Katihar and Purnea. The districtwise / blockwise details of natural dhars,
chaurs submergence area and approximate length of artificial link channels are given
in Annex-11.1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) respectively.
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11.3.1.2 Artificial Drainage
With the objective of arriving at a satisfactory solution to the problem of water
logging and drainage congestion, the Water Resources Department, Govt. of Bihar
have conducted detailed surveys in the year 1967-68. The surveys indicated that there
are 15 important dhars, 70 subsidiary Dhars and 650 nos. of chaurs in the command
area of Kosi Eastern Canal. The lengths of the main Dhars, subsidiary dhars and the
chaur link drains were estimated to be 620 km, 1050 km and 870 km respectively.
The Drainage Scheme 1967-68 provided for resectioning & regrading of the 14 dhars,
50 subsidiary Dhars and construction of 319 chaur link drains to be completed on
priority basis with the following objectives:
i) Removal of drainage congestion and thereby saving of crops from damage.
ii) Constructing link drains from each Chaur to nearby Dhar.
iii) Draining water from the low lying areas in the command to make them fit forrabi cultivation.
The quantity of works involved in execution of the above said works was constructing
615 km long trunk drains, 620 km long subsidiary drains, 870 km of Chaur Link
drains, including land acquisition required for the work and construction of requisite
nos. of structures.
Execution of the drainage work was taken up in the year 1967-68 including
resectioning and regarding of 282 km of trunk drains, 707 km of subsidiary drains and
667 km of chaur drains for effective drainage and reclamation of about 0.47 lakh ha of
water logged area in the Eastern Kosi Canal Command. Detailed surveys and
investigations conducted during the year 1982 revealed that actually the total area
affected by drainage congestion in the command area was 1.82 lakh ha. Though the
work was going on in full swing, all these works were stopped and closed by March,
1985. This created a great set back in the progress of work and quite a large nos. of
schemes which were nearing completion were left uncompleted.
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11.4 IDENTIFICATION OF WATER LOGGED AREA (GROUND WATER) INKOSI BASIN AS A WHOLE
Central Water Commission assessed the waterlogged area in the Kosi basin based on
satellite imageries for the year 2002-2003 during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon
period. This study was based on the depth of ground water in the command. The area
was classified as most critical, critical, less critical and non-critical based on the depth
of ground water as less than 1m, 1-2 m, 2-3 m and more than 3 m respectively.
The details of command area wise most critical and critical water logged area are
given in Table 11.2.
Table: 11.2
Most Critical & Critical Area
SlNo.
Command name Area undercommand (ha)
Most criticalzone area undercommand (%)
Critical zonearea undercommand (%)
A Pre-monsoon period (May, 2003)
1 Adhwara Barrage Scheme 51193 - 7.53
2 Bagmati Irrigation Project 170833 - 27.55
3 Kamla Irrigation Scheme 121350 1.56 54.42
4 Eastern Kosi & Rajpur Br.Canal Scheme
950944 0.02 55.96
5 Western Kosi IrrigationScheme
222210 1.91 86.19
6 Bagmati Barrage Scheme 79248 - 18.29
B Post - monsoon period (Nov, 2002)
1 Adhawara Barrage Scheme 51193 - 24.99
2 Bagmati Irrigation Project 170933 - 5.36
3 Kamla Irrigation Scheme 121350 - 23.31
4 Eastern Kosi & Rajpur Br.Canal Scheme
950944 0.01 9.06
5 Western Kosi IrrigationScheme
222210 - 44.13
6 Bagmati Barrage Scheme 79248 - -
Source: Assessment of water logging and salt / or Alkaline affected soils in thecommands of all major and medium irrigation projects in Bihar using SatelliteRemote Sensing by CWC, January, 2005.
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It is observed from the above table that most of the water logged area is in the range
of critical category i.e. depth of ground as 1 to 2 m, maximum area to the extent of
86% lies in western Kosi canal command, followed by 56% and 54% in Eastern Kosi
and Kamla Irrigation Schemes during pre-monsoon period.
In most of these river basins, the extent of waterlogging is greater in the pre-monsoon
period since this period coincides with the melting of snow in the Himalayan
catchments which makes large contribution to the catchments’ water yields;
contrasted to it in the post-monsoon period, the snow- mediated water yield.
Contribution is almost absent, and the river flow is much diminished. The extent of
waterlogging is incidental to the overland accumulated water in the topographic
depressions and the sub-surface resident water inside the soil.
11.5 IDENTIFICATION OF AREA AFFECTED BY SALINITY / ALKALINITY
Command wise / project wise details of salt affected soils and their characterization is
shown in Table 11.3.
Table 11.3Details of Salinity / Alkalinity affected Areas
(Unit: Th. Ha)Slno.
Command name Commandarea
Area affected bySalinity Alkalinity Salinity/
AlkalinityTotal % of
commandarea
1 Adhwara Barrage Scheme 51.19 0.001 - - 0.001 Negligible
2 Bagmati Irrigation Project 170.83 0.85 - 0.20 1.05 0.6
3 Bagmati Barrage Scheme 79.25 0.31 - 0.28 0.59 0.7
4 E. Kosi Irri. and Rajpur Br.Canal scheme
950.94 22.75 - 0.23 22.98 2.4
5 W. Kosi Irri. Scheme 222.21 5.11 - - 5.11 2.3
6 Kamla Irri. Scheme 121.35 32.62 - - 32.62 26.9
Source: Assessment of water logging and salt and / or alkaline affected soils in thecommand of all Major & Medium Irrigation Projects in Bihar using Satellite RemoteSensing, CWC, January, 2005
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11.6 IDENTIFICATION OF AREA NEEDING DRAINAGE
As mentioned in para 5.3.1.2, drainage work was taken up by WRD, Govt. of Bihar
upto 1984-85. However, the same was closed by March, 1985.
In the meantime, Kosi CADA in its report prepared in 1994 entitled “Project Report
for Regeneration of Degenerated Land of Kosi Region”, has indicated that the
detailed survey of the command has been done and districtwise / blockwise details of
Dhars, Chaurs, link channels alongwith their lengths to connect the natural drains etc.
are given in Annex – 11.1.
Districtwise synopsis is illustrated in the Table- 11.4.
Table – 11.4Details of Districtwise Link Canals, Chaurs & submergence area
SlNo.
Name of district No. of linkCanals
No. ofchaurs
Submergencearea in ha
1 Saharsa 98 98 14640
2 Supaul 126 126 21373
3 Madhepura 56 56 16207
4 Khagaria 20 20 2335
5 Araria 26 26 5280
6 Katihar 35 35 7980
7 Purnea 48 48 13435
Total 409 409 81250
11.7 LAND RECLAMATION
Land reclamation is a process of making culturable land fit for cultivation. Thus,
waste land, badly eroded land, salt affected (alkaline) land and waterlogged land can
be made culturable by the method of reclamation.
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Sapta Kosi High Dam command in Indian territory has the problem of surface water
logging, water logging due to rise of ground water table, salinity / alkalinity etc. The
remedial measures for each of these areas are given as follows:
(a) For surface water logged area
i) The drainage sluices provided in the flood embankment should be kept
operative for quick drainage when situation warrants.
ii) The incompleted drainage schemes and the investigated schemes as identified
by Kosi CADA should be implemented.
iii) The slope of natural rivers in this command is very mild with respect to upper
reaches of the Sapta Kosi Basin. This characteristics coupled with high
intensity of rainfall in the basin causes flood in the area frequently. Hence
maintenance of gradients in the lower reaches of rivers is essential for efficient
drainage.
iv) The waterway available in the existing culverts / bridges on the railway lines /
roads should be reassessed and modified as required to overcome congestion
at the time of high floods.
v) Model studies should be done to improve the outfall conditions of the rivers
which are main reaches for inundations of vast land.
(b) For waterlogged area due to Ground Water
Water logging due to rise of ground water may occur due to various reasons
such as seepage from canals, excess irrigation and excess percolation in the
ground water reservoir. The remedial measures for each of above categories
area are given as follows:
(i) Percolation from canals should be reduced as follows:
- Lining shall be provided in channels around critical/ most critical zones for
providing a more or less impervious lining to channel bed & sides thus
reducing percolation.
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- Lining of water course in critical / most critical zones should be done.
- Constructing intercepting seepage drains along canals, embankments in the
high reaches.
(ii) Excess overflow irrigation over the land must be restricted by encouraging the
farmers to use irrigation water optimally.
(iii) Extraction of ground water
i) Provision of drainage system – Surface drains or underground porous
drains shall be provided, discharging into natural streams / artificial
surface drains.
ii) Improving natural drainage of area – this will improve discharge
capacity & also reduce retention of rain water over the land.
iii) Consumptive use of ground water atleast in critical / most critical
zones will be helpful in reducing ground water table and thus give
relief from water logging.
(b) For Salt affected land
Before starting the soil reclamation work, the following information well be
required :
- quality of the soil as judged from its physico-chemical properties,
- quality of irrigation water and its availability,
- nature and distribution of salts in the soil,
- level of underground water table,
- drainage facility and
- the crops those will suit the given conditions.
The most important point in judging the quality of soil is its degree of
salinisation or alkalinisation. In case of irrigation water, especially when it is
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from well, it is important to consider the boron content which sometimes
occurs in toxic quantities. The proportion of calcium to sodium should be high,
which helps in replacement of Na with Ca in the exchange complex. The
nature of the problem is very much divergent from one region to another
because of the wide difference in the geographical location, topographical
features, climatic conditions, soil characteristics, management practices, etc.
Broadly, four distinct regions where salt affected soils of different nature
occur can be distinguished.
- Arid and semi-arid regions of the Indo-Gangetic plains.
- Arid region of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
- Arid and semi-arid regions of black cotton soil.
- Coastal areas including the acidsulphate soils of Kerala.
The essential components of the soil reclamation technology are:
i) The problem area should be isolated according to textual class and hydraulic
conductivity. It should be levelled properly and provided with strong bunds
along the field so that adequate amounts of irrigation water can be applied to
each kind of soil to achieve the desired leaching of salts.
ii) Sufficient surface, sub-surface or vertical (dug or tube wells) drainage net
work should be provided to remove excess water and keep the water table
down below the crop root zone.
iii) The hard impervious sub-soil pan should be broken by deep chiseling or deep
ploughing with sub-soiler plough.
iv) Add the suitable amendment material such as gypsum, sulphur, iron sulphate,
molasses, pressmud etc., based on the soil test values so as to bring the soil pH
down to the desired level. The amounts of gypsum and sulphur, required to
replace different amounts of exchangeable sodium are given in Table 11.5.
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Table 11.5Gypsum and sulphur requirements for soil reclamation
It will be seen that a large quantity of gypsum or sulphur is required to reclaim alkali
soils. On an average for every one milliequivalent of sodium to be replaced, 1.7 ton of
gypsum or 0.32 ton of sulphur is required.
The gypsum converts Na-soil into Ca-soil by cationic exchange, with a desirable
lowering of pH and an improvement in soil physical conditions. The gypsum powder
to be applied should be of 30 mesh fineness and be mixed in top 10 cm soil with the
help of a disc or mould board plough.
After application of amendment the main task is to leach the freed sodium salt
(through replacement by calcium) downward below the root zone and out of the
field, through drains, with subsequent application of irrigation water. It is, therefore,
necessary to apply 4 to 5 heavy doses of good quality irrigation water.
The total dose of irrigation water should be about 60 cm.
Exchangeable sodiumcontent of the soil(m.e/100 g)
Requirement ofGypsum
(Tons/acre ft.)Sulphur
(Tons/acre ft.)1 1.7 0.32
2 3.4 0.64
3 5.2 0.96
4 6.9 1.28
5 8.6 1.60
6 10.3 1.92
7 12.0 2.24
8 13.7 2.56
9 15.5 2.88
10 17.0 3.00
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Crop Management under Safety Conditions
Under some circumstances, it may not be feasible to reduce the salt content of soils to
permit the growth of sensitive crops. The alternative is to select crops which are salt
tolerant. These crops will take up more salts and help in further soil reclamation in
other way, at the same time will give economic returns also. A
relative classification of plants according to their salt tolerance has been made in three
degrees of tolerance and by four types of crops, namely, field crops, forage crops, fruit
crops and vegetables and is given in Table 11.6. In each group the most tolerant crop
is at the top of the list and the most sensitive crop is shown at the bottom. Within a
crop, the varieties with more salt tolerance may be selected.
Table 11.6Relative Tolerance of Crops to Salts
High salt tolerance Medium salt tolerance Low salt tolerance
Field Crops
Barley (grain) Wheat (grain)Paddy Bean (field)
Sugar beet Sorghum (grain)Maize
Cotton FlaxSunflowersCastor
Forage Crops
Alkalisacation Sweet clove,Alfalfa (Lucerne)
White clover
FruitsDate palm Pomegranate
FigOliveGrapeCantaloupeBerTamarind
PearAppleOrangeGrapefruitPlumStrawberryLemonAvocado
VegetablesBeet
Asparagus
TomatoBroccoliCabbage
Radish
Celery
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Spinach CauliflowerLettuceSweet-cornCarrotOnionPeasSquashCucumber
Green beans
After reclamation, the paddy may be taken as first crop in Kharif followed by wheat in
rabi and dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) in summer as green manure crop.
This crop rotation may be followed for minimum 3 years. After Application of
amendment, the water should be kept standing for 10-15 days before paddy
transplanting. The recommended practices should be followed for a given crop except,
using little high seed rate to ensure good plant stand, adding 25% more
nitrogen than normal recommended dose preferably in the form of ammonium
sulphate and applying basal dose of zinc sulphate at 20 to 30 kg/ha to overcome
the zinc deficiency in such soils. Three percent solution of urea at 500 litre/ha may be
applied if the nitrogen deficiency is observed. Light but frequent irrigation should be
applied to keep the salts below the root zone of crop and avoid salt accumulation at the
surface of soil.
If reclamation of alkali soils cannot be taken up for normal crop production, certain
trees which can tolerate the soil alkalinity, have sturdy, extensive and deep root system
and also require less moisture can be grown in the alkali soils with addition of little
quantity of gypsum, farm yard manure and fertilizers in the pits. The trees like
Safeda (Eucalytus hybrid),Vilayati babool (Prosopis juliflora) and Kikar (Acacia
nilotica) etc, and the grasses like Para, Blue Panic, Bermuda, Karnal, stylo etc., have
tremendous scope for timber, fodder and fuel purposes besides reducing soil erosion,
and improving the soil conditions and overall ecological environment.
Post Reclamation Care
Even after complete reclamation of saline / alkali soils, one must be very much careful
about their management otherwise they may become problematic at any
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time. Therefore, following points may be kept in mind for better prospects.
- Use limited irrigation water for all the crops.- The drains should be maintained well to take off the excess water out of the
field.- The water table should be kept sufficiently at low level.- The high level irrigation canal should be lined to avoid addition to
underground water table.- The reclaimed land should not be left fallow for a long period.- The soil should be tested periodically in order to keep watch on its physio-
chemical properties. If necessary, corrective measures should be taken up asand when required, although it is not necessary to apply amendmentrepeatedly.
The project area faces the challenge of expending agricultural production in a
sustainable manner, which necessitates more intensive agriculture and irrigation.
However, intensification of irrigation can accelerate some adverse affects of which
waterlogging and salinity are most obvious. Considering the facts of these imminent
production resource degrading effects, it is important to ensure irrigation water
management for greater efficiency and sustainability by way of adopting efficient
schedules and methods of irrigation which the researchers have worked out for rice,
wheat, oil seeds, pulses, sugarcane and others. For efficient crop production,
climatically suitable cropping choice of high yielding crop varieties and rotation of
crops and varieties appropriately fitting into the crop rotation have to be adopted. In
salt affected areas, the rice-based cropping patterns are most suited during the initial
years of reclamation. Crop diversification can be considered in later years. For good
crop performance, salt tolerant crop varieties should be preferred. Important crop
varieties for alkali and salinity stress are the follows:
Crop Varieties
Rice CSR 10, CSR11, CSR 12, CSR 13, CSR 20, CSR 21
Wheat KRL 1-4, WH 157, RAJ 3077
Mustard Pusa Bold, Varuna, Kranti
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It would appear that there could be two approaches for getting a good crop stand and
yield in salt affected areas. One could be through improvements in the soil condition
to meet the crop requirement, while the other is to select tolerant cultivares to suit the
problem soils.
