volcanoes “and the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax...
DESCRIPTION
Volcanic Structure A volcano is an opening in the earth’s surface though which hot gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected from the earth’s interior.TRANSCRIPT
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Volcanoes
“And the mountains shall be molten under Him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as the waters that are poured down a steep place.”
Micah 1:4
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Volcanoes
• Volcanoes are the most violent of commonly occurring natural cataclysms.
• They give us a glimpse of the interior of the earth.
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Volcanic Structure
A volcano is an opening in the earth’s surface though which hot gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected from the earth’s interior.
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Volcano Characteristics
1.Vent – the central channel which ejects ash, gases, and rock.
2.Magma – a reservoir of molten rock that may be three or four miles beneath the surface.
3.Cone – the ejected materials accumulate to produce a conical shaped mountain.
4.Crater – the cone is capped by a bowl shaped depression surrounding the vent.
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Volcanology
Volcanology is the study of volcanoes.
Vulcanologists are scientists who study volcanoes.
Today vulcanologists in certain areas give warning to eruptions and they are better able to warn residents.
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Types of Volcanoes
There are three common types of volcanoes:
1. Cinder-cone volcanoes 2. Shield volcanoes3. Composite volcanoes
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Cinder-cone Volcanoes
• These are volcanoes that consist primarily of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments.
• They are composed of loose materials• They do not grow large and are usually
formed by a single eruption.
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Shield Volcanoes
• These volcanoes pour out lava in large quantities during gentle eruptions.
• They produce a broad, gentle sloping volcano.
Example: Mauna Kea in Hawaii
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Composite Volcanoes
• These volcanoes produce both cinders and lava.
• They have a steeper dome.• These are highly explosive volcanoes.
Example: Mt. Rainer and Mt. Saint Helens
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Active and Dormant VolcanoesGeologists classify volcanoes in three ways:
1. Active – a volcano that has erupted within the past 50 years.
2. Dormant – now inactive – appears “at rest” – Mammoth is an example and Lassen Peak
3. Extinct – will probably not erupt again – Mount Shasta is an example
Volcanoes are unpredictable and it is difficult to tell if a volcano is dormant or truly extinct.
http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/interactive/interactive.html
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Location of Volcanoes
• Almost all of the earth’s volcanoes occur in three main belts that correspond to the earth’s earthquake belts.
• The most important belt encircles the Pacific Ocean Basin
called the “Ring of Fire”
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Volcanic Eruptions
• Volcanoes rarely erupt without warning.• They usually have some swelling or bulging -
the bulging is caused by the magma chamber filling with magma and gases.
• Mt. Saint Helens had a bulge and it enabled scientist to warn residents and save lives.
• Earthquakes may also precede an eruption.
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Volcanic Eruptions
• The first explosion may produce a great cloud of volcanic gases, steam, and dust that moves into the atmosphere several miles.
• This cloud is often accompanied by heavier rock and lave hurled into the air.
• The eruption may last for weeks, months, or even years.
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Volcanic Eruptions
Not all volcanoes erupt explosively…Volcanologists have discovered the violence of an eruption depends on two things:
1. Viscosity – the thickness of the magma – the thicker the more violent the eruption
2. The amount of dissolved gas in the magma – If the gases cannot escape easily (the magma is too thick) they build up to a greater explosion.
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Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
There are several types of plate boundaries…the places where the plates are up against each other.
1. Divergent2. Convergent3. Transform
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Divergent Plate Boundary
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Divergent Plate Boundary
• Plates are coming apart…• Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge• Example: Kenya – East African Rift
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Convergent Plate Boundary
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Convergent Plate Boundary
• Plates crashing into plates…• Example: Andes Mountains
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Transform Plate Boundary
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Transform Plate Boundary
• Plates slide past plates…• San Andreas
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Volcanic Ejecta
There are three types of ejections:
1. Gaseous ejecta2. Liquid ejecta3. Solid ejeta
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Gaseous Ejecta
• 70 percent of gases consist of water vapor• Other gases include carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, fluorine, and hydrochloric acid
• Many of these gases is poisonous and can cause sickness and death miles around.
• Sulfur dioxide makes acid rain.
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Liquid Ejecta
• Includes Lava
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Solid Ejecta
• Formed when molten lava is ejected into the air.
• Particles or blocks of solid volcanic ejecta are called pyroclasts.
• When pyroclasts are small, they are carried by the wind in the form of ash.
• Volcanic bombs are formed when lava is thrown high into the air in a liquid state and hardens before it hits the ground.
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Fiery Blasts
• The most dangerous part of an eruption is the fierce blast of incandescent ash and superheated gases that accompanies some volcanic eruptions.
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Volcanic Structures
• Calderas – the bowl shaped crater in the ground at least two miles across.
• Tunnels – lava tunnels remain after the lava cools – the largest known is in Hawaii – it winds 6 miles beneath the surface.