voltage multiplier and voltage doubler circuit

7/26/2019 Voltage Multiplier and Voltage Doubler Circuit

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Home/ Miscellaneous Circuits/ Voltage Multiplier

Voltage Multiplier

Voltage Multiplier Circuit

In the tutorial about Rectifiers, we saw that the DC output voltage being controlled by the

rectifier is at a value below that of the mains input voltage. The Voltage Multiplier,

however, is a special type of diode rectifier circuit which can potentially produce an output

voltage many times greater than of the applied input voltage.

Although it is usual in electronic circuits to use a voltage transformer to increase a

voltage, sometimes a suitable step-up transformer or a specially insulated

transformer required for high voltage applications may not always be available. One

alternative approach is to use a diode voltage multiplier circuit which increases or

steps-up the voltage without the use of a transformer.

Voltage multipliersare similar in many ways to rectifiers in that they convert AC-to-DC

voltages for use in many electrical and electronic circuit applications such as in

microwave ovens, strong electric field coils for cathode-ray tubes, electrostatic and

high voltage test equipment, etc, where it is necessary to have a very high DC voltage

generated from a relatively low AC supply.

Generally, the DC output voltage (Vdc) of a rectifier circuit is limited by the peak value
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of its sinusoidal input voltage. But by using combinations of rectifier diodes and

capacitors together we can effectively multiply this input peak voltage to give a DC

output equal to some odd or even multiple of the peak voltage value of the AC input

voltage. Consider the basic voltage multiplier circuit below.

Full Wave Voltage Multiplier

The above circuit shows a basic symmetrical voltage multiplier circuit made up from

two half-wave rectifier circuits. By adding a second diode and capacitor to the output

of a standard half-wave rectifier, we can increase its output voltage by a set amount.This type of voltage multiplier configuration is known as a Full Wave Series Multiplier

because one of the diodes is conducting in each half cycle, the same as for a full

wave rectifier circuit.

When the sinusoidal input voltage is positive, capacitor C1charges up through diode

D1and when the sinusoidal voltage is negative, capacitor C2charges up through

diode, D2. The output voltage 2VPis taken across the two series connected

capacitors.

The voltage produced by a voltage multipliercircuit is in theory unlimited, but due to

their relatively poor voltage regulation and low current capability there are generally

designed to increase the voltage by a factor less than ten. However, if designed

correctly around a suitable transformer, voltage multiplier circuits are capable of

producing output voltages in the range of a few 100s to tenss of 1000s of volts,

depending upon their original input voltage value but all with low currents in the

milliamperes range.

The Voltage Doubler

As its name suggests, a Voltage Doubleris a voltage multiplier circuit which has a

voltage multiplication factor of two. The circuit consists of only two diodes, two

capacitors and an oscillating AC input voltage (a PWM waveform could also be used).


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This simple diode-capacitor pump circuit gives a DC output voltage equal to the peak-

to-peak value of the sinusoidal input. In other words, double the peak voltage value

because the diodes and the capacitors work together to effectively double the

voltage.

DC Voltage Doubler Circuit

So how does it work. The circuit shows a half wave voltage doubler. During the

negative half cycle of the sinusoidal input waveform, diode D1is forward biased and

conducts charging up the pump capacitor, C1to the peak value of the input voltage,

(Vp). Because there is no path for capacitor C1to discharge into, it remains fully

charged and acts as a storage device in series with the voltage supply. At the same

time, diode D2conducts via D1charging up capacitor, C2.

During the positive half cycle, diode D1is reverse biased blocking the discharging ofC1while diode D2is forward biased charging up capacitor C2. But because there is a

voltage across capacitor C1already equal to the peak input voltage, capacitor C2

charges to twice the peak voltage value of the input signal.

In other words, V(positive peak) + V(negative peak)as on the negative half-cycle, D1

charges C1to Vpand on the positive half-cycle D2adds the AC peak voltage to Vp

onC1and transfers it all to C2. The voltage across capacitor, C2discharges through

the load ready for the next half cycle.

