I^EIZE THE TIMEJI

Vol.1 No. 3 AUGUST, 1974 25c

"Neither Lawyer nor any other c h i e f had a u t h o r i t y to s e l l t h i s l a n d . I t has always belonged to my people. I t came unclouded to them from our fa t h e r s , a n d we w i l l defend t h i s land long as a drop of I n d i a n Dloofl warms the h e a r t s of men." Ch i e f Joseph of the Nez Per c e s

Inside This Issue: Native American I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r e a t y Conference. C e n t e r f o l d S e c t i o n : 0 n I d e o l o g i c a l C l a r i t y i n The B l a c k L i b e r a t i o n Movement. NCDPP Statement to S i x t h Pan A f r i c a n Conference on POWS, On S e l f Defense. Statement from Ruchell Magee. Chicano A c t i v i s t s A s s a s i n a t e d . Phoenix P r o j e c t i n the U.S. Why We Bombed Gulf;Statement from the Weather Underground. How Armed St r u g g l e S t a r t e d I n South Vietnam. On Supporting P o l i t i c a l P r i s o n e r s . New F e a t u r e ; CLASS STRUGGLE.

PAGE 2

"JUCHE MEAwe HOLniNC FAST TO THE PRINCIPLE OF SOLVING FOR ONESELF ALL THE PROBLEMS FORMITY WITH THE ACTUAL CONDITIONS AT H0ME„" - - - K I M I L SUNC<DRE)

JUCHE SECTION The North KorQan communist p a r t y has

f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d the p r i n c i p l e o f "Ju-che" as the basic p r i n c i p l e o f n a t i o n a l s e l f - r e l i a n c e i n b u i l d i n g r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e . This s e c t i o n o f the paper con­t a i n s a r t i c l e s concerning the N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s o f oppressed people w i t h i n t he U n i t e d S t a t e s . Kim I I Sung ex­p l a i n s Juche more f u l l y : "The e s t a b l i s h -mont o f Juoho meane h o l d i n g f a s t t o t h e p r i n c i p l e o f s o l v i n g f o r o n e s e l f a l l t h e problems o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n and c o n s t r u c ­t i o n i n c o n f o r m i t y t o t h e a c t u a l c o n d i ­t i o n s a t home and m a i n l y by one's own e f ­f o r t . This i s an Independent s t a n d , d i s ­c a r d i n g dependence on o t h e r s , d i s p l a y i n g t he s p i r i t o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e and s o l v i n g one's own a f f a i r s on one's own r e s p o n s i ­b i l i t y under a l l circumstances", '.'(We) have made every e f f o r t t o e s t a b l i s h Juche i n o p p o s i t i o n t o dogmatism and f l u n k y i s m . Juche i n i d e o l o g y , independence i n p o l i ­t i c s , s e l f - r e l i a n c e i n t h e economy and s e l f - d e f e n s e i n n a t i o n a l defense — t h i s i s our s t a n d , "

INTERNATIONAL TREATY COUNCIL

" A l e n ^ tun« age my father t o l d me what Wis father t o l d Kim. There was once a Lakota Holy Man c a l l e d Drinks Water, who vieioned wttae was to be; and t h i s was long before the eo«ing of the waslcue. He visioned that the four-legged were going back in t o the earth and that a strange race had woven a spider's web a l l around the Lakotas. And he s a i d , "When t h i s happens, you s h a l l l i v e i n b a r r e n l a n d s , and t h e r e beside those gray hou­ses you s h a l l s t a r v e . " They say he went back i n t o Mother E a r t h soon a f t e r he saw t h i s v i s i o n and i t was sorrow t h a t k i l l e d

Hlack E l k - O g l a l a Sioux Holy Man

The U n i t e d S t a t e s o f America has c o n t i n u a l l y v i o l a t e d t h e independent Na­t i v e Peoples o f t h i s c o n t i n e n t by Execu­t i v e A c t i o n , L e g i s l a t i v e f i a t and J u d i c ­i a l d e c i s i o n . By i t s a c t i o n s , the U.S. has denied a l l Native people t h e i r I n ­t e r n a t i o n a l Treaty r i g h t s . Treaty lands and b a s i c human r i g h t s of freedom and sovereignty. T h i s saae U.S, Govern­ment which fought to throw o f f the yoke of oppression and gain i t s own indepen­dence, has now reversed i t s r o l e cind become the oppressor of sovereign Native people.

Might does n o t maXe r i g h t . Sover­e i g n people o f v a r y i n g c u l t u r e s have the a b s o l u t e r i g h t t o l i v e i n harmony w i t h Mother E a r t h so l o n g as they do no t i n ­f r i n g e upon t h i s same r i g h t o f o t h e r peoples. The d e n i a l o f t h i s r i g h t t o any sovereign people, such as the N a t i v e American I n d i a n N a t i o n s , must be c h a l l ­enged by t r u t h and a c t i o n . World con­cern must focus on a l l c o l o n i a l govern­ments t o the end t h a t s overeign people everywhere s h a l l l i v e as they choose, i n peace w i t h d i g n i t y and freedom.

The I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n d i a n T r e a t y Conference hereby adopts t h i s D e c l a r ­a t i o n o f C o n t i n u i n g Independence o f the Sovereign N a t i v e American I n d i a n N a t i o n s . I n t h e course o f these human events, we c a l l upon the people o f the w o r l d t o support t h i s s t r u g g l e f o r our sovereign r i g h t s and our t r e a t y r i g h t s . We pledge our a s s i s t a n c e t o a l l o t h e r sovereign people who seek t h e i r own independence.

The F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r e a t y C o u n c i l o f the Western Hemisphere was formed on the l a n d o f the Standing Rock Sioux T r i b e on June 8-16, 1974. The de-l e g a t e a , meeting under the guidance o f the Great S p i r i t , r e p resented 97 I n d i a n t r i b e s and Nations from across N o r t h and south America.

WQ, the s o v e r e i g n N a t i v e Peoples rocognizG t h a t a l l lands b e l o n g i n g t o the v a r i o u s N a t i v e Nations are c l e a r l y d o f i n o d by the sacred t r e a t i e s solemnly entered into between the N a t i v e Nations and the government of the United S t a t e s of Aaerica,

JUCHE We, t h e s o v e r e i g n N a t i v e Peoples

charge t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f America w i t h gross v i o l a t i o n s o f our I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r e a t i e s . Two o f the thousands o f v i o ­l a t i o n s t h a t can be c i t e d are t h e "wrong­f u l l y t a k i n g " o f t h e Black H i l l s from the Great Sloux N a t i o n i n 1577, t h i s sacred l a n d b e l o n g i n g t o t h e Great Sioux N a t i o n under t h e F o r t Laramie T r e a t y o f 1868. The second v i o l a t i o n was t h e f o r ­ced march o f the Cherokee People from t h e i r a n c e s t r a l lands i n t h e s t a t e o f Georgia t o the then " I n d i a n T e r r i t o r y " o f Oklahoma a f t e r t h e Supreme Court o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s r u l e d t he Chero­kee t r e a t y r i g h t s i n v i o l a t e . The t r e a t y v i o l a t i o n , known as the " T r a i l o f Tears" brought death t o t w o - t h i r d s o f the Cherokee N a t i o n d u r i n g the f o r c e d march.

The c o u n c i l f u r t h e r r e a l i z e s t h a t s e c u r i n g U n i t e d S t a t e s r e c o g n i t i o n o f t r e a t i e s signed w i t h N a t i v e Nations r e ­q u i r e s a committed and u n i f i e d s t r u g g l e , u s i n g every a v a i l a b l e l e g a l and p o l i t i ­c a l r e s o u r c e . T r e a t i e s between sover­e i g n n a t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y e n t a i l agreements which r e p r e s e n t "the supreme law o f t h e l a n d " b i n d i n g each p a r t y t o an i n v i o l a t e i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p .

We acknowledge t h e h i s t o r i c a l f a c t that Independence o f t h e peoples o f our sacred Mother E a r t h have always been over s o v e r e i g n t y o f l a n d . These h i s t o r ­i c a l freedom e f f o r t s have always i n v o l v e d the h i g h e s t human s a c r i f i c e .

We re c o g n i z e t h a t a l l N a t i v e Nations wish t o a v o i d v i o l e n c e , b u t we a l s o r e c ­ognize t h a t t h e u n i t e d s t a t e s government has always used f o r c e and v i o l e n c e t o deny N a t i v e Americans b a s i c human and t r e a t y r i g h t s .

We adopt t h i s D e c l a r a t i o n o f Con­t i n u i n g Independence, r e c o g n i z i n g t h a t s t r u g g l e l i e s a h ead—a s t r u g g l e c e r t a i n

t o be won—and t h a t t h e human and t r e a t y r i g h t s o f a l l N a t i v e Nations w i l l be honored. I n t h i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e I n t ­e r n a t i o n a l I n d i a n T r e a t y C o u n c i l d e c l a r e s :

The U n i t e d S t a t e s Government i n i t s C o n s t i t u t i o n , A r t i c l e V I , recognizes t r e a t i e s as p a r t o f t h e Supreme Law of the U n i t e d S t a t e s . We w i l l p e a c e f u l l y pursue a l l l e g a l and p o l i t i c a l avenues t o demand U n i t e d S t a t e s r e c o g n i t i o n o f i t s own C o n s t i t u t i o n i n t h i s r e g a r d , and thus t o honor i t s t r e a t i e s w i t h t h e N a t i v e Nations.

We w i l l seek t h e support o f a l l w o r l d communities i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r the c o n t i n u i n g independence of N a t i v e N a t i o n s .

We the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f s o v e r e i g n N a t i v e Nations u n i t e i n f o r m i n g a c o u n c i l t o be known as the i n t e r n a t i o n a l I n d i a n T r e a t y C o u n c i l to implement these dec­l a r a t i o n s .

The I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n d i a n T r e a t y C o u n c i l w i l l e s t a b l i s h o f f i c e s i n Wash­i n g t o n , D.C. and New York C i t y t o appro­ach the I n t e r n a t i o n a l f o r c e s necessary t o o b t a i n the r e c o g n i t i o n o f our t r e a t l o s . These o f f i c e s w i l l e s t a b l i s h an i n i t i a l system o f communications among N a t i v e Nations t o disseminate i n f o r m a t i o n , g e t ­t i n g a g e n e r a l consensus o f concerning i s s u e s , developments and any l e g i s l a t i v e attempt a f f e c t i n g N a t i v e Nations by the United S t a t e s o f America.

SEIZE THE TIME

OF THE REVOLUTION AND CONSTRUCTION IN CON-

The I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n d i a n T r e a t y C o u n c i l recognizes t h e s o v e r e i g n t y o f a l l N a t i v e Nations and w i l l stand I n u n i t y t o support our N a t i v e and i n t e r n a t i o n a l b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e and c o l l e c t i v e s t r u g g l e s concerning i n ­t e r n a t i o n a l t r e a t i e s and agreements v i o ­l a t e d by the U n i t e d S t a t e s and o t h e r governments.

A l l t r e a t i e s between the Sovereign N a t i v e N a t i o n s and t h e u n i t e d s t a t e s Government, must be i n t e r p r e t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l and s p i r i t u a l ways o f the s i g n a t o r y N a t i v e N a t i o n s .

We d e c l a r e our r e c o g n i t i o n o f the P r o v i s i o n a l Government o f t h s Independent O g l a l a N a t i o n , e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e T r a d i ­t i o n a l C h i e f s and Headmen under t h e p r o ­v i s i o n s o f t h e 1858 F o r t Laramie T r e a t y w i t h t h e Great Sioux Mation a t Wounded Knee, March 11, 1973.

We condemn t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f America f o r i t s gross v i o l a t i o n o f the 1868 F o r t Laramie T r e a t y i n m i l i t a r i l y s u r r o u n d i n g , k i l l i n g , and s t a r v i n g t he c i t i z e n s o f t h e independent O g l a l a N a t i o n i n t o e x i l e .

We demand the U n i t e d S t a t e s o f Am­e r i c a r e c o g n i z e the s o v e r e i g n t y o f t h e O g l a l a N a t i o n and immediately s t o p a l l p r e s e n t and f u t u r e c r i m i n a l p r o s e c u t i o n s o f s o v e r e i g n N a t i v e Peoples. We c a l l upon t h e c o n s c i o n a b l e n a t i o n s o f t h e w o r l d t o j o i n us i n c h a r g i n g and prose­c u t i n g t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f America f o r i t s g e n o c i d a l p r a c t i c e s a g a i n s t t h e Sov­e r e i g n N a t i v e N a t i o n s ; most r e c e n t l y i l ­l u s t r a t e d by Wounded Knee 1973 and t h e c o n t i n u e d r e f u s a l by th e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f America t o s i g n t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s 1948 T r e a t y on Genocide.