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Annex-11.1(a)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: SAHARSA
SlNo.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length oflink in km
1. Dhemra
Dhar
1 Purish Nauhatta 120.0 1.524
2 Barail “ 100.0 1.524
3 Pokaria “ 50.0 1.219
4 Baliarpatti “ 40.0 1.219
5 Bahwarth “ 40.0 1.219
6 Bhanar “ 60.0 0.609
7 Barasaub “ 80.0 1.829
8 Uchhkhwa “ 60.0 1.219
9 Taibagtia “ 40.0 1.219
10 Rahia “ 38.0 0.609
11 Narain “ 50.0 0.914
12 Hansa “ 40.0 1.067
13 Koria “ 40.0 0.609
14 Lakhaja Debar “ 60.0 0.914
15 Yoga “ 20.0 0.609
16 Dyria “ 40.0 0.914
17 Nagari “ 40.0 1.067
18 Baiywalia “ 40.0 1.067
19 Kamauni “ 44.0 3.048
20 Belahi “ 40.0 1.524
21 Patharai “ 40.0 1.219
22 Tibra “ 60.0 1.524
23 Bilaspatti “ 60.0 1.219
24 Lakhan Khanka “ 140.80 1.524
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SlNo.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length oflink in km
Daber 40.0 1.829
25 Barahmotor “ 40.0 1.371
26 --- “ 60.0 1.524
27 Rahurabarwa “ 40.0 1.524
28 Nemua “ 80.0 0.914
29 Yoga Baidy “ 160.0 3.658
2 Dhemara
Dhar
1 Baidi Chaur Maheshi 100.0 2.134
2 Kusumi, Karjhil
Belan Chaur
“
1320.0 5.729
3 Gochahara “ 120.0 0.914
3 Fahri Dhar 1 Narha Chaur “ 50.0 1.829
2 Gangia Chaur “ 140.0 2.438
3 Karha Rehwa Kahara 120.0 3.656
4 Bariali Chaur “ 220.0 3.656
5 Singhwara Chaur “ 44.80 2.134
6 Bharauli Chaur “ 120.0 1.829
7 Sarha Chaur “ 400.0 1.829
4 Tilwae
Dhar No.2
1 Roop nagar “ 160.0 0.914
2 Sahuria “ 100.0 1.371
3 Narha “ 64.0 0.914
4 Galharia “ 30.0 0.914
5 Pirha “ 24.0 1.524
6 Simri “ 140.0 1.676
7 Law “ 400.0 4.573
8 Dighra “ 200.0 1.463
5 Sone Dhar 1 Dighra Sepha “ 80.0 1.829
2 Barsam “ 400.0 3.170
3 Hanuman Nagar “ 400.0 5.548
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SlNo.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length oflink in km
4 Kathaila
5 Banchola “ 200.0 1.768
6 Ramnagar “ 200.0 1.524
6 Tilaw
Dhar No.2
1 Patuaha Saur Bazar 140.0 1.219
7 Beldaur
Dhar
1 Siktiyahi Basa “ 100.0 0.914
2 Kumhrauli “ 100.0 1.500
8 Kashnagar
Dhar
1 Telhar “ 86.40 1.371
2 Godarma “ 170.0 1.371
3 Bagraha “ 210.0 1.524
4 Kashnagar “ 68.0 0.603
5 Chitrahi “ 108.0 1.219
6 Maninath “ 116.0 0.832
7 Tindova “ 80.0 0.975
8 Bela Ramnagar
Telhar
“ 446.0 4.573
9 Flodrahai “ 80.0 1.829
9 Basanwara
Dhar
1 Basan Sonbarsa 120.0 1.524
2 Sagun Tola “ 88.0 5.487
3 Bagora (East) “ 120.0 2.439
4 Bagora (West) “ 104.0 0.609
5 Sahjadpur “ 40.0 0.914
6 Baijnathpur
purandaha
“ 232.0 2.286
7 Bela “ 136.0 1.829
8 Sakutota “ 100.0 0.75
10 DhemraDhar
1 ChampurBhagwanpur
Nauhatta 800.00 3.297
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SlNo.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length oflink in km
2 Yaila Chaur “ 160.00 1.829
3 Punhar and Dhamina “ 80.00 1.829
4 Gopalpur Musharnia “ 586.00 6.646
5 Sadana andPurklyanpur
“ 460.00 5.853
6 Pipra “ 440.00 4.451
11 Baluaha 1 Pora Chour “ 52.00 1.128
2 Bartha Chour “ 120.00 2.438
3 Phapahi Chour “ 156.00 2.286
4 Basana Chour Mahishi 40.00 1.524
5 Paharpur-II Mahishi 40.00 0.608
12 Patti Dhar 1 Jagatpur Nauhatta 60.00 1.219
2 Garbaki “ 80.00 1.829
3 Waterlogged atparasarma
“ 40.00 1.524
4 Chakla Sonbarsa 120.00 1.524
5 Kaparfora “ 200.00 1.905
6 Ladma Badhauna “ 700.00 3.658
13 DhemrbraDhar
1 Girha Chour SimriBakhtiyarpur
140.00 1.219
2 Kaparfora “ 180.00 2.438
3 Balwa Chour “ 120.00 2.134
4 Goriyari “ 160.00 0.914
14 MethaDhar
1 Nardaha Chour “ 64.00 3.656
2 Purania “ 52.00 1.524
3 Narewa “ 576.00 3.048
4 B.harthanya “ 48.00 1.219
Total 98 14640.4
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Annex 11.1 (b)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: SUPAUL
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
1 BhaptiahiDhar
1 Telwa Supaul 80.00 1.52
2 Belahi Supaul 60.00 1.522 Patti Dhar 1 Maldahia Supaul 80.00 2.13
2 Esthla Supaul 60.00 1.223 Keriha Supaul 80.00 3.054 Lawaki Supaul 80.00 1.835 Purandani Supaul 100.00 1.216 Baria Supaul 60.00 0.917 Ekma Supaul 40.00 1.228 Chouri Supaul 120.00 1.839 Rampur Supaul 80.00 1.0710 Barail Supaul 80.00 1.22
3 TilaweDhar
1 Basana Supaul 220.00 0.91
2 Chitti Supaul 300.00 1.223 Mokama Supaul 64.00 0.464 Bhatrandha Supaul 60.00 0.615 Aranbishanpur Supaul 180.00 0.82
6 Baluaha Supaul 160.00 1.077 Samada Supaul 140.00 0.91
4 ParwaneDhar
1 Tarhi Raghopur 50.00 0.19
2 Jogbani Raghopur 30.00 0.913 Larha Sonbarsa Raghopur 100.00 0.914 Dori Raghopur 100.00 0.505 Barahi Jheel Raghopur 216.00 2.136 Hasanpur Raghopur 120.00 2.447 Marna Raghopur 120.00 2.448 Dhaun Guridhi Raghopur 440.00 1.83
5 DhasanDhar
1 Kabaiya Raghopur 76.00 0.95
2 Sangaria Selha Raghopur 80.00 0.67
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Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
3 Harnagara Raghopur 104.00 3.694 Asthana Baver Pipara 68.00 1.225 Dandari Pipara 36.00 0.546 Pakari Kamar
GawaPipara 256.00 6.10
7 Gopalpur Pipara 124.00 3.356 Dhemara
Dhar1 Gopipur Supaul 200.00 6.10
2 Simrail Supaul 200.00 0.91
3 Telhar Supaul 120.00 1.52
4 Satarw Supaul 400.00 1.52
5 Tirmuhara Supaul 120.00 1.83
6 Dumrahi Supaul 100.00 2.44
7 Jogin Supaul 120.00 3.05
8 Bagijor Supaul 100.00 1.52
9 Baghmari Supaul 180.00 1.61
10 Ratauli Supaul 120.00 2.44
11 Jarauli Supaul 60.00 1.07
12 Kaiti & Nirmali Supaul 60.00 0.91
13 Lour Supaul 160.00 7.32
14 Beriana Supaul 140.00 1.37
15 Betram-I Supaul 100.00 1.83
16 Betram-II Supaul 100.00 1.83
17 Bhalani Supaul 200.00 2.73
18 Ekma Supaul 60.00 1.22
7 BochahaDhar
1 Ehagwanpur Raghopur 520.00 1.83
2 Bahsi Raghopur 175.00 5.493 Chakla Raghopur 384.00 2.444 Bhaiukap Raghopur 128.00 3.055 Hulas Raghopur 358.00 2.446 Tintoliya Raghopur 192.00 2.44
8 ThalhaDhar
1 ThakurahiMalikana
Supaul 40.00 1.22
2 Kuchnari Supaul 40.00 0.763 Nirmali Supaul 40.00 0.91
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Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
4 Barkuba Supaul 40.00 0.915 Kumhara Supaul 40.00 0.916 Bhutha Supaul 40.00 1.227 Nhenjaraha Supaul 40.00 0.918 Waterlogged at
ParasarnaSupaul 20.00 0.30
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in km
Remarks
9 DhasanDhar
1 Malghawarl Pipra 28.00 1.067
2 Telsion Pipra 20.00 0.3353 Bahinga Pipra 20.00 0.3354 Burahwe Pipra 100.00 2.439
10 ParwaneDhar
1 Chakla Raghopur200.00 0.609
2 Inanganj Raghopur 240.00 4.4203 Harjpur Raghopur 160.00 1.8294 Kainger Raghopur 320.00 1.4025 Bhatani Raghopur 44.00 0.5186 Raghopur Nayagaon Pipra 200.00 0.5207 Mokarai Pipra 220.00 0.6098 Maheshwer Pipra 300.00 6.8599 Kalari Pipra 180.00 0.43910 Dahla Pipra 200.00 1.01211 Parsa Pipra 240.00 1.52412 Dhar Near Village
Anandipatti(Gosaipatti)
Pipra 80.00 0.240
13 Narha(chaur) Pipra 180.00 0.44014 Batramchaur Pipra 160.00 1.80015 Sitkadaria Pipra 200.00 1.01416 Othars chaur Pipra 100.00 0.239
11 GuriaDhar
1Jadupatti Tribenigani
Tribeniganj32.00 1.219
2 Dhungra Tribeniganj 40.00 1.06712 Chikni
BazarDhar
1 Dhuniachaur Chatapur 80.00 2.749
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2 Mangauj chaur Chatapur 146.00 1.0573 Mangauj chaur Chatapur 152.00 1.0364 Chikni Chatapur 70.00 0.609
13 GurdhuaDhar
1 Raghunathpur Chaur Tribeniganj 380.003.048
2 Raishree Tribeniganj 294.00 1.5243 Sarhad Ganj Tribeniganj 128.00 0.9144 Srinagar Tribeniganj 174.00 1.2195 Unlakhi Tribeniganj 300.00 1.524
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
Remarks
6 Dungachaur Tribeniganj 174.80 1.5247 Topara-I Tribeniganj 200.00 3.6588 Goria Tribeniganj 400.00 8.5369 Haripur Chatapur 54.00 4.26810 Dighi Chatapur 92.00 1.21911 Ramani Chatapur 260.00 0.91412 Gopali tola Chatapur 394.00 1.21913 Hanumapatti Chatapur 48.40 0.91414 Baghaili Tribeniganj 48.40 0.91415 Morhanpur Tribeniganj 32.48 0.60916 Bagh i chaur Tribeniganj 32.40 1.52417 Baghanpatti Tribeniganj 40.40 1.52418 Bishumpur Tribeniganj 56.80 2.43919 Kewaryama Tribeniganj 70.40 1.524
14 BinaniaDhar
1Bhawanipur
Chatapur593.60
1.829
2 Giridharpatti Chatapur 192.00 6.4023 Mohammadganj Chatapur 134.00 1.5244 Gamhariacchaur Chatapur 380.00 2.012
15 FarianiDhar
1Dhim. Mdkha
Chatapur 4000.00 14.207
16 DhemraDhar
1 Hatwaria west 32.00(L)
Raghopur120.00
1.371
2 Hatwaria west 12.00(L)
Raghopur60.00
0.914
3 Hatwaria south 29.00(L)
Raghopur 60.00 0.609
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4 Khori Rahi II 49.00(L)
Raghopur60.00
1.067
17 DasnaDhar
1 Amari 55.00 (R ) Raghopur20.60
0.609
2 Chauri 63.00 (L) Raghopur 20.00 0.6093 Karyamma 64.00 (L) Raghopur 20.00 0.7624 Kothia Rajpur Raghopur 120.00 7.621
18 ThalhaDhar
1 Kamar Chaur 27050(L)
Raghopur 60.00 1.524
19 Degraha 1 Murli Basantpur Raghopur 80.00 1.067
Total 126 21373.28
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Annex 11.1 (c)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: MADHEPURA
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
1 Segna 1 Lalpurchaur Madhepura 100.00 1.829
2 Jibra chaur Madhepura 369.60 4.5733 Shekhpura Sadawa Madhepura 312.00 6.0964 Bh;arahi Madhepura 153.60 2.4395 Jaipura Singheshwar 291.20 2.4396 Markhap Singheshwar 307.20 2.4397 Barhari Singheshwar 96.00 1.2198 Barbanna Singheshwar 224.00 2.4399 Hasanpura Sonbarsa Singheshwar 633.60 6.096
2 Tilawe Dhar 1 Tarabe Madhepura 300.00 2.7433 Parwanhe
Dhar1 Rampatti Singheshwar 48.00 0.853
4 DhasanDhar
1 Panhar Singheshwar200.00
0.579
5 Gola Dhar 1 Jhaghari Udakishanganj 272.00 2.6822 Shyam Udakishanganj 101.20 1.5243 Ladama Udakishanganj 102.00 1.0674 Nimua Udakishanganj 166.00 1.2805 Karanti Udakishanganj
55.200.219
6 Chaarapti Udakishanganj 32.00 1.524
7 Ramnaganj Alamnagar 112.00 6.7008 Ashoka Alamnagar 102.00 1.8299 Jhgraha Alamnagar 380.00 1.37110 Hanodumaria Alamnagar 97.20 1.21911 Ladama Alamnagar 200.00 1.52412 Patoria Alamnagar 80.00 0.914
6 Chausa 1 Bheatola Alamnagar 112.00 1.2102 Mahimudin Alamnagar 400.00 1.2193 Karman Alamnagar 48.00 0.6094 Baswanpur Alamnagar 248.00 1.2195 Ncgachhiatole Alamnagar 206.00 2.1346 Ghoshal Alamnagar 212.00 2.4387 Chausa Chaur Alamnagar 276.00 1.219
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Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
7 Guria 1 Topara chaur-I Murliganj 394.00 3.658
2 Topara chaur-II Murliganj 130.00 0.9148 Barelia
Dhar1 Bachangama Alamnagar 388.00 3.048
2 Bishanpur Alamnagar 45.20 1.8293 Sinharkookel Alamnagar 220.00 1.1894 Alam Nagar Alamnagar 52.80 4.5735 Phanhan Udakishanganj 39.60 1.8296 Bhamaili Udakishanganj 200.00 1.1897 Rangurai Ajgara Udakishanganj 172.00 2.286
9 1 Tilangwa Chausa 600.00 4.8782 Askatika Chausa 1000.00 7.6213 Bhurkunda Udakishanganj 640.00 1.8294 Phulbariya Udakishanganj 40.00 2.5005 Pobha Udakishanganj 160.00 4.699
10 BhuthariDhar
1 Dhaneshwari Udakishanganj 600.00 4.878
2 Maria Group Udakishanganj 3140.00 25.5143 Other chaur Udakishanganj 1154.00 38.963
11 BanaswaraDhar
1 Kanhar (E) Alamnagar 104.00 0.533
2 Dhoma Alamnagar 100.00 0.5003 Agail Alamnagar 121.20 1.5244 Chakla Alamnagar 115.00 0.7505 Parmananlpur Alamnagar 340.00 3.0486 Kodra Alamnagar 100.00 0.6007 Khurha Alamnagar 90.00 0.5008 Chakmaul Basa
SouthAlamnagar 24.00 2.012
Total 56 16206.60
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Annex 11.1 (d)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: KHAGARIA
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in km
1 BeldaurDhar
1 Kursela chaur Beldaur 160.00 0.533
2 Docharsi chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.219
3 Bela chaur Beldaur 60.00 3.506
