Volume 01} Issue 01} July 2009

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Available online at: http://www.ifosslr.org

ContentsEditorialsForeword and statement of purpose: an introduction to IFOSS L. Rev. 3

Iain G. Mitchell QC on behalf of the IFOSSLR Editorial Committee

ArticlesThe Fiduciary Licence Agreement: Appointing legal guardians for Free Software Projects 9

Ywein Van den Brande

Collaborative Approach: Peer-to-Patent and the open source movement 15

Christopher Wong, Jason Kreps

Bad facts make good law: the Jacobsen case and Open Source 27

Lawrence Rosen

Introducing the Risk Grid 33Shane Martin Coughlan, Andrew Katz

Case law reportsJacobsen v Katzer and Kamind Associates – an English legal perspective 41

Mark Henley

Book reviews'Open Source Technology and Policy' by Fadi P. Deek and James A.M. McHugh 45

Andrew Katz

Tech WatchTech Watch 49

Adriaan de Groot

PlatformCollaboration among counsel: celebrating the formation of a community of lawyers for the advancement of understanding of Free and Open Source licensing and business models 53

Karen Faulds Copenhaver

Available online at: http://www.ifosslr.org

Volume 01} Issue 01} July 2009

Editorial CoordinatorsGraeme R. West

Shane Martin Coughlanshane@opendawn.com

graeme@heliocentrik.net

ContactThe IFOSS L. Rev. Editorial Committee can be contacted via email at:

ed-com@ifosslr.org

ImpressumEditorial CommitteeThis publication is managed by a rotating Editorial Committee. The membership of the Committee for this issue is as follows:

Amanda BrockAmanda Brock is General Counsel of Canonical, the commercial sponsor of the Ubuntu project. Having graduated with Honours from Glasgow University, Amanda went on to obtain a Masters in Comparative Jurisprudence from New York University Law School and a LLM in IT and IP law from Queen Mary and Westfield, University of London. She is author of E:Business; The Practical Guide to the Laws and has written extensively on commercial and IT law.

Daniel BerlinDaniel Berlin works in Washington, D.C., for Google as a member of its technical staff and as a lawyer. Prior to his work with Google, Berlin was an advisory engineer with IBM Research in New York, where he worked on open source projects such as Subversion and GCC. Berlin earned a law degree from the George Washington University School of Law and a bachelor of science degree in computer science from the University of Rochester.

Michel JaccardPartner, BCCC Avocats, Geneva / Lausanne. Expertise in IT, IP and corporate transactions.

Andrew KatzAndrew Katz studied Natural Sciences and Law at Cambridge University where he graduated with honours in 1989. In 1991 he was called to the Bar, and in 1993 requalified as a solicitor. He moonlighted as a programmer during his studies at Bar School, programming in Turbo Pascal. He has released software under the GPL. He is currently a partner at Moorcrofts LLP, a boutique law firm in England's Thames Valley and advises a wide range of businesses on free and open source related issues. He has lectured and published widely on the subject.

Florence Tung-Mei KoIn 2005, Florence Tung-Mei Ko joined the Open Source Software Foundry (OSSF) at Academia Sinica as a Legal Specialist. Since then, she has been engaged in research of Free/Open Source Software licensing. She writes the "Legal Article" column for the OSSF Newsletter, and has published many articles related to Free/Open Source Software licensing issues in Chinese.

Thomas MargoniThomas Margoni's current role is as a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Western Ontario. He previously read for a PhD at Trento Law School (Italy) and researched at UOC (Spain) on copyright related issues, especially reutilization of contents (contracts, exceptions and DRM). His background includes engagement with FOSS and Open Content issues. He has collaborated with Italian and Spanish Creative Commons legal teams on the drafting of licenses and on aspects as the relationship with collecting societies.

sk, the Tomasz RychlickiTomasz Rychlicki graduated from the University of GdaFaculty of Law, Center of European Law. He also studied at Chicago-Kent College of Law in the LL.M. Program in International Intellectual Property Law. Tomasz currently works for PATPOL, Warsaw. He is a member of the Editorial Board (Copyright, Related Rights and Designs, including sui generis database right) at the Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice published by Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Brendan ScottBrendan runs a legal practice based in Sydney, Australia. Brendan is a founding member and a director of Open Source Industry Australia Limited. He is a past president of the NSW Society for Computers and the Law and a past editor of its journal. He has over 15 years of experience in Technology and Telecommunications law and has a special interest in open source and the law related to it.

Ywein Van den BrandeYwein Van den Brande (b. 1977) studied law, information science and economics at the Catholic University of Leuven and Groep T (Leuven, Belgium), the Université de Rouen (Rouen, France) and U.C.L.A. (Los Angeles, USA). Ywein is an active member of the Free Software Foundation Europe and is a member of workgroups on information architecture and usability. Ywein is the author of several legal contributions on law and technology, and regularly speaks at conferences. He is a guest lecturer at Groep T and blogs on the CIF blog of the journal www.tijd.be.

Mark WebbinkMark Webbink is a Visiting Professor of Law and Executive Director of the Center for Patent Innovations at New York Law School. Webbink is also a Senior Lecturing Fellow at Duke Law School and has served as an Adjunct Professor at NCCU Law School. From 2000 to 2007 Webbink served in various capacities with Red Hat, Inc., including General Counsel, Deputy General Counsel for Intellectual Property, Senior Vice President and Secretary. Webbink presently serves on the board of directors of the Software Freedom Law Center.

Iain G. Mitchell QCChairman, Scottish Society for Computers and Law; Chairman, Scottish Lawyers' European Group; Chairman, Faculty of Advocates IT Group; Lecturer, Honorary Board of Lecturers, Institut für Informations-, Telekommunikations- und Medienrecht, Westfälische Wilhelms -Universtät, Münster; Freeman, Worshipful Company of Information Technologists.

Carlo PianaIndependent lawyer specialising in Information Technology and Telecommunication Law and Free Software Advocate. Started by using GNU/Linux and became intrigued by the legal and philosophical implications of it. Serves as Counsel to the Free Software Foundation Europe and advises projects and companies active in Free and Open Source Software.