We r e j e c t a l l e x e c u t i v e o r d e r s , l e g i s l a t i v e a c t s and j u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n s r e l a t e d t o N a t i v e Nations since 1871, when the U n i t e d S t a t e s u n i l a t e r a l l y sus­pended t r e a t y making r e l a t i o n s w i t h Nat­i v e N a t i o n s . T h i s i n c l u d e s , b u t i s not l i m i t e d t o , the Major Crimes A c t , the General A l l o t m e n t A c t , t h e C i t i z e n s h i p Act o f 1924, the I n d i a n R e o r g a n i z a t i o n Act o f 1934, I n d i a n Claims Commission A c t , P u b l i c Law 280 and t h e T e r m i n a t i o n A c t . A l l t r e a t i e s between N a t i v e Nations and the U n i t e d S t a t e s made p r i o r t o 1871 s h a l l be recognized w i t h o u t f u r t h e r need o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

We hereby a l l y o u r s e l v e s w i t h t h e c o l o n i z e d Puerto Rican People i n t h e i r S t r u g g l e f o r Independence from t h e same Un i t e d S t a t e s o f America.

we r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e r e i s o n l y one c o l o r o£ Mankind i n t h e w o r l d who are n o t r e p r e s e n t e d i n the U n i t e d N a t i o n s . And t h a t i s t h e Indigenous Redman o f t h e Western Hemisphere. We recogn i z e t h i s l a c k o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n t he U n i t e d Nations comes from t h e g e n o c i d a l p o l i c i e s o f the c o l o n i a l power o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

The I n t e r n a l t o n a l I n d i a n T r e a t y C o u n c i l e s t a b l i s h e d by t h i s conference i s d i r e c t e d t o make a p p l i c a t i o n t o the U n i t e d Nationas f o r r e c o g n i t i o n and membership o f the s o v e r e i g n N a t i v e N a t i o n s . We pledge our support t o any s i m i l a r a p p l i c a t i o n by any abor­i g i n a l people.

T h i s conference d i r e c t s t he T r e a t y C o u n c i l t o open n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h t h e government o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s t h r o u g h i t s Department o f S t a t e . We seek these n e g o t i a t i o n s i n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h d i p l o m a t i c r e l -t i o n s w i t h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . When these d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s have been e s t a b l i s h e d , the f i r s t o r d e r o f business s h a l l be t o d e a l w i t h U.S. v i o l a t i o n s o f t h e r i g h t s o f those N a t i v e I n d i a n Nations who have r e f u s e d t o s i g n t r e a t i e s w i t h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

We, the People o f the I n t e r n a ­t i o n I n d i a n T r e a t y C o u n c i l , f o l l o w i n g t h e guidance o f our e l d e r s t h r o u g h i n s t r u c t i o n s from the Great S p i r i t , and o u t o f our r e s p e c t f o r our sa-crQd Mother E a r t h , a l l her c h i l d r e n , and those y e t unborn o f f e r our l i v e s f o r our I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r e a t y R i g h t s .

SEISE TlIE TIME

CHICANO ACTIVISTS ASSASINATED REPRINTED FROM EL GRITO NEWSLETTER(June,

19 74) On May 27, 1974 i n Boulder, Colorado,

a awploJcJ U i l l i n g 3 people; I d u l r i a l " t i n e z , Ashley Una Jaakola and Neva Romero. On May 29, i n the same tctwi a n J w i t h i n 48 hours J a second car CKploded k l l l l n E Flor» encio "Preddy" Granados, Francisco Luevano and H e r i b e r t o Teran. A n t o nio A l c a n t a r , a l ­so i n the c a r on Hay 29, WOs c r i t i c a l l y i n j u r e d . I n both bombings, t h e v i c t i m s i n ­cluded well-known Chicano a c t i v i s t s . They were s i m i l a r , w i t h both e x p l o s i o n s being centered i n the f r o n t passenger p a r t o f the car. The e x p l o s i o n o f t h e f i r s t car had a t e r r i b l e f o r c e , s c a t t e r i n g pieces o f bodies as f a r as 150 f e e t from the car. I n the second, the bodies remained i n the car and were h o r r i b l y burned.

There was a d e l i b e r a t e news b l a c k o u t on the bombings i n New Mexico. The t r a g e ­dy began on Monday and on the f o l l o w i n g Sunday we s t i l l had v e r y l i t t l e news. The press m Colorado, where the leaders i n " y e l l o w J o u r n a l i s m " are the Denver Post and the Rocky Mountain News, d i d n ' t use the b l a c k o u t t 6 e h n i q u e - - i n s t e a d they used smear t a c t i c s . Even b e f o r e the bodies were i d e n t i f i e d , t h e press was pushing th e p o l i c e l i n e t h a t the v i c t i m s had ap­p a r e n t l y been assembling some bomb i n the car, or they a c c i d e n t a l l y set o f f one that was a l r e a d y assembled.

I n v e s t i g a t o r s a l l but r u l e d out the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t the 7 were v i c t i m s o f a t t a c k s by o t h e r s - - t h e n c o n t r a d i c t e d them­s e l v e s . " I f t h e r e were time bombs(set by o t h e r s ) , they were w e l l - c o n c e a l e d , " one i n v e s t i g a t e d s a i d , "because they were i n the passenger compartments, not under the f l o o r or i n the engine compartments." This was a p p a r e n t l y based on t h e f a c t that the f r o n t passenger s e c t i o n was t o t a l l y des­t r o y e d by the e s p l o g i c n i n each case while the backs o f the cars were not so b a d l y damaged. But the i n v e s t i g a t o r went on t o say, "That such bombs might have been p l a n t e d under the car seats hasn't been r u l e d out'.' A n t o n io A l c a n t e r , the o n l y sur­v i v o r o f the second bombing, s a i d t h a t he had not seen any type o f bomb i n the car.

The p o l i c e , through the p r e s s , went on t o persecute the v i c t i m s by searching c e r t a i n homes and c l a i m i n g t o f i n d a l l s o r t s o f m a t e r i a l s f o r e x p l o s i v e s and " l i t e r a t u r e " . Search warrants are p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n once they have been i s s u e d , but the p o l i c e f i r s t r e f u s e d t o show the

EDITORIAL FROM CLARIDAD

By Ramon Arbona, E d i t o r o f C l a r l d a d , a Puerto Rican independence newspaper

Those o f us who s t r u g g l e i n t h i s c o u n t r y a g a i n s t oppression have r e c e i v e d a n o t h e r blow, s i K chicsno companeios were assa s i n a t e d t h i s week, w i t h i n a apace o f t h r e e days, when bombs placed i n t h e i r automobiles © x p l Q ^ e d ,

These cases resemble o n l y too c l o s e ­l y o t h e r murders perpetrated i n L a t i n Am­e r i c a and o t h e r p a r t s o f the w o r l d , An expert places a bomb i n the car, somehow connects the d e t o n a t o r t o the v e h i c l e so t h a t i t explodes when the i g n i t i o n key t u r n s , or when the car reaches a c e r t a i n speed or i s j o l t e d by a p o t h o l e i n the road. The technique i s p e r f e c t e d i n the CIA schools, such as the I n t e r n a t i o n Po­l i c e Academy. Colorado, the s t a t e where these p o l i t i c a l murders have j u s t been p e r p e t r a t e d , has enormous open Spaces where t r a i n i n g i n those techniques i s c a r r i e d o u t .

I t doesn't take e x c e p t i o n a l I n t e l l i ­gence t o r e a l i z e t h a t two I d e n t i c a l ex­p l o s i o n s , some 24 hours a p a r t from each o t h e r i n the same c i t y and i n cars d r i v e n by Chicano a c t i v i s t s known f o r t h e i r s t r u g g l e on b e h a l f o f t h e i r people's r i g h t s , are p a r t o f a p l a n . And t h a t s o r t o f p l a n i s not c a r r i e d out by j u s t anybo­dy. E v i d e n t l y i t i s a w e l l c o o r d i n a t e d p l a n t o i n t i m i d a t e and d e s t r o y the Chicano movement, an attempt to h a l t t he work o f i t s more m i l i t a n t s e c t o r s .

w a r r a n t s t o r e p o r t e r s and then claimed the w a r r a n t s had been " m i s l a i d " , c o u l d n ' t be found. P o l i c e searched the homes Of Antonio A l c a n t a r , H e r i b e r t o Teran and Mrs. Frieda Bugarln. Mrs. Bugarin worked w i t h F reddie Granados a t the P l a t t e V a l l e y Ac­t i o n c e n t e r and had a p p a r e n t l y l e n t her car t o him on the n i g h t o f May 29 t o a t ­tend a meeting; t h i s was the car t h a t blew up.

There are c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n the press r e p o r t s on the searches. On May 30, the Denver Post s t a t e d t h a t p o l i c e had found Teran's house vacant; the next day, the Post s a i d t h a t news c l i p p i n g s on t h e first e x p l o s i o n had been found t h e r e . "Corky" Gonaales o f the Crusade f o r J u s t i c e had reason t o c a l l the search w a r r a n t s " i l l e ­g a l " and t o p r o t e s t " t h e f a c t t h a t t h e v i c t i m s , who are speechless and defense­l e s s f o r e v e r , are the ones who are further v i c t i m i z e d w h i l e t h e i r homes are searched ...are the dead the g u i l t y p a r t i e s ? "

The press a l s o made much o f the f a c t t h a t t h e r e seemed t o be c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n the s t o r y o f A n t o n i o A l c a n t a r , who s a i d he had j u s t h i t c h e d a r i d e i n the car on the n i g h t o f May 29. A l c a n t a r , w i t h one l e g amputated and h a l f - a l i v e i n the hos­p i t a l , i s c u r r e n t l y "under s u s p i c i o n " and might be i n d i c t e d f o r the second bombing. This a t t i t u d e has been t y p i c a l o f the p r e s s , which acted as both judge and j u r y

TERROR BOMBINGS I N COLORADO 1973 p o l i c e a t t a c k on movimiento a c t i v i t y

The same enemy t h a t persecutes f i l t ­ers everjHArtiere l u r k s behind these crimes, The a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f leaders and f i g h t e r s i s j u s t one more aspect - one o f the more b r u t a l aspects - o f the e n t i r e r e p r e s s i v e network a g a i n s t a r i s i n g movement. Cam­paigns t o d i s c r e d i t and thus I s o l a t e a movement from the m a s s e s , i n t i m i d a t i o n p e r p e t r a t e d by bosses I n order t o s t a r v e a m i l i t a n t i n t o d e f e a t , p o l i c e ambushes, the sabotage o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y work, the f a b r i c a t i o n o f l e g a l cases and so many o t h e r c l o a U and dagger o p e r a t i o n s , a l l weave a repreee-ive n e t i n which r i g h t -wing t e r r o r i s m p l a y s a growing r o l e . But r i g h t - w i n g t e r r o r i s m i s a l s o a r e s u l t o f h y s t e r i a , and we must not f o r g e t t h i s . I t I s t h e t y p i c a l a c t i o n o f a r e t r e a t i n g r i g h t wing t h a t d e s p a i r s as i t sees t h a t i t s more s u b t l e techniques f a i l t o pro­t e c t i t s p r i v i l e g e s .

Those are the techniques w i t h which they would h a l t the r i s i n g t i d e o f l i b e r ­a t i o n among oppressed peoples. To the same degree t h a t l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s e-merge v i c t o r i o u s i n o t h e r p a r t s o f the w o r l d , t o t h a t degree oppressed peoples i n t h i s c o u n t r y are o r g a n i z i n g t h e i r r e ­b e l l i o n and t r a n s f o r m i n g i t i n t o s t r u g g l e , i n t o a c t i o n s t h a t break bonds o f oppres­s i o n .

The common enemy o f a l l t h e oppressed peoples o f the w o r l d unleashes r i g h t - w i n g t e r r o r i s m wherever i t sees i t s i n t e r e s t s t h r e a t e n e d . I t s hand appears as i t d i d t h i s week i n Boulder, i n San Juan, Los Angeles, Mexico, Guinea or Buenos A i r e s , w i t h t he same f i e r c e n e s s and w i t h the sane f i e r c e n e s s and w i t h t he same g o a l . And un­t i l they are t o t a l l y wiped from the face

PAGE 3 on the v i c t i m s ; smeared t h e i r names con­s t a n t l y , and showed no regard f o r t h e f e e l i n g s o f the v i c t i m s ' f a m i l i e s .

The press a l s o p l a y e d on p u b l i c hys­t e r i a w i t h c o n e t s n t r ^ m i n d s r a o f o t h e r r e c e n t bombings. I n Boulder t h i s y e ar, there have been s e v e r a l o t h e r bombings, a t the F l a t i r o n s Elementary School; the C o l o , Univ. campus p o l i c e s t a t i o n ; and the H a l l o f J u s t i c e . (There were no ca-o u a l t l c s i n t l D s e incidents.) The press r e f e r r e d t o those e a r l i e r bombings i n a way t o suggest t h a t t he v i c t i m s o f May 27 and 29 were somehow r e s p o n s i b l e f o r them.