4 Barbighi chaur Beldaur 120.00 3.506
5 Khairabasa chaur Beldaur 40.00 3.506
6 Beldaur chaur Beldaur 80.00 3.506
7 Sohia chaur Beldaur 80.00 3.506
8 Pachaut chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.829
9 Golaganj chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.829
10 Dighour west Beldaur 120.00 1.676
11 Dighour east Beldaur 120.00 1.676
12 Sarkohar chaur Beldaur 205.60 3.445
13 Karlakhi chaur Beldaur 80.00 5.000
2 KashnagarDhar
1 Pirnagar east Beldaur92.00
1.170
2 Pirnagar west Beldaur 204.00 1.645
3 Jhoba Beldaur 92.00 2.375
4 Kainjavi dova Beldaur 320.00 4.725
3 BanaswaraDhar
1 Khunhar (west) Beldaur 40.00 1.219
2 Agail Beldaur 121.20 1.524
3 Bela Beldaur 100.00 0.550
Total 20 2334.80
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Annex 11.1 (e)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: ARARIA
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in km
1 KharraLachcha
Dhar
1 Nathpur Chaur Narpatganj 200.00 5.000
2 Khairapur Chaur Narpatganj 60.00 0.5003 Gokulpur Chaur Narpatganj
2 BinariaDhar
1 Nathpur Chaur Narpatganj60.00
0.500
2 Patehpur NathpurChaur
Narpatganj 200.00 2.000
3 Sirsia Kala Bhargama 150.00 4.0004 Gamharia Bhargama 200.00 2.0005 Chakla Bhargama 175.00 1.0006 Dhobiahi Bhargama 100.00 0.5007 Khajuri Bhargama 125.00 0.5008 Baijupati Bhargama 200.00 0.800
3 KhuthariDhar
1 Dhaneshari Bhargama 200.00 2.000
2 Sonapur Bhargama 200.00 1.5004 Sita Dhar 1 Ran Chaur Forpisganj 150.00 1.500
2 Rampur Chaur Forpisganj 150.00 1.0003 Pulro Chaur Forpisganj 200.00 1.0004 Chaur Forpisganj 225.00 2.000
5 Basfaka Chaur Forpisganj 160.00 0.500
6 Jirwa PachiariChaur
Raniganj 250.00 0.800
7 Madhafa Chaur Raniganj 400.00 1.0008 Kamalpur Chaur Raniganj 225.00 0.8009 Hansraj Chaur Raniganj 250.00 0.5010 Gapur Chaur Raniganj 300.00 0.60
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11 Mohi Chaur Raniganj 300.00 0.6512 Farkia Chaur Raniganj 500.00 1.00
5 Pema Dhar 1 Mahiar Araria 300.00 1.50Total 26 5280.00
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Annex 11.1 (f)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: KATIHAR
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in km
1 Soura Dhar 1 Baldhia Korha 250.00 0.800
2 Bachoni Korha 150.00 2.5003 Baijnathpur Korha 150.00 3.14 Tailend of
Katihar DisttKatihar 100.00 1.5
2 Kamla Dhar 1 Manikpur Katihar 100.00 2.1342 Khagota Katihar 200.00 1.6463 Sagunira Katihar 220.00 1.1584 Bhogachi Katihar 600.00 2.4395 Kajari Katihar 280.00 1.2806 Nurkodal Katihar 640.00 3.0487 Singhia Katihar 400.00 1.5858 Shankerpur Katihar 200.00 1.2199 Bari Jhil Katihar 200.00 1.73710 Radhe Madha Katihar 280.00 1.21911 Lava Kendi Katihar 160.00 0.73112 Khusari Katihar 400.00 1.49813 Rain Katihar 300.00 0.80014 Chhoti Jhil Katihar 180.00 1.50015 Borhia Katihar 200.00 0.900
16 Barahia Katihar 300.00 0.90017 Katari Katihar 90.00 0.50018 Pakaru Katihar 50.00 0.50019 Gogabil Katihar 200.00 1.0020 Oksatal Katihar 100.00 1.0021 Chalania Katihar 60.00 0.6022 Gaura Katihar 80.00 0.7023 Garia Katihar 240.00 1.5024 Purdani Katihar 150.00 1.0025 Bornia Katihar 160.00 1.2026 Denga chour Purnea (east) 60.00 2.8027 Rama Purnea (east) 120.00 3.14028 Pathara Purnea (east) 80.00 6.03629 Khir-Khir Purnea (east) 240.00 1.15830 Mira fatehpur Purnea (east) 840.00 1.06731 Hinaimadhe Purnea (east) 200.00 1.000
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Total 35 7980.00
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43WAPCOS Ltd.. Chapter-XI
Annex 11.1 (g)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: PURNEA
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in km
1 Soura Dhar 1 Banails Krityanand 300.00 0.500
2 Bilejhwar Krityanand 250.00 0.4003 Raipur Krityanand 150.00 14 Hathia Krityanand 1040.00 3.658
5 Neemia Krityanand 240.00 0.3046 Baraitha Krityanand 1600.00 9.146
2 Pema Dhar 1 Seema Krityanand 250.00 1.6002 Ratlohi Krityanand 100.00 0.5003 Jalalgarh Krityanand 450.00 1.0004 Sathia Krityanand 230.00 0.7005 Bathnaha Krityanand 450.00 1.0006 Basaun Krityanand 90.00 0.500
3 BinaniaDhar
1 Parihari Banmankhi250.00
6.000
2 Dhima MakhnahaLaxmipur
Banmankhi 650.00 5.000
3 Dudhi Dhamdaha 50.00 6.500
4 FariyaniDhar
1 Dhamdaha Dhamdaha 325.00 0.800
5 KadaiNala-2
1 Nirpur Bhawanipur 150.00 5.500
2 Phul Karia Rupauli 120.00 4.0003 Barasthan Rupauli 140.00 7.5004 Dubha Rupauli 120.00 1.5005 Mathawa Rupauli 250.00 1.2006 Teldiha Rupauli 150.00 0.900
6 Khutahari 1 Dhima MakhnahaLaxmipur
Banmankhi 200.00 1.200
2 Baghma BarharaKothi
150.00 1.000
7 GutelaDhar
1 Aurahi Lankhi BarharaKothi
800.00 10.500
2 Gulelavita BarharaKothi
80.00 0.500
3 Patraha BarharaKothi
160.00 0.800
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Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Lengthof Linkin km
Remarks
8 Hahanala 1 Sitarampur BarharaKothi
80.00 0.250
2 Bhangatola BarharaKothi
110.00 1.200
3 Rupauli BarharaKothi
120.00 1.500
4 Bhatotar BarharaKothi
80.00 1.000
5 Khajwa Bhawanipur 150.00 1.5006 Jainagra Urlaha Bhawanipur 220.00 1.5007 Kamalpur Barhara
Kothi120.00 2.743
8 Ladughat BarharaKothi
100.00 0.600
9 Janki Nagar KerahaRikabganj
BarharaKothi
260.00 7.600
9 DudhiNagasDhar
1 Mali Bairaha Itahari Rupauli 280.00 4.390
2 Badela Rupauli 120.00 1.4513 Haripur Rupauli 600.00 1.5244 Bhomel Rupauli 200.00 1.3715 Dhamdhatakridimiami Bhawanipur 250.00 1.600
6 Mjantarauni TarauniPhulkani
Rupauli 750.00 5.000
7 Mainichaphai Rupauli 200.00 0.80010 Pakilpur 1 Phulboria Bhawanipur 150.00 2.000
2 Telanagra Bhawanipur 200.00 2.0003 Dhurkunija Bhawanipur 350.00 1.8004 Askatia Bhawanipur 200.00 1.8005 Barhamgayani Bhawanipur 150.00 2.000
Total 48 13435.00
Annex-11.1(a)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: SAHARSA
SlNo.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length oflink in km
1. Dhemra
Dhar
1 Purish Nauhatta 120.0 1.524
2 Barail “ 100.0 1.524
3 Pokaria “ 50.0 1.219
4 Baliarpatti “ 40.0 1.219
5 Bahwarth “ 40.0 1.219
6 Bhanar “ 60.0 0.609
7 Barasaub “ 80.0 1.829
8 Uchhkhwa “ 60.0 1.219
9 Taibagtia “ 40.0 1.219
10 Rahia “ 38.0 0.609
11 Narain “ 50.0 0.914
12 Hansa “ 40.0 1.067
13 Koria “ 40.0 0.609
14 Lakhaja Debar “ 60.0 0.914
15 Yoga “ 20.0 0.609
16 Dyria “ 40.0 0.914
17 Nagari “ 40.0 1.067
18 Baiywalia “ 40.0 1.067
19 Kamauni “ 44.0 3.048
20 Belahi “ 40.0 1.524
21 Patharai “ 40.0 1.219
22 Tibra “ 60.0 1.524
23 Bilaspatti “ 60.0 1.219
24 Lakhan Khanka
Daber
“ 140.80
40.0
1.524
1.829
25 Barahmotor “ 40.0 1.371
SlNo.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length oflink in km
26 --- “ 60.0 1.524
27 Rahurabarwa “ 40.0 1.524
28 Nemua “ 80.0 0.914
29 Yoga Baidy “ 160.0 3.658
2 Dhemara
Dhar
1 Baidi Chaur Maheshi 100.0 2.134
2 Kusumi, Karjhil
Belan Chaur
“
1320.0 5.729
3 Gochahara “ 120.0 0.914
3 Fahri Dhar 1 Narha Chaur “ 50.0 1.829
2 Gangia Chaur “ 140.0 2.438
3 Karha Rehwa Kahara 120.0 3.656
4 Bariali Chaur “ 220.0 3.656
5 Singhwara Chaur “ 44.80 2.134
6 Bharauli Chaur “ 120.0 1.829
7 Sarha Chaur “ 400.0 1.829
4 Tilwae
Dhar No.2
1 Roop nagar “ 160.0 0.914
2 Sahuria “ 100.0 1.371
3 Narha “ 64.0 0.914
4 Galharia “ 30.0 0.914
5 Pirha “ 24.0 1.524
6 Simri “ 140.0 1.676
7 Law “ 400.0 4.573
8 Dighra “ 200.0 1.463
5 Sone Dhar 1 Dighra Sepha “ 80.0 1.829
2 Barsam “ 400.0 3.170
3 Hanuman Nagar “ 400.0 5.548
4 Kathaila
5 Banchola “ 200.0 1.768
6 Ramnagar “ 200.0 1.524
SlNo.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length oflink in km
6 Tilaw
Dhar No.2
1 Patuaha Saur Bazar 140.0 1.219
7 Beldaur
Dhar
1 Siktiyahi Basa “ 100.0 0.914
2 Kumhrauli “ 100.0 1.500
8 Kashnagar
Dhar
1 Telhar “ 86.40 1.371
2 Godarma “ 170.0 1.371
3 Bagraha “ 210.0 1.524
4 Kashnagar “ 68.0 0.603
5 Chitrahi “ 108.0 1.219
6 Maninath “ 116.0 0.832
7 Tindova “ 80.0 0.975
8 Bela Ramnagar
Telhar
“ 446.0 4.573
9 Flodrahai “ 80.0 1.829
9 Basanwara
Dhar
1 Basan Sonbarsa 120.0 1.524
2 Sagun Tola “ 88.0 5.487
3 Bagora (East) “ 120.0 2.439
4 Bagora (West) “ 104.0 0.609
5 Sahjadpur “ 40.0 0.914
6 Baijnathpur
purandaha
“ 232.0 2.286
7 Bela “ 136.0 1.829
8 Sakutota “ 100.0 0.75
10 DhemraDhar
1 ChampurBhagwanpur
Nauhatta 800.00 3.297
2 Yaila Chaur “ 160.00 1.829
3 Punhar and Dhamina “ 80.00 1.829
4 Gopalpur Musharnia “ 586.00 6.646
5 Sadana andPurklyanpur
“ 460.00 5.853
SlNo.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length oflink in km
6 Pipra “ 440.00 4.451
11 Baluaha 1 Pora Chour “ 52.00 1.128
2 Bartha Chour “ 120.00 2.438
3 Phapahi Chour “ 156.00 2.286
4 Basana Chour Mahishi 40.00 1.524
5 Paharpur-II Mahishi 40.00 0.608
12 Patti Dhar 1 Jagatpur Nauhatta 60.00 1.219
2 Garbaki “ 80.00 1.829
3 Waterlogged atparasarma
“ 40.00 1.524
4 Chakla Sonbarsa 120.00 1.524
5 Kaparfora “ 200.00 1.905
6 Ladma Badhauna “ 700.00 3.658
13 DhemrbraDhar
1 Girha Chour SimriBakhtiyarpur
140.00 1.219
2 Kaparfora “ 180.00 2.438
3 Balwa Chour “ 120.00 2.134
4 Goriyari “ 160.00 0.914
14 MethaDhar
1 Nardaha Chour “ 64.00 3.656
2 Purania “ 52.00 1.524
3 Narewa “ 576.00 3.048
4 B.harthanya “ 48.00 1.219
Total 98 14640.4
Annex 11.1 (b)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: SUPAUL
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
1 BhaptiahiDhar
1 Telwa Supaul 80.00 1.52
2 Belahi Supaul 60.00 1.522 Patti Dhar 1 Maldahia Supaul 80.00 2.13
2 Esthla Supaul 60.00 1.223 Keriha Supaul 80.00 3.054 Lawaki Supaul 80.00 1.835 Purandani Supaul 100.00 1.216 Baria Supaul 60.00 0.917 Ekma Supaul 40.00 1.228 Chouri Supaul 120.00 1.839 Rampur Supaul 80.00 1.07
10 Barail Supaul 80.00 1.223 Tilawe
Dhar1 Basana Supaul 220.00 0.91
2 Chitti Supaul 300.00 1.223 Mokama Supaul 64.00 0.464 Bhatrandha Supaul 60.00 0.615 Aranbishanpur Supaul 180.00 0.82
6 Baluaha Supaul 160.00 1.077 Samada Supaul 140.00 0.91
4 ParwaneDhar
1 Tarhi Raghopur 50.00 0.19
2 Jogbani Raghopur 30.00 0.913 Larha Sonbarsa Raghopur 100.00 0.914 Dori Raghopur 100.00 0.505 Barahi Jheel Raghopur 216.00 2.136 Hasanpur Raghopur 120.00 2.447 Marna Raghopur 120.00 2.448 Dhaun Guridhi Raghopur 440.00 1.83
5 DhasanDhar
1 Kabaiya Raghopur 76.00 0.95
2 Sangaria Selha Raghopur 80.00 0.673 Harnagara Raghopur 104.00 3.694 Asthana Baver Pipara 68.00 1.225 Dandari Pipara 36.00 0.546 Pakari Kamar
GawaPipara 256.00 6.10
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
7 Gopalpur Pipara 124.00 3.356 Dhemara
Dhar1 Gopipur Supaul 200.00 6.10
2 Simrail Supaul 200.00 0.91
3 Telhar Supaul 120.00 1.52
4 Satarw Supaul 400.00 1.52
5 Tirmuhara Supaul 120.00 1.83
6 Dumrahi Supaul 100.00 2.44
7 Jogin Supaul 120.00 3.05
8 Bagijor Supaul 100.00 1.52
9 Baghmari Supaul 180.00 1.61
10 Ratauli Supaul 120.00 2.44
11 Jarauli Supaul 60.00 1.07
12 Kaiti & Nirmali Supaul 60.00 0.91
13 Lour Supaul 160.00 7.32
14 Beriana Supaul 140.00 1.37
15 Betram-I Supaul 100.00 1.83
16 Betram-II Supaul 100.00 1.83
17 Bhalani Supaul 200.00 2.73
18 Ekma Supaul 60.00 1.22
7 BochahaDhar
1 Ehagwanpur Raghopur 520.00 1.83
2 Bahsi Raghopur 175.00 5.493 Chakla Raghopur 384.00 2.444 Bhaiukap Raghopur 128.00 3.055 Hulas Raghopur 358.00 2.446 Tintoliya Raghopur 192.00 2.44
8 ThalhaDhar
1 ThakurahiMalikana
Supaul 40.00 1.22
2 Kuchnari Supaul 40.00 0.763 Nirmali Supaul 40.00 0.914 Barkuba Supaul 40.00 0.915 Kumhara Supaul 40.00 0.916 Bhutha Supaul 40.00 1.227 Nhenjaraha Supaul 40.00 0.918 Waterlogged at
ParasarnaSupaul 20.00 0.30
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in km
Remarks
9 DhasanDhar
1 Malghawarl Pipra 28.00 1.067