The editors wish to thank the Editorial Coordinators for their hard work and contribution to making the Review happen.

Copyright and licensing statementIFOSS L. Rev. is committed to the improvement of understanding of legal issues in digital society. A licensing statement is therefore attached to each article, clearly outlining the particular terms which apply to the article. Most use Creative Commons licences with special exceptions for translations.

Graphic designThe Editorial Committee wishes to thank Tomasz Polita ski Design for its logo and associated graphic design work.

http://tomaszpolitanski.com

Publisher & sponsorshipIFOSS L. Rev. is published by its Editorial Committee, with financial and administrative assistance from NLnet Foundation (Science Park 140, 1098 XG Amsterdam,The Netherlands) and Mozilla Foundation (650 Castro Street, Suite 300, Mountain View, CA, 94041-2021, USA)

Please note that neither NLnet Foundation nor Mozilla Foundation accept correspondence on behalf of this publication. All correspondence should be directed to the Editorial Committee via email (see above).

Editorial policiesIFOSS L. Rev. accepts articles for publication from qualified personnel based on the criteria available to view on its web site ( http://www.ifosslr.org ). Submissions are welcome from all, and authors are strongly encouraged to read the style and content guidelines available on the web site. The review operates an anonymous peer review system for articles as appropriate, and expects all authors to meet the highest standards of scholarship and integrity.

Bibliographic informationThe authors explicitly encourage libraries,

Second editionThe Second edition of IFLOSSLR is planned for December 2009. Suggestions for contributions will be welcomed by the Editorial committee and should be sent to: ed-com@iflosslr.org

archives and educational institutions to hold copies of IFOSS L. Rev. in their collections, in electronic and/or printed form. All users are advised that articles may occasionally be updated after publication, and as such, regular metadata harvesting is encouraged. Linking back to original copies on the IFOSSLR web site, where authoritative versions are archived, is strongly recommended. Please contact the Editorial Committee for further information on best practices.

ISSN: 1877-6922

Available online at: http://www.ifosslr.org

Policies and informations

Foreword and statement of purpose: an introduction to IFOSS L. Rev. 3

Foreword and statement of purpose: an introduction to IFOSS L. Rev.

by The Editorial Committee, coordinated by Iain G. Mitchell Q.C.a

(a) Iain G. Mitchell QC is Chairman of the Scottish Society for Computers and Law; Chairman of the Faculty of

Advocates Information Technology Group; Chairman of the Scottish Lawyers' European Group; a visiting lecturer at the

Institut für Informations- Telekommunikations- und Medienrecht at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität

Münster, Germany; former Joint Editor of the E-Law Review; and a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Information

Technologists.

AbstractThis editorial article by the Editorial Committee of the International Free and Open Source Software Law Review introduces the rationale behind the publication's establishment, its objectives and operating methods. The editorial also presents an overview of the articles which comprise the first issue.

KeywordsLaw; information technology; Free and Open Source Software; International Free and Open Source Software Law Review

Purpose

The world is changing. Old structures, old business models and old ways of thinking are breaking down.   Such   a   world   is,   at   once,   full   of   challenges   or,   depending   on   your   point   of   view, opportunities.

In his book, The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT, Stewart Brand wrote:

        "Information wants to be free. Information also wants to be expensive. Information wants to be free because it has become so cheap to distribute, copy, and recombine ­ too cheap to meter. It wants to be expensive because it can be immeasurably valuable to the recipient. That tension will not go away. It   leads   to   endless   wrenching   debate   about   price,   copyright,   'intellectual property', the moral rightness of casual distribution, because each round of new devices makes the tension worse, not better."

Yet tension may be creative: it may lead to constructive change. Once it seemed that the future belonged to the large monopoly corporations which had as their business model, software as a commodity ­ a commodity to be expensively packaged, shrink­wrapped, shipped, and retailed. The source code was the crown jewels, to be guarded, and legally fenced to preserve its value.

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But   in   a   world   of   ever­increasing   connectedness   and   convergence,   where   software   can   be downloaded or services supplied across the Internet at a unit cost which is as near to free as you can get, commoditising software in the most expensive way possible ­ by turning a virtual good into a physical good, no longer makes as much sense as it used to.   Even the value of software as a commodity (however it is distributed) makes less and less sense when one realises that most of the end­users do not want software for what it is, but for what it does.

In such a market place, the large corporations' dominant positions, so important in bolstering their control of the software market, count for less if the customers, in place of having sitting on their desktops software they don't want, acquire the services they do want over the Internet. This new paradigm   of   service   delivery   makes   it   irrelevant   what   the   software   is,   and   helps   opens   up competition to a wider diversity of software models.

In the old days of the big corporations' unchallenged market dominance, there arose a movement which was as much aspirational and philosophical as it was grounded in market considerations ­ the Free and Open Source Software movement. Like most movements, it was not homogeneous: a few   of   its   adherents   prophesied   the   death   of   copyright   and   fancied   themselves   close   to   the epicentre of a cause which would shake the earth and bring down the heavens, but many more of its supporters saw clearly that the idea was profoundly market­oriented, pitting against the large anti­competitive monopolies a healthier and more vigorous market where software developers and users   shared   the   source   code   and  worked   together   in   freedom  to   run,  modify,   distribute   and redistribute programs. The old monopolistic corporations used copyright law to close the source code down and to restrict its use, but the new model was to use copyright to do the opposite, to open   the   source   code  up  and   freely   to   share   it,   and  so,  Richard  Stallman  coined   the  epithet 'copyleft' to describe this new use of copyright law.

Free and open source software is software which is covered by a licence very different from a traditional commercial software licence, in that it grants the users ­ under certain conditions ­ the right to use, study, modify and distribute the software.  For these purposes,  the user is granted access to the source code and the right (and sometimes even the obligation) to distribute the source code further afield.