Five o f the 7 v i c t i m s were w e l l -known Chicano a c t i v i s t s . Probably the best-known was Reyes Paul M a r t i n e z , bro­t h e r o f FranciscoC'Kiko") M a r t i n e z . The press emphasised that Klko I s a " f u g i t i v e , " wanted on s t a t e and f e d e r a l charges o f sending dynamite l e t t e r s t o a Denver po­licewoman, a member o f the Denver School Board and a Denver business. Kiko i s an­o t h e r v i c t i m o f p o l i c e / p r e s s p e r s e c u t i o n , who had t o go underground. He i s a Chica­no lawyer who was v e r y a c t i v e i n defend­i n g h i s people and represented the Falcon f a m i l y a t the t r i a l o f Ricardo Falcon's r a c i s t k i l l e r . I t i s known t h a t Kiko was p r e p a r i n g a case t o present t o the U n i t e d Nations on the oppression o f Chicanos as a people. L i k e h i s b r o t h e r , Reyes was a lawyer and defender o f Raza. He t r a v e l e d around Colorado r e p r e s e n t i n g the poor, never a s k i n g f o r pay. He l e d the campaign i n g e t t i n g h i s b r o t h e r ' s name c l e a r e d an^ was once a r r e s t e d because he resembles K i k o ( b u t the press r e p o r t e d t h a t he had been a r r e s t e d on s u s p i c i o n o f possessing m a r i j u a n a . )

Would a man who was t r y i n g hard t o get h i s b r o t h e r ' s name c l e a r e d o f being a mad bomber take the chance o f g e t t i n g caught w i t h e x p l o s i v e s h i m s e l f ? The mother o f Reyes and Kiko opened her remarks a t a press conference a f t e r Reyes' death by speaking o f "our hour o f sorrow as we pre­pared t o bury a son and perhaps i n a few days more, a n o t h e r . "

I n t h e words o f Mrs. P i t a Melgares, s i s t e r o f Reyes and K i k o , " . . . i t i s h i g h ­l y p r o b a b l e t h a t Reyes and t h e o t h e r s were murdered by a h o r r i b l e f a s c i s t a c t inte n d ­ed t o f l u s h h i s b r o t h e r out from under­ground. I t ' s a c o n s p i r a c y t o keep t o a h a n d f u l the number o f Chicano a t t o r n l e s who have dedicated t h e i r l i v e s t o the people."

Francisco " F r e d d i e " Granados, another well-known Chicano a c t i v i s t , was a former student, a t Colo. Univ. where he served as

Cont on 19 o f the e a r t h , t h e i r blows i n many cases w i l l be too b r u t a l . Today such a c t i o n s have them i n power i n C h i l e , i n B r a z i l , in Greece and the Dominican Republic. They have been e n j o y i n g the sweet l i f e f o r years i n Spain, Nicaragua, and Paraguay. But t h e y a l s o once r u l e d i n Havana and are now i n Miami.

And we w i l l s e e t o i t t h a t one day-the day t h a t humanity i s v i c t o r i o u s -t h e r e w i l l be no more Mlamis l e f t .

I n the case o f Boulder we know t h a t we can expect n o t h i n g from o f f i c i a l i n v f f i -tl8«tion made by the agencies o f the v e r y government t h a t i s d i r e c t l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r such a c t i o n s . The o n l y way t o h a l t r i g h t - w i n g t e r r o r i s m i s t o h e i g h t e n strug­g l e , make i t more e f f e c t i v e , more massive, more p o w e r f u l , more c o o r d i n a t e d .

And i n keeping w i t h our P a r t y ' s com­mit t m e n t t o the Chicanos, the s o l i d a r i t y we have always extended t o the Chicano people and i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n s w i l l now reach h i g h e r l e v e l s . We w i l l not h o l d back our support. An a t t a c k a g a i n s t a Chicano f i g h t e r i s an a t t a c k a g a i nst us; we w i l l c o o r d i n a t e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i o n s d a i l y a-g a i n s t the common enemy.

The s t a f f o f SEIZE THE TIME endorses t h i s e d i t o r i a l o f support f o r the Chicano L i b ­e r a t i o n f i g h t e r s who made the h i g h e s t sa­c r i f i c e i n the s t r u g g l e f o r freedom. May the deeds o f our l i v e s be worthy o f t h e i r s a c r i f i c e .

page SEIZE THE TIME

PHOEKIX PROJECT FOR THE U.S.

B r a z i l . Uruguay, and C h i l e - c o u n t r i e s where p e o p l e have formed o r g a n i z a ­t i o n s t o r e s i s t I m p e r l a l i Q m and ex­p l o i t a t i o n , t o d e f end t h e l i v e s o f t h e p e o p l e and b u i l d a new s o c i e t y based on t h e c o n c r e t e needs and de­s i r e s o f t h e p e o p l e .

The b a s i s f o r a "Phoenix P r o j e c t "

Ths PhOGnix P r o j e c t i s t h e code t r o n l c g atc,paoo c a r d c f o r r e s i d e n t s and name f o r a massive CIA d i r e c t e d mur- and armed g a t e g u a r d . I t i s f o r t h e Qer o p e r a t i o n i n South V i e t n a m d u r - " s a f o t y o f t h o Y - e e i d e n t s , " a o e o r d i n e t o I n g t h e s i x t i e s . S p i n - o f f programs t o t h e Housing A u t h o r i t y . I f i t c o n t i n u e i n d i s r e g a r d o f t h e F a r l s w o r k s , t h e system w i l l be used t h r o u g h Peace Agreement o f 1973. S i m i l a r o u t t h e c o u n t r y , p r o j e c t s e x i s t i n P a r i s Peace Agree- - p r o v i d e b e t t e r s o c i a l s e r v i c e s , ment t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , N i x o n s u b m i t t e d a " b e t t e r c o m m u n i t i e s

A c t " t o Congress i n 1973. The o n l y s e c t i o n o f t h e B i l l t o speed t h r o u g h Congress and have a s i g n i f i c a n t Im­pa c t on t h e l o c a l l e v e l was t h e law e n f o r c e m e n t s e c t i o n . The s o c i a l s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d by R e o l c a t i o n a r e de s i g n e d t o d i s p e r s e G h e t t o r e s i d e n t s (see V o l l #2 S e i z e t h e Time,Redeve-

i n s l d e t h e USA e x i s t s a t t h i s moment,lopment). For t h o s e who s t r u g g l e f o r l i b e r a t i o n - g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n t o improve s e r v l -i n s l d e o f t h e U S A , t h e Vietnamese ces. V a r i o u s computer banks and s u r -v e r s i o n o f t h e Phoenix P r o j e c t p r o - veys have been o r w i l l be s e t up t o v i d e s a t i m e l y l e s s o n . We must be " I n d e n t i f y " d r u g and c r i m e prone pop f a m i l a r w i t h i t s s t r a t e g y . I t s sue- populations"(CODAP,ETC) t o a i d Rede-cesses and f a i l u r e s and i t s p r o b a b l e velopment A g e n c i e s , t o Improve w e l -f o n n m t h e USA. But,remember t h a t f a r e p r ograms, e t c . They a r e t i e d t h e CIA has had t i m e t o " f i e l d - t e s t " i n t o each o f t h e Law Enforcement AS-t h l s c o unte program i n S l s t a n c e Agency's computers. Y l e t n w an- -.Ing i t s I n V i e t n a m , t h e s e programs t o se-t e c h n l q u e I n L a t i n A m e r i c a , e t c . P r o - p a r a t e t h e NLP f r o m t h e pe o p l e were g r e s s l T e and r e v o l u t i o n a r y p e o p l e he f a l l i n g because t h e NLF was so s l o s e l y h e r e s h o u l d l e a r n what t h e pe o p l e o f conn e c t e d t o t h e p e o p l e and r e p r e s e n t -T i e t n a J i d i d and do some r e f i n i n g o f ed t h e i r d e s i r e f o r l i b e r a t i o n . The t h e i r o«n, and a v o i d c o s t l y M i s t a k e s c a d r e o f t h e NLP were swept i n t o t h e

Tbe b e a r t o f t h e Phoenix P r o j e c t s t r a t e g i c h a m l e t s a l o n g w i t h t h e i r f e l I s ll'T. t*!e CIA's otm words> " t h e 1 - f e l l o w v i l l a g e r s . A l t h o u g h p o l i t i c a l d e n t : i o n , apprc "eu- work was more d i f f i c u l t i n s i d e t h e s e t r a i l n o f Beaibe: . c e n e t s , t h e NLP expanded. More peo-CMIg i n f r a s t ^ r u e t u r e ( v c i ) T n e CIA p i e became a c t i v e a g a i n s t t h e Saigon uae "VCI" t c d e s c r i b e t h e N a t i o n a l r e g i m e as c o r r u p t o f f i c i a l s , s a d i s -L l b e r a t l o n F r o n t ' s "shadow goverment t i c g u ards and t h e unprovoked I m p r l -m t h e e o u n t r y s l d , t h e p o l i t i c a l ca- onment and murder o f l o v e d exposed S a l d r e who l i v e d and worked among t h e Saigon's t r u e i n t e n t i o n s , p e o p l e . The Phoenix p r o j e c t was d e s i g n e d

The WLP was f a r more t h a n a s m a l l t o go i n t o t h e s e v i l l a g e s , supposed-m i l i t a r y f o r c e w h i c h c o u l d be e a s i l y l y c o n t r o l l e d by S a i g o n , I n d e n t i f y i s o l a t e d f r o m t n e Vietnamese p e o p l e , t h e WLF l e a d e r s h i p and cadre and e l -

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I t . I tV***""^***

Note: Si n c e t h e Peace Agreements, American invovement has become much l e s s open.. Agents have been r e t r a i n ­ed t o w a r d more p o l i t i c a l w a r f a r e t e c h n i q u e s , l e i n f i l t r a t i o n o f o r g a n i ­z a t i o n s , development o f o f c o v e r s t o w a r d p o l i t i c a l e n d s , e t c .

I t was a f r o n t o f a l l o r g a n i z a t i o n s and s o c i a l s t r a t a o p p o s i n g T h i e u ' s f a s c i s m and US i n t e r v e n t i o n . I t used a l l forms o f r e s i s t a n c e f r o m v i g i l s by B u d d h i s t p r o f e s s i o n a l s t o armed a t t a c k s on p a c i f i c a t i o n o u t ­p o s t s by n a t i o n a l m i n o r i t i e s .

When t h e US Command d i s c o v e r e d

t h e r a s s a s l n a t e o r i m p r i s o n them a f t e r — — — — a f t e r i n t e r r o g a t i o n . S e c l a l l y t r a i n e d U.S. i n t e l l i g e n c e o f f i c e r s and a g e n t s t a r y t r i b u n a l and i m p r i s o n e d , were a t t h e t o p o f t h e Phoenix o r g a n i I f t h e r e i s n o t enough e v i d e n c e , z a t l o n . Some a g e n t s r e l a t e d t o t h e t h e y a r e h e l d f o r two y e a r r e n e w a b l e r e g u l a r m i l i t a r y command o n l y t h r o u g h t e r m s i n t e r m e d i a r i e s and c o u r i e r s . The c o u n t r y was d i v i d e d i n t o zones, and

t h a t t e c h n o l o g y and m i l i t a r y s u p e r i o r eache zone was a s s i g n e d t h r e e p a r a l -i t y a l o n e c o u l d n o t d e s t r o y t h e 1 1 - l e i teams: b i l a t e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e b e r a t l o n f o r c e s . I t t u r n e d t o t h e CIA c o l l e c t i o n , b i l a t e r a l c o u n t e r - i n s u r -t o e s t a b l i s h some k i n d o f program t o gency and u n i l a t e r a l I n t e l l i g e n c e l e s s e n t h e p o l i t i c a l and o r g a n i z a - c o l l e c t i o n . B i l a t e r a l teams were t l o n a l a u t h o r i t y o f t h e NLF. The composed o f b o t h Americans and V i e t ­

namese a g e n t s . The u n i l a t e r a l teams was J u s t Americans u s i n g Vietnamese

a p p a r a t u s c r e a t e d f o r t h i s purpose emerged i n May 196? as CORDS(Civil O p e r a t i o n s and R u r a l Development S u p - c i v i l i a n s and supp o s e d l y was unknown p o r t ) . I t was f o r m e r l y under t j e M i l i t a r y Command and I s now under " c i v i l i a n " a u t h o r i t y o f t h e as p a r t o f t h e S t a t e Department D i r e c t o r a t e flf R e s e t t l e m e n t and R e c o n s t r u c t i o n ( T h l e u ' s Eovernment). W i l l i a m F. Co l h y , f o r m e r l y d i r e c t o r o f CORDS,

t o t h e Saigon a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . Teams were u s u a l l y s m a l l , a b o u t f i v e members.

