volcanic ash cloud observations during air space closure ... congress general...
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Volcanic Ash Cloud Observations during Air Space Closure in Europe in April/May 2010
Institut für Physik der Atmosphärein cooperation with Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich
Ulrich Schumann
For details seeU. Schumann, B. Weinzierl, O. Reitebuch, H. Schlager, A. Minikin, C.
Forster, R. Baumann, T. Sailer, K. Graf, H. Mannstein, C. Voigt, S. Rahm, R. Simmet, M. Scheibe, M. Lichtenstern, P. Stock, H. Rüba, D. Schäuble, A. Tafferner, M. Rautenhaus, T. Gerz, H. Ziereis, M. Krautstrunk, C. Mallaun, DLR, , , ,Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
J.-F. Gayet, LaMP/CNRS, Clermont-Fd, FranceK. Lieke, K. Kandler, M. Ebert, S. Weinbruch, TU DarmstadtAn Stohl, NILU NorwayJ. Gasteiger, LMU MunichH. Olafsson, Icelandic Met. Office, Reykjavikand K. Sturm, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany
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Airborne observations of the Eyjafjalla volcano ash cloud over Europe during air space closure in April and May 2010
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc. (2010, in press).
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The Icelandic Volcanoes - Eyjafjallajökull
Historic volcanic record: 205 eruptive events, average of 20–25 eruptions / century.
The Eastern Volcanic Zone:80% of historic eruptions.
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Six most active volcanic systems in Iceland: Krafla, Askja, Bárdarbunga –Veidivötn, Grímsvötn, Hekla, and Katla.
(Thordarson & Larsen, 2007; Gudmundsson et al., 2008; Corrado Cimarelli)
The Eyjafjallajökull eruption:April 2009: first seismic activitiesFebruary - March 2010: large number of earth quakes 20 March 2010: first, short-term eruption, 4
7 km altitude– 7 km altitude14 – 18 April: volcanic ash clouds reach up to 8 km height, flooding, ash layers
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The Eyjafjallajökull eruption, first March 20, 2010
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Precursors – April 12-15, 2010Seismicity GPS
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Dep
th/k
m
4
14 April, starting 1 UTC: New Eruption
14 April: Seismic tremor of increasing amplitude in association with
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14 April: Seismic tremor of increasing amplitude, in association with an eruption from a new vent under the central ice-capped crater of Eyjafjallajokull. The eruption plume rises above Eyjafjallajokull. Meltwater forms 2 jokullhlaup on the N and S flanks.
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Radar-Satellit TerraSAR 15. April 2010, 19.04 UTC DLR - EOC
15 April: ash cloud
reaching Europe
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MODIS on NASA Terra Satellite at 11.39 GMT Thursday April 15, 2010
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Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) at UK Met.Office
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16-21 April: 75 % of mid-European airspace closed
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19 April 2010, 13:00 UTChttp://www.radarvirtuel.com/
taken from BBC: Iceland volcano in maps
April: 75 % of movements in 23 European countries suspended
May: 8000 flights cancelled
About 4 ×109 € economic loss
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Is Air Space Closure Justified?
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There was no volcanic ash cloud!?
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http://flugzeuge-flugzeugtechnik.suite101.de/article.cfm/es-gab-keine-vulkanische-aschewolke
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ICAO: No flights in volcanic ash
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Not the first case of volcano impact on aviation
Red triangles: positions of Holocene and Historically listedvolcanoes
over 1,200 volcanoes
about 60 eruptions per year
More than 120 aircraft ash incidences
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Global air traffic and VolcanoesA. J. Prata, Nat. Hazards (2008)
Some with total engine blowout (Redoubt 1989, Galunggung 1982)
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Volcanic ash is similar to desert dust in many respect
Eyjafjallajökull ash April 15, 2010
Desert dust, Libyan31 May 2009
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Quelle: NASA Earth Observatory
MODIS on NASA Terra Satellite, 11.39 GMT Thursday April 15, 2010
Volcano ash and SO2 in geostationary satellite products
e.g. 14-17 April 2010
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processing and animation by K. Graf,
DLR-IPA
Extension of EUMETSAT dust product, using brightness temperature difference of channels 12 μm and 10.8 μm (Prata and Grant, 2001; Prata 2008)
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Volcano ash and SO2 in geostationary satellite products
e.g. 14-17 April 2010
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processing and animation by K. Graf,
DLR-IPA
Extension of EUMETSAT dust product, using brightness temperature difference of channels 12 μm and 10.8 μm (Prata and Grant, 2001; Prata 2008)
Volcano ash and SO2 in geostationary satellite products
e.g. 14-17 April 2010
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processing and animation by K. Graf,
DLR-IPA
Extension of EUMETSAT dust product, using brightness temperature difference of channels 12 μm and 10.8 μm (Prata and Grant, 2001; Prata 2008)
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Public Model predictions: Friday, April 16, 18 UTC
Fl t (SO l ) EURAD (PM t 3 k )
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Flexpart (SO2 column) EURAD (PM at 3 km)
First academic model predictions available to public in internet: April 15, 2010, 13:32 UTC (NILU, Flexpart)
European Lidar Network: EARLINET
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Research Lidars, e.g. Univ. of Munich
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-------------------------Saturday, April 17----------------------------17 0 6 12 18 24plume age: ~28 h