New ideas need time to gain general acceptance and, to begin with, few of those in the wider business community were aware of the profound changes which were taking place, and many of those who were aware of the changes misunderstood them. By and large, business people sought legal certainty and what they perceived as reliability, so clung on to nurse for fear of something worse. They regarded words like 'copyleft' with suspicion; and they looked at the preamble to GPL 2 and saw a document which looked to them more aspirational than legal in nature: a Constitution for the State of Hackerdom rather than a serious business tool.

However,   some   more   far­sighted  businesses   saw Free   and  Open  Source   software  much   more accurately  as  a  valuable  business   tool,  upon  the  back of  which  entire  business  models  might realistically be built. They were the pioneers, but it would not be long before the rest of the world began to catch up. Governments and institutions around the world began to see considerable gains in respect of strategic independence, lowered costs and increased reliability through the use of Free and Open Source software. In the commercial world, the old proprietary software business models daily   seemed   less   and   less   relevant   to   the  modern  market  place,   and  Free   and  Open  Source software broke through as a serious player. There was a definite sense that the tide had turned.

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And yet now, years later, there is still baggage. Free and Open Source software, though now a robust business proposition, evokes for many, memories of the days when it was seen as crusade. Its proponents as well as its opponents still occasionally address the subject as though they were engaging   in   a   philosophical   debate.   There   are   also   differences   of   emphasis,   and   a   whiff   of sectarianism amongst the proponents of the various standard licences.

It is for others to address these theological disputes. It is, rather, the purpose of this Review to take one step back and look behind the rhetoric in a rigorous and objective fashion, to probe, to analyse, to question received wisdom, and to bring proper academic discipline to the study of Free and Open Source software in its legal and wider context.

Free and Open Source Software has become a serious player. It deserves serious analysis.

Objectives

(a) ScopeIt is with this end in view that the Editorial Committee presents this first issue of the International Free   and  Open Source  Software  Law Review (IFOSS L.  Rev.  or  IFOSSLR),   in   the  hope  and expectation that it will provide a centre of excellence for the very best in analysis of issues facing users  and advisors   in  the development,  deployment  and governance of  Free and Open Source software, recognising the importance of digital rights issues to the daily professional and personal lives   of   many   of   the   Review's   readers   and   the   role   that   open   solutions   might   play   in   their resolution.   The   Review   aims   to   present   the   perspectives   of   those   most   experienced   and knowledgeable in the field and to ask how there might be attained sustainable solutions which foster the growth and development of the marketplace. 

However, it is by no means the intention of the editors that the Review should exist solely for those who have an  attachment,  whether   ideological  or  merely  pragmatic,   to  Free  and  Open  Source software. It is recognised that much of the readership will be drawn from the wider world and will include the sympathetic, the merely curious, and the actively hostile. So, the Review does not exist to preach to the converted: the readership will be much wider than that; nor, in what is intended as a publication of integrity and intellectual rigour, is there any place for   preaching. This is worth stressing in light of the history of the Free Software and the Open Source Software movements.

Both of those movements largely endorse similar software licences and pursue similar goals, but the two terms have historically tended to carried different emphases. Those who use the term "Free Software" stress the rights (or freedoms) which that software provides to its users, whereas users of the   term   "Open   Source   Software"   focus   on   the   perceived   benefits   of   peer­to­peer   software development. Put differently, Free Software emphasises the long term goal, Open Source Software emphasises the means to promote the long term goal of Software Freedom. 

The Review does not endorse any one licensing model, focus or emphasis, but rather seeks, in an academically rigorous and objective manner, to increase the knowledge and understanding about the legal mechanisms used by all forms of Free and Open Source Software licences. It uses the term Free and Open Source Software to cover both Free Software and Open Source Software.

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b) Consolidation of knowledgeIFOSS L. Rev. aims to provide a focal point for discussion of, and research into, the legal aspects of Free and Open Source software, and in doing so to enhance the level of understanding among legal professionals and researchers of key issues facing the industry. Existing discussion fora serve their purposes well, and it is not the objective of this publication to replace them. Rather, it is intended   that   IFOSS L.  Rev.   should  become  the  place  where  promising  new approaches  and insightful   analysis   can  gain   a  voice   –   a  voice  which   will   reach  all   those   most   involved   and interested in the questions at hand.

c) Professionalism of research and discussionIn everything that the publication does, it will strive to achieve or surpass the highest standards of academic enquiry. It will be the first publication specialising in Free and Open Source software legal issues to insist upon such standards, and in doing so the publication will raise the level of analysis of such issues and provide a stimulus for new research and analysis.

d) Marketplace and community relevanceA final central objective of IFOSS L. Rev. is to maintain a close degree of connectedness to the fundamental processes driving the marketplace and community. This means that it must ensure that those with expertise in realms such as software engineering, community project management and business are brought 'into the body of the kirk'.

IFOSS L. Rev. will maintain ties to these crucial stakeholders through the diverse and changing composition of  its Editorial  Committee and the legal  network it represents. It  will also devote space   in   each   issue   to   examination   of   pertinent   issues   by   invited   non­lawyers,   allowing   the publication's core legal audience to increase their awareness of upcoming issues and ground their legal knowledge in practical examples.

It will also recognise that professionals, both lawyers and non­lawyers who are experienced in the field  will  have  had  an  opportunity   to  develop  informed opinions about  matters  of  concern or contention; and for this reason, the Review will also publish an occasional series of articles under the title Platform, which series will give scope for the expression of those opinions, but only where such opinions are informed, perceptive and likely to advance debate and discussion in the wider community.

Scope of coverage and methods

The core   topics  covered by IFOSS L.  Rev.   include  copyright,   licence   implementation,   licence interpretation, software patents, open standards, case law and legislation. However, the review, as its  name  implies,   is   international   in  scope and  there are no  limitations  as   to   the   jurisdictions covered. 

The Editorial Committee accepts proposals and submissions on any of these, or related, topics, though it does insist on maintaining the Review's core focus on the legal aspects of Free and Open Source Software. The subject matter of submissions must reflect this.