The u n i l a t e r a l teams worked t h r o u t h r o u g h s p e c i a l l y t r a i n e d u n i t s o f t h e Saigon r e g i m e ' s p o l i c e and m i l i ­t a r y . The u n i l a t e r a l teams r e o r u i t -p r o - a m e r l o a n V i e t n a m e s e , a n t l - l i b e r a -

was a p p o i n t e d by Ni x o n t o be head o f t l o n c i v i l i a n s as t h e i r p r i n c i p l e a-t h o CIA. g e n t s . They i n t u r n r e c r u i t e d t h r e e

PhocAlx was p a r t o f a d e v e l o p m e n t / l e a d e r s . They I n t u r n r e c r u i t e d r e s e t l e m e n t / r e c o n s t r u c t l o n agency be-3° c a l l e d a c t i o n a g e n t s , cause t h e CIA u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e NLF The l o w e s t l e v e l o f a g e n t s would had t o be c u t o f f f r o m t h e pe o p l e and a t t e n d mass d e m o s t r a t i o n s o r pose as v i c e v e r s a . T h i s meant e i t h e r en- w o o d c u t t e r s , m e r c h a n t s , e t c t o i n ­c l o s i n g t h e pe o p l e i n t o f o r t i f i e d d e n t i f y VCI s u s p e c t s . The suspect V i l l a g e s and s c r e e n i n g them one by would t h e n be apprehended by a m i l l -one, o r i f t h e p e o p l e were t o o c l o s e t a r y u n i t o r by t h e S p e c i a l Branch

A l r e a d y i n t h e U.S. t h e r e a r e sim s i m i l a r s p e c l a l y t r a i n e d p o l i c e and N a t i o n a l Guard units(SWAT, STRESS,ZEBRA, ZEBRA, r i o t c o n t r o l and t a c t i c a l s q u a d s ) . A l r e a d y we have had p l a n n - d ed p o l i c e and p a i d agent a s s a s i n a -t i o n s ( F r e d Hampton, Bunchey C a r t e r , Malcom X and many others.') A l r e a d y we have had pla n n e d N a t i o n a l P o l i c e ( F B I ) p l a n s t o i n f i l t r a t e , d i s r u p t , d i s c r e d i t p r o g r e s s i v e ^ r e v o l u t i o n ­a r y and p a r i c u l a r y B l a c k o r g a n i z a ­t i o n s .

A l r e a d y we have had U.S. M i l i t a r y s u p p o r t and proposed i n v o l v e m e n t i n dome s t i c c o u n t e r - i n s u r g e n c y (Mark Essex, t h e u r b a n r e b e l l i o n s , a l s o see t h e Wounded Knee a r t i c l e on pg-

) . The f o u n d a t i o n f o r a Phoenix p r o j e c t e x i s t s . What i s l a c k i n g i s t h e c o o r d i n a t i o n o f a l l t h e s e a c t i ­v i t i e s a c r o s s t h e USA i n one cen­t r a l o f f i c e . N i x o n t r i e d t o I n ­s t i t u t e such a c o o r d i n a t i o n c o u n c i l b u t Hoover b l o c k e d i t because he f e l t he would l o s e c o n t r o l o v e r h i s own a g e n c y ( E ^ I ) .

t o t h e NLF c o n t r o l l e d zones, r e l o c a ­t i n g them t o secure a r e a s and a g a i n s c r e e n i n g them. Diem and T h i e u had New L i f e V i l l a g e s , R u r a l Development, R e s e t t l e m e n t S e r v i c e s and C i t y Embel­l i s h m e n t programs. The US has New T o w n 5 ( s t r a t e g i c h a m l e t s ) . R u r a l De-v e l o p m e n t ( a N i x o n B i l l ) , R e l o c a t o r S e r v i c e s and Urban B e a u t i f i c a t i o n programs. T h i e u and t h e U.S. g o v e r n ­ment have b o t h t o l d t h e i r s u b j e c t s t h a t t h e s e programs were t o : - p r o v i d e s e c u r i t y f r o m c r i m i n a l e l e ­ments. I n San F r a n c i s c o a h i g h r i s e h o u s i n g p r o j e c t c a l l e d t h e " P i n k P a l a c e " i s b e i n g used t o t e s t o u t a s e c u r i t y system complete w i t h e l e c -

o f t h e N a t i o n a l P o l i c e . At t h i s p o i n t p o i n t , t h e sus p e c t i s l e t h e r a s s a s i n ­a t e d o r h e l d f o r q u e s t i o n i n g and de­t e n t i o n . Once d e t a i n e d t h e suspect has no l e g a l r i g h t s . He/she i s g e n e r a l l y h e l d a t d i s t r i c t o r p r o v i -g e n e r a l l y h e l d a t d i s t r i c t o f p r o ­v i n c i a l i n t e r r o g a t i o n c e n t e r s f o r up t o two months. T o r t u r e i s used t o e x t r a c t i n f o r m a t i o n and c o n f e s s i o n s . I f t h e suspect does n o t b r e a k , t h e y a r e g e n r a l l y k i l l e d . An American agent s a i d t h a t " i f t h e y were t o t u r n someone back i n t o t h e c o u n t r y ­s i d e i t would J u s t be m u l t i p l y i n g NLF f o l l o w e r s . " I f a suspect d i d c o n f e s s , he/she i s t r i e d by m i l l -

DEFENDING OUR COMMUNITIES S E I Z E THE TIME

( E d i t o r ' s N o t e : T n i s a r t i c l e was w r i t t e n t o d e a l w i t h murderous_for­e i g n i n v a d e r s who may one d a y I n v a d e o u r c o r a m u n l t l c a , k i l l o u r y o u t h , p a y us poor' wages, anfl m general ex­p l o i t a n d m u y f l e r u s . T n e s e t a c t i c s s n o u i a Oe u s e d o n l y a g a i n s t e n e m i e s o f t h i s t y p s . )

"The o b j e c t of war" i s s p e c i f i o a l l y ' t o p r o s o r v e o n e s e l f a nd d e e f p o j r t h e e n e m y ' ( t o d e s t r o y t h e enemy means t o d i s a r m h i m o r d e p r i v e h i m o f t h e p o w e r t o r e s i s t , a n d d o e s n o t mean t o d e s t r o y e v e r y member p h y s i c a l l y . ) I n a n c i e n t w a r f a r e , t h e s p e a r a n d t h e s h i e l d w e r e u s e d , t h e s p e a r t o a t t a c k a n d d e s t r o y t h e enemy, a n d t h e s h i e l d t o d e f e n d a n d p r e s e r v e o n e s e l f . To t h e p r e s e n t d a y , a l l w eapons a r e s t i l l e x t e n s i o n s o f t h e s p e a r a nd s h i e l d .

A t t a c k i s t h e c h i e f means o f d e ­s t r o y i n g t h e enemy, P u t d e f e n s e c a n ­n o t be d i s p e n s e d w i t h . I n a t t a c k t h e i m m e d i a t e o b j e c t i s t o d e s t r o y t h e enemy, b u t a t t h e same t i m e i t i s s e l f - p r e s e r v a t i o n , b e c a u s e i f t h e enemy i s n o t d e s t r o y e d , y o u w i l l be d e s t r o y e d . I n d e f e n s e t h e i m m e d i a t e o b j e c t i s t o p r e s e r v e y o u r s e l f b u t a t t h e same t i m e d e f e n s e i s a means

Political Power

o f s u p p l e m e n t i n g a t t a c k o r p r e p a r i n g t o go o v e r t o t h e a t t a c k . R e t r e a t i s i n t h e c a t e g o r y o f d e f e n s e a n d i s a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f d e f e n s e j p u r s u i t i s a c o n t i n u a t i o n or a t t a c k . A t t a c k , t h e C h i e f means of d e s t r o y i n g t h e enemy, i s p r i m a r y . W h i l e d e f e n s e , a s u p p l e m e n t a r y means o f d e s t r o y i n g t h e enemy and a means o f S Q l f - p r e s e r -v a t l o n , i s s s e o n d a r y . "

C h a i r m a n Mao t s e - T u n g f r o m "On P r o t r a c t e d War"

I f we t a k e a l o o k a t o u r oommu-n i t l e s we w i l l f i n d t h a t t h e y a r e o c ­c u p i e d b y a f o r e i g n enemy who k i l l s o u r y o u t h , f o r c e s us t o w o r k f o r s l a v e wages a n d l i v e i n i n h u m a n c o n d i ­t i o n s . The R o e k e r f e l l e r s ' r u l e i s e n ­f o r c e d b y t h e i r a r m y , t h e f i r s t l i n e o f d e f e n s e .

We I n t h e o p p r e s s e d T h i r d W o r l d c o m m u n i t i e s a r e a t a s t a t e o f w a r ( c o n s t a n t t h r e a t o f v i o l e n c e ) . "W m u s t be p r e p a r e d . The G u e r r i l l a m u s t know h i s t e r r i t o r y , b o t h b y d a y and n i g h t . T h i s c a n n o t be o v e r e s t i m a t e d . Make y o u r s e l f a c q u a i n t e d w i t h r o a d w a y s , s h o r t c u t s , a l l e y s , f e n c e s , t r e e s , d i t c h e s a n d s t r e e t s . You m u s t know t h e g e n r e a l s t r e e t p l a n o f y o u r c i t y , know e v e r y e n t r a n c e a n d e x i t , n o t o n l y m a i n r o a d s a nd t r a i l s b u t e v e r y s i d e s t r e e t & p a t h w a y . T h i s means t a k i n g n o t e s . T h i s d o e s n o t mean c a r r y i n g a p e n c i l a n d p a p e r b u t m e m o r i z i n g a s much a s p o s s i b l e . A g o o d way t o p r a c t i c e i s w a l k i n t o a r o o m , r e m a i n t h e r e 2 o r 3 m i n u t e s n o t i n g c o n t e n t s . T h e n go I n t o a n o t h e r r o o m , a n d w r i t e o u t e v e r y o b j e c t y o u remember s e e i n g . A n o t h e r p o i n t t o b e a r i n m i n d i s t o m e m o r i z e e v e r y 'dead g r o u n d • ( t e r r i t o r y w h i c h by I t s

Page 5 n a t u r a l c o n f o r m a t i o n I s s h i e l d e d f r o m t h e enmey's v i e w a n d f i r e . T h i s g r o u n d I s s u i t a b l e f o r l u r i n g t h e enemy i n t o p r e p a r e d t r a p s w h e r e we c a n w o r k w i t h ­o u t b e i n g o b s e r v e d . "

We m u s t know w h i c h h o u s e s / a p a r t -m c n t o e t c , t h a t c a n be u s e d a s o b s e r ­v a t i o n p o s t s a nd s a f e - h o u s e s . S e l e c ­t i o n s h o u l d n o t w a i t t i l l t h e d a y o f n e e d b u t a n a n a l y s i s o f l o c a t i o n , s e ­c u r i t y , e t c . s h o u l d be made b e f o r e ­h a n d . S i n c e much o f t h e f i g h t i n g w i l l 136 done m m^^ov u r b a n a r e a s , we m u s t know now t o e n t e r b u i l d i n g s o f i m p o r ­t a n c e w i t h o u t u s i n g t h e m a i n e n t r a n c e , b u t u s i n g c o n v e i e n t s e c o n d a r y e x i s t s . ; ' n o t e t h e b l i n d s i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g .

N o t o n l y m u s t we g e t t o know t h e t e r r i t o r y , we m u s t g e t t o know t h e p e o p l e . T h i s i s p r i m a r y ! "The a r m y m u s t be one w i t h t h e p e o p l e so t h a t t h e y w i l l see I t a s t h e i r own a r m y , " -Mao. The f i r s t s t e p i n w i n n i n g s u p ­p o r t i s l e t t i n g l a r g e n u m b e r s o f p e o ­p l e be a w a r e t h a t y o u e x i s t . T h i s * c a n be d o n e b y i l l e g a l l e a f l e t s , n e w s p a ­p e r s a n d a r m e d p r o p a g a n d a . Remember t h a t w o r d - o f - m o u t h i s a p o w e r f u l a n d s w i f t c o m m u n i c a t i o n s n e t w o r k . The news o f a p r a c t i c a l j o k e on t h e i n -v a d e r s d e . a w i l d g o o s e c h a s e b y p o ­l i c e f o r a n i l l e g a l b r o a d c a s t u n i t t h a t e n d s up i n t h e t r u n k o f t h e c h i e f ' s own c a r ) w i l l s p r e a d l i k e w i l d f i r e a n d g i v e b o l d n e s s t o t h e p e o p l e ' s r e s i s t a n c e . T h i s i s t h e c e n t r a l p u r p o s e o f t h e g u e r r i l l a f i g h t e r - t o r e l e a s e t h e v a s t e n e r ­g i e s o f t h e p e o p l e f o r t h e i r own l i b ­e r a t i o n , t o g i v e I m p e t u s t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a P e o p l e ' s Army.