2 Telsion Pipra 20.00 0.3353 Bahinga Pipra 20.00 0.3354 Burahwe Pipra 100.00 2.439
10 ParwaneDhar
1 Chakla Raghopur200.00 0.609
2 Inanganj Raghopur 240.00 4.4203 Harjpur Raghopur 160.00 1.8294 Kainger Raghopur 320.00 1.4025 Bhatani Raghopur 44.00 0.5186 Raghopur Nayagaon Pipra 200.00 0.5207 Mokarai Pipra 220.00 0.6098 Maheshwer Pipra 300.00 6.8599 Kalari Pipra 180.00 0.439
10 Dahla Pipra 200.00 1.01211 Parsa Pipra 240.00 1.52412 Dhar Near Village
Anandipatti(Gosaipatti)
Pipra 80.00 0.240
13 Narha(chaur) Pipra 180.00 0.44014 Batramchaur Pipra 160.00 1.80015 Sitkadaria Pipra 200.00 1.01416 Othars chaur Pipra 100.00 0.239
11 GuriaDhar
1Jadupatti Tribenigani
Tribeniganj32.00 1.219
2 Dhungra Tribeniganj 40.00 1.06712 Chikni
BazarDhar
1 Dhuniachaur Chatapur 80.00 2.749
2 Mangauj chaur Chatapur 146.00 1.0573 Mangauj chaur Chatapur 152.00 1.0364 Chikni Chatapur 70.00 0.609
13 GurdhuaDhar
1 Raghunathpur Chaur Tribeniganj 380.003.048
2 Raishree Tribeniganj 294.00 1.5243 Sarhad Ganj Tribeniganj 128.00 0.9144 Srinagar Tribeniganj 174.00 1.2195 Unlakhi Tribeniganj 300.00 1.524
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
Remarks
6 Dungachaur Tribeniganj 174.80 1.5247 Topara-I Tribeniganj 200.00 3.6588 Goria Tribeniganj 400.00 8.5369 Haripur Chatapur 54.00 4.268
10 Dighi Chatapur 92.00 1.21911 Ramani Chatapur 260.00 0.91412 Gopali tola Chatapur 394.00 1.21913 Hanumapatti Chatapur 48.40 0.91414 Baghaili Tribeniganj 48.40 0.91415 Morhanpur Tribeniganj 32.48 0.60916 Bagh i chaur Tribeniganj 32.40 1.52417 Baghanpatti Tribeniganj 40.40 1.52418 Bishumpur Tribeniganj 56.80 2.43919 Kewaryama Tribeniganj 70.40 1.524
14 BinaniaDhar
1Bhawanipur
Chatapur593.60
1.829
2 Giridharpatti Chatapur 192.00 6.4023 Mohammadganj Chatapur 134.00 1.5244 Gamhariacchaur Chatapur 380.00 2.012
15 FarianiDhar
1Dhim. Mdkha
Chatapur 4000.00 14.207
16 DhemraDhar
1 Hatwaria west 32.00(L)
Raghopur120.00
1.371
2 Hatwaria west 12.00(L)
Raghopur60.00
0.914
3 Hatwaria south 29.00(L)
Raghopur 60.00 0.609
4 Khori Rahi II 49.00(L)
Raghopur60.00
1.067
17 DasnaDhar
1 Amari 55.00 (R ) Raghopur20.60
0.609
2 Chauri 63.00 (L) Raghopur 20.00 0.6093 Karyamma 64.00 (L) Raghopur 20.00 0.7624 Kothia Rajpur Raghopur 120.00 7.621
18 ThalhaDhar
1 Kamar Chaur 27050(L)
Raghopur 60.00 1.524
19 Degraha 1 Murli Basantpur Raghopur 80.00 1.067
Total 126 21373.28
Annex 11.1 (c)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: MADHEPURA
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
1 Segna 1 Lalpurchaur Madhepura 100.00 1.829
2 Jibra chaur Madhepura 369.60 4.5733 Shekhpura Sadawa Madhepura 312.00 6.0964 Bh;arahi Madhepura 153.60 2.4395 Jaipura Singheshwar 291.20 2.4396 Markhap Singheshwar 307.20 2.4397 Barhari Singheshwar 96.00 1.2198 Barbanna Singheshwar 224.00 2.4399 Hasanpura Sonbarsa Singheshwar 633.60 6.096
2 Tilawe Dhar 1 Tarabe Madhepura 300.00 2.7433 Parwanhe
Dhar1 Rampatti Singheshwar 48.00 0.853
4 DhasanDhar
1 Panhar Singheshwar200.00
0.579
5 Gola Dhar 1 Jhaghari Udakishanganj 272.00 2.6822 Shyam Udakishanganj 101.20 1.5243 Ladama Udakishanganj 102.00 1.0674 Nimua Udakishanganj 166.00 1.2805 Karanti Udakishanganj
55.200.219
6 Chaarapti Udakishanganj 32.00 1.524
7 Ramnaganj Alamnagar 112.00 6.7008 Ashoka Alamnagar 102.00 1.8299 Jhgraha Alamnagar 380.00 1.371
10 Hanodumaria Alamnagar 97.20 1.21911 Ladama Alamnagar 200.00 1.52412 Patoria Alamnagar 80.00 0.914
6 Chausa 1 Bheatola Alamnagar 112.00 1.2102 Mahimudin Alamnagar 400.00 1.2193 Karman Alamnagar 48.00 0.6094 Baswanpur Alamnagar 248.00 1.2195 Ncgachhiatole Alamnagar 206.00 2.1346 Ghoshal Alamnagar 212.00 2.4387 Chausa Chaur Alamnagar 276.00 1.219
7 Guria 1 Topara chaur-I Murliganj 394.00 3.658
2 Topara chaur-II Murliganj 130.00 0.914
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in
km
8 BareliaDhar
1 Bachangama Alamnagar 388.00 3.048
2 Bishanpur Alamnagar 45.20 1.8293 Sinharkookel Alamnagar 220.00 1.1894 Alam Nagar Alamnagar 52.80 4.5735 Phanhan Udakishanganj 39.60 1.8296 Bhamaili Udakishanganj 200.00 1.1897 Rangurai Ajgara Udakishanganj 172.00 2.286
9 1 Tilangwa Chausa 600.00 4.8782 Askatika Chausa 1000.00 7.6213 Bhurkunda Udakishanganj 640.00 1.8294 Phulbariya Udakishanganj 40.00 2.5005 Pobha Udakishanganj 160.00 4.699
10 BhuthariDhar
1 Dhaneshwari Udakishanganj 600.00 4.878
2 Maria Group Udakishanganj 3140.00 25.5143 Other chaur Udakishanganj 1154.00 38.963
11 BanaswaraDhar
1 Kanhar (E) Alamnagar 104.00 0.533
2 Dhoma Alamnagar 100.00 0.5003 Agail Alamnagar 121.20 1.5244 Chakla Alamnagar 115.00 0.7505 Parmananlpur Alamnagar 340.00 3.0486 Kodra Alamnagar 100.00 0.6007 Khurha Alamnagar 90.00 0.5008 Chakmaul Basa
SouthAlamnagar 24.00 2.012
Total 56 16206.60
Annex 11.1 (d)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: KHAGARIA
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in km
1 BeldaurDhar
1 Kursela chaur Beldaur 160.00 0.533
2 Docharsi chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.219
3 Bela chaur Beldaur 60.00 3.506
4 Barbighi chaur Beldaur 120.00 3.506
5 Khairabasa chaur Beldaur 40.00 3.506
6 Beldaur chaur Beldaur 80.00 3.506
7 Sohia chaur Beldaur 80.00 3.506
8 Pachaut chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.829
9 Golaganj chaur Beldaur 100.00 1.829
10 Dighour west Beldaur 120.00 1.676
11 Dighour east Beldaur 120.00 1.676
12 Sarkohar chaur Beldaur 205.60 3.445
13 Karlakhi chaur Beldaur 80.00 5.000
2 KashnagarDhar
1 Pirnagar east Beldaur92.00
1.170
2 Pirnagar west Beldaur 204.00 1.645
3 Jhoba Beldaur 92.00 2.375
4 Kainjavi dova Beldaur 320.00 4.725
3 BanaswaraDhar
1 Khunhar (west) Beldaur 40.00 1.219
2 Agail Beldaur 121.20 1.524
3 Bela Beldaur 100.00 0.550
Total 20 2334.80
Annex 11.1 (e)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: ARARIA
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in km
1 KharraLachcha
Dhar
1 Nathpur Chaur Narpatganj 200.00 5.000
2 Khairapur Chaur Narpatganj 60.00 0.5003 Gokulpur Chaur Narpatganj
2 BinariaDhar
1 Nathpur Chaur Narpatganj60.00
0.500
2 Patehpur NathpurChaur
Narpatganj 200.00 2.000
3 Sirsia Kala Bhargama 150.00 4.0004 Gamharia Bhargama 200.00 2.0005 Chakla Bhargama 175.00 1.0006 Dhobiahi Bhargama 100.00 0.5007 Khajuri Bhargama 125.00 0.5008 Baijupati Bhargama 200.00 0.800
3 KhuthariDhar
1 Dhaneshari Bhargama 200.00 2.000
2 Sonapur Bhargama 200.00 1.5004 Sita Dhar 1 Ran Chaur Forpisganj 150.00 1.500
2 Rampur Chaur Forpisganj 150.00 1.0003 Pulro Chaur Forpisganj 200.00 1.0004 Chaur Forpisganj 225.00 2.000
5 Basfaka Chaur Forpisganj 160.00 0.500
6 Jirwa PachiariChaur
Raniganj 250.00 0.800
7 Madhafa Chaur Raniganj 400.00 1.0008 Kamalpur Chaur Raniganj 225.00 0.8009 Hansraj Chaur Raniganj 250.00 0.50
10 Gapur Chaur Raniganj 300.00 0.6011 Mohi Chaur Raniganj 300.00 0.6512 Farkia Chaur Raniganj 500.00 1.00
5 Pema Dhar 1 Mahiar Araria 300.00 1.50Total 26 5280.00
Annex 11.1 (f)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: KATIHAR
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in km
1 Soura Dhar 1 Baldhia Korha 250.00 0.800
2 Bachoni Korha 150.00 2.5003 Baijnathpur Korha 150.00 3.14 Tailend of
Katihar DisttKatihar 100.00 1.5
2 Kamla Dhar 1 Manikpur Katihar 100.00 2.1342 Khagota Katihar 200.00 1.6463 Sagunira Katihar 220.00 1.1584 Bhogachi Katihar 600.00 2.4395 Kajari Katihar 280.00 1.2806 Nurkodal Katihar 640.00 3.0487 Singhia Katihar 400.00 1.5858 Shankerpur Katihar 200.00 1.2199 Bari Jhil Katihar 200.00 1.737
10 Radhe Madha Katihar 280.00 1.21911 Lava Kendi Katihar 160.00 0.73112 Khusari Katihar 400.00 1.49813 Rain Katihar 300.00 0.80014 Chhoti Jhil Katihar 180.00 1.50015 Borhia Katihar 200.00 0.900
16 Barahia Katihar 300.00 0.90017 Katari Katihar 90.00 0.50018 Pakaru Katihar 50.00 0.50019 Gogabil Katihar 200.00 1.0020 Oksatal Katihar 100.00 1.0021 Chalania Katihar 60.00 0.6022 Gaura Katihar 80.00 0.7023 Garia Katihar 240.00 1.5024 Purdani Katihar 150.00 1.0025 Bornia Katihar 160.00 1.2026 Denga chour Purnea (east) 60.00 2.8027 Rama Purnea (east) 120.00 3.14028 Pathara Purnea (east) 80.00 6.03629 Khir-Khir Purnea (east) 240.00 1.15830 Mira fatehpur Purnea (east) 840.00 1.06731 Hinaimadhe Purnea (east) 200.00 1.000
Total 35 7980.00
Annex 11.1 (g)
DETAILS OF DIFFERENT DHARS, CHAURS & LINKS IN DISTRICT: PURNEA
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Length ofLink in km
1 Soura Dhar 1 Banails Krityanand 300.00 0.500
2 Bilejhwar Krityanand 250.00 0.4003 Raipur Krityanand 150.00 14 Hathia Krityanand 1040.00 3.658
5 Neemia Krityanand 240.00 0.3046 Baraitha Krityanand 1600.00 9.146
2 Pema Dhar 1 Seema Krityanand 250.00 1.6002 Ratlohi Krityanand 100.00 0.5003 Jalalgarh Krityanand 450.00 1.0004 Sathia Krityanand 230.00 0.7005 Bathnaha Krityanand 450.00 1.0006 Basaun Krityanand 90.00 0.500
3 BinaniaDhar
1 Parihari Banmankhi250.00
6.000
2 Dhima MakhnahaLaxmipur
Banmankhi 650.00 5.000
3 Dudhi Dhamdaha 50.00 6.500
4 FariyaniDhar
1 Dhamdaha Dhamdaha 325.00 0.800
5 KadaiNala-2
1 Nirpur Bhawanipur 150.00 5.500
2 Phul Karia Rupauli 120.00 4.0003 Barasthan Rupauli 140.00 7.5004 Dubha Rupauli 120.00 1.5005 Mathawa Rupauli 250.00 1.2006 Teldiha Rupauli 150.00 0.900
6 Khutahari 1 Dhima MakhnahaLaxmipur
Banmankhi 200.00 1.200
2 Baghma BarharaKothi
150.00 1.000
7 GutelaDhar
1 Aurahi Lankhi BarharaKothi
800.00 10.500
2 Gulelavita BarharaKothi
80.00 0.500
3 Patraha BarharaKothi
160.00 0.800
Sl.No.
Name ofDhar
Name of Chaur Name ofBlock
Submergencearea in ha
Lengthof Linkin km
Remarks
8 Hahanala 1 Sitarampur BarharaKothi
80.00 0.250
2 Bhangatola BarharaKothi
110.00 1.200
3 Rupauli BarharaKothi
120.00 1.500
4 Bhatotar BarharaKothi
80.00 1.000
5 Khajwa Bhawanipur 150.00 1.5006 Jainagra Urlaha Bhawanipur 220.00 1.5007 Kamalpur Barhara
Kothi120.00 2.743
8 Ladughat BarharaKothi
100.00 0.600
9 Janki Nagar KerahaRikabganj
BarharaKothi
260.00 7.600
9 DudhiNagasDhar
1 Mali Bairaha Itahari Rupauli 280.00 4.390
2 Badela Rupauli 120.00 1.4513 Haripur Rupauli 600.00 1.5244 Bhomel Rupauli 200.00 1.3715 Dhamdhatakridimiami Bhawanipur 250.00 1.600
6 Mjantarauni TarauniPhulkani
Rupauli 750.00 5.000
7 Mainichaphai Rupauli 200.00 0.80010 Pakilpur 1 Phulboria Bhawanipur 150.00 2.000
2 Telanagra Bhawanipur 200.00 2.0003 Dhurkunija Bhawanipur 350.00 1.8004 Askatia Bhawanipur 200.00 1.8005 Barhamgayani Bhawanipur 150.00 2.000
Total 48 13435.00
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1WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-XII
CHAPTER- XII
STATUS OF EXISTING WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND
PROSPECTS FOR INTENSIFIED AGRICULTURE
12.1 GENERAL
The irrigation under the existing Kosi project is entirely dependent on run-off the
river flow since there is no reservoir support in the upstream. Though there is more
than sufficient flow in the river during kharif season, there is deficiency in the rabi
and therefore, significant increase in the intensity of irrigation during the later period
has not been possible. It is to be further observed that apart from the availability of
water, the utilization of available water has also been sub-optimal.
Though Command Area Development Programme (CADP) was introduced in 1975,
its implementation on the ground is insignificant due to various reasons. Irrigation
through flooding is still largely prevalent in more or less entire command even after
introduction of CADP in this system over three decades ago.