Each issue of IFOSS L. Rev. will include a combination of full­length research articles, case law reports, legislative review articles, book reviews and editorials covering these themes. Peer­review 

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Foreword and statement of purpose: an introduction to IFOSS L. Rev. 7

is applied to the appropriate sections: for full details of the submission process, please see our website at http://www.ifosslr.org .

Operating principles and governance

The Editorial Committee of the Review is made up of members who also belong to the European Legal Network, a non­partisan professional network of Free Software legal experts. This network is facilitated  by Free  Software  Foundation  Europe  (FSFE),   though membership  extends  across  a broad spectrum of interests engaging in Free and Open Source Software across four continents. FSFE exerts no editorial control over the Editorial Committee,. The composition of the Editorial Committee rotates regularly among European Legal Network members.  This normally happens after the publication of each issue, and is governed by consensus decisions taken by the European Legal Network as a whole.  The Review receives financial support from the NLNet Foundation.

Overview of Volume 1, Issue 1:

This first issue of the Review contains a variety of articles which key into what is said above about the scope and ambition of the Review.

The most newsworthy case­law development in recent months in the world of FOSS licensing was the decision of the United States Federal Appeal Court in  Jacobsen v. Katzer  535 F.3d 1373, a decision which is   interesting to Free and Open Source  lawyers   for   the Court's  analysis  of   the fundamental nature of FOSS licensing conditions and to the wider public for its story of duplicity and dirty dealing in the world of model railway enthusiasts. In his article, Bad Facts Make Good Law, Lawrence Rosen magisterially unpacks the decision from the perspective of a U.S. lawyer, whilst Mark Henley looks at the decision from the other side of the pond in his stimulating article, Jacobsen v Katzer and Kamind Associates – an English legal perspective.

In a major contribution to working with Free and Open Source Software, Shane Martin Coughlan and Andrew Katz,   in   their  article  Introducing  the Risk Grid,   report  on  the work of  a  Special Interest Group of the European Legal Network. This Group considered possible methods to reduce or contain risk in transactions related to the supply chain in relation to commercial procurement of Free   and   Open   Source   Software.   That   work   culminated   in   the   creation   of   a   Risk   Grid,   an invaluable tool for which both Customers and Suppliers will have cause to be grateful, regardless of their relative experience in Free andOpen Source Software and methods. 

Also  of  great  practical  utility   is  Ywein  Van den  Brande's  The Fiduciary  Licence  Agreement:  Appointing legal guardians for Free Software Projects, which discusses the new version of the Fiduciary Licence Agreement released by the Free Software Foundation Europe. This Agreement allows Developers of Free Software Projects to assign their copyright to a single person, with the intention of (amongst other things) preserving the ability to relicense and allowing the assignee to demonstrate to the court sufficient title and interest to enforce Free and Open Source Licences.

The difficult and persistent problem of living with software patents is addressed by Christopher Wong and  Jason  Kreps   in   their   article  Collaborative  Approach:  Peer­to­Patent  and   the  Open Source Movement, which gives useful guidance on how the Open Source movement, through using a   process   of   peer   review   of   pending   patent   applications,   can   cope   with   the   threat   of   the 

International Free and Open Source Software Law Review Vol. 1, Issue 1

8 Foreword and statement of purpose: an introduction to IFOSS L. Rev.

proliferation of non­meritorious or overly broad patents.

In a Tech Watch article, KDE Vice President of Legal Affairs Adriaan de Groot reviews some of the issues presently confronting community software authors: copyright consolidation, making a living from coding, and, as he puts it, 'doing legal stuff right'. 

Finally, Andrew Katz, in a sceptical and entertaining book review touches on some of the themes already canvassed in this editorial, underling that theological debate on the virtues of different "movements"   is   more   often   productive   of   heat   than   light;   whilst,   in   an   equally   provocative Platform article, Collaboration among Counsel, Karen Copenhaver challenges us with the question "why don't the lawyers get it?".

Consideration of this overview of the first issue should prove that one can be serious­minded and intellectually   rigorous   in   addressing   vital   questions,   yet   at   the   same   time   be   entertaining, stimulating and provocative. 

And   so,   gentle   readers,   if   you   find   yourself   educated,   informed,   entertained,   stimulated   or provoked by this first issue of the International Free and Open Source Law Review, then perhaps you might find yourself moved (or even irritated) enough to write a contribution for the second issue. 

In that spirit, your Editorial Committee offers this first ever issue of the Review to the world: it no longer belongs to us, but to you, all of our readers.

Iain G. Mitchell Q.C. and the other members of the IFOSS L. Rev. Editorial Committee

International Free and Open Source Software Law Review Vol. 1, Issue 1

Licence and AttributionThis paper was published in the International Free and Open Source Software Law 

Review, Volume 1, Issue 1 (July 2009). It originally appeared online at http://www.ifosslr.org.

This article should be cited as follows:

Mitchell, Iain G. (2009) 'Foreword and statement of purpose: an introduction to IFOSS L. Rev.', International Free and Open Source Software Law Review, 1(1), pp 3  

­ 8 

Copyright © 2009 Iain G. Mitchell & IFOSS L. Rev Editorial Committee. 

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons UK (England and Wales) 2.0 licence, no derivative works, attribution, CC­BY­ND.

As a special exception, the author expressly permits faithful translations of the entire document into any language, provided that the resulting translation (which may 

include an attribution to the translator) is shared alike. This paragraph is part of the paper, and must be included when copying or translating the paper.

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Bad Facts Make Good Law: The Jacobsen Case and Open Source 27

Bad Facts Make Good Law: The Jacobsen Case and Open Source

Lawrence Rosen1

Abstract  For the first time, a major U.S. appeals court has held that an open source license is enforceable through preliminary injunctions. The court also found that exacting conditions in the form of compliance with open source requirements for disclosure and explanation of changes is entitled to recognition as consideration for a contractual license. 

Keywords Open source licenses, contracts, enforcement, infringement, consideration.