M a t e r i a l f o r t h i s a r t i c l e was m a i n l y d r a w n f r o m Yank L e v y ' s G u e r r i l l a W a r f a r e . P e n g u i n 19^12.

t h e y w i l l h a v e t o r e l y o n t h e g a n g ­s t e r e l e m e n t t h a t w o u l d s e l l t h e i r m o t h e r f o r a f e w d o l l a r s . " B l a c k " A g e n t L o u i s T a c k w o o d o f t h e L.A.PD i s a g o o d e x a m p l e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h f e r e a r e mor e b r a i n w a s h e d p r o - A m e r i ­c a n a g e n t s h e r e t h a n a n y w h e r e e l s e . We w i l l f a c e i d e o l o g i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d a g e n t s a t e v e n t h e l o w e s t l e v e l s o f t h e US P h o e n i x P r o j e c t .

The NLP was a b l e t o d e f e a t t h e P h o e n i x p r o j e c t f o r t h r e e r e a s o n s . F i r s t i s t h e i r p o l i t i c a l p r o g r a m f o r l i b e r a t i o n a n d r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . I t t r u e l y e x p r e s s e s t h e j u s t a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f V i e t n a m e s e p e o p l e . S e c o n d l y t h e NLF c a d r e w e r e d e d i c a t e d t o s e r v i n g t h e i r c o u n t r y ­men. They were not p a i d a g e n t s o r r i c h l a n d o w n e r s but w o r k e r s , p e a s a n t s , c o n c e r n e d t e a c h e r s a n d r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r s .

L a s t l y , t h e NLF was s t r o n g e n o u g h o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l y a n d m i l i t a r i l y t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e p o l i t i c a l c a d r e I n s i d e t h e S a i g o n c o n t r o l l e d v i l l a g e s a n d t o w n s w i t h t h e m i l i t a r y u n i t s f i g h t i n g i n t h e m o u n t a i n s a n d j u n g l e s . Many v i l ­l a g e s w e r e l i b e r a t e d by i n t e r n a l u p r i s i n g s c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h g u e r r i l l a a t t a c k s .

As P h o e n i x p r o j e c t s a r e d e v e l o p e d i n t h e USA, we m u s t l e a r n f r o m t h e m e t h o d s , s t r a t e g i e s a n d v i c t o r i e s o f t h e V i e t n a m e s e p e o p l e i n d e s t r o y -t h e i r P h o e n i x P r o j e c t .

PHOENIX When tneUSA i n s t l t u e s a F h o e n l x

p r o j e c t (not t o say thsy h a v e n ' t a l ­ready) i t may look something l i k e t h i s .

Naiioml SeOJir\{yCoordm\im

FBI

3BIC(QI xprvivxs

The V i e t n a m e s e P h o e n i x p r o j e c t h a s s e v e r a l m a j o r f a u l t s . F i r s t , i t h a d t o d e p e n d on t h e r i c h l a n d h o l d e r s , t h e S a i g o n m i l i t a r y and t h e F r e n c h t r a i n e d b u r e a u c r a t s a l l o f whom t h e p e o p l e d e s p i s e d f o r t h e p r i n c i p l e a g e n t s . T h e s e w e r e t h e o n l y p e o p l e who saw i m p e r i a l i s m a n d t h e A m e r i c a n p r e s e n c e as b e n e f i c a l . The p e o p l e r e s i s t e d t h e p r o j e c t f r o m t h e s t a r t . T h i s f a u l t c a n n o t be c o r r e c t e d i n a n y r e ­f i n e m e n t o f t h e P h o e n i c p r o j e c t h e r e . The i m p e r i a l i s t s l a c k a n y r e a l a r g u m e n t s t o c o u n t e r t h e p o l i ­t i c a l p h i l o s o p h y o f l i b e r a t i o n ;

S e c o n d l y , t h e p r i n c i p l e a g e n t s ( p r o A m e r i c a n , a n t l - l l b e r a t l o n ) o f t e n u s e d t h e P h o e n i x P r o j e c t t o e l i m i n a t e t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l f o e s who h a d n o t h i n g t o do w i t h t h e NLP. Many o f t h e h i g h l e v e l V i e t n a m e s e

U- $. A, (CONTINUED PROM PREVIOUS PAGE)

a g e n t s b e l o n g e d t o t h e C a t h o l i c V i e t n a m e s e N a t i o n a l i s t P a r t y ( l i k e C h i a n g K a i Sh e k ' s C h i n e s e N a i o n a l l s t P a r t y , t h e K u o m i n t a n g ) . T h e y w o u l d o f t e n r e p o r t t h a t a B u d d h i s t ( t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l f o e s ) l e a d e r o r y o u t h a s s o c i a t i o n was r e a l l y p a r t o f t h e NLP when i n f a c t t h e y w e r e n o t . E v e n t u a l l y t h i s d r o v e many B u d d h i s t s t o t h e NLF f o r p r o t e c t i o n a n d t o j o i n t h e NLP's b a t t l e f o r d e m o c r a t i c r i g h t s a n d r e l i g i o u s f r e e d o m . The CIA d i d n o t w a n t t h i s t o h a p p e n b e ­c a u s e i t g a v e f a l s e i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d e x t e n d e d i n s t e a d o f e l i m i n a t s d t h e NLF.

I n t h e USA, t h e CIA w i l l be m o r e a w a r e o f t h i s p r o b l e m . T h e r e a r e a l s o f e w e r I n d e p e n d e n t , t r a d i t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s among t h e o p p r e s s e d p e o p l e s o f t h e USA. We h a v e b e e n more t h r o u g h l y c o l o n i z e d t h a n t h e V i e t n a m e s e . H o w e v e r s o m e t h i n g l i k e t h a t c o u l d h a p p e n w i t h l o c a l r e d n e c k p o l i c e a g e n c i e s a t t a c k i n g p r o g r e s s i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s a nd I n d i -d u a l s who a t f i r s t a r e n o t d i r e c t l y I n v o l v e d I n t h e c o n c e p t o f l i b e r a t i o n .

L a s t l y , t h e V i e t n a m e s e P h o e n i x P r o j e c t d e p e n d e d o n l o w e r l e v e l a-g e n t s whose p r i m a r y m o t i v a t i o n was money. To make more money, t h e y w o u l d e x a g g e r a t e r e p o r t s , u p g r a d e a s u s p e c t e d NLF f o l l o w e r t o s u s p e c t e d NLF l e a d e r s h i p , t o r t u r e p r i s o n e r s t o e x t r a c t c o n f e s s i o n s , e t c . As C o l b y p u t s i t :

" I f y o u w a n t t o g e t b a d i n t e l l i ­g e n c e , y o u u s e b a d i n t e r r o g a t i o n m e t h o d s . I f y o u w a n t t o g e t g o o d I n t e l l i g e n c e , y o u had b e t t e r u s e g o o d I n t e r r o g a t i o n m e t h o d s . You w i l l g e t w h a t t h e f e l l o w t h i n k s y o u w a n t t o h e a r I f y o u u s e t h e w r o n g me­t h o d s . T h i s i s t h e l e s s o n we h a v e b e e n t r y i n g t o p u t o v e r w i t h t h e p e o p l e w i t h whom we w o r k . "

The US P h o e n i x w i l l s t i l l h a v e t h i s p r o b l e m . O t h e r t h a n f a s c i s t s ,

tkGE 6 MESSAGES TO THE PEOPLE" J u l y 4 t h B L A C o m m u n i q u e A l l Power t o t h e People, comrades and i - o v o l u t i n n a r y b r n t h o r H and c i s t a r K .

Recently i n J a c k s o n v i l l e , F l o r i d a , there were a s e r i e s of e x e c u t i o n s c a r -3 r i e c 5 o u t ky p e o p l e un(3eir t h e name o f t h e B l a c k L i b e r a t i o n Army.

When they r i r s t name to our a t t e n ­t i o n , we took t h e p o s i t i o n a l l r e v o l u ­t i o n a r i e s are supposed t o take when the y don't understand something; we decided to i n v e s t i g a t e . A f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n , we at e prepared to take a p o s i t i o n .

r l r a t o f a l l , i t should be c l e a r l y understood what the Black L i b e r a t i o n Avmy i s and i s about. Ths BLA i s an army o f urban g u e r i l l a s , who f i g h t t he f a s c i s t and c a p i t a l i s t r u l i n g c l a s s w i t h arms, u s i n g unoonvQntional methods; an army f u l l of ardent r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s who f i g h t f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n of t h e i r people, who are f r i e n d s o f t h e people and f r i e n d s o f freedom.

The b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s who make up the BLA have made a conclous decesion; that they would rather f i g h t and di e , i f necessaryfto free t h e i r people from an oppressor that r a c i a l l y oppressed and eo-onoMically exploited them for over four hundred yea- ' here In Babylon than to f i ^ M *: :-eople of color i n V i e t MM. e t c . , Mno hav« done thea no luura.

the BtA knows and understands that thm oolf way we. a s a people, are going to obcain our c i v i l and huMan r i g h t s i s %c bring the present <-onupt c a p i t a l i s t r u l i n g class of the U.S. to i t s knees and beglA to retmild oor s o c i e t y .

Tim e x e c m o n or p o l i c e o t r i c e r s , exproeriatic«i of banks and arms have heen aaae of the t a c t i c s used by the B U in i t s aetMBpts to win the revolution i n America. But never has the BLA aavocated or taken p a r t i n senseless murder of i n ­n o c e n t memkers o f t h e community.

The BLA usee the e x p r o p r i a t i o n o£ banlcs as a t a c t i c f o r a t w o f o l d reason, one, the maintenance of the g u e r i l l a and the r e v o l u t i o n , ftnd two, t o s t r i k e blows at t h e nerve c e n t e r o f the c a p i t a l i s t syetem. Because the tremendous c o s t s of the revolutionary war must f a l l on the big c a p i t a l i s t s , on imperialism and the governments, e i t y s t a t e , and f e d e r a l . . . in other words, they pay for t h e i r ovm destru c t i o n .

P o l i c e o f f i c e r s have been a major t a r g e t i n t h e p a s t hecanse the y are imm­e d i a t e l y r e c o g n i z a b l e agents o f t h e op­pressor i n our communities. They not o n l y o p p r e s s u s a t w i l l , b u t a r e l i c e n ­s e d t o o p p r e s s and a r e exempt from most of t h e laws o t moral dQcency. A v l v l Q example c f t h e i r exemption was t h e r e c e n t a c q u i t t a l o f p i g Thomas Shea o f the A p r i l 2 8 t h , 1973 murder o f t e n - y e a r - o l d C l i f ­f o r d Glover. Need any more reasons f o r t h e i r e x e c u t i o n be c i t e d ? !

The BLA has.been i n e x i s t e n c e f o r a number o f yea r s , and on numerous occas­io n s i t has attempted t o communicate t o the masses o f oppressed peoples t h e r e a ­sons f o r i t s e x i s t e n c e and purposes, b u t on a major l e v e l , t h i s eommunioation has been b l o c k e d , and we understand why. Be­cause the c o r r u p t r u l i n g c l a s s o f t h i s c o u n t r y r e a l i z e t h a t t h e BLA i s n o t j u s t a gang o f thugs, as the Amsterdam News c a l l s us o r a group o f cop k i l l i n g fana­t i c s and bank ro b b e r s , as the r e s t o f the r u l i n g class-government c o n t r o l l e d major media r e f e r s t o us. They know t h a t we are r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s t h a t are m o t i v a t e d by g r e a t f e e l i n g s o f lo v e f o r the people tUid outraged at.^11 the a t t r o c i t i e s be­

in g heaped upon the he^ds »f t h s poSJT and oppressed people i n babylon. The c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y propaganda campaign o f the r u l i n g c l a s s I n these u n i t e d s t a ­t e s has been designed t o sabotage and u l t i m a t e l y d e s t r o y t h e BLA and a l l such r e v o l u t i o n a r y groups t h r o u g h t h e use o f c h a r a c t e r a e s i n a t i o n e , s t i r r i n g up the d i e l i k e and t h e s t r e s s o f the people-making t h e people f e a r the army and c r e ­a t i n g d i s t o r t i o n s as t o i t s p o l i t i c s and purpose.