Importance of conservation and efficient use of water figures prominently in Plan
Documents and policy statements. But there is considerable hiatus between principles
and practices. There is a growing gap between the scarcity value of water and the
realized value under the current pattern of water use and management.
12.2 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT & ITS GROWTH STAGES
The amount of water used in producing a crop is commonly referred as “consumptive
use or evapotranspiration (ET)”. It includes the water supplied through rainfall and
irrigation. Of the rainfall, only that retained within the root zone is considered as
“effective rainfall”.
Before the prevailing water utilization practices in the command are dealt, it would be
pertinent to recapitulate the requirement of water for each of the prevalent crops- from
their sowing to maturity stage and also at various critical crop growth stages along
with the total duration of crop, number of irrigations to be given etc. which would be
of immense help for planning and management of irrigation system. These
Final Report
2WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-XII
parameters i.e. crop water requirement and major growth stages in general, are
tabulated in Table 12.1 and Table 12.2 respectively. However, these parameters
would be fine tuned within the command depending upon the soil condition, rainfall
and broad climatic status etc. of the area.
Table-12.1Water Requirement of Crops
Sl.No.
Crop Total height of water required from sowing tomaturity (including rainfall)* in cm
1 Paddy 105.9 (including 10 cm for nursery raising)
2 Maize 60.0
3 Jawar 65.3
4 Wheat 37.6
5 Barley 35.8
6 Oats 36.6
7 Marua 75.7
8 Pea 30.5
9 Mustard 26.9
10 Gram 20.0
11 Linseed 32.3
12 Groundnut 66.3
13 Cotton 107.2
14 Potato 67.8
15 Chilli 98.6
16 Sugarcane 241.3
17 Tobacco 99.6
18 Tomato 60.0
(Source : Crop Calendar of Bihar – Shreenarain Singh, 2002)
Rains during growth period reduce the water requirement to the extent of effective
rainfall. Similarly recharge and seepage or high water table reduce the height of
water for crops in North Bihar. In the background of state rainfall pattern, paddy
needs timely watering for nursery raising and puddling operations.
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3WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-XII
Table 12.2Water needs of critical stages of crop growth
Sl.No.
Crops Critical stage of waterneed
Age of crop(days aftersowing)
Extent of need and usualno. of irrigation given
1 Agahani paddy Tillering 30-40 Usual delta of command
areas for 4-6 irrigations:
Kosi - 28 cm
Gandak - 28 cm
Sone - 42 cm
Panicle initiation 70-80
Flowering 90-100
Milk stage 100-120
2 Wheat Crown root initiation 21-25 3-4 irrigations are usually
provided depending on
winter rain
Late tillering 55-60
Flowering 85-90
Milk stage 100-110
3 Winter / Spring
Maize
Six leaf stage 20-25 5-6 irrigations usually are
needed. Kharif crop is fully
rainfedKnee height stage 30-35
Above Knee stage 40-50
Tassel stage 55-65
Mid silk stage 80-85
Milk stage 95-105
4 Barley Active tillering 30-35 One to two irrigation are
usually neededFlag Leaf 55-60
5 Gram Pre-flowering 65-70 One to two irrigation are
desireable
Pod formation 95-100
6 Masoor Flowering 90-95 One or two light irrigations
7 Summer Moong
Urad
Flowering 40-50 One or two light irrigations
Pod setting 60-70
8 Pea Vegetative 20-25 One or two light irrigations
Flowering and podding 40-45
Ripening 70-75
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4WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-XII
Sl.No.
Crops Critical stage of waterneed
Age of crop(days aftersowing)
Extent of need and usualno. of irrigation given
9 Groundnut Pegging 45-50 One or two irrigations
Pod setting 60-70
10 Berseem Sowing 0 6-7 irrigations are needed at
fortnightly intervalsGermination 5-7
After each cutting Every third
week
11 Potato Tuber initiation 25-30 In south Bihar pre-sowing
plus 5 subsequent waterings
are given
Tuber formation 50-60
Early vegetative 85-90
Ripening 120-125
12 Sugarcane Tillering 30-240 1st irrigation before planting,
subsequent monthly upto
June is given. 4-6
irrigations in all.
Stem elongation May-Aug.
13 Mustard Flowering 40-45 2 irrigation are usually
given.Podding 60-65
Pod filling 80-85
14 Sunflower Bug irrigation 20-25 2-3 irrigations in rabi / game
phase needed.Buttouing 35-40
Flowering 35-60
Seed development 75-80
12.3 REVIEW OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM OF OPERATION ANDDISTRIBUTION OF IRRIGATION WATER
12.3.1 Operation of Irrigation System
12.3.1.1 Bhimnagar Barrage
As regards manual for operation of barrage gates, it was reported that the 8th Gate
Regulation Committee has proposed a schedule for operation of barrage gates. The
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5WAPCOS Ltd. Chapter-XII
proposed schedule has been presented in the following Table. This operation
schedule is being followed at the moment.
Season Date of Opening Date of Closing
Kharif 25th June 25th October
Rabi 1st December 15th April
Hot Weather Continued from Rabi
Irrigation
31st May
12.3.1.2 Opening and Closing of Canals
Keeping in view the silt problem, cropping pattern, availability of water, agro climatic
condition, the following schedule of opening and closing of main canal has been
prescribed for the Eastern Kosi Canal System.
Thus it is seen that canal system is kept closed between 26th October and 30th
November and again from 1st June to 24th June. The first closure of the canal between
26th October and 30th November does not affect sowing of Rabi crops because there is
sufficient moisture in the soil during the period. The second closure of the canal
system covering major part of the command area remains closed for a period of
seventy days from 16th April to 4th June to primarily desilt the canal system and carry
out other required repair works prior to start of Kharif irrigation. The above dates of
opening and closing of canal systems have not been strictly adhered to on account of
several factors including the time taken in actual repairs etc. In addition to this, the
normal practice in Eastern Kosi Canal project is to open and close canals as per order
of the Chairman, Kosi Command Area Development Agency (CADA). The
Chairman, before issuing the order, consults Chief Engineer of the project and joint
Director of Agriculture of the region. The Table 12.3 shows the dates on which Main
Canals have been opened and closed during different seasons for the years 2006, 2007
and 2008.
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Table 12.3
Dates of opening & closing of canals under Kosi Project
Year EKMC WKMC
Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif
Opening Closing Opening Closing Opening Closing Opening Closing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
25 June 29 Oct - - 01 Jul 18 Oct
2006 2 Jan 23 March 12 June 25 Oct - - 01 June 30 Sept
2007 2 Jan 25 March 5 June 25 Oct 2 Jan 5 Feb 04 June 18 Oct
2008 2 Jan 27 Feb 25 June 18 Aug 1 Fen 27 Feb 25 June 18 Aug*
Note: EKMC got disconcerted from the barrage system on 18th Aug 2008 during Kosi floodsand also suffered severe damage. Water supply to WKMC also got disrupted on thisday due to avulsion of Kosi river into one of its old course.
It is important to note that not only uncertainty prevails in the dates of opening of the canal,
but its operation during the Kharif season is such that the problem of siltation both in the
pond in the upstream of the barrage and in the canal gets aggravated. The barrage pond is
forced to be maintained constantly at higher level only to allow partial discharges in the main
canal (since it has silted too much) thereby reducing scope of proper flushing of barrage
pond, and consequently aggradation takes place. The dates of opening and closing as given
in Table 12.4 show the variation in the dates from the notified dates which is generally on
account of heavy damages in the canal network, need and the expectation hope of getting
them repaired by changing the dates. However, these adhoc arrangements are obviously not
conducive to sustainable development through the existing irrigation network.
Opening of branch canals are naturally dependent on the dates of opening of the main canal.
In view of non-adherence of the notified dates for opening of canals, uncertainty with respect
to time period, quantum and extent of receiving the canal water, the farmers have not been
able to adopt high yielding varieties of wheat and other Rabi crops which would necessitate
heavy investments in seeds, fertilizers and agro-chemicals.
The actual supply of water to the EKMC and WKMC for the recent years has been compiled
in Table 12.4. Season wise maximum as well as minimum discharge as well as average
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discharges for the operative days in a crop season have also been tabulated. It shows that
although canal opening and closing schedules are notified by the state government,
uncertainty prevails in the field. In case of kharif in EKMC, canal opening date has varied
between 6th June to 28th June although closing of canal has been in time. As far as WKMC is
concerned, this sub – system is yet not complete. However, date of opening for the flow to
this canal, even in part length, varied from 1st June to 01st July and closing of canal from
18th Oct to 30th Oct. The dates of opening and closing have varied from the notified ones,
perhaps due to on-going maintenance, repairs and other local conditions.
It is also to be pointed out that 2000 cusec and 1400 cusec discharge have been earmarked for
silt ejectors, just d/s of the canal head regulators provided in EKMC and WKMC
respectively. Hence, effective discharge for irrigation use is only 13000 cusec and 7100 cusec
(India portion 6500 cusec + 600 cusec Nepal portion) respectively under these canal systems.
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Table-12.4
Maximum / Minimum/Average Discharges in EKMC & WKMC
River: Kosi Design Discharge EKMC : 15000 cusec
Gauge site: Birpur WKMC: 8500 cusec
(Unit: cusec)
Year EKMC (Discharge) WKMC (Discharge)Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi
Max Min Avg Max Min Avg Max Min Avg Max Min Avg1995 8000 1500 6455 - - - 950 700 - - - -
1996 5000 1500 2987 - - - 700 100 - - - -
1997 7000 2000 4778 - - - 800 400 - - - -
1998 4000 800 2585 - - - 900 125 - - - -
1999 4800 700 3112 - - - 700 400 - - - -
2000 5500 710 3639 - - - 800 200 - - - -
2004 - - - 5000 970 - - - - - - -
2005 12000 2000 7983 - - - 1200 500 838 - - -
5006 12000 1000 7604 7000 1957 4747 1500 300 941 - - -
2007 8000 500 4919 6071 600 4655 1000 300 642 500 200 482
2008 6000 2000 4464 5000 3500 4314 4400 600 1727 - - -
Discharge for irrigation in EKMC - 13,000 cusecDischarge for irrigation in WKMC - 7,100 cusec(6500 cusec in India and 600 cusec in Nepal)
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12.3.1.3 Distribution System
Till few years ago, the average discharge in the branch canals under EKMC i.e.
Murliganj, Janakinagar, Purnea and Araria in Kharif and Rabi seasons were 57% &
55%; 48% % & 34%, 43% & 33% and 56% & 44% respectively. All these branch
canals as well as Rajpur branch canal and even the EKMC were passing substantially
lower discharges and also having poor maintenance. However, in recent years,
restoration works in parts were taken up by Govt. of Bihar and hence irrigation
figures have started scaling up. But since 2007, the average discharge during kharif
has again started decreasing, while there is an increase in rabi season. The actual
release data of the branch canals/distribution system for the recent years is being
obtained which would be helpful in assessing actual physical status of the system.
On the other hand, the fact remains that the area is very fertile, densly populated, and
very fit for the most modern agricultural practices and also that the canal system so
far executed is very well laid. The river discharge even from run- of-the river system
is sufficient to irrigate 5 lakh ha in Rabi and more than 3 lakh ha in hot weather. The
fact also remains that during Kharif period, entire area remains lush green except only
in the chaurs which are natural depressions. This aspect may largely be attributed to
heavy precipitation in the monsoon which is upto 1500 mm as against total
requirement of about 1100 mm for paddy cultivation. The rainfall distribution during
monsoon is also more or less even i.e. normally no week goes without rainfall. The
Madhepura Irrigation Research Station has found that paddy gives maximum yield
when irrigated at nine days interval. In face of these facts and also that river water
carries coarse and medium silt which are proving bane to the system only during
Kharif season (June to October) , it would be more pertinent to evolve a scientific
schedule for the operation of the canal system with a view to improving its
performance and giving real benefit to the area, its people and the nation. The canals
should be desilted once and never allowed to be silted up again by operating them
only from Nov. to May and taking two irrigated crops covering about 8 lakh ha
annually.
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12.3.2 Distribution of Irrigation Water
Apart from the physical or engineering factors pertaining to canal and its distribution
network down to water courses and field channels, following contribute to a great
extent to the success of the water management of an irrigation project:
i) Pattern of water distribution and allocation to farmers.
ii) Schedule for opening and closing of the main canal and distribution system.
iii) Assessment and collection of water rates
iv) Farmers participation
v) Irrigation practices.
The irrigation from the Eastern Kosi Canal System is managed as per provisions of
Bengal Irrigation Act, 1876. The canals are to be opened on 25th of June and closed
on 25th October during Kharif period. Similarly for Rabi irrigation, the canals should
be opened on 25th December and closed on 15th March. However, in this project, as
mentioned earlier, the normal practice is to open and close main canal every season
as per order of the Chairman, Kosi, CADA. The Chairman, before issuing the order,
consults Chief Engineer of the Project and Joint Director of Agriculture. Table – 12.5
shows the dates on which the Main and Branch canals have been opened and closed
during different seasons. It would appear from the Table-12.5 that opening and
closing of canals have not been done according to the schedule fixed by the
Government but on the basis of local conditions prevailing in the area.
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Table – 12.5
Gate Operation Schedule of Kosi Barrage Proposed by 8th Regulating committee
SlNo.
Discharge(cumec) /
no. of gates
Gate number / Number of bays to be opened Dischargeper bayin cusec
1-6
(6)
7-14
(8)
15-22
(8)
23,2426-31
(7)
32-39
(8)
40-47
(8)
48-52
(5)
53-56
(4)
1 10000 / 8 5,6/2 7-9/3 - - - - - 54-56/ 3 1,250
2 20000 / 10 4-6/3 7-10/4 - - - - - 54 - 56/ 3 2,000
3 50000 / 20 3-6/4 7-10/4 15-17/3 - - - 48 - 52/5 53 - 56/4 2,500
4 1,00,000 / 33 1-6/6 7-14/8 15-18/4 - - 42 - 47/6 48 - 52/5 53 - 56/4 3,000
5 1,50,000 / 40 1-6/6 7-14/8 15-22/8 - 39/1 40 - 47/8 48 - 52/5 53 - 56/4 3,750
6 2,00,000 / 50 1-6/6 7- 14/8 15- 22/8 23,24,26-29/6 34,36-39/5 40 - 47/8 48 - 52/5 53 - 56/4 4,000
7 2,50,000 Open all gates except no. 25 5,450
8 3,00,000 Open all gates.
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12.3.2.1System of Indenting - Satta System
Satta system for indenting of water for irrigation was prevalent in the State of Bihar
till the year 1973. This system was abolished as per Government order no. 13173
dated 5.8.1973.
As per Satta System for indenting of water, farmers were required to submit
applications in prescribed forms to the Sectional Officer. A number was being
assigned to each application. The applications used to contain information about type
of crop and area to be irrigated. Individual applications for Kharif season or long
leases were not acceptable unless signed by cultivators owning 85% of irrigable area
within the outlet block. The Sectional Officer used to submit all such applications to
the Sub divisional Officer with his recommendations.
The applications received by the Sub divisional Officer were sanctioned after scrutiny
and permits were issued for supply of water.
After issue of permit the irrigation was being provided as per roaster and patrol used
to measure fields after each irrigation. The result of measurement was being
recorded in the field book called “Sudkar book”. The provision under rules was that
the measurements recorded by Patrol would be checked by Sectional Officer and Sub
divisional Officer in charge of irrigation. The records of irrigation were being
submitted to Deputy Collector (Revenue), who used to prepare demand from each
farmer. The objections, if any, of any irrigator regarding the assessment were also
being heard and modifications, if found necessary, were being made. Thereafter, the
demand statements were sent to Circle Officers (Ziladars) for realization of revenue.
The above procedure has, however, been modified these days and farmers are not
required to submit applications for supply of canal water. Irrigation water is now
provided to fields by the canal authorities themselves. In the present practice, during
Kharif season the canal is allowed to run either in consultation with the cultivators or
by the Junior Engineer incharge on this assessment of the requirement and thereafter
cultivators are allowed to irrigate their land. The measurement of the land irrigated,
farmerwise, is taken after the end of irrigation by Patrol and Amin in the “Sudkar
book”. The Sudkars are subjected to prescribed percentage of checks by J.E.,
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S.D.O./Executive Engineer. The assessment is now controlled through a separate
Directorate of Revenue in the Water Resources Department. The Sudkar book is,
thereafter, submitted to Deputy Collector (Revenue) for assessment and preparation of
demand from each farmer. The demand is sent to Circle Officer for realization of
revenue.