For many years the open source community has been eagerly awaiting a U.S. lawsuit that would bless the open source   licensing  model.   In  what   in   retrospect  may seem  like a   leap of   faith,  millions  of software programmers around the world published their works expecting that their open source licenses, including the GPL, would be honored and enforced in court. That fundamental assumption was never effectively tested in court, until the Jacobsen v. Katzer case [Page references in this article are to 535 F.3d 1373; 208 U.S.App. LEXIS 17161, Aug. 13, 2008.]

This decision finally explains how U.S. courts should analyze open source and open content licenses. The  bottom  line   for  us   is   that  copyright  law  provides   the   remedies  but   contract   law  provides   the analytical tools.

This is a strange case, based upon facts that did not seem favorable to Jacobsen ("J" in this article when I first heard of him several years ago. For one, the license actually used by J was the first version of the Artistic License, a document of which one could generously say that the non­lawyers who drafted it years ago took artistic license with legal style and method. It is not a very good license. Anyone looking for the formalities and magic words of modern proprietary or open source software licenses would be disappointed with the old Artistic License. It is not the license of choice on which we would want to hang the entire open source copyright licensing model in federal court.

The Jacobsen case found its way to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC), arguably the most important court short of the U.S. Supreme Court for intellectual property matters. That itself is a story that may interest lawyers who enjoy civil litigation, and may serve as an object lesson for plaintiffs and   defendants   alike.   This   case   ended   up   in   the   CAFC  because   of   statutory   and   factual   reasons completely unrelated to the license itself. The court in which one litigates can present opportunities—and risks—that the parties to that lawsuit may not intend. Lawyers who enjoy civil litigation practice 

1 © Lawrence Rosen 2008. This paper was prepared for presentation at the PLI Open Source Software 2008 program in New York (11/18/2008) and San Francisco (12/10/2008, also webcast). It is also published at the author's website, www.rosenlaw.com.

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28 Bad Facts Make Good Law: The Jacobsen Case and Open Source

may appreciate the story that unfolds in this partly historical paper. 

The most interesting part of the story took place during the recent few months in which, under the leadership of attorneys at Creative Commons, various open source organizations cooperated to write an amicus brief that focused the CAFC on the critical issues that we wanted the court to answer firmly for us. 

We got just  that.  The  Jacobsen  decision finally settled that open source licensors can enforce their licenses effectively in U.S.  courts.  Defendants can't  avoid copyright law by relying on contract   law principles that are inapplicable in the open source and open content world.

As   is   true   for   many   decisions   that   reach   the   highest   appellate   courts,   this   case   has   important implications far beyond open source. Creative Commons lawyers were involved in this case because Jacobsen  would also settle the enforceability of their licenses, under which hundreds of millions of musical, literary, and artistic works are made available to the world on generous copyright terms. The authors  of   those  works  now have a  valuable   remedy—the preliminary   injunction—to enforce   their copyrights in U.S. Courts.

Jacobsen's Complicated Civil Litigation Path

The plaintiff in this case, J, is a physicist who, as a hobby, developed software for controlling model trains. He licensed it to the world under the first version of the Artistic License. This license authorizes anyone to copy, modify and distribute the software on condition that they place certain notices in those works as attribution to its original author. Licensees are also required to identify that they have changed the work, to preserve the original author's reputation.

A small open source community developed around that model train software. Among those who took that software was the defendant, Katzer ("K" in this paper). According to the complaint, K modified the model train software, placed his own name on it, and distributed it to his customers. K didn't place the required attribution notices in his copies. 

As  this  case progressed,  K never  actually  denied  that   those  copies were made and distributed,  but asdescribed below, this case never reached the factual resolution stage. To the date this article is written, K has never formally answered the complaint,  so we must assume that the facts as portrayed in J's complaint are true.

Before   a   lawsuit   was   filed,   during   the   early   stages   of   this   open   source   dispute   about   attribution requirements of the Artistic License, K took the unusual step of retaliating by sending a letter  to J accusing him of infringing a patent. The legal basis for that accusation was dubious at best; companies around the world throw such letters into the virtual trash can every day. But J (and his wife) didn't know how to react; their life savings were at risk. 

J subsequently reacted by filing a lawsuit for  declaratory relief that he had not infringed  K's patent. Filing a declaratory relief action is sometimes an appropriate reaction to a false accusation of patent infringement.

A   litigation   strategy   involving   patent   claims   can   sometimes   be   dangerous.   In   the   U.S.,   patent infringement claims are always litigated in District Court, and all appeals are automatically routed to the CAFC. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit is a careful and sophisticated appeals court that often deals with complex technical issues. Patent lawsuits require a high level of diligence before they are filed so they don't waste the court's time. 

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Both a potential defendant in a claim for declaratory relief for patent infringement (before he writes the accusatory   letter)  and   the plaintiff  seeking   that   relief   (before  he files   the  declaratory relief   lawsuit because of that accusatory letter) ought first to analyze the patent claims carefully. It soon turned out that K's patent infringement allegations were bogus. The plaintiff, J, and his wife need not have been so afraid. But by then the litigation path was fixed: Even without those mooted patent claims being relevant any longer and until a final resolution of the case, federal law requires that appeals be heard by the CAFC (or ultimately the U.S. Supreme Court). This automatically became an "important case."

A second characteristic of this litigation was the large catalog of additional tort claims asserted in J's complaint   for   declaratory   relief.   Some   of   those   additional   causes   of   action,   of   course,   were   the fundamental copyright claims that later became the focus of the CAFC decision. But the litigation was also burdened by other tort causes of action relating to trademark, unfair business practices, and breach of contract. Some claims involved state law, some federal law. Many of these non­patent claims involved complicated choices of law, with different issues of available remedies and different penalties, including attorney's fees. This case was for months mired in preliminary motions, all involving the non­patent claims. Dispute resolution attempts failed.