The e x e c u t i o n s t h a t t o o k p l a c e i n J a c k s o n v i l l e are the r e s u l t o f t h e r u l i n g c l a s s d i s t o r t a t i o n s o f t h e BLA and Black and o t h e r oppressed peoples' s t r u g g l e s t o o b t a i n human r i g h t s . The f a c t t h a t t h e b r o t h e r s who executed t h e son o f t h a t New Jersey s t a t e t r o o p e r d i d so f o r t h e r e a ­sons t h a t t h e y d i d i t are understandable because we can understand how you can be oppressed i n such a way and f o r so l o n g t h a t a l l you want t o do i s s t r i k e o u t . The BLA has lo n g m a i n t a i n e d t h a t t h e r e w i l l always be a Black L i b e r a t i o n Army as l o n g as our oppression c o n t i n u e s , f o r t h e r e w i l l always be freedom f i g h t e r s r i d i n g up and p i c k i n g up t h e gun t o wage armed s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e f o r c e s t h a t oppress us. These people know t h a t t h e L i b e r a t i o n Army e x i s t s b u t , due t o the d i s t o r t i o n s o f i t s p o l i t i c s and i n t e n t s by the r u l i n g c l a s s , we have a c t i o n s such as J a c k s o n v i l l e , F l o r i d a o c c u r r i n g .

The tapes t h a t were sent o u t f o l ­l o w i n g t h e e x e c u t i o n s showed people t h a t were so consumed by t h e i r h a t r e d f o r t h e oppoessors t h a t t h e y c o u l d n ' t see p a s t the s k i n c o l o r o f t h e v i c t i m t o determine whether he was a f r i e n d o r f o e . We can l a y t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h i s a t t h e f e e t o f t h e r u l i n g c l a s s .

we do no t condemn t h e brathei-e who c a r r i e d o u t t h e e x e c u t i o n s i n Jackson­v i l l e , F l o r i d a f o r t h e i r a c t s , because we know t h e m o t i v a t i o n behind i t . . . a de­s i r e t o f i g h t f o r t h e freedom o f Black people from r a c i s m , t y r a n n y and oppres­s i o n . A l l Power t o t h e People.

Black L i b e r a t i o n Army

FBI and Mi l i fary Activities at Wounded Knee FROM AKWESASNE NOTES (ht t h e F D I ' e mlBdeeda began t o be r e v o a i e o , s l o w l y t h e t r s . i l o f h i g h l e v e l c o n s p i r a c y a g a i n s t t h e na­t i v e movement I m p l i c a t e d t h e Avn.y^ seriio.r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f f l i . i i a l p -maybe even t h e White House.)

An o b s e r v e r o f t h e m.9ny months t h e c o u r t lias heer i n session c o u l d have t r - o u b l e d e t e r m i n i n g who t h e Qerendai'its a r e . I t ' s t r u e t h e case i s t i t l e d 4 " u n l t c d States of America, p l a i n t i f f , vs. Dennis Ban>s and R u s s e l l Means ^ d e f e n d a n t s . "

But t h e r o l e s seems t o hi-ive heen r e v e r s e d , and t h e U.S. Government has been on t h e d e f e n s i v e . The names o f t h e two d e f e n d a n t s a r e r a r e l y m e n t i o n e d o t h e r t h a n i n pass­i n g . Few o f t h e bevy o f w i t ­nesses have g i v e n e v i d e n c e d i r e c t ­l y l i n k i n g Banks and Means w i t h t h e c r i m e s charged a g a i n s t them.

About a l l t h a t has been sJiown t o t h i s p o i n t i s t h a t t h e two were among t h e ATM members who moved i n t o Wounded Knee at: t h e s t a r t o f t h e o c c u p a t i o n , a n d a p p a r e n t l y had le a d ( 3 r s h i p r o l e s .

Meanwhile, t h e J u s t i c e Depav-t-.ment, t h e F e d e r a l Bureau o f I n v e s -t l g a t i o n ( F B I ) and t h e p r o s e c u t i o n have been g e t t i n g t h e i r lumps,both f r o m t h e degense and f r o m t h e cou.-t.

Just as t h e f u i ' o r over the w i r e ­t a p p i n g had s e t t l e d down and t h e p r o s e c u t i o n was l o o k i n g f o w a r d t o

resum i n g t h e t r i a l , neif ^.eeues c&m.e up on t h e use of m i l i t a r y f o r c e d u r i n g t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f Wounded Knee, FBI i n t e l l i g e n c e o p e r a t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e AmerJean I n d i a n Moverr.ent Movement, and t h e a u t h o r i t y o f f e d e r a l f e d e r a l m a r s h a l s t o be i n v o l v e d ,

A document on t h e J u s t i c e D e p a r t ­ment ' g .response t o q u e s t i o n s asked by th e Senate I n t G r l o r Committee d u r i n g " t h e o c c u p a t i o n l a s t ye';.r came tc l i g h t . I n i t , I t says, on November 21, 1972, a f t e r t h e T r a i l o f Br..-ken T r e a t i e s o c c u p i e d BIA head­q u a r t e r s , t h e n d e p u t y A t t o r n e y Gene­r a l Ralph E. E r i c k s o n d i r e c t e d t h e F B I " t o i n t e n s i f y i t s e f f o r t s t o i n ­t e n s i f y i t s e f f o r t s t o d e n t i f y v i o l e n c e - p r o n e I n d i v i d u a l s o r o i - R a n i z a t l o n s i n v o l v e d i n Ameri­can I n d i a n a c t I v l t l e s . p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e AIM o r g a r i l z a t i on. "

The FBI i s c o l l e c t i n g and d i s s e ­m i n a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n o f an i n t e l l - i -gence n a t i r e " t h e department s a i d .

Defense a t t o r n e y s W i l l i a m Knus-l e r and Douglas H a l l s a i d t h e s t a t e ­ments reopien t h e I s s u e s o f v / l r e t a p -p i n g and I l l e g a l i n v a s i o n o f t h e de­fe n s e l e g a l eamp t h a t t h e y t h o u g h t had been l a i d t o r e s t i n t h e unsuc­c e s s f u l f our-week h e a r i n g t o d i s m i s s c h a r g e s .

Judge N i c h o l agreed,and o r d e r e d t h e f e d e r a l p r o y e c u t o r s t o produce more i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e s t a t e ­

ments, and g i v e t h e j u d g e a copy of a r e c e n t l y r e l e a s e d f B I p l a n t o d i s r u p t t h e a c t l v l t i e c 3 o f m i l i t a n t o r g a n j z a t i o n s .

The p l a n had been p u b l i s h e d w i t h t h e names o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s de­l e t e d . E a r l K a p l a n , a J u s t i c e De-part .T ien t a t t o r n e y , t o l d t h e Judge he had r e a d t h e paper b e f o r e t h e names were removed, and t h a t AIM was n o t me n t i o n e d . But N i c h c l o r d e r e d K a p lan t o Show t h e complete document t o him so he can see f o i ' n i m s e i r . me do­cument a l s o r e v e a l s what a p p a r e n t l y i s a more j . n t e n s l v e m i l i t a r y i n v o l ­vement i n t h e c c c u p a t i o n t h a n t h e U.S. has a d m i t t e d u n t i l now. The use of U.S. Armed Forces on American s o i l - a g a i n s t I t s own p e o p l e - i s p r o h i b i t e d i n t h e American C o n s l t u f c i o n .

F e d e r a l o f f i c i a l s have s a i d r e p e a t e d l y t h a t t h e U.S. Army's I n -nvolvement was l i m i t e d t o s u p p l y i n g f o o d , r i f l e s and armored p e r s o n n e l c a r r i e r s t l f e d e r a k a g e n t s a t t h e scene.

The J u s t i c e Department t o l d t h e se n a t o r s , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e d e p a r t ­ment "has m a i n t a i n e d r e g u l a r c o n t a c t w i t h t h e D i r e c t o r a t e o f M i l i t a r y sup­p o r t , Department o f t h e Army, s i n c e F e b r u a r y 28," t h e day a f t e r t h e oc­c u p a t i o n s t a r t e d . "On March 2, 1973 1973s" t h e J u s t i c e document s a y s , " r e ­p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e Department o f Defense b r i e f e d r e p r e s e n a t l v e s o f J u a t i c e and I n t e i - i o r ( d e p a r t m e n t s )

COM*. MSK* Pg.

On Ideological Clarify in fhe Black Liberat ion Movemenf

Over the past year we have heard many c r i e s for u n i t y I n s i d e o f the Black Libera­t i o n movement. This c a l l r e f l e c t s both a profound need and a r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t when we are u n i f i e d we achieve our g r e a t e s t v i c ­t o r i e s . However, d e s p i t e repeated c a l l s f o r u n i f i c a t i o n J we seem t o he more d i s ­u n i t e d than we have been f o r y e a r s . There i s c o n f u s i o n about the g o a l s , s t r a t e g y and t a c t i c s o f our movement among both cadres and the masses o f Black people. Many cadre have e i t h e r " r e t i r e d ' f r o m t he movement or have b u r i e d themselves i n l o c a l i s e d ^ r a o -t l c a l ' w o r k . Because o f the g r e a t fragmen­t a t i o n and c o n f u s i o n o f the cadres, the masses have t u r n e d toward t h e day-to-day s t r u g g l e s o f s u r v i v a l and oca s a l o n a l spon­taneous r e a c t i o n t o t h e i n c r e a s i n g repres­s i o n o£ the s t a t e . O f t e n the F B I / s t a t e mis­i n f o r m a t i o n , c o u n t e r - i n s u r g e n c y and assas­s i n a t i o n campaign i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d i s u n i t y and c o n f u s i o n w i t h i n the movement. The s t a t e has d e a l t the Black L i b e r a t i o n Movement a s e r i o u s blow w i t h i t s v i c i o u s a n t i - B l a c k campaign t h a t i n c l u d e d t h e as­s a s s i n a t i o n s o f Malcolm X, M a r t i n L u t h e r King J r . , Fred Hampton and Geor'ge Jackson.

However, we must understand as A m l l ­car C a b r a l , s l a i n l eader o f the successful n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movement o f Guine-Bi s s a u , i s t h a t our own weaknesses have l e d t o t h e present s t a t e o f c o n f u s i o n and d i s u n i t y . He says, "...the s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t our own weaknesses...(is) the most d i f f i ­c u l t o f a l l , no m a t t e r what d i f f i c u l t i e s t h e enemy may create....We know t h a t t h e development o f phenomenon i n movement, whatever i t s e x t e r n a l appearance, depends m a i n l y on i t s i n t e r n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , " What we understand i s t h a t t he F B I / s t a t e d i s r u p t i o n o f the Black L i b e r a t i o n Move­ment can be b e t t e r viewed as a campaign designed t o e x p l o i t weaknesses a l r e a d y p r e s e n t I n our movement. A FBI memo on how t o aet up an I n f o r m e r i n the top l e v e l s of Panther l e a d e r s h i p c l e a r l y I n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s t a t e recognized and were e x p l o i t i n g a l r e a d y known weaknesses and d i v i s i o n s w i t h i n Panther ranks. As George Jackson s t a t e s , fascism i s successfulwhen I t i s c o n f r o n t e d w i t h a weak r e v o l u t i o n a r y tteust, or as Lenin would say, f a i l u r e o f r e v o l u ­t i o n i a the f a u l t o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s .

I f we take the hard r e a l i s t i c view t h a t i t i s our weaknesses which are t h e pr i m a r y cause o f the present s t a t e o f dis­o r g a n i z a t i o n and c o n f u s i o n , i t becomes c l e a r t h a t i n o r d e r t o r e b u i l d t he move­ment our f i r s t t a s k must be t o c o r r e c t the present and past weaknesses t h a t plague us J Among t h e most s e r i o u s o f our many f a u l t s a re the l a c k o£ good s e c u r i t y with­i n t h e movement, unsystematic propaganda, l a c k o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a l cohesion, and l a c k Of concrete connection w i t h t he masses.