12.3.2.2 System of Rotation
The supply of water diverted into main canal is distributed amongst distributaries and
minors and through them to fields ultimately. The distribution is easy when the
available supply equals or exceeds the demand. However, when the supply is
insufficient to run the whole canal system simultaneously some distributing channels
are kept closed while others are operated. This system of operation and closure of
channels is known as system of rotation or Tatil system.
Application of system of rotation for supply of water in Kosi canal system has been
essential and is generally applied. However, neither any programme is chalked-out
before commencement of irrigation nor any record of closure of branches and
distributaries is kept. In fact, there is no approved Rotation Schedule even though the
canal is under operation for over 23 years and the system of rotation has been in
vouge for a number of years.
12.3.2.3 Water Distribution Pattern
There is no stated policy relating to the water distribution, regulation and monitoring
in the Eastern and Western Kosi Canal Systems. It is gathered that release of water
into the main canal from the headworks and to branches is done on the basis of
indents. Each Executive Engineer I/C of irrigation compiles the requirement of water
through his Sub-Divisional Officers and sends the consolidated indent to Executive
Engineer, Birpur Canal Division . The indents received from different Executive
Engineers are again consolidated by the Executive Engineer, Birpur Canal Division.
He then forwards the consolidated indent to Executive Engineer, Barrage who
actually releases water. Canals are regulated on the basis of still -pond operation on a
weekly basis. In absence of satta system, the canal officers are unable to work out the
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water requirement of a particular canal on the realistic basis, therefore indents are
prepared on an adhoc basis.
No advance schedule is made for opening and closing of canals. Dates of opening
and closing of canals are decided just when the crop season is about to start.
There is a vast scope of and need for improving existing water management system.
All H/R, C/R, E/R must have arrangements for proper measurements and
dissemination of information to the concerned Officers so that proper utilisation may
be adequately ensured.
12.3.2.4 General appraisal
Taking an overall view of the above, a general appraisal is presented stating hard facts
and directional propositions.
The hard facts are low irrigation efficiency (about 30%), gap in utilization of created
irrigation potential, lack of equity, adequacy and timeliness of water supply,
unrestricted exploitation of ground water, and misuse of water by farmers. Water gets
misused by farmers for various reasons such as:
- lack of realization of the opportunity cost of water;- lack of concern for damage to down-stream farmers from over-use of water by
upstream farmers;- disregard of ill consequences, such as water logging and soil salinization as
they occur slowly over time;- discount of nutrient losses due to lack of knowledge; and- lack of access to efficient water management technologies.
The directional propositions for improvement are the following:
a) Under utilization of irrigation potential and low irrigation efficiency are the
results of technology, management and policy constraints. Colossal loss of
water in conveyance, distribution and field application occurs due to design
faults, lack of lining of canal net work at least in vulnerable sections, poor
maintenance resulting into breaks and excessive leakage of water, lack of on-
farm land development works and field channels, inefficient operation and
control of irrigation, and over-irrigation practiced by farmers. Water use
efficiency is low because of inefficient schedules and methods of water
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application as well as ecologically inefficient cropping system. Policy
decisions of low water prices provide no incentive to conserve irrigation
water. Farmers are not involved in irrigation management and hence, they are
little bothered about efficient utilization of water, particularly when it is so
cheap and abundantly available in head reaches. Therefore, there is a need to
bring about complementary reforms of technology, management and policies
to improve irrigation performance so as to inculcate supply side management
and demand side restraint.
b) Significant saving of water by farmers is possible through adoption of:
i) improved water management practices,
ii) appropriate control and regulation of water distribution and delivery,
iii) farmers’ participatory management structure, and
iv) policy directives for sensitizing farmers to save water.
c) Agronomic management has a high potential to enhance water use efficiency
by way of increasing cropping intensity, enhancing crop yield and diversifying
crops with greater economic returns.
The users’ participation in operation of micro system as well as their maintenance
must also be arranged. The users should know beforehand when and to what extent
water is going to be available to them so that they can plan equitable distribution to
the satisfaction of all.
12.3.3 Prevailing Irrigation Practices in the Kosi System
12.3.3.1Irrigation Practices
The rainfall, topography and the nature of soil in the different regions of the system
have been largely the guiding factors in deciding the mode of utilisation of water,
fixation of cropping pattern and the quantity of water required for irrigation. In the
plains of North Bihar, the average rainfall varies between 1000 mm to 1500 mm.
Field practices of irrigation in the different regions of the State have, therefore, been
guided to a large extent on the amount of rainfall and the availability of surface or
sub-surface water in the region.
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The prevalent systems of application of irrigation water to the fields in the State are as
follows:
i) Surface floodingii) Irrigation through furrows
i) Surface Flooding
In surface flooding, irrigation by controlled surface flooding is generally practiced in
major crops in this system like paddy, wheat, moong, winter maize, sugarcane and
even oilseeds and vegetables etc. This is done since water courses and field channels
have not been constructed in substantial part of the command and wherever kutcha
channels were constructed, these are not existing today and field–to-field irrigation is
being practiced. There is huge wastage of water in the cultivators field as one end of
the block is over-irrigated. Surplus quantity of water, after each watering, in this type
of irrigation, is drained off and goes waste. This type of watering had so long been
practiced, till the area under irrigation was small, the available water was abundant
and flooding did not cause substantial harm to the irrigated crop which was Kharif
paddy. With increase in the acreage under irrigation, the demand for water has gone
up and the practice of irrigation by flooding from field to field , cannot, in the present
circumstances be allowed to continue. Irrigation by flooding damages the land,
causes soil erosion and leads to water logging in the fields. It may also create serious
drainage problems, form wet spots, leach out plant food nutrients and lead to
concentration of alkali soils, thereby reducing the productivity of the soils.
ii) Irrigation Through Furrows
Many of the crops which require wetting only a part of the ground surface, are
irrigated through furrows. The water in the furrows reduces the chances of puddling
of the soil and the losses due to evaporation. It reduces the labour cost in land
preparation for irrigation and the method is adopted on a wide range of natural slopes
by carrying the furrows across a sloping land down the slope. The width of furrow
varies between 30 cm to 60 cm and depth of furrow varies between 7 cm to 30 cm
depending upon the soil characteristics and the type of crop grown. Furrows are
enlarged according to the growth of the crop as and when necessary. This method has
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been adopted in this system for row crops like maize, sugarcane, potato, tobacco,
groundnut and vegetables.
The existing irrigation methods as practiced are not only uneconomic but harmful to
crops. Irrigation water is applied to make up for loss in soil moisture at intervals,
which should be such that the crops make the most efficient use of the water and
furnish economic returns. When irrigation applications are heavy and frequent,
losses of water increase due to deep percolation and evaporation from the soil surface.
Delayed irrigation retards crop growth and development resulting in reduced crop
yields. Many farmers, however, have a mistaken belief that excessive irrigation
would increase yield and act as a substitute for manure. They hold excess water in
their fields depriving others who need it most. They also release excess water
sometimes flooding others fields and causing damage to the standing crops. Many of
them do not know that the dose and the frequency of irrigation and not the quantity of
water play the most vital role in increasing the yield from irrigated crops.
12.3.3.2 Irrigation Scheduling
Irrigation water being the catalytic input in the agriculture production process, its
development and management has been well recognized as a key to overall human
development. Water being not only an essential but an expensive national
commodity, its precise application to the crop forms an integral part of any agriculture
activity. It is in this context that irrigation scheduling along with other related aspects
has been covered under this heading.
The primary questions of irrigation scheduling are of when to irrigate and how much
water to apply at each irrigation for a given crop. If water supply is adequate,
irrigations can be applied to replenish the soil reservoir whenever the soil water
content of the root zone falls to a level when it begins to have an adverse impact on
the crop yield. The main factors which govern the solution of the problem in this case
are climate, soil, type of crop and its stage of growth. However, when water supplies
are limited, crop water deficits in some periods of the growing season are
unavoidable. But, crop response to deficits at different periods of the growing season
is not uniform and deficits in some critical periods of growth have higher impact on
yield than in others. Thus under limited water supply conditions, the irrigation
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scheduling problem becomes one of distributing the deficits optimally over the crop
growing season. The problem is complex and any attempts for its solution require the
integration, in a unified framework, of information on soil and crop responses to
timed inputs of water with resource allocation and decision making procedures of
systems analysis.
(a) Results of experiments on Irrigation Scheduling
Quite a lot of work on crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling have been
done by Agricultural Water Management Research Station, Madhepura, since
inception of the scheme in the Kosi command. Experiments have been conducted on
important cereals, pulses, oilseeds and cash crops. Proper irrigation scheduling is
important not only for optimum yield but also for maximizing water use efficiency.
Basically, three approaches for scheduling irrigation to crops have been used viz. soil
moisture depletion, critical crop growth stages and the climatological approach.
Results of the work done on some important crops of the area is described as follows:
(i) Rice
Rice which is the most extensively grown Kharif crop of the area requires more water
for its maturity compared with other crops. It is generally grown as a transplanted
crop except in low land areas where it is directly sown. The general practice is to
maintain continuous ponding in rice fields. This results in high water expenditure. A
number of experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effect of different water
regimes on performance of rice crop.
Contrary to general practice, the results of experiments show that maintenance of
continuous ponding is not necessary for paddy in the Kosi region. Once the water has
disappeared, the next irrigation can be given even after 6 days without any loss in
yield. In fact no significant difference in yield was evidenced up to 9 days gap. The
results averaged over 3 years for a medium duration variety are shown in Table-12.6.
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Table- 12.6Paddy Yield as affected by Water Regime
Treatment Yield(q/ha)
No. ofIrrigation*
Maximum Irrigationneeded (cm)
Continuous ponding(5+2 cm depth)
38.7 6.7 49
Three days gap 39.2 3.4 28
Six days gap 38.9 2.3 21
Nine days gap 39.1 0.1 7
(* Mean rainfall : 82.80 mm)
These results indicate that relatively fewer numbers of irrigation are required in the
Kosi command area to mature a rice crop. Such results can basically be attributed to
two important factors prevalent in this area. The first one is the occurrence of a well
distributed adequate rainfall during the Kharif season. An analysis of rainfall data as
given in Table 12.7 shows that there are only 2 to 3 events of continuous rainless days
of three days duration in a month from July to October. When 6 continuous rainless
days are considered then only one such event takes place in a month during Kharif
season. These automatically restrict the irrigation requirement of paddy. The other
factor contributing to the results is the presence of the water table at shallow depths.
The average water table depth in this area remains between 1 to 2 m. During rainy
season it comes up nearer to the ground surface, thus, reducing the irrigation
requirement. For rice, therefore, it would be quite safe to schedule irrigation with a
gap of 3 to 5 days between disappearance of ponded water and next irrigation. With
this practice there is no reduction in yield but saving in irrigation water will be to the
extent of 30 to 50%. The water thus saved can be used to provide irrigation to
additional areas.
Table- 12.7Consecutive Rainless Days During Paddy Growing Season
(Average of 13 years 1972-84 )Consecutive
rainless days (nos.)No. of Occasions
July August September October
3 2.2 2.8 3.2 2.0
6 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.5
9 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.2
12 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.1
15 Nil Nil 0.1 0.8
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(ii) Wheat
The experiments conducted in case of wheat show that about 3 irrigations only are
needed for this crop in this area, including the common irrigation at crown root
initiation stage. The results show that irrigation should be scheduled to wheat at
IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 (Table – 12.8)
Table – 12.8
Wheat Yield as affected by Irrigation(Average of Three Years)
IW/CPERatio
Yield(q / ha)
Water appliedincluding rain
(cm)
Water useEfficiency(q/ha/cm)
Rainfed 25.0 5.25 4.77
0.3 25.7 11.25 2.29
0.6 27.3 17.25 1.58
0.9 28.1 23.25 1.21
1.2 27.6 30.25 0.91
(iii) Maize
Winter maize has become an important crop of the area following introduction of
canal irrigation and development of bamboo boring. In case of maize, highest yield
was obtained by irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 1.05. Comparable yield, which did not
differ significantly from the ratio 1.05, was also obtained at the ratio of 0.9. Thus
depending upon availability of water, winter maize can be irrigated at either of these
ratios.
In case of maize irrigated through furrow system, each irrigation is of 4 cm depth and
about 7-8 irrigations are needed to mature the crop.
During Kharif season temporary stagnation of water due to monsoon rains is a
common occurrence. Maize crop is quite sensitive to excessive soil moisture
condition. The results have shown that yields are reduced significantly as duration of
water stagnation increases, especially during early stages of growth. 3-4 consecutive
days of water stagnation reduced yield upto 58% . The reduction is upto 46% for 3
days stagnation, and 36% for 2 days. These are the losses due to stagnation in early
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stages. In later stages, the yield losses are reduced to nearly half. Thus, the losses
due to monsoon rains can be minimized in case of maize, if sowing of crop is
advanced so that early stages of crop can avoid onset of monsoon rains.
(iv) Barley
The studies conducted on Barley using climatological approach show that the
appropriate IW/CPE ratio for irrigation should be 0.9
(v) Gram
Experiments on gram have been conducted on the basis of critical growth stages. The
results indicate that only one irrigation at leaf stage is needed for obtaining optimum
yield. In case of gram no irrigation beyond flowering stage should be applied as it is
detrimental to yield.
(vi) Lentil
Two irrigations at branching and flowering stages are needed. In case of availability
of only one irrigation, it should be scheduled at flowering stage.
(vii) Mustard
Optimum yield in case of mustard crop was obtained by applying two irrigations.
These irrigations need to be applied at 21 days after sowing followed by another at
flowering stage. If only one irrigation is available, then it should be applied at 3 to 4
weeks after sowing.
(viii) Jute
The results show that jute crop should be irrigated at IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 to 0.9,
depending upon the water table depth. When water table depth is within 1 to 1.5 m of
the surface, the ratio of 0.6 should be practiced and for water table depth greater than
2 m, a ratio of 0.9 becomes more appropriate.
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(ix) Sugarcane
For sugarcane, irrigation should be scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 0.9 and this
irrigation for the spring sown crop will be needed till the onset of monsoon, after
which no further irrigation will generally be required.
In addition to above, the effect of drainage has also been studied on the growth of the
crop. Water-logging is a serious problem in the Kosi command area. Reclamation of
these areas require extensive net-work of drainage channels. For designing drainage
system, drainage co-efficient for Kosi region based on soil hydraulic properties and
probability analysis of 32 years rainfall data has been worked out for different return
periods. The discharge rates for one and two days of consecutive rainfall for 10 years
period comes out to be 10.4 and 4.6 litre/sec/ha respectively.
(b) Further Studies
Besides the above, Er. R. N. Lal, the then Superintending Engineer ( Retd. Engineer-
in-Chief, Water Resources Department) in his papers published in 1973, on “Siltation
in Kosi canals and remedy therefore” and subsequently in “Operation scheduling of
canal irrigation in Eastern Kosi canal (including Rajpur System)” had propounded
that this command should adopt only Rabi and Hot-Weather Irrigation through canals,
opening the same in November and closing in June to avoid :
a) siltation in canals and its distribution system.
b) additional submergence of low-lying areas and consequent losses by water-logging etc.
c) siltation of the trunk and subsidiary drains/dhars etc.
d) pushing in additional 600 mm of water in this high rainfall area, and
e) for keeping the canals in trim condition to enable timely supply of water forwheat, potato, winter and hot weather maize, pulses, oilseeds, jute, sugarcane,etc. during these months i.e. November to June in full capacity. Water of riverduring this period is almost silt free, and there is no heavy precipitation duringthis period.
(c) Concluding Remarks
Apparently in the Kosi command area, wastage of water through seepage, poor
operation and maintenance of canal system and faulty irrigation practices is very high.
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This has led to lower productivity of irrigation water and at the same time
development of salinity and water-logging problems. There is need for generation of
awareness amongst the farmers and getting their active participation in distribution of
water. Some improvements can be effected immediately by proper operation of canal
system in release of water and proper regulation. Farmers’ training for efficient water
management needs to be intensified and efforts shall be needed to involve them in
operation decisions. It will help if assured water supply can be provided. With
quality ground water available at shallow depth, conjunctive use of ground and canal
water will be essential to ensure timely water supply.