In such situations, it is not unexpected that the District Court would try to resolve this case as if it were a contractual  dispute:   If   the Artistic  License demands  that   licensees place attribution notices  in  their copies but they don't,  determine  the dollar  value of those notices and assess damages. The District Court's decision to treat this as a simple contractual complaint would, in many situations, make it more likely that the parties would settle the dispute themselves for money. Such negotiated resolutions are the predilections  of  most  courts  because   they  encourage mediation or  arbitration  rather   than expensive motion practice and trials. But these parties didn't settle, for various reasons unrelated to the software itself or its license.

All those matters were destined to be resolved in federal court because the declaratory relief patent claim carried those other claims along by supplemental jurisdiction. Federal court, and in particular the CAFC, is not usually the correct venue for such disputes, and so the CAFC used the law of the parties' local jurisdiction, California and the Ninth Circuit, in deciding this case.2 

Open Source Frames the Important Issue

This case deals with hobby software, given away by J under an open source license, subsequently used by K for minor commercial purposes, albeit without honoring an attribution provision in the license. The dollar value of a settlement on contract law terms would be small. At the scale of the vast software world the value of notices in J's and K's model train software is de minimis; such a claim cannot justify the cost of federal litigation.

More practically, for contractual disputes in the U.S., there is no automatic provision in federal court for attorney's fees. Clients take on such cases sometimes at great personal financial risk that they will end up with nothing but   some small  penalty  assessed against  a bad   faith   licensee,  and a   large bill   for attorney's fees. (Of course, a contract can expressly provide for attorney's fees to the victor, but the Artistic License contains no such provision.)

Copyright  law, on the other hand, permits a preliminary injunction as a remedy for infringement, and the law provides for attorney's fees in certain circumstances. Among the many remedies sought in J's complaint, injunctive relief for copyright infringement was perhaps the most important. Such an order from the court could stop K's business cold, no matter how large or small. And then K might also be 

2 Jacobsen v. Katzer, 535 F.3d 1373, 1377-1378 (Aug. 13, 2008).

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liable to pay attorney's fees.

It was understandable that K fought against that preliminary injunction in court. It was understandable that J demanded it.

A preliminary injunction usually requires at least some evidence of likely harm if the court doesn't take action and, in this particular case, there was no such ready factual evidence before the court. No matter, the District Court said, that a copyright infringement claim is appropriately and often resolved by a preliminary injunction, because that is irrelevant for contract claims. The District Court took a specific path toward resolving this dispute by treating the Artistic License as a contract, and thereupon applied contract law to refuse a preliminary injunction.

This became the fundamental issue of the case on appeal: Was it proper for the District Court to view this as a contract dispute rather than a copyright infringement dispute when considering the remedy of preliminary injunction?

That's also what caught the attention of theopen source and open content organizations when J appealed the District Court's refusal to order a preliminary injunction. That became the single issue upon which these groups had a shared interest: Unless a breach of a copyright license can be stopped outright by a preliminary injunction, there is often no value in a contract lawsuit, especially for works published for free public use and with small commercial value. 

Only under copyright law—which generally permits preliminary injunctions as way of dealing with copyright infringement, and where attorney's fees can be assessed against bad faith defendants—is there some hope of enforcing the conditions that many authors demand for their works.

The CAFC Analyzes the Important Issue

The CAFC boiled the  Jacobsen  case down to its fundamental issue: "The heart of the argument on appeal concerns whether the terms of the Artistic License are conditions of, or merely covenants to, the copyright license.3

Whether a provision is a condition or a covenant affects  the way courts  have previously dealt with copyright licenses. A "mere covenant" (particularly an "independent covenant"), when breached, is to be remedied under contract   law. A "condition,"  on  the other hand,  is a  limitation on  the scope of the copyright license itself, and courts should treat its breach as copyright infringement.4

Then   specifically   analyzing   the   Artistic   License,   the   CAFC   said   that   J's   requirement   to   publish attribution notices was a "condition" of the license. K's failure to do so was a use outside the scope of the license and therefore infringing.5   The remedy for such infringement is found in copyright law. For copyright infringement, the court said, "where a copyright holder has shown likelihood of success on the  merits  of  a  copyright   infringement  claim,"   the  Ninth  Circuit  has  held   that   irreparable  harm  is presumed.6

The Jacobsen case was remanded "for further proceedings consistent with this opinion."7 

3 Id. at 1380.4 Id., and cases cited therein including Sun v. Microsoft, 188 F.3d 1115 (90th Cir. 1999).5 Id. at 1381.6 Id. at 1378.7 Id. at 1383.

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The people who wrote the Artistic License, and those who wrote the GPL, and those who wrote many other open source licenses, lucked out on the Jacobsen case. Many of us license authors didn't know the legal difference between a "covenant" and a "condition" when our licenses were written (and many attorneys still  don't).    Fortunately,   the  Artistic  License  states  on  its   face   that   the  document  creates conditions, and so the CAFC found conditions in the Artistic License when we needed them most. If the court had found covenants in that license, open source might have lost this case.

This presumably does not mean that the new magic word for open source and open content licenses is "condition." The CAFC relied on a long­ago California Supreme Court decision to the effect that a condition  can  be  found  by "attributing   the  usual  and  ordinary  signification   to   the   language of   the parties."8 Thus the CAFC determined that the Artistic License, when it also uses the phrase "provided that," "denotes a condition" under California contract law.9

This does, however, raise an interesting question: Of the current approved open source and Creative Commons licenses, which of them clearly distinguish their conditions from their covenants, and under which state's contract law do we analyze that question? 

Other Important Lessons from the Jacobsen Case

The CAFC also resolved for us certain other concerns that arise when licensors try to enforce their open source copyright licenses. These strengthen our ability to set conditions for the use of our copyrighted works and to enforce those terms against those who don't meet those conditions.

At oral argument in the CAFC, the court asked the attorneys for both parties whether it is important that this software, like much other open source software, is licensed more for its reputational and cooperative value in the "community" rather than for financial reward. This was an important enough issue that it warranted a supplemental brief by the Creative Commons attorneys. The CAFC decision reflected the arguments in that brief.