M. Wiegner, V. Freudenthaler, S. Groß et al.
CALIPSO Lidar, April 18, 2010
30
km
how thick?
which ash
60 50 40 N
0
concentration?
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The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation -CALIPSO: a joint U.S. (NASA) and French (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales/CNES) satellite mission
60 50 40 Nnear 5 E
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19 April, 13:00 UTC - Mid-European airspace closed
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http://www.radarvirtuel.com/
taken from BBC: Iceland volcano in maps
DLR-research aircraft Falcon started at 14:10 UTC
DLR-Falcon instrumented research aircraft
aerosol & trace gas instrumentstotal & non-vol. aerosol, 3-λ Bap, particle comp. & shape (4 nm - 2.5 µm)CO (UV fluoresc.), O3 (UV photom.), SO2 (fluoresc.), H2O (τ-point, Ly-α)
t l i l
DLR Falcon 20-E5max. altitude: 42.000 ftmax. endurance: 4 h
meteorological measurements
GPaC (particle collector) TU Darmstadt
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FSSP-300 & 2-DC (0.3 -800 µm) DLR & LaMP
2- μm-Wind-Lidar (heterodyne) PCASP-100X (dry accumulation mode concentration)
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17 DLR Falcon flights, April 19 - May 18, 2010: OP - Iceland
Oslo
Eyjafjöll N
Leipzig
Koszalin
De Bilt
StornowayKeflavik
Isle of Man
Hamburg
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OP –Keflavik: 2700 km
Oberpfaffenhofen
range-corrected backscatter signal@ 2 µm
New Quai Stuttgart Munich
Ash layer (4-5 days old) just visible over Leipzig, April 19
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April 19: 4-5 days old ash layers with < 0.2 mg/m3 ash
0 10 40 80 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0 40 80
6789
100.0 0.4 0.8 8 16
RH
N>2 µmN250-1000
e /
km
103 x N10-160
103 x NNONV
number concentration / cm-3 RH / %
6789
10012345
mass CO O3
GP
S a
ltitu
de
e
/ k
mash concentration < 0.2 mg/m3, i il t
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012345
0 20 40 60 80 100 100 120 140 160 180 0 40 80
mass conc. / µg m-3
GP
S a
ltitu
de
mixing ratio / nmol mol-1
similar to desert dust
agreeing with gound-based Lidar
2 x 10-3 g/m3
Since April 21, May 20: The “Three Zone” Approach
2 x 10-4 g/m3
NFZ
TIME LIMITEDZONE
g
4 x 10-3 g/m3
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NORMAL OPERATIONS
ENHANCED PROCEDURESZONE
(P. Kellegher, UK-CAA)
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Eyjafjallajökull volcano plume, noon 1 May 2010
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observed by DLR during flight in cooperation with Icelandic Air Traffic Control Agency, ISAVIA
Eyjafjallajökull volcano plume, noon 1 May 2010
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Eyjafjallajökull volcano plume, May 1, noon time
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range-corrected backscatter signal@ 2 µm N
Plume and Keflavik (Iceland) soundings, May 1
plume sounded 1st time
Eyjafjallajökull
Ci clouds
Volcanic ash plume
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60 km
7.4 km
St Cu clouds
0.9 km3/s volume flux
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2 May 2010, North Atlantic near 60°N, 400 km from the source
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570 kmOuterH b id
May 2: measurements in top of ash plume at 60°N
Hebrides
N
range-corrected backscatter signal@ 2 µm 450 km
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IcelandEyjafjallajökull
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May 2: 3 min measurements in top of ash plume at 60°N
maximum ash mass concentration: 0.55 - 2.6 mg/m3
ash mass flux: 1800 kg/s
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SO2 is a strong plume indicator
Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe
Counting and sizing of particles for diameters 0.3-20 µm
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ratio of particle size to wavelength of light
α << 1Rayleigh scattering regime
1 Mi tt i i
λπ
α pD=
Light scattering at small and large particles
Scattering and absorption depends on particle size,
α ≅ 1 Mie scattering regime
α >> 1Geometrical optics regime
p pparticle shape and optical refractive index (real and imaginary parts)
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nonabsorbing
absorbing