Even if all the improvements and rescheduling in Kharif supplies are adopted as
mentioned in above paras, some water will accumulate in depressions on account of
adverse outfall conditions. It will be futile to attempt their total evacuation. On the
other hand, a number of deep ponds could be created in the area constructed to store
water. These would work as surface detention reservoirs and can also be utilised for
pisciculture so as to provide an additional economic activity to the local community
and cheap animal protein for human nutrition.
For efficient Rabi and Hot Weather irrigation, construction of field channels, field
drains and other on-farm development activities are imperative. These have suffered
so far in this system on account of :
a) uncertainty in availability of water on account of heavy siltation every year.
b) delay in timely release of water from the canals, which has to be kept closed(non-operative) for long durations for desiltation.
c) non-availability of adequate funds for abnormal work load of desilting thecanals.
d) absence of proper means and modality of maintenance of the water-coursesand field channels.
Responsibility of maintenance and operation of water-courses and field channels
needs to be handed over to the beneficiaries. Several states in the country have
developed such modalities by forming Chak Samities, gram-panchayats, irrigation co-
operatives etc. and given them legal status and full responsibility of maintenance and
operation of micro-irrigation system.
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12.4 REVIEW OF EXISTING ON FARM DEVELOPMENT AND ON FARMMANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER
12.4.1 Farm Development and Management
Improved farm implements and machinery are used for different farm operations to
increase productivity of land and labour due to timeliness of operations, efficient use
of inputs, improvement in quality of produce, safety and comfort of farmers, and
reduction in loss of produce.
In each case, from the simplest hoe to the most complicated machine, the purpose of
mechanization is to:
i) Increase the output per man and animal, thereby ensuring timeliness ofoperations, minimize the cost of the different unit of operations involved inagricultural production, raise farm incomes and contribute to overall economicdevelopment.
ii) Increase agricultural production and productivity at reduced cost of operation.
iii) Maximize the efficiency of inputs thereby increase crop yields.
iv) Minimize losses and waste.
v) Make agricultural production less labourious and reduce drudgery, thusallowing the farm to look after the crop more effectively.
vi) Minimize the energy requirement per unit of crop production
vii) Meet labour requirements, such as at the time of transplanting and harvestingtime and ensure timeliness of operations.
viii) Permit increase in intensity of cropping by reducing turnaround time, and
ix) Bring new land into production and reclaim land lost to agriculturalproduction.
Many of these objectives may simply translate into increased production, greater
profits, reduced losses and less human efforts. The factors essential for the success of
mechanization are:
(i) Proper selection of tools and equipment to match the field sizes,environmental conditions and the general level of technology.
(ii) Proper matching between the power unit, machine and operator or betweenhand tool and operator.
(iii) Training of operators in correct handling of the equipment and adequateroutine service and preventive maintenance, and
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(iv) Facilities and knowhow for overhaul, adequate supply of spare parts, fuels andlubricants.
Farm implements are used for various agriculture operations such as:
(i) Tillage and seed bed preparation
(ii) Sowing and planting
(iii) Weeding and inter-cultivation
(iv) Harvesting and threshing
12.4.1.1 Use of Farm Equipments
The major items under farm equipments are Tractor – Trailor, Bullock Cart, Tubewell
– Pumpset, Power Tiller, Thresher, Desi Plough, Improved Plough, Chaff Cutter, and
Other (Kudal etc.)
(a) Tractor – Trailor Unit
It is observed by M/s Meta Planner and Management Consultant in their study that the
Tractor – Trailor unit is used extensively in command. As much as 77% of large
farmers own Tractor – Trailor. Of course, this percentage drops sharply in the lower
categories of farmers. The percentages of medium and semi-medium farmers owning
Tractor – Trailors are about 52% and 10% in command area. Among small farmers
only 2% are seen to have it in the command area and no one in non command area.
No marginal farmer has it anywhere. The better Tractor – Trailor ownership situation
in the command may be attributable to canal irrigation.
(b) Bullock Carts
The traditional bullock cart continues with its popularity among all categories of
farmers. Even some landless laborers possess them.
(c) Tubewells – Pump-sets
Tube wells have been installed by all categories of farmers in an extensive manner.
Mostly these are bamboo-borings. In the Kosi command area, the percentage of
various categories of farmers having tube wells varies from 21% (marginal farmers)
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to 91% (large farmers), increasing with the increase in land holding size. Except for
marginal farmers, pumpset ownership is either same as tube well or even greater.
Presumably, the more affluent farmers have procured more pump sets for hiring out to
marginal farmers. The extensive installation of tube wells pump sets in the
command area clearly indicates that the farmers are not able to depend entirely on
canal irrigation supplies and have to supplement it with tubewell irrigation.
(d) Power Tillers
Power Tillers do not seem to have gained popularity. Only about 1% of small farmers
and 1.30% of semi-medium farmers in command area have power tillers. This
indicates that agricultural operations are carried out by Tractors (which can be used as
a prime mover for multiple uses) or Bullocks or both.
(e) Threshers and Chaff Cutters
Threshers and Chaff cutters are owned by all categories of farmers, the ownerhip
percentage increasing among higher categories.
(f) Desi Plough and Improved Plough
Almost all farmers of all categories possess the Desi Plough. Improved Plough is also
owned but to a much lesser extent than the former which continues to be the preferred
tool in the farming community of the area.
(g) Reach-wise difference in ownership of Farm Equipments
There is no discernible difference in ownership pattern of farm equipments in head,
middle and tail reaches except for tubewells – pumpsets which shows a pronounced
increase in middle and tail reaches as compared to the head reach. This indicates that
the middle and tail reaches suffer more shortages of canal irrigation supplies that the
head reach.
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12.4.2 Prospects for Intensified Agriculture
12.4.2.1 Perspective
Prospects of intensified agriculture have been explored on considerations of
situational imperatives, conducive agricultural resource factors, technological
relevance, implementation feasibility as applicable to various bio-physical ecosystems
in the command area and management implications.
(a) Situational Imperatives
The Kosi command area has dense population (average 945 persons/km2) having very
narrow land-man ratio. Marginal farmers (50%) and agriculture labourers (34%)
form the major segment of the rural populace and have resource-poor livelihood. As
majority of farm holdings operate on less than 1 ha of land, with an average of about
0.40 ha or less, the income is quite low, and most of them are poor and food-insecure.
Food production is insufficient to meet the domestic requirement and the food deficit
is alarming in case of the rural masses. Crop-based agriculture is the principal plank
for rural employment. It is low in intensity and productivity and as such is marked by
under-employment and low income. The strategic solution to the problem of food
insufficiency, under-employment and low income lies in agricultural development to
be mediated through irrigation-driven agricultural intensification.
(b) Conducive Agricultural Resource Factors
The Command area is endowed with fairly good agricultural resource base. The soils
are highly fertile on considerations of physical, chemical and biological
characteristics. Water availability is sufficient through rainfall (annual average about
1400 mm), and good quality surface and ground water. The overall climatic
environment in terms of temperature maxima and minima, relative humidity,
atmospheric evaporativity and bright sunshine hours are quite congenial for year
round cropping. Neither winter is too cold nor summer too desiccating. Relative
humidity does not usually drop below 50% and remains above 70% in most of the
months. Duration of bright sunshine is usually 9- 10 hours and even during rainy
months, it is seldom less than 5 hours.
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The inherent potential of the agricultural resource base remains largely unexploited
under the conditions of recurring floods, topographic depressions (chaurs and matins),
salinity-alkalinity problem and calcareous nature of soils covering sizeable area.
However, these problems are manageable and maneuverable to enable more
productive agriculture. Considering the stake of agriculture development for
improving the quality of lives of the people inhabiting the area, there can be no escape
from tackling the problem notwithstanding the requirement of financial resources,
which could be massive and seemingly daunting. The way out is comprehensive
planning and astute prioritization for phase wise tackling of the problems; mobilizing
participation of stakeholders such that the requirement of financial resource becomes
affordable.
12.4.2.2 Technological Relevance
Improvement of agricultural production and productivity as well as future versatility
of agriculture production are dependent on the rational utilization of technologies.
There is an incredible array of new technologies from which relevant ones suited to
situational imperatives can be chosen.
In recent years, technical advances have been made in developing early maturing and
day-length insensitive crop varieties, chemical weed control, zero-till seed drills and
machines suited to small fields. These have made multiple cropping a more feasible
proposition.
There is also good scope of enhancing cropping intensity through intensification of
operation rather than area expansion, particularly on small farms. Examples are
systematic inter-cropping of complementary crops grown simultaneously in various
row arrangements, relay-planting of a following crop inter-planted in a maturing
crop, and inter-cropping of annual crops/ fodder between rows of fruit trees. In inter-
cropped systems, the combination of deep and shallow rooted crops with different
growth habits, heights and periods of maturation can lead to complementarity in the
use of sunlight, water and nutrients. Combination of legumes with cereals will also
reduce the build up of pests and diseases accompanying monoculture.
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Intensification is also possible through integration of livestock with crop farming by
inclusion of fodder crops. It helps maintain farm employment and also builds up soil
fertility. Marketing has often been a serious bottleneck for intensive milk production
on small farms. This problem has been successfully overcome by the establishment of
vertically integrated cooperatives in the command area.
Besides enhancement of cropping intensity, another important aspect is increasing
productivity in the irrigated sector. This is feasible through efficient water use and
better agronomic management such as proper crop establishments, balanced fertilizer
application, adoption of high yielding varieties, weed control and plant protection
measures, making use of technical advancements etc. The government has a crucial
role in making available technical guidance, production inputs and supporting
services. There is a need for concerted efforts to transfer the existing relevant
technologies from research laboratories to the farmers fields through efficient and
effective technology transfer programme.
12.4.3 Implementation Feasibility
12.4.3.1 Conceptual clarity about ecosystem potential and requirement
It is to be pointed out that the agricultural development in the north-west India
(Punjab, Haryana and the adjoining part of Rajasthan) was essentially because of
high response potential of the high yielding rice and wheat varieties to input
application such as of water in the highly desiccating and thirsty environment and of
fertilizer nutrients in the hungry aridic soils. Since farming situations were almost
uniform, the response was evident at the macro level and the zone was acclaimed as
the "Green Revolution' belt, attracting concentration of investment efforts.
Taking a critical view of the existing biophysical environment of the Sapta Kosi
command area, it appears to have a high response potential notwithstanding the highly
variable farming situations. What is required is better comprehension of the farming
situations in terms of potential, problems and opportunities at the micro level which in
geographical units could be blocks or villages.
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The characterization of the biophysical environment at the micro level has to take into
consideration the existing land types as classified based on local farmers' perceptions
in understanding the problems of the interlinked hydrology. The common land types
are the uplands, the midlands and the lowlands. The lowlands are further classified as:
Shallow water (drought prone and flood prone)
Semi deep water, and
Deep water
Each land type is a specific ecosystem having specific potentials, problems and
developmental requirements.
Understandably for each ecosystem, the agricultural development activities need to be
designed based on thorough understanding of its existing environmental situations
(biophysical and socio-economic).
12.4.3.2 Ecosystem-wise projections for agricultural intensification
(a) Upland ecosystem
The upland soils are largely non- calcareous, light textured, excessive to well-drained,
poor in soil fertility, soil reactions ranging from acidic to mildly alkaline with pH in
the range of 6.5 to less than 8.5. There are, however, progressive variations in terms
of better soil characteristics and hence productivity levels as moving from north-west
(West Champaran) to south-east parts of the command (East Champaran and
Muzaffarpur).
This ecosystem is more susceptible to climatic, edaphic, biotic, technological and
socio-economic variations and has serious production constraint because of lack of
irrigation water availability. Low input agriculture in this region has mono millet or
mixed cropping of maize and arhar, maize and urd, maize and sesame etc. A gradual
improvement in agriculture, is however, discernible with availability of irrigation
water particularly through minor irrigation schemes in respect of adopting better
cropping, high yielding varieties and enhanced use of chemical fertilizers. As the
threshold productivity is at low level, the ecosystem is pregnant with high response
potential through enforcement of cereal-based cropping with rabi pulses and oil seeds,
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fruit crops (litchi and mango), vegetable crops (brinjal, cucumber, gourds) and spices
(ginger. turmeric, coriander, mangaila etc.). The increased crop intensification is,
however, contingent upon the enhanced availability of irrigation water.
Multi-enterprise agriculture that integrates dairy and horticulture with agricultural
crops is a better options in terms of water, nutrient and energy use efficiency as also
generating regular income and employment at small farm holdings than solely
agricultural crop based system.
(b) Midland ecosystem
The midland soils are alluvial-derived light to medium textured, deep to very deep
soils with good retention of water and nutrients and good to moderately drained soils.
The normal soils have slightly alkaline reaction with pH around 8.0 to 8.5, and are
moderately fertile. The traditional cropping mainly comprised of maize during kharif
followed by barley mixed with pea, mustard or sugarcane. With the availability of
modern varieties of rice and wheat, rice-wheat has become the dominant cropping
system under irrigated condition. The hot-weather crop is moong / urd. Under the
condition of scarce availability of irrigation water during the rabi season, the rabi crop
is usually gram/lentil/pea/mustard. The most significant change has been the
replacement of kharif maize by rice. The alternate crop is autumn-spring planted
sugarcane.
However, the average yields of the major crops in the irrigated areas are far below the
practical potentials that might be expected using modem farm inputs. An important
reason is that farmers opt for low to moderate input agriculture under inefficient and
unreliable water supplies. Also, irrigation-related adverse effects of waterlogging and
soil salinity have become acute because of poor irrigation system and field water
management. Moreover, the calcareous soils have been found to be deficient in
several micronutrients like zinc, boron, and iron and at places copper. The application
of micronutrients adds to the crop production cost.
This ecosystem is the most productive. In sizeable areas, farmers have been able to
realize the practical potentials of the ecosystem by way of high inputs and adopting
intensive cropping system given as follows:
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Kharif Rabi Summer (Zaid)
Rice Rice Potato With inter-plantedmaize
Moong (green gram)
Rice Wheat/Maize.-Mustard/Potato/Vegetables
Moong (green gram)
Rice October planted sugarcane, inter-cropped with garlic, coriander/potato/pea/ wheat / moong.
Sugarcane
Adoption of such intensive cropping in this ecosystem by a good number of farmers
attests the intensity potential of the command as well as its achievability.
In general, the cropping pattern has swung in favour of cereal-cereal system due to
higher and sustainable yield, low risk observed as compared to pulses and oilseeds
and adequate policy support from government. But the cereal based cropping system
is highly exhaustive for soil nutrients (macro and micro nutrients) and adequate
replenishment on regular basis becomes imperative for sustaining yields. Moreover,
the farmers have the feeling that the growing of cereals does not provide sufficient
income. Thus, there exists abundant opportunity for crop diversification.
The most significant diversion in crop farming in this ecosystem is expected in
respect of inclusion of pulses and oilseeds, horticultural crops (litchi, mango, banana,
and vegetables) and livestock (milch cattle) on ecological and socio-economic
consideration.
The cereal-cereal production process overloaded with cash purchased inputs
(chemical fertilizers) is excessively burdensome financially. The ecological
conditions favour adoption of horticultural crops in the cropping system. Horticulture
to-day is not merely a means of diversification but forms an integral part of food and
nutritional security, as also an essential ingredient of economic security. Adoption of
horticulture by small and marginal farmers has brought prosperity in many regions of
the country of which Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh are prime examples.
Preponderance of small and marginal farmers with fragmented holdings and
abundance of labour force provide good scope for expanding labour-intensive
livestock farming. Such enterprise is highly generative of income and employment,
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and is also supportive of crop farming by way of increased availability of FYM and
regular cash flow to be used in mobilization of production inputs and services. This
proposition is also in line with the characteristic tradition of crop farming along with
cattle farming in this eco-environment.
(c) Lowland Ecosystem
It is a complex ecosystem comprising shallow water, semi-deep water and deep water.
The shallow water lowland may be drought prone or flood prone. The problems in
shallow water lowlands get compounded because of variations in monsoon rains;
flash floods due to rise in water level and impeded drainage. Strategy for
intensification in various lowland ecosystems is described as follows
(i) Shallow water lowlands
The crop fanning in shallow water lowlands is almost synonymous to rainfed
rice cultivation. The usual methods of crop establishment comprise of both -
direct seeding into dry / moist fields and transplanting into puddled fields.
