voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as
DESCRIPTION
1.2 Voltage. Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as. 1.3 The Current. The rate of flow of charges is called the current which is expressed as. Power. Power is defined as the time rate of expanding or absorbing energy. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as
joule/coulumb( )Voltdwvdq
where = the voltage in volts = the energy in joules = the charge in coulombs
vwq
1.2 Voltage
![Page 2: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The rate of flow of charges is called the current which is expressed as
coul( )umb/secondAm peredqidt
where = the current in amperes = the charge in coulombs = the time in seconds
iqt
1.3 The Current
![Page 3: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Power
Power is defined as the time rate of expanding or absorbing energy
W dwPdt
where power in Wattts Energy in Joules Time in Seconds
Pwt
1 J 1
1 Ws
= dqdw dwP vidt dq dt
This shows that the power is simply the product of the current in the element and the voltage across the element
![Page 4: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Passive Sign Convention
![Page 5: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Figure 1.10Charging a discharged automobile battery to illustrate the concept of power delivered to or absorbed by an element and the passive sign convention.
![Page 6: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Figure 1.11 Illustration of the power delivered to (absorbed by) an element and the power delivered by the element.
![Page 7: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Figure 1.12 Examples of the computation of power delivered to or by an element.
![Page 8: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Figure 1.13Illustration of an electric circuit as a particular interconnection of circuit elements.
Electric Circuit
![Page 9: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1i2i
3i
Current entering the node is positive and leaving the node is negative
( ) 0 1 2 3i i i 0 1 2 3i i i
Current entering the node is negative and leaving the node is positive
( 0) ( ) 1 2 3i i i 0 1 2 3i i i
Note the algebraic sign is regardless if the sign on the value of the current
Kirchhoff's Current Law ( KCL):
The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero.
![Page 10: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Figure 1.14 Illustration of Kirchhoff
’s current law (KCL).
( ) ( ) 0 1 4 52 3i i i i i
Entering currents a nodecur Leavrents a no in de g
1 5 43 2 i i i i i
![Page 11: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
KCL also applies to larger and closed regions of circuit called supernodes
2 6 9 10i i i i
![Page 12: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Example 1.3: Determine the currents ix, iy and iz
KCL at node dix+3=2ix = 2-3 = -1A
KCL at node aix+ iy +4 = 0iy = -3A
KCL at node b4 + iz + 2 = 0iz = -6A
We could have applied KCL at the supernode to getiy + 4A + 2A = 3AThus iy = -3
![Page 13: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Figure 1.17Example 1.4.
![Page 14: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
First we have to define a closed path
+
a b c
def
A closed path or a loop is defined as starting at an arbitrary node, we trace closed path in a circuit through selected basic circuit elements including open circuit and return to the original node without passing through any intermediate node more than once
abea bceb cdec aefa abcdefa
![Page 15: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
The "algebraic" correspond to the reference direction to each voltage in the loop.
Assigning a positive sign to a voltage rise ( to + )
Assigning a negative sign to a voltage drop ( to )
5 V +
2 W 3 W
6 W 5 W
+ 1v +
3v+
2v
+
4v
Assigning a positive sign to a voltage drop ( to )
Assigning a negative sign to a voltage rise ( to )
OR
![Page 16: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Example
5 V +
2 W 3 W
6 W 5 W
+ 1v +
3v+
2v
+
4v
Loop 1 0 1 2 5v v
Loop 2 0 43 2v v v
We apply KVL as follows:
![Page 17: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Figure 1.23 Another example of the application of KVL.
![Page 18: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ex 1.8: Determine vx, vy, vz by KVL
zv 2 5 ( 4) 7
yv 3 6 5 8
x zv 6 2 v 4 11 15
![Page 19: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ex 1.9: Determine voltage v and current i
KVL around loop E,H,B,A,G gives v 3 2 1 4 4
KCL at the supernode gives 1+4+ix=3, thus ix =-2A
KCL at node e gives i+3=-2, thus i=-5A
![Page 20: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
1.7 Conservation of Power
The sum of powers delivered to all elements of a circuit at any time equals to zero
i i iallelements allelements
p v i 0
![Page 21: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ex 1.10 Verify conservation of power for the circuit
Element power
A 1A x 1V=1W
B -4A x 2V=-8W
C -3A x 3V=-9W
D -5A x 1V=-5W
E -3A x (-4V)=12W
F 5A x (-1V)=-5W
G 2A x 4V=8W
H -(-2A) x 3V=6W
ic = -3A, vc = 3V if = 5A, vf = -1Vid = -5A, vd = 1V ih = ix = -2Ave = v = -4V
![Page 22: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1.8 Series and Parallel Connection of Elements
A B Cv v v A B C
A B C
v v v
i i i
Figure 1.32
series connection of elements, parallel connection of elements
KCL KVL
A B Cv v v A B Ci i i
![Page 23: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 1.33Example to illustrate to proper classification of series and parallel connections
![Page 24: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure E1.19Exercise Problem 1.19.
Determine which elements are connected in series and which elements are connected in parallel
![Page 25: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Figure E1.20Exercise Problem 1.20.
Determine which elements are connected in series and which elements are connected in parallel
![Page 26: Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be expressed as](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568150f0550346895dbf09f0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
HW 1 is due now