The Artistic  License was "clear"   that   it   intended  to  "accomplish  the objectives of  the  open source licensing collaboration, including economic benefit."10 But it is not only an economic benefit that is at stake in the Jacobsen case.

"The choice   to  exact  consideration   in   the   form of   compliance  with   the  open source requirements of disclosure and explanation of changes, rather than as a dollar­denominated fee, is entitled to no less legal recognition."11

The court's decision is very helpful for reassuring millions of copyright holders who engage in open source  and  Creative  Commons  licensing   that   they   "have  the   right   to  control   the  modification  and distribution of [their] copyrighted material."1112

The CAFC decision also requires district courts to enforce open source  license restrictions  (another term   like   "condition"   that   has   ambiguous   meaning   here)   through   the   remedy   of   injunctive   relief. Otherwise, "those types of license restrictions might well be rendered meaningless."13  

8 Id. at 1381, citing Diepenbrock v. Luiz, 159 Cal. 716 (1911)9 Id10 Id11 Id. at 1382.12 Id. at 1381.13 Id. at 1382.

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32 Bad Facts Make Good Law: The Jacobsen Case and Open Source

Even though injunctive relief is available, the plaintiff (J) is still required to prove that the conditions of the Artistic  License  were actually  violated.  The  Jacobsen  case was  remanded for   further  action   in District Court, not finally determined by the CAFC.14

As of the date this article is written, litigation continues. But we can take great comfort from this case already.15

About the author

Lawrence Rosen is both an attorney and a computer specialist. He is founding partner of Rosenlaw & Einschlag, a technology law firm with offices in Los Altos Hills and Ukiah, California, that specializes in in­tellectual property protection, licensing and business transactions for technology companies.In addition to this law practice, Larry also served for many years as general counsel and secretary of the  non­profit Open Source Initiative (OSI). He currently advises many open source companies and non­profit  open source projects including Apache Software Foundation and the Python Software Foundation.  In 2005­2006 he was a Lecturer in Law at Stanford Law School.Larry currently serves on the board of directors of International Characters, and on the advisory boards of  SpikeSource, Black Duck Software, and JasperSoft.

14 Id. at 1383.15 I want to acknowledge the diligent efforts of Jacobsen's attorney, Victoria Hall (Law Offices of Victoria Hall), who

persevered in this case despite my skepticism and won important additional allies to her client's cause. The legal heroes were two attorneys from Creative Commons, Anthony Falzone and Christopher Ridder, who under the leadership of Prof. Lawrence Lessig (Stanford Law School) submitted the amicus brief to the CAFC. Also providing legal support during litigation and appeal were Mark Radcliffe, David Gross and Steve Chiari (DLA Piper and counsel to Open Source Initiative (OSI)); Karen Copenhaver (Choate Hall and counsel to the Linux Foundation); Allison Randal (PERL Foundation, author of the newer and better version of the Artistic License); Roberta Cairney (Law Offices of Roberta Cairney and counsel to the PERL Foundation); and Scott Peterson (HP and a member of the OSI Legal Advisory Counsel). I was honored to work with them on this case. I apologize that this list is incomplete.

International Free and Open Source Software Law Review Vol. 1, Issue 1

Licence and AttributionThis paper was published in the International Free and Open Source Software Law Review, 

Volume 1, Issue 1 (July 2009). It originally appeared online at http://www.ifosslr.org.

This article should be cited as follows:

Rosen, Lawrence (2009) 'Bad Facts Make Good Law: The Jacobsen Case and Open Source', International Free and Open Source Software Law Review, 1(1), pp 27 – 32

Copyright © 2009 Lawrence Rosen

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons UK (England and Wales) 2.0 licence, no derivative works, attribution, CC­BY­ND.

As a special exception, the author expressly permits faithful translations of the entire document into any language, provided that the resulting translation (which may include an 

attribution to the translator) is shared alike. This paragraph is part of the paper, and must be included when copying or translating the paper.

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Tech Watch 49

Tech Watch

Adriaan de Groota

(a) Vice President of Legal Affairs, KDE e.V.

IFOSS L. Rev's Tech Watch section aims to allow technical experts and organisational leaders in Free and Open Source Software to introduce and explain topical issues with important legal aspects. These discussions may form the basis of subsequent detailed examination by IFOSS L. Rev. contributors.

This issue, KDE e.V. Vice President of Legal Affairs Adriaan de Groot reviews some of the issues presently confronting community software authors: copyright consolidation, making a living from coding, and 'doing legal stuff right'.

KeywordsLaw; information technology; Free and Open Source Software; Bacula.org; Fiduciary Licence Agreement; Copyright; Copyright consolidation

Insofar as there is a "typical free software person," one might think of a software developer, the kind that sits up late writing code licensed as free software. Of course, here I mean free as in freedom to copy, modify, and distribute, although the real driving force for a developer may be the itch to create something useful or beautiful. At times like that, a developer's thoughts about legal issues are far, far away.

However, the real world intrudes in the end. Software needs to be used to be useful, and most developers want to distribute their software to as many users as possible. Distribution (or even assisting distribution, as in the Pirate Bay1 case) means interacting with the rest of the world. One's private creative work is to be published with all the attendant details. Unlike many creative professionals, free software developers, especially the hobbyists, do not have agents to help with the legal issues and mechanics of distribution.

This journal is about the legal issues that attend free software development, publication and distribution in the broadest sense. It is a legal journal, largely from lawyers' perspectives. This column looks at what has been (or what should have been) keeping free software developers busy on the oft-neglected legal side of their work.

1 http://www.piratebay.org

International Free and Open Source Software Law Review Vol. 1, Issue 1

50 Tech Watch

The biggest news on the copyright, patent and trademark front in the month of April 2009 is perhaps the initial verdict in the case of the Pirate Bay.2 While it is of considerable importance to a large population of file-sharing enthusiasts, the impact on software developers and free software projects seems to be limited. One might argue about contributory infringement and how the development of software applications for file transfer can interact with the law. For the most part, though, free software developers are interested in working within the law, since it is that law -- and copyright in particular -- that makes free software licenses possible and necessary.