Then the voltage across capacitor, C2can be calculated as: Vout = 2Vp, (minus of

course the voltage drops across the diodes used) where Vpis the peak value of the

input voltage. Note that this double output voltage is not instantaneous but increases

slowly on each input cycle, eventually settling to 2Vp.

As capacitor C2only charges up during one half cycle of the input waveform, the

resulting output voltage discharged into the load has a ripple frequency equal to the

supply frequency, hence the name half wave voltage doubler. The disadvantage of this

is that it can be difficult to smooth out this large ripple frequency in much the same

way as for a half wave rectifier circuit. Also, capacitor C2must have a DC voltage

rating at least twice the value of the peak input voltage.

The advantage of Voltage Multiplier Circuits is that it allows higher voltages to be


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created from a low voltage power source without a need for an expensive high voltage

transformer as the voltage doubler circuit makes it possible to use a transformer with

a lower step up ratio than would be need if an ordinary full wave supply were used.

However, while voltage multipliers can boost the voltage, they can only supply low

currents to a high-resistance (+100k) load because the generated output voltage

quickly drops-off as load current increases.

By reversing the direction of the diodes and capacitors in the circuit we can alsoreverse the direction of the output voltage creating a negative voltage output. Also, if

we connected the output of one multiplying circuit onto the input of another

(cascading), we can continue to increase the DC output voltage in integer steps to

produce voltage triplers, or voltage quadruplers circuits, etc, as shown.

DC Voltage Tripler Circuit

By adding an additional single diode-capacitor stage to the half-wave voltage doubler

circuit above, we can create another voltage multiplier circuit that increases its input

voltage by a factor of three and producing what is called a Voltage Tripler Circuit.

A voltage tripler circuit consists of one and a half voltage doubler stages. This

voltage multiplier circuit gives a DC output equal to three times the peak voltage value

(3Vp) of the sinusoidal input signal. As with the previous voltage doubler, the diodeswithin the voltage tripler circuit charge and block the discharge of the capacitors

depending upon the direction of the input half-cycle. Then 1Vpis dropped across C3

and 2Vpacross C2and as the two capacitors are in series, this results in the load

seeing a voltage equivalent to 3Vp.

Note that the real output voltage will be three times the peak input voltage minus the

voltage drops across the diodes used, 3Vp V(diode).

If a voltage tripler circuit can be made by cascading together one and a half voltage

multipliers, then a Voltage Quadrupler Circuitcan be constructed by cascading

together two full voltage doubler circuits as shown.

DC Voltage Quadrupler Circuit


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The first voltage multiplier stage doubles the peak input voltage and the second stage

doubles it again, giving a DC output equal to four times the peak voltage value (4Vp)

of the sinusoidal input signal. Also, using large value capacitors will help to reduce the

ripple voltage.

Voltage Multiplier Summary

Then we have seen that Voltage Multipliersare simple circuits made from diodes and

capacitors that can increase the input voltage by two, three, or four times and by

cascading together individual half or full stage multipliers in series to apply the

desired DC voltage to a given load without the need for a step-up transformer.

Voltage multiplier circuits are classified as voltage doublers, triplers, or quadruplers,

etc, depending on the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage. In theory anydesired amount of voltage multiplication can be obtained and a cascade of N

doublers, would produce an output voltage of 2N.Vpvolts.

For example, a 10-stage voltage multiplier circuit with a peak input voltage of 100

volts would give a DC output voltage of about 1,000 volts or 1kV, assuming no losses,

without the use of a transformer.

However, the diodes and capacitors used in all multiplication circuits need to have a

minimum reverse breakdown voltage rating of at least twice the peak voltage across

them as multi-stage voltage multiplication circuits can produce very high voltages, so

take care. Also, voltage multipliers usually supply low currents to a high-resistance

loads as the output voltage quickly drops away as the load current increases.

The Voltage Multiplication Circuitsshown above, are all designed to give a positive

DC output voltage. But they can also be designed to give negative voltage outputs by

simply reversing the polarities of all the multiplier diodes and capacitors to produce a

negative voltage doubler.


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voltage multiplier and voltage doubler circuit

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