THE NEED FOR STRONG IDEOLOGY AND THEORY I N THE BMCK LIBERATION MOVEMENT A l l o f these f a u l t s , c r i t i c a l as they

a r e , are not p r i m a r i l y t he r e s u l t o f a l a c k o f p r a c t i c a l work. P r a c t i c a l work i s a t a f a i r l y h i g h but sporadic l e v e l i n many areas o£ t h e c o u n t r y . A f r i c a n L i b e r ­a t i o n Day o r g a n i z i n g , POW o r g a n i z i n g , com­mun i t y s t r u g g l e s , newspaper work are some Of t h e many forms t h a t o r g a n i z i n g and po­l i t i c a l work i s t a k i n g i n t h e Black com­mun i t y . The c o n f u s i o n and the d i s u n i t y i n our movement i s not caused by the l a c k o f wo r k ( a l t h o u g h t h i s statement should not be taken t o mean that enough p o l i t i c a l work i s o c c u r i n g i n even one area I) Weakness and c o n f u s i o n r e s u l t from our work not hav­i n g a coherent d i r e c t i o n . There are no c l e a r l i n e s e i t h e r among t h e masses or cadres about what a p o s i t i o n i s on any giv­en i s s u e . R e v o l u t i o n a r i e s are not drawing c l e a r l i n e s between themselves and the bourgeois r i g h t - w i n g o f t h e Black n a t i o n . I n A t l a n t a , mass o r g a n i z i n g a g a i n s t police r e p r e s s i o n i s being c a r r i e d out through a united front o f many o r g a n i z a t i o n s . How­ever r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s and t h e i r o r g a n i z a ­tions are s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d . The demand o f the f r o n t i s t h a t t h e p o l i c e c h ief(Inmann) should be f i r e d . This i s the demand o f the democratic Black bourgeois Mayor o f A t l a n t a ( J a c k s o n ) . T h i s i s not on­l y t h e demand o f t h e f r o n t ; i t i s a l s o tlie demand o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y groups such as Black Workers' Congress,

The demand t o remove an o f f i c i a l i s by i t s e l f a r e f o r m i s t demand, i f the r a ­cism and oppression o f the whole system i s

n o t ehoun. I n aueh cases i t i s t h e d u t y of revolutionaries to educate around as h i g h a l e v e l o f demand as c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e time and p l a c e ( e g , demands such as commu­n i t y c o n t r o l , p o l i c e d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n , armed Belf-de£ense,ete.) Not t o push issues such as these i s t o abandon t h e leadership o f t h e movement t o the b o u r g e o i s i e . The end r e s u l t i s t h a t t h e " r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s " f i n d themselves s e r i o u s l y t a i l i n g t h e mas­ses. As Len i n s u c c i n c t l y puts i t , " I t i s im p o s s i b l e to l e a d from t h e r e a r . "

We see a severe I d e o l o g i c a l weakness i n the Black L i b e r a t i o n movement. I t I s w e l l understood by r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s t h a t p r a c t i c e i s p r i m a r y i n t h e d i a l e c t i c be­tween knowing and do i n g . What i s not as understood i s t h a t w i t h o u t r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y t h e r e cannot be s u c c e s s f u l r e v o l u ­t i o n . R e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y i s t h e s t r o n g l i g h t that must always guide our practical work. Without a c l e a r r e v o l u t i o n a r y i d e o ­l o g y , c o n f u s i o n between r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s and r e f o r m i s t s , and r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s and c r i m i n a l s w i l l always be p r e s e n t . Without a c l e a r program t h e masses w i l l be eon-fused on j u s t what k i n d o f change r e v o l u ­t i o n a r i e s advocate and what road leads t o t h i s change. Without a c l e a r r e v o l u t i o n a r y i d e o l o g y , r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s w i l l h i n d e r t h e mass movement r a t h e r t h a n push i t f o r w a r d .

What i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y i d e o l o g y ? Revo­l u t i o n a r y i d e o l o g y i s t h e summation o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e over the past cen­t u r y and a h a l f r a i s e d t o t h e l e v e l o f time and s t r u g g l e t e s t e d s c i e n t i f i c p r i n ­c i p l e s . S t a l i n e x p l a i n s f u r t h e r t h e con­n e c t i o n between t h e o r y and p r a c t i c e , "Theory becomes purposeless i f i t i s not connected w i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r a c t i c e , j u s t as prac­t i c e gropes i n the dark i f i t s p a t h i s not i l l u m i n a t e d by r e v o l u t i o n a r y theory."As Gabral sums up, "we would r e c a l l t h a t ev­er y p r a c t i c e produces a t h e o r y , and thaat i f i t i s t r u e t h a t a r e v o l u t i o n can f a i l even though i t i s based on p e r f e c t l y con­c e i v e d t h e o r y , nobody has y e t made a sue-e e s g f u l r e v o l u t i o n w i t h o u t a r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y . "

To b e g i n t h e t a s k o f s t r e n g t h e n i n g and c l a r i f y i n g t ho I d e o l o g y o f t h e B' >ek l i b e r a t i o n movement, we must i n v e s t i g a t e t h e i d e o l o g y o f v a r i o u s o r g a n i s a t i o n s and groups c l a i m i n g a l e a d e r s h i p r o l e i n t h e Black L i b e r a t i o n Movement. I n the r e s t o f th e paper we w i l l compare d i f f e r e n t l e v ­e l s o f u n i t y and o r g a n i z a t i o n needed f o r d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f work i n our l i b e r a ­t i o n movement, ^ e most b a s i c l e v e l o£ u n i t y that we must determine i a what f o r ­ces a r c part o f the Black L i b e r a t i o n move­ment. The p r i m a r y c o n t r a d i c t i o n i s between Black people and t h e i r oppressors« But the most i m p o r t a n t c o n t r a d i c t i o n w i t h i n t h e movement i s between r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s and r e f o r m i s t s

REFORMISM AND THE BLACK LIBERATION MOVEMENT When we t a l k about Black L i b e r a t i o n

we are t a l k i n g about t h e complete p o l i t i ­

c a l , economic and s o c i a l l i b e r a t i o n o f persons o f A f r i c a n descent i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , There a r c b a s i c a l l y o n l y two ap­proaches t o t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f our people. There are those who wish t o mod i f y t h e pre s e n t governmental system so t h a t i t w i l l b e t t e r t h e l i v e s o f B l a c k s , and tiiere a r e those who b e l i e v e t h a t t h e e n t i r e h i s ­t o r y o f Black people i n America has been one o f e x p l o i t a t i o n and o p p r e s s i o n , and t h a t t h e o n l y reason t h a t Blacks even ex­i s t i s t o serve as modern day sl a v e s t o f u l f i l t h e needs o£ a small and p r i v i l e g e d r u l i n g c l a s s .

Under t h e system o f monopoly c a p i t a l ­ism, t h i s dass c o n t r o l s a few g i a n t corp­o r a t i o n s t h a t c o n t r o l t h e whole s o c i e t y ' s means o f p r o d u c t i o n , i e . f a c t o r i e s , trans­p o r t a t i o n , c oniaunications. Using t h e i r s t r a n g l e h o l d on t h e economic r e s o u r c e s -needed by human s o c i e t y , these c a p i t a l ­i s t s e x t o r t t h e l a b o r o f poor and worki n g people - s e l l i n g people back the p r o d u c t s o f t h e i r own l a b o r f o r more than i t c o s t s t o make and d i s t r i b u t e them.

American c a p i t a l i s m was b u i l t on t h e genocide o f N a t i v e Americans and t h e slav­e r y o f A f r i c a n s . I t expanded t h r o u g h t h e s u b j u g a t i o n o f resource and l a b o r - r i c h TW c o u n t r i e s . These peoples r e a c t e d v i o l e n t ­l y a g a i n s t t h e crimes o f c a p i t a l i s m . Mean­w h i l e , t h e w h i t e w o r k i n g c l a s s i t s e l f was r e s t l e s s , s u f f e r i n g o p p r e s s i o n i n t h e hands o f the greedy c a p i t a l i s t s . Faced w i t h war on two f r o n t s , t he r u l i n g c l a s s n e g o t i a t e d w i t h u n l o n ( a s " r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s " o f w h i t e workers) f o r h i g h e r l i v i n g s t a n ­dards, r e - e n f o r c i n g w h i t e supremacy and p a t r i o t i s m . I n order t o ensure the l o y a l ­t y o f t h e w h i t e w o r k i n g c l a s s , the r u l i n g c l a s s must s y s t e m a t i c a l l y deny Black peo­p l e equal s t a t u s i n t h i s c o u n t r y .

R e v o l u t i o n a r i e s b e l i e v e t h a t o n l y a complete break w i t h t h i s system o f exploi­t a t i o n t h a t has been op p r e s s i n g Black peo­p l e f o r f o u r hundred years i s t h e o n l y v i a b l e road t o freedom. These people be­l i e v e t h a t o n l y a r e v o l u t l o n ( a complete break, o v e r t u r n i n g the o r d e r o f t h i n g s ) w i l l accomplish t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f our peo­p l e .

R e f o r m i s t s may a t times do p o s i t i v e work f o r Black people. I n h i s t o r y r e f o r m ­i s t s have even pl a y e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y r o l e s i n t h e Black L i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e . I n t h e e a r l y s i x t i e s t h e C i v i l R i g h t s movement was e s s e n t i a l l y a r e f o r m movement. The f e r v o r o f t h e s t r u g g l e a c ted as a spark t h a t i g n i t e d t h e Black w o r k i n g , poor and mid d l e c l a s s e s , Marches, freedom bus rides, and s i t - i n s were some o f t h e many t a c t i c s used by t h e movement under Dr. King's slo­gan o f " D i r e c t A c t i o n " . However, D i r e c t A c t i o n brought t h e p r o t e s t e r s i n d i r e c t c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h w h i t e r a c i s t s and a h o s t i l e s t a t e . Birmingham and Chicago Showed what co u l d happen t o p e a c e f u l p r o ­t e s t e r s . On t h e one hand, t h e Black masses, e s p e c i a l l y t h e poor and workers, were get­t i n g angry a t t h e l a c k o f r e a l progress b e i n g made and t h e v i o l e n c e a g a i n s t t h e movement. C r i e s f o r s e l f - d e f e n s e and more r a p i d p o l i t i c a l and Genomic gains became common. On t h e o t h e r hand, the s t a t e was becoming disenchanted and f r i g h t e n e d by t h e growing m i l i t a n c y o f c i v i l r i g h t s ac­t i v i s t s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s ( i e . SNCC). The word went o u t , 'back down and slow up or face repression.'The r e f o r m i s t elements had a choice e i t h e r t o go t o t h e next l e v ­e l o f change, t h e s t r u g g l e f o r c i v i l r i g h t s t o one o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y human r i g h t s , o r t o back down and s e t t l e f o r any token r e ­forms dispensed t o a few o f Che Black e-l l t e . The r e f o r m movement e i t h e r must d i e or transform I t s e l f , Most o f t h e leadership ( p e t t y bourgeois p r o f e s s i o n a l s , business­men e t c . ) , tended t o compromise. O t h e r s , l i k e Dr. King and much o f t h e masses, con­t i n u e d the s t r u g g l e on a h i g h e r l e v e l .

I n t he s e v e n t i e s , c o n t r a d i c t i o n s have r i s e n t o an e x p l o s i v e l e v e l . The s t a t e has unleashed an unprecedented m i l i t a r y ( p o l i c e ) and e c o n o m i c ( u n e m p l o y m e n t / i n f l a t i o n ) a t ­t a c k on Black people. P o l i c e murders o f T h i r d World people have become commonplace. Diss e n t and d i s s e n t e r s a r e s i n g l e d out f o r d e s t r u c t i o n . The economic r e f o r m aspect o f t h e c i v i l r i g h t s movement was a complete f a i l u r e f o r t h e masses o f B l a c k s . Unemplcy-me n t ( a t l e a s t 50%) I n t h e c i t i e s i s h i ^ r t h a n i t s been since t h e s i x t i e s . The i n ­come gap between w h i t e s and Blacks i s w i ­dening even f a s t e r . Since 1972 the Black m i d d l e c l a s s ( $ l l , 0 0 0 y e a r l y f a m i l y income

PAGE B f o r modest but a d e q u a t e l i v i n g by g o v t , f i g u r e s ) has shrunk from 26 t o 24%. We are i n t h e middle o f an economic r e c e s s i o n t h a t many bourgeois economists b e l i e v e w i l l become a depression. Blacks w i l l s u f f e r even more economic oppression as we d i d i n t h e Creat Depresslon(1930'5). Reform has f a i l e d . The s t a t e no l o n g e r even a t ­tempts to p a c i f y us.