large influence of imaginary part (absorption) of refractive index
small influence of particle shape
6°-15°spheres: dottedspheroids : fullblack: 1.54+0ired: 1.54+0.004i
s ape
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green: 1.59+0iblue: 1.59+0.004i
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10 μm0.5 μm
Particles collected inside the ash plume at 60°N, May 2
1 μm
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May 2, also found: ammonium sulfate, aggregates
10 μm2 μm 2 μm
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)
Particle composition for a) 2 May and b) 17 May
size and age dependent!
0 000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00
MixturesSilicatesQuartzOxidesPhosphatesCarbonatesSulfatesSecondary
0 000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00
MixturesSilicatesQuartzOxidesSulfatesSecondary
a) b)
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0.00<0.5 µm 0.5-1µm 1 - 2 µm >2 µm
n=194 n=101 n=136 n=87
0.00<0.5 µm 0.5-1µm 1 - 2 µm >2 µm
n=166 n=167 n=149 n=7
Particle properties derived from ESM analysis
Table 4. Number of investigated particles, measured two-dimensional aspect ratio
and calculated density and complex refractive index values m for different particle
size classes. 2 May 2010 17 May 2010
Size/μm <0.5 0.5 - 1 1 - 2 >2 <0.5 0.5 - 1 1 - 2 >2
Number 194 101 136 87 165 166 149 7
Aspect ratio 1.9 2.2 2 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.
density 1.8 2.6 2.7 2.7 1.7 2.8 2.7 2.7
m (630 nm) 1.53 + 1.60 + 1.58 + 1.56 + 1.55 + 1.59 + 1.57 + –
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0.001i 0.004i 0.002i 0.001i 0.001i 0.003i 0.001i
m (2 µm) 1.50 +
2×10-6 i
1.56 +
40×10-6 i
1.55 +
20×10-6 i
1.54 +
10×10-6 i
1.53 +
7×10-6 i
1.56 +
20×10-6 i
1.55 +
10×10-6 i
–
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Size distributions
19 April (left)2 May (right)
10-310-210-1100101102103104
dN (d
logD
)-1/
cm-3
10-4
PCASP-100X OPC 1.129 FSSP-300 (0i) FSSP-300 (0.004i)
10-410-310-210-1100101102103104
dS (d
logD
)-1/
µm2 cm
-3
103104
PCASP-100X OPC 1.129 FSSP-300 (0i) FSSP-300 (0.004i) GPaC
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0.1 1 10 10010-410-310-210-1100101102
particle diameter D/µm
dV (d
logD
)-1/
µm3 cm
-3
0.1 1 10 100
particle diameter D/µm
One hour Falcon flight in 2 km layer with 0.2-0.5 mg/m3 ash
VAAC Meteosat-VA Product by DLR
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18 UTC 17 May 2010 Falcon flight path
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One hour Falcon flight in 2 km layer with 0.2-0.5 mg/m3 ash
range-corrected b k tt i l
Volcanic ash layer
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backscatter signal@ 2 µm
18 UTC 17 May 2010
0 20 40 0 2 4 0 40 80
56789
100.0 0.2 0.4 4 8 12
RH
N>2 µmN250-1000
de /
km
number concentration / cm-3 RH / %One hour Falcon flight in 2 km layer with 0.2-0.5 mg/m3 ash
6789
10012345
O3mass COSO2
GP
S a
ltitu
d
103 x N10-160
103 x NNONV
de /
km
18 UTC 17 May 2010
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012345
0 200 400 600 0 20 40 60 80 120 160 0 100 200 300
mass conc. / µg m-3
GP
S a
ltitu
d
mixing ratio / nmol mol-1
ash mass and SO2concentrations are correlated
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Just above volcanic ash layer
Main layer topped by thin layer (also seen in in-situ measurements)Main layer very hazyHorizon not visibleGround (water) not visible to the side
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looking towards sunvery hazyhorizon not visibleground/water not visible to the side no clouds below
Inside volcanic ash layer at 5.5 km altitude
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Below volcanic ash layer at 2.7 km altitude
visibility much better than inside volcanic ash layerdiffuse lighthorizon hardly visibleground/water visible
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SO2 and ash mass concentrations are well correlated
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Individual flight Activities (nationally and with EUFAR)Metair Dimona (CH) – 9 flights
NERC Dornier228 (UK) – 6 flights DLR Falcon 20 (DE) – 17 flights
FAAM BAe146 (UK) – 11 flights
SAFIRE Falcon 20 (F)– 5 flightsSAFIRE ATR42 – 5 flights
INTA Casa212 (ES) 4 flights
CARIBIC Container (DE) – 3 flights
Fachhochschule Düsseldorf (K. Weber) (DE) - 14 flights (23.4.-21.5.)