A developer does not exist in a vacuum, though. Assuming the software is interesting and useful to others as well, a community grows around that software. The community is more than only the developer -- there are users, writers, artists, system administrators and possibly even community managers (an odd job title, but one that flourishes in the free software world). "How do you eat?" is a common question, and securing the livelihood of all the members of a free software community is something that may require sound legal footing.

Two debates wandered around the free software world this month on topics directly related to legal matters. Both crossed the path of Tarus Balog, the lead developer of OpenNMS, a network monitoring suite released under the GNU GPL. OpenNMS is free software developed by a fairly large community, centrally managed and maintained, and supports a business. It is therefore a crossroads of forces around free software. The discussions spilled out across many different projects, especially after a discussion at the Open Source Business Conference3 on community and licensing.

One debate is on the principles of licensing: what constitutes open source software? Where do paid-for services or code fit in to the free software world? Who controls the code? Where do the rights to the code reside? (These topics are culled from all of the blog entries that spawned around the original discussion; you might want to start at Aaron Seigo's blog post on copyright conslidation4 or at Matthew Aslett's contribution5, neither of which are by Tarus but which begin by examining the fringes of the argument).

The nature of discussion on the Internet between different communities is one of reaction-to-blog-entries, it seems. While communications within a single community are handled by mailing lists and forums, communication across community boundaries is mostly via public journals. As such it can be difficult to follow the discussions, and many red herrings can show up. At the tail end of the discussion (the first of the two blogs mentioned above), Aaron Seigo points out why fiduciary license agreements (FLA) can be good and useful, both to the community, organisations, individuals and corporations. The value of an FLA for a software project -- for the community, the organisation, individuals and corporations -- comes from the clarity it provides for long-term stability of the project. An FLA can be used to express the relationship between community contributors and the organisation or business that manages and maintains the project. That same FLA brings risks, though, since consolidating copyright in one place also provides a single point of failure.

2 Four found guilty in landmark Pirate Bay case, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/04/17/sweden.piracy.jail/index.html 3 Open Source Business Conference Retrospective, http://www.opensource.org/node/4164 http://aseigo.blogspot.com/2009/04/on-copyright-assignment.html5 http://blogs.the451group.com/opensource/2009/02/02/define-open-source-vendor/

International Free and Open Source Software Law Review Vol. 1, Issue 1

Tech Watch 51

The Free Software Foundation Europe and its Freedom Task Force have produced a model FLA6 for use by Free Software projects. An early adopter was the Bacula project.7 The KDE project, which produces the K Desktop Environment software (11 years, 6 million lines of code, 600 developers) has recently adopted its own version of that FLA.8 Aaron's blog post reminds us why the KDE project recommends an FLA, but does not require one. Current efforts related to improving and extending the FLA include translation (on the FSFE's part) and standardised wording (for developers to fill in on their forms).

For hobbyist developers, there is little interest in "doing it right" from a legal perspective. However, for long-term viability of free software projects, getting it right is something that needs to happen -- at least once. There is a great need for education, outreach and materials to enable free software projects to do the right thing by the law. Given the right tools, projects can engage with legal advisors to secure their own long-term viability.

About the author

Adriaan de Groot is a researcher in software quality and verification; his free software efforts are confined to the KDE project, where he has the title Vice-President of Legal Affairs. His byline for developers is "I talk to lawyers so you don't have to." In this column, he writes for lawyers about what is going on in the trenches of free software development.

6 http://www.fsfe.org/projects/ftf/FLA.en.pdf 7 http://www.bacula.org/fr/dev-manual/Fiduciary_License_Agreement.html8 http://ev.kde.org/resources/FLA-generic.pdf

International Free and Open Source Software Law Review Vol. 1, Issue 1

52 Tech Watch

International Free and Open Source Software Law Review Vol. 1, Issue 1

Licence and AttributionThis paper was published in the International Free and Open Source Software Law 

Review, Volume 1, Issue 1 (July 2009). It originally appeared online at http://www.ifosslr.org.

This article should be cited as follows:

de Groot, Adriaan (2009) 'Tech Watch', International Free and Open Source Software Law Review, 1(1), pp 49 ­ 51

Copyright © 2009 Adriaan de Groot. 

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons UK (England and Wales) 2.0 licence, no derivative works, attribution, CC­BY­ND.

As a special exception, the author expressly permits faithful translations of the entire document into any language, provided that the resulting translation (which may 

include an attribution to the translator) is shared alike. This paragraph is part of the paper, and must be included when copying or translating the paper.

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Thanks to our SponsorsIFOSS L. Rev. is published by its Editorial Committee. The Committee gratefully acknowledges the sponsorship of its many supporters and donors, including: 

Volume 01}   Issue 01} July 2009

Available online at: http://www.ifosslr.org 

There are many reasons why The International Free and Open Source Software Law Review will be warmly received in legal circles, in the free and open source community and in the wider software industry.  For many years the focus in the legal community has been on raising questions about free and open source software licenses and development models. With this journal we have turned the page and begun to focus on the answers.  It is rewarding to see lawyers adopting collaborative models to share knowledge and work product, arrive at common understandings, and further the development of the necessary legal ecosystem around free and open source software.  It is also significant that this international journal reflects the global community that has formed around these models. My congratulations and thanks go to the editorial board that worked so well together to create this valuable resource.

Karen Copenhaver, Partner Choate Hall & Stewart LLP and counsel to the Linux Foundation

The intersection of open source and the law yields unique opportunities for new insightsto be drawn and leadership to be exhibited as we move inexorably toward an era of unrivaledcollaborative development.  It is only fitting that this journal focus on Legal issues in open source that relate to patents and beyond as we need a forum to discuss and debate criticallegal issues so that the full benefit of open source as a modality of invention and innovationcan be realized.

Keith Bergelt Chief executive officer of Open Invention Network (OIN)