Usually water depths are 5-15 cm deep and not exceeding 50 cm. Anticipated
water depths determine plant types of rice grown which are largely traditional
cultivated varieties. The input use is minimal. Small areas in some pockets of
the command grow modern rice varieties (Janki) under transplanted condition
with low to moderate level of fertilizers. The crop productivity is low with low
input farming practiced because of risks of drought in one situation and flood in
another. The shallow water lowlands, having usually fertile soils and high water
regime, inherently possess reasonably good production potential which can be
harnessed with modest investment efforts in creating dependable water
resources through minor irrigation schemes for irrigation to crops during crucial
periods, coupled with adoption of modern crop production technology in respect
of crop varieties, nutrient management, weed control, plant protection and more
importantly through maneuvering of crop calendars or crop establishment
operation such as bed planting and zero-till seed drilling. With provision for
irrigation, a considerable increase in intensity of irrigation is possible by
adopting the following cropping schemes:
(1) First rice crop of short duration (90-105days) : seeding in April andharvesting in early August.
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(2) Second rice crop of medium duration (90-135 days) : transplanting inAugust and harvesting in November and early December.
(3) Third wheat pulse crop: sowing in moist soil with zero-till seed drill inearly to mid December and harvesting in April.
In flood prone area, crop planning may be done to get a kharif crop as bonus
with minimum input and an input-intensive principal rabi crop by adopting the
following cropping scheme:
(1) Rice along with jowar and moong mixed: sown in March-April,harvesting of jowar and moong before rains intensify in July;harvesting of rice as escaping from flood damage in November.
(2) Rabi crop: Wheat/Boro rice during November through March.
Given the assured supply of irrigation water, adoption of the above cropping
schemes would be within the means of the farmers.
(ii) Semi deep-water lowlands
The common method of crop establishment is direct dry seeding of rice mixed
with moong and jowar during March-April. There is often poor stand
establishment of rice because of drought damage at germination and seedling
stage as well as weed competition. The traditional photosensitive varieties of
intermediate stature (about 130-150 cm long) are grown without application of
any fertilizer. The water depths during more than half of the growth period are
between 16-50 cm but the damage is caused to the crop due to flash floods. The
traditional photosensitive varieties usually flower during the period when the
plants are least vulnerable to submergence.
In this sub-ecosystem, the pathway for agricultural development could be
adoption of improved rice varieties with better inputs and combining fish culture
in constructed ponds in parts of the rice areas. The high peripheral embankment
area could be used for cultivation of pulse like arhar, vegetables or for
plantation of litchi.
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(iii) Deep water low lands
The usual water depths vary between 51 and 100 cm for more than half of the
rice growth period although complete submergence of rice plants is not
uncommon. Presently long duration (150-240 days) and long statured rice
cultivation mixed with green gram and sorghum is directly seeded into dry
moist soils. Sorghum and moong are harvested before soil submergence. The
main rice crop has poor stand establishment, is subject to submergence at
various growth stages and also has lodging susceptibility. The yield of the rice
crop is usually low to very low.
The pathway for agricultural development could be change of rice crop calendar
and supplementation of the crop farming with aquaculture including pisciculture
(fish and prawn) and cultivation of Makhana and Singhara. The traditional rice
cropping, which is susceptible to the risks of drought during the crop
establishment period and flood damage during the later periods, needs to be
replaced by an assured and much higher productive summer season rice crop
(garma rice in local parlance). This would be an early maturing rice variety,
direct seeded or transplanted and growing during the period of February - March
to June-July. It would be input intensive rice cropping with assured irrigation
during the growth period and adequate fertilization. For the rest of the period
from July to January-February, aquaculture would be adopted in a systematic
way making use of technological advances.
Very deep-water low lands, where water depths range between I and 6 m for
more than half of the growth period have floating rice culture. Photosensitive
local varieties are directly seeded in March-April. The seedlings grow as a dry
land crop or at most in moist soil conditions before flooding occurs. Drought
damage and weed competition are often limiting factors in getting an optimum
stand of rice. As the floodwater rises, rice plants elongate as much as 6 m,
forming a mat on the water surface. Branches and roots are formed on the upper
nodes. Harvesting is done after the floodwater recedes but occasionally the
harvesting is done with boats, if the crop matures before the floodwater recedes.
It is a low yielding subsistence crop since no other crop can be grown. The only
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possibility of enhancing productivity of such area is through supplementation
with aquaculture.
(iv) Chaur lands
These lands are saucer shaped topographic depressions lying between the natural
draining courses of the river system. Man-made interventions such as roads,
railway tracks, buildings have affected natural drainage and hence hydrological
balance such that the productivity of these lands has become highly constrained.
However, the soils are highly fertile having desirable physical, chemical and
biological characteristics in terms of sandy clay loam to clay loam texture, high
organic carbon content ( > 0.75%), high water and nutrient retentivity and
favourable infiltration rate. These conditions portend good agricultural potential,
warranting its conversion into production.
Conceptually the landforms represent a complex lowland ecosystem comprising
shallow water situation in the peripheral area, semi deep-water situation in the
low lying own-slope area and deep-water situation in the central area. Obviously,
the fanning system as projected for shallow water lowlands, semi-deep water low
land and deep water lowland should fit in case of the chaur lands as well.
Moreover, as the topographic situation permits, proper drainage intervention in
terms of conventional surface drainage technique alone or in combination with
bio-drainage could be taken up for either individual chaur land or a group of
interlinked chaur lands. The farming system development, however, is not
contingent upon the drainage intervention which is largely to serve as an aid for
accelerating the development process.
(v) Mauns
These are abandoned stream courses having excessively; Prmeable soils and logy
fertility status. Excepting the peripheral area where cropping akin to that in deep
water lowlands can be taken up, most of the area has perpetually deep to very
deep water depths suitable for developing high quality aquaculture.
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(vi) Salt affected lands
Large areas are salt affected in the districts of West Champaran, East Champaran
and Muzaffarpur.
The salt problems in the form of saline-alkali and alkali soils are incidental partly
due to inherent soil properties and partly due to rise of water table because of
excessive water inflow from rain and river flood water as well as from irrigation
system to the perched aquifer, formed under the condition of thick heavy clay
layer in the subsoil.
Besides the proper irrigation system management to reduce the volume of water
inflow, effective drainage provision has to be made by way of adoption of
appropriately designed surface / sub-surface i bio-drainage system.
The alkali soils of the command area having substantial content of free lime can
be reclaimed with application of pyrite/ press mud, which contains sulphar. Both
these materials are readily and cheaply available. Pyrite may be obtained from the
hills in the district of Rohtas which are a huge source of pyrite. Press mud is
available as wastes from several sugar mills existing in the area.
With technical guidance by the experts of Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa,
the pyrite /press mud based technologies have been used in the reclamation of
alkali soils in sizeable area of the command under European Commission (EC)
Project, making it possible to grow good crops of rice and wheat annually under
irrigated conditions in the reclaimed area.
It needs to be emphasized that the culturable salt affected land occupying about 1
lakh ha is the valuable agricultural resource base having high production potential
which needs to be harnessed with massive reclamation efforts. In Punjab and
Haryana, it is through large-scale reclamation of alkali soils that made possible
area expansion under high yielding varieties of rice and wheat and ushering in
Green Revolution. The Kosi command area holds a similar promise.
12.4.3.3 Management Implications
The command has essentially agricultural based economy and obviously agricultural
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development is of vital importance. High population density indicates a very narrow
land-man ratio, implying scarcity value of the agricultural land. This underscores the
necessity of giving primacy to the strategy of optimizing productivity of agricultural
land through agricultural intensification for which the essential requisites are given as
follows:
(a) Meeting irrigation water requirement
It is understood that the upper limit of crop production is set by the climate conditions
and the genetic potential of a crop. The extent to which the crops production potential
in a given climatic environment can be reached primarily depends on how finely is
the water supply tuned towards meeting in quantity and time the crop water needs for
optimum yields.
The assessment of water availability on construction of Sapta Kosi high dam suggests
that the supply would be sufficient to meet the irrigation requirement with the
proposed irrigation intensity. However, for more intensive agriculture as projected
for converting the agricultural potential of the various ecosystems into production, the
expansion of irrigation into these areas is necessary. This will entail a much larger
requirement of irrigation water than what is estimated to be available from the present
irrigation project. Matching the demand with the supply is a pre- requisite for
effectuating the projected agricultural intensification, pursuing the pathway of supply
and demand management in the best possible way.
(i) Supply-based Management
Supply management aspect involves various elements such as (a)
construction of irrigation system (b) irrigation system improvement through
restoration of existing Eastern Kosi Canal system and (c) augmentation of
water supply through sustainable development and utilization of ground
water resource as well as excess rain water resource through minor
irrigation schemes for which there is abundant scope in the command area.
It is through integrated water use planning that the increasing requirement
of water for more intensive agriculture can be met.
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( ii ) Demand-based Management
Under the conditions of increasing requirement of water for harnessing the
production potential of a much larger fertile land area, wisdom lies in
managing demand to match the supply. It involves more intelligent and
efficient use of available water resources to gain higher productivity at
lower water expense. Following lines of approach are being suggested
towards optimal demand management
- Optimising land productivity in area of land capability Class-I.
Since there are no ecological constraints to the realization of its inherent crop
production potential, high cropping intensity ranging between 180% and 250%
for producing more per unit area/unit time must be planned which is feasible
as demonstrated by adoption of such cropping intensity by many farmers in the
various districts of the state. The essential requisite is the availability of
irrigation water in amount and time to meet the crop water demand.
- Optimising water productivity in area of land capability Class- II and
Class III.
There are ecological and resource constraints of varying extents to hamper
agricultural production in this type of area. However, with irrigation and
management interventions, cropping intensity in the range of 120-150% can be
achieved. The returns per unit of water should be the main criterion for irrigation
planning for which the operational principle has to be deficit irrigation. It means
that the crop water requirement in the irrigable area is not to be fully met. This is
the way out for maximizing profit per unit of irrigation water, when the supply of
water available is insufficient to irrigate all the available irrigable land at the level
which maximises profit per unit area. As the crops experience ET deficits, the
maximum yields are not attained. However, irrigation schedule may be planned in
such a manner so as to prevent the occurrence of water deficits during the critical
growth period, such that the yield reduction is minimal. Such irrigation schedules
for various crops (rice, wheat, maize, millet, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, potato
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and others) have been developed in area specific context by the Irrigation Water
Management Research Centre of RAU, Pusa under the aegis of ICAR sponsored
All India Coordinated Research Project on Water Management as well as
Agricultural Water Management Research Station at Madhepura.
Deficit irrigation can be planned in terms of properly-timed-fewer irrigations or
in terms of reduced amount of water application per irrigation. Usually irrigation
is scheduled to fill up the soil moisture deficit (SMD) in the crop root zone. SMD
is the difference between field capacity and actual soil moisture in the root zone
at any given time. In actual practice, it is the amount of water required to bring
the soil in the root zone to field capacity at the time of irrigation. Irrigation is
scheduled when a certain amount of deficit, called management allowed deficit
(MAD) occurs in the root zone. It is expressed as the percentage of available
moisture capacity (AMC) on the corresponding SMD. Generally irrigation is
applied to replace SMD. Under deficit irrigation, irrigation is applied to partly
replace SMD.
There are several advantages of the policy of deficit irrigation. The major
advantage is the reduced consumption of water per unit of the irrigated area.
Another advantage is that it induces the root system to extract soil-stored
moisture from deeper soil layers provided the roots have extended into those
layers. The storage space created in the root zone because of only a part filling of
the SMD and deeper root extraction of soil- stored water is utilized for the storage
of rainfall. This is of particular significance in areas prone to waterlogging. An
additional advantage is that it brings about an overall
improvement in the irrigation efficiency. There are, however, some risks of
greater deficit than desired or too intense deficits during critical growth period.
This can be obviated through proper communication and training to irrigators and
field functionaries.
Regardless of the policy of optimizing land productivity and water productivity to
be adopted exclusively or inclusively, emphasis has to be placed on efficient
water use which can be attained with:
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Demand driven operation and delivery of water supply Efficient schedulesand methods of irrigation Climatically efficient and diversified cropping Highyielding and disease and pest resistant cultivars.
Application of adequate and balanced nutrients through organic and inorganicsources
Timely weed control and plant protection; and Amelioration of soil relatedconstraints.
(b) Meeting Nutrient Requirement
Fertilizer use is a crucial factor in crop production. The soils in most parts of the
command area are deficient in major nutrients, particularly N. There have, however,
been genuine concerns for low fertilizer use efficiency, particularly of N which is as
low as 33% in cereal production which is a major consumer of fertilizer N.
Intensive cropping system is highly exhaustive of soil nutrients and adequate
replenishment of nutrients on regular basis becomes imperative for maximization of
land and water productivity. However, external input overloaded production process
causes cash crunch and also environmental repercussions. An alternative to it is
integrated use of organics such as green manures, organic manures and legumes in
cropping system that have a great potential to off-set the heavy requirements of
inorganic fertilizers. There is a good scope for pre-monsoon green manuring and
utilization of green straw of summer moong. Crop residues in the form of straw and
stubbles also need judicious management in the cropping system for the release of
available nutrients. The other organic wastes from agriculture including press-mud
from sugar mills could also be utilized in building soil productivity. Bio-fertilizers
have been found to be effective for pulse and oilseed crops. Thus, integrated use of
inorganic and organic manures holds the key to optimize crop production on a
sustained basis.
(c) Building Institutional / Organizational Framework
For sustaining irrigation-driven agricultural intensification in the Gandak command,
multi-dimensional servicing, adoption of advanced technology and input support are
necessary. To handle these aspects, local institutional / organizational frame work will
be required to be built up with the involvement of farmers as well as field
functionaries of extension and development agencies. It is to be structured in such a
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manner so as to be sufficiently representative and democratic so as to give focus on
farmer participatory approach and equity considerations in planning and
implementation of development activities. The institutional framework will also help
develop linkages with extension and development agencies, policy planning bodies
and research organizations so that it becomes possible to realize the production
potential of the Gandak command through the interplay of the multiple constituents.
In Gandak command area, the cult of organizational arrangement has been seeded in
some parts for specific purposes such as for marketing of milk through Localized
dairy cooperatives and operation of government tubewells in EC project area. Success
stories of participatory irrigation management in distributary commands of the
neighbouring Sone canal command are also well flagged. Taking cue from these
initiatives, organizational framework can be planned for handling irrigation
management and overall agricultural development in a comprehensive way based on
participatory approach.
12.4.4 Concluding Remarks
The challenge of poverty remains as great and compelling as ever. In facing it,
irrigated agriculture has to play a crucial role. For success, sustenance and viability of
irrigated agriculture several factors are important, which need to be recognized for
addressal.
Wasteful use of canal water has created the problem of waterlogging in head and
middle reaches of the canal command area, whereas tail end farmers continue to
suffer due to lack of access to this water. The situation is further aggravated by low
irrigation system efficiency. Obviously, therefore, conservation and efficient use of
water warrants priority attention. It is widely recognized that the epicenter of the
problem lies in the current economic, legal and governance framework of water
resource development, distribution and utilization.
For sustainable agricultural crop production, integrated nutrient management, making
use of fertilizers, organics and green manure is the most desirable option. Use of
organic materials must be made where FYM is available, where green manuring is
feasible and where crop residues are available for recycling in specific soil conditions.
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Biological nitrogen fixation makes an important contribution to the nitrogen economy
of the cropping systems. Timely availability of farm inputs at the reasonable prices is
crucial for good performance of agriculture. It covers the availability of seeds and
other planting materials, fertilizers and manures, farm machinery and equipments,
energy, agro-chemicals, feed and fodder, and veterinary pharmaceuticals.
Value addition and marketing of marketable surplus of agricultural commodities can
be a good source of employment in the case of marginal farmers and landless
families. Technology for primary value addition can be a boon for such families.
Development efforts towards improving irrigation system performance have been
made through Command Area Development Project and several other short-term
projects. These projects have touched only the fringe of the problems. Projects of
larger dimensions would be required to address the massive problem.