Reforms can no l o n g e r be considered a v i a b l e s t r a t e g y for the BlaeU L i b e r a t i o n movement. L i b e r a t i o n means the t o t a l t r ee-dom o f our people. H a l f l i b e r a t i o n , token l i b e r a t i o n maUce as much sense as "second c l a s s c i t i z e n s h i p " . Our h i s t o r y has clear­l y ehown t h a t our eomplctc l i b e r a t i o n w i l l mean the end of t h e system o£ exploitafcLon t h a t t h e s t a t e i s based upon. The s t a t e has consequently t r i e d t o d e s t r o y a l l sed-ous attempts a t freedom by Black people from Dr. King t o George Jackson,

The goals o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y and the r e f o r m i s t are c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t , One attempts t o make the system b e t t e r . The o t h e r attempts t o d e s t r o y i t and b u i l d a c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t system. As Cabral shows, r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , "must ac­cept the p r i n c i p l e t h a t t he l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e i s a r e v o l u t i o n , and t h a t it<k)es not f i n i s h a t t h e moment when the n a t i o n ­a l f l a g and the n a t i o n a l anthem p l a y e d . We w i l l see that t h e r e i s not and cannot be national l i b e r a t i o n ( i n our case, our n a t i o n COrtMponds t o A f r i c a n s i n the I h i -t e d S t a t e s ) without the use of the l i b ­e r a t i n g violence of the n a t i o n a l i s t forces, t o a n r a e r t h e c r l B l n a l violence of the agenta o f l a t t e r l a l i a a . "

I a t b e a b o r t r u n , i n s p e c i a l cases, rewolotiMiarlee and r e f o x a i s t s should(iiiist) work t o g e t h e r because t a c t i c a l l y i t i s i n '' * ' a t e r e a t e f tbe t o t a l l i b e r a t i o n uf

people t o t C B p o r a r i l y pursue reform jtc^tmt, 9vt our u l t i a i a t e goal of ccm-p l e t e free<loB and breaking with the p r e ­sent system o f e x p l o i t a t i o n must never be forgotten o r compromised. S t a l i n p r esents a good summary o f the r e l a t i o n s h i p between r e f o r m and r e v o l u t i o n ;

"Some t h i n k t h a t (we) a r e opposed t o r e f o r m s , opposed t o compromises and t o a-grcements i n g e n e r a l . T h i s i s a b s o l u t e l y urrong, ( R e v o l u t i o n a r i e s ) know as w e l l as anybody e l s e t h a t i n a c e r t a i n sense 'ev­ery l i t t l e helps', t h a t under c e r t a i n con­d i t i o n s reforms i n g e n e r a l , and compro­mises and agreanents i n p a r t i c u l a r are necessary and u s e f u l . T h e r e f o r e i t i s not a Matter of refoisis or of cooproiDlses and, but o f the use people make of refonns and a s r e c a e n t s .

"T« • rv , r c f o r a a a r c c v e o -tKiag, v b i l e -ionary work i s sooc-t h l B g liiei4l«Atikl,MM»bif^ j u s t to t a l k a-bODt, a e r e eyeuash. That i s v*iy,wlth r e -f o i B i B t t a c t i c s under the conditions of bourgeois rul«, refoxns are i n e v i t a b l y transfoimed i n t o an instrunent for strengthening that r u l e , an Instrument f o r d i s i n t e g r - a t l n g t he r e v o l u t i o n .

To 9 r e v o l u t i o n a r y , on the c o n t r a r y , the main t h i n g i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y work and not r e f o r m s ; t o him reforms are a bypro­d u c t o f the r e v o l u t i o n . That I s why, w i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r y t a o t i e s under the conditions o f bourgeois r u l e , reforms are n a t u r a l l y t r a n f o r m e d i n t o an i n s t r u m e n t f o r d i a i l i p " grating that r u l e . I n t o an i n s t r i m i e n t f o r S t r e n g t h e n i n g the r e v o l u t i o n , i n t o a strong-p o i n t f o r the f u r t h e r development o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement.

The r e v o l u t i o n a r y w i l l accept a re­form i n order t o use i t as an a i d i n com­b i n i n g l e g a l work w i t h i l l e g a l work and t o i n t e n s i f y under I t s cover, the i l l e g a l work f o r the r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r e p a r a t i o n o f the masses f o r the overthrow of the bour­g e o i s i e .

That i s the essence of making revolu­t i o n a r y use o f reforms and agreements un­der the c o n d i t i o n s o f i m p e r i a l i s m .

Tlie r e f o r m i s t , on the c o n t r a r y w i l l accept reforms I n order t o renounce a l l i l l e g a l work, t o t h w a r t the p r e p a r a t i o n o f the masses f o r the r e v o l u t i o n and t o r e s t i n the shade o f "bestowed'reforms,

That i s the essence o f r e f o r m i s t tac-tlcs."^^

REFORMIST I N THE MOVEMENT Pr e s e n t l y Black reformers can be d i ­

v i d e d i n t o two main t y p e s . There are those

re£oirmers(le. SCLC, NAACP, Op e r a t i o n Push) who openly advocate r e f o r m i n g the system. On the o t h e r hand t h e r e are those who say t h a t they are r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s but whose whole r h e t o r i c and program are r e f o r m i s t . Groups l i k e t h e SCLC and NAACP show the r e a c t i o n a r y s i d e o f t h e i r n a t u r e when o f ­f i c i a l s l i k e Dr. Abernathy accqst g i f t s ($40,000) from Gulf O i l . t h e major f i n a n -cer o f P o r t u g a l ' s murderous c o l o n i a l war a g a i n s t southern A f r i c a ' s freedom f i g h t e r s , Roy wllklns(NAACP) s i m l l l a r l y b etrayed Af­ricans ( n o t for t h e f i r s t t i m e ) when he s a i d t h a t t he enslaved people o£ Ansania (South A f r i c a ) s h o u l d not break South A f r i -pan law t o g a i n t h e i r freedom!

THE BIV\CK MASSES WANT STRONG LEADERSHIP TO LEAD THEM TO LIBERATION

However, the SCLC demonstrations a-g a l n s t the A t l a n t a p o l i c e department, do serve t h e purpose o f h e i g h t e n i n g the con­t r a d i c t i o n between us and the enemy. The SCLC d i d support the mass demonstration i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a a g a i n s t t h e death pen­a l t y and psycho-surgery. This type o f ac­t i o n cannot but h e l p r a i s e t he conscious­ness o f t h e masses. When we work on s h o r t range p r o g r e s s i v e a c t i v i t i e s w i t h r e f o r m ­ers o f t h i s t y p e , we must be p r i n c i p l e d and f r e e l y g i v e r e c o g n i t i o n t o t h e i r good work. But we should never cease s t r u g g l i n g a g a i n s t t h e i r r e a c t i o n a r y p r a c t i c e s and b e l i e f s w i t h t he masses.

The main c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f those who c a l l themselves r e v o l u t i o n a r y but i n a l l o t h e r r e s p e c t s are reformers i s opportun-i s m ( u s i n g the movement and masses t o f u r ­t h e r t h e i r own i n d i v i d u a l i s t i c g o a l s ) . Or­g a n i z a t i o n s such as the Communist P a r t y o f t h e USA and the s o - c a l l e d Oakland branch o f t h e o l d Black Panther P a r t y are examples o f t h i s t y p e . While o c c a s i o n a l l y engaged i n work t h a t has some p r o g r e s s i v e content, t h e i r a c t i o n s are m o t i v a t e d by s e l f - i n t e r ­est and not any concern f o r the l i b e r a t i o n o f Black people. When our l i b e r a t i o n move­ment takes a road c o n t r a r y t o t h e i r s e l f -i n t e r e s t , they do not h e s i t a t e t o t r y and subvert our movement.

The CPUSA's p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t I s f u r ­t h e r i n g t he aims o f t h e Government o f the S o v i e t Union whose i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i c y i s d e t e n t e w i t h i m p e r i a l i s m . I n A f r i c a ( t h e Congo), Indochina(Cambodia), P o r t u g a l ( t h e CP i s p a r t o f the same government s t i l l f i g h t i n g i n A f r i c a ) , t he m i d d l e east and c o u n t l e s s o t h e r p l a c e s , the S o v i e t Union t h a t i t I s not a f r i e n d o f the A f r i c a n L i b e r a t i o n movement or the l i b e r a t i o n move­ments o f the w o r l d . This i s r e f l e c t e d by t h e i r p r a c t i c e i n t h e Black L i b e r a t i o n Movement. They have used deception, l i e s , m i s i n f o r m a t i o n and o t h e r t a c t i c s i n t r y ­i n g t o i n f i l t r a t e t h e defense movements o f both R u c h e l l Magee and Geronimo(Elmer P r a t t ) . When CP dupe J a r v i s Tyner r a n f o r p r e s i d e n t on the p a r t y t i c k e t , he o u t l i n e d a d e t a i l e d program f o r "Black L i b e r a t i o n " . His program was one c o m p l e t e l y o f r e f o r m . I t would not r e p l a c e but "improve" the present c a p i t a l i s t i c ecnomic and p o l i t i c a l system. The program o n l y o f f e r s t o improve the c o n d i t i o n s o f Black p r i s o n e r s , and docs not mention the u n f a i r j u d i c i a l p r o ­cess t h a t c o n v i c t e d Black and poor people

or t h e b a s i c laws o f t h i s c o u n t r y which a r e a g a i n s t the i n t e r e s t s o f the v a s t ma­j o r i t y o f people I n t h i s c o u n t r y . Revolu­t i o n a r i e s must always expose t h e r e a l i n ­t e n t i o n s o f o p p o r t u n i s t s such as these w h i l e a t the same tim e w o r k i n g w i t h them on p r o g r e s s i v e issues such as the N o r t h C a r o l i n a POW mass d e m o n s t r a t i o n .

The Oakland Branch i s another exam­p l e o f a group which claims t h a t i t i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y w h i l e p r a c t i c i n g reformism i n i d e o l o g y and p r a c t i c e . They have come out i n f a v o r o f Black c a p i t a l i s m ( e x c h a n g -i n g w h i t e s l a v e masters f o r ones w i t h B l a c k faces - H a i t i i s a good example o f Black c a p i t a l i s m ) , c a l l e d t he b r u t a l Cali­f o r n i a p r i s o n guards "our c l a s s b r o t h e r s " , and have s y s t e m a t i c a l l y denounced every r e v o l u t i o n a r y Black a c t i o n from A f r i c a n L i b e r a t i o n Day t o armed s e l f - d e f e n s e . They have done a l l these r e a c t i o n a r y a c t i o n s under t h e slogan o f " s u r v i v a l pending r e ­v o l u t i o n " , which i n r e a l i t y means no r e ­v o l u t i o n but upper c l a s s " s u r v i v a l " f o r h i g h r a n k i n g p a r t y members.

Many ar e a f r a i d t o expose these clowns p a r t l y because t h e r e i s s t i l l a l a r g e de­gree o f emotionalism concerning the Party's exemplary past h i s t o r y o f s t r u g g l e , and many b e l i e v e t h a t t h e reforms t h e y are t a k i n g are b e n e f i c i a l t o t h e Black commu­n i t y . What many do not understand i s t h a t the reforms are being used t o l e g i t i m i z e t h e i r c o n s i s t e n t a t t a c k on t h e Black l i b ­e r a t i o n movement. A l s o and most i m p o r t a n t ­l y , t h e crimes o f murder, kidnap and t o r ­t u r e t h a t were committed a g a i n s t the pro­g r e s s i v e Black l i b e r a t i o n movement under Oakland's o r d e r s cannot be i g n o r e d . The murders o f Robert Webb((i>ty. f i e l d marshaU i n N Y ) , t u r n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n over t o the FBI, and c o l l a b o r a t i o n I n t h e capture o f Geron­imo cannot be excused because "they j u s t r e a c t e d l i k e s t r e e t n i g g e r s d u r i n g a f i g h t . " Niggers l i k e "that must be purged from t h e Black L i b e r a t i o n movment by whatever means necessary. Countless n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s from China t o the Congo and from Mozambique t o Vietnam have denounced crim­i n a l s l i k e these as "enemies o f the Peo­p l e " who must e i t h e r be reformed or more l i k e l y purged.

A l a r g e segment o f the Black L i b e r a ­t i o n movement w i l l a r g u r e t h a t we should not c r i t i c i z e o r g a n l g a t i o n s unless we can p r o v i d e a concrete o r g a n i z a t i o n a l a l t e r n a ­t i v e . T h i s seems l i k e a v a l i d argtmient, but unless we understand the weaknesses o f past Black p r o g r e s s i v e and r e v o l u t i o n ­a r y o r g a n i s a t i o n s , we w i l l make the same mistakes when t r y i n g t o b u i l d t he new. I t i s our view t h a t t he reason Black people a r e not r a l l y i n g around T?lack o r g a n i z a ­t i o n s now I s because the o r g a n i z a t i o n s are not f u l f i l l i n g the needs o f t h e Black masses. We must b u i l d new Black o r g a n i s a ­t i o n s t h a t t r u l y embrace the needs o f the people,

LEADERSHIP OF THE BIJVCK LIBERATION MOVE­MENT We have d e f i n e d t h e B l a c k L i b e r a t i o n

Movement as a l l those who accept t h a t f u n ­damental C h a n g e ( r e v o l u t i o n ) i s necessary f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f Black people. We must what i d e o l o g i c a l c r i t e r i a B l a c k revo­l u t i o n a r i e s must use t o determine l e a d e r ­s h i p w i t h i n our movement. We f e e l t h a t t h e r e are t h r e e fundamental c r i t e r i a f o r d e t e r m i n i n g what l e a d e r s h i p should be. One i s t h a t l e a d e r s h i p elements o f our move­ment must have a s t r o n g l i n e on the i n d e ­pendence o f our movement. We must ta k e f u l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the l i b e r a t i o n o f our people. T h i s i s not a r e j e c t i o n o f co­o p e r a t i o n w i t h o t h e r s , but independence i s the f i r m f o u n d a t i o n f o r m i l i t a n t i n t e r ­n a t i o n a l i s m . The Chinese say t