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INTA Casa212 (ES) – 4 flights
INTA Casa212 (ES) – 4 flights
KIT Enduro (DE) – 1 flight
FUB Cessna (DE) – 2 flights
Aircraft Activities, within a few days
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(J.-L. Brenguier, EUFAR)
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Aircraft activities covered Europe
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(J.-L. Brenguier, EUFAR)
Future: Airbus A340-600, Falcon, HALO, Lidar, MSG
Instrument Measurement technique Measurement parameter Place of installation
CAS Light scattering Particle and cloud size under wing or
1. Insitu instruments on Airbus 2.High resolution spectral Lidar measurements with HALO aircraft
distributions from 0.5 to 50 µm, particle shape (discrimination between water and ice), liquid water content from 0.01 to 3 g/m3
fuselage
UHSAS-A Light scattering Particle from 60 nm to 1 µm
under wing or fuselage
OPC Light scattering Size distribution from 0.25 to 1 µm
cabin rack
CPCs Condensation Integral particle concentration (fine mode)
cabin rack
PSAP Filter transmission Ensemble absorption cabin rack SP2 Single-particle
incandescence Black carbon mass, optical size of scattering particles
cabin rack
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SO2 probe Pulsed UV fluorescence SO2 mixing ratio cabin rackPICCARO Cavity ring down
spectrometer CO2,CH4, H2O mixing ratio
cabin rack
O3 probe UV absorption O3 mixing ratio cabin rack CO probe Vacuum UV fluorescence CO mixing ratio cabin rack Mass spectrometer
Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS)
HCl, HF, HNO3, H2SO4 other acids
cabin rack
3.Accompanying Falcon measurements
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Major findings
Airborne observations (in-situ and with Lidar; besides ground based Lidar and satellite data) were essential for assessing volcanic ash load and plume source properties over Europe
Ash was found at places as predicted by the VAACAsh was found at places as predicted by the VAACCentral Europe: ash mass concentration mostly below 2 mg/m3
Ash plumes with >0.5 mg/m3 are often detectable by crew observers and Meteosat ash product (outside thick clouds)
Concentration similar to desert dust outbreaksAsh mass concentration difficult to measure and particle
measurements alone could lead to false alarm frequently
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SO2 can be used to identify dangerous ash plumes. The data are now being used to test/improve VAAC prediction model Lidar, satellite, and airborne data and VAAC model predictions
should be integrated into risk assessment information systems.
Conclusions
Largest impact of volcanoes on dense air traffic region since 1945Eyjafjallajökull was exceptional in its fine ash content, duration,
altitude, and ambient wind field transporting to Central EuropeAviation was not well prepared; Thresholds for safe operation wereAviation was not well prepared; Thresholds for safe operation were
missing in spite of discussions since at least 1991. VAAC was mainly relying on model and satellite observationsToday, we are slightly better prepared (threshold, communication
system, knowledge, models, observations)ICAO: International Airworthiness Task Force & Scientific Advisory
Group on Volcanic Ash: started in July/August 2010
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Open: Decision making by governments or operators?Needed: Central information system for crisis situation No major research program funding available so far