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Volt VAR OptimizationUse of Smart Inverters on High DG Penetration Circuits
Presenters: Andrija Sadikovic, Rustom Dessai
Jul 19, 2016
2
PG&E Company Overview
Service
Territory
Distribution
System
• Regulated investor-owned utility
• 5.5 million electric customers
• 70,000 sq. mile service territory
• Total Distributed Generation1 = 2,716 MW
• PG&E System Peak Load2 = 21,062 MW
(1) As of 6/14/2016 (2) From 7/13/2013
3
Agenda
1. Background on PG&E’s Volt VAR Optimization Smart
Grid Pilot Project
2. Exploration of how Smart Inverters can enhance VVO
3. VVO in support of DG hosting capacity
4
PG&E is 2 years into a 3 year VVO Pilot
• Objective - evaluate VVO’s ability to:
1. Enhance grid monitoring & control
2. Accommodate growing distributed generation
3. Improve grid efficiency and reduce energy demand
• Scope – lab test then field trial on 14 feeders
• Varying DG penetration (ranging from 0% – 35%: nameplate / peak)
• Four feeders with > 25%
• Preliminary* energy reduction results to date from 12 feeders:
• Summer/Fall 2015 Cumulative CVRf: 0.9
Summer 2015 Fall 2015 Winter
2015/2016
Spring 2016 Cumulative
0.2% 1.4% 1.6% 0.7% 1.1%
* Results will be refined through course of pilot as new data and analysis methods are introduced
5
• Original VVO feeder selection analysis done near end of 2013
• Observed significant increases in DG penetration on VVO feeders in short
span (<3 years) of pilot
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
A-1101 A-1102 A-1103 P-2101 P-2102 P-2103 B-1114 B-1115 B-1116 W-2104 W-2105 W-2106 D-1102 D-1104
VVO Feeder DG Penetration Increases
DG / Peak Load 2013 DG / Peak Load 2016
DG Penetration Increases on VVO Circuits: 2013-2016
6
No strategy
Disable VVO for any
reverse power seen at LTC or
regs
Ride-through reverse power only for regsset to co-gen
mode; Disable otherwise
Vendors not
allowed out
of test
phase
Caused
certain
systems to
trip regularly
around
midday
Works well
for PG&E’s
VVO circuits
so far
Reverse power VVO vendor strategy progression
Fe
ed
er
Head
MW
Lin
e R
eg
ula
tor
MW
0 MW
0 MW
7
Impact of Solar Generation on VVO M&V
Hour of Day
Rea
l P
ow
er
(MW
)
• When overlaying VVO on/off
days, significant duck curves
found from variations in solar
generation
• Revised regression algorithm to
include solar irradiance, as
impact was significant compared
to the amount of change trying to
be measured by VVO (1-2%)
• Resulted in 7 substation periods
having lower energy savings,
and 5 substation periods having
higher energy savings than
previous analysis
• One bank’s results went from
negative to positive energy
savings after including solar
irradiance effects
Real Power VVO On/Off Overlay
8
• Found existing voltage unbalance on feeders during summer severely
limited VVO functionality
• New visibility through frequent AMI voltage readings can help weed out
feeders that may have existing issues with voltage or voltage unbalance
• As part of the VVO pilot, PG&E enabled 15 min / hourly voltage reads
on 1 million meters to help inform future VVO feeder selection
Aug 25 Aug 26 Aug 27 Aug 28
VVO On
VVO Disables
VVO On
VVO Disables
126
120
114
Sept 29 Sept 30 Oct 1 Oct 2
126
120
114
VVO Off
VVO On
VVO Off
VVO On
Sum
mer
2015
Fall
2015
Lessons Learned: Feeder Screening
9
Agenda
1. Background on PG&E’s Volt Var Optimization Smart Grid
Pilot Project
2. Exploration of how Smart Inverters can enhance VVO
3. VVO in support of DG hosting capacity
10
Exploring value of Smart Inverters in support of VVO
• Modeling
• How can VVO control of Smart Inverters improve VVO performance?
• What value could VVO extract from “VARs at night”?
• Lab Testing (in progress)
• What “VVO friendly” power factor and Volt-VAR settings deliver safe
“no fight” conditions in the field
• Field Trial (starts in August 2016)
• Collaborate with 3rd party installers to:
Sign up customers to participate in the pilot and install Smart Inverters by
Q3 2016
Remote Smart Inverter control by adjusting Fixed Power Factor and Volt-
VAR settings in accordance to VVO use cases
11
Large DG
Dinuba Sub
Dinuba 1104 studied due to challenging voltage control conditions
Complex with concentrated DG
• > 100 circuit miles
• 5 line voltage regulators
• 23% DG penetration1
• Three large DGs: 2 x 1 MW, 1 x 0.7 MW
VVO Go Live in Jan 2016 drove
interest in predicting performance
(1) Measured as DG capacity / feeder peak load. At time study began, additional DG connection has raised penetration to 40% as of June 2016
Dinuba
12
Explored different control methods and DG levels
• Case 1: No VVO
• Case 2: VVO controls VRs and Caps, PV-DG operates at constant power
factor (typically unity)
• Case 3: VVO controls VRs, Caps, and DG smart inverter power factor
(either 0.95 leading, zero, 0.95 lagging)
Modeled Sunny through Cloudy Conditions
Cloud index 0
Cloud index 4
Cloud index 8
Modeled Existing to 4x DG Penetration
No DG
Existing
2x
3x
4x
6 AM – 9 PM
13
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
23% 47% 70% 94%
DG Penetration
Dinuba 1104: Quasi Time Series Analysis Results
Daytime (8 am – 6 pm)
VARs at Night
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
23% 45% 68% 91%
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
23% 47% 70% 94%
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
23% 45% 68% 91%
Energy Delivery Savings Line Loss Reduction
Case 2: Traditional VVO
Case 3: VVO plus SI p.f. control
Charts below show comparison of VVO savings metrics
Case 1 (No VVO) at varying DG penetration levels
Energy Reduction (MWh)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
23% 47% 70% 94%
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
23% 45% 68% 91%
*Results should be deemed as preliminary regarding potential VVO benefits and specific to the feeder studied. It is recommended that further
analyses be conducted for a larger sample of feeders with varying topologies, voltage levels, customer densities, customer types, etc.
14
DG as Part of VVO – Technical Analysis Results
Case 3 (with control of SI) delivers better voltage control
15
Agenda
1. Background on PG&E’s Volt Var Optimization Smart Grid
Pilot Project
2. Exploration of how Smart Inverters can enhance VVO
3. VVO in support of DG hosting capacity
16
DG as Part of VVO – Technical Analysis Results
VVO (no control of SI) could increase the hosting capacity
17
Next Steps
VVO Pilot Smart Inverter Field Trial
• Adjust Smart Inverter p.f. and Volt-Var settings to evaluate impact
to VVO performance
Follow technology and
regulatory development to
automate use of Smart Inverters
• DERMS pilot in late 2016
• Follow ADMS / VVO / DERMS
technology developments
• California Distributed Resources
Plan – locational value of Smart
Inverters
GRID of
THINGS
18
READ AND DELETE
For best results with this template, use PowerPoint 2003
Volt VAR OptimizationUse of Smart Inverters on High DG Penetration Circuits
Andrija Sadikovic [email protected]
Rustom Dessai, [email protected]
19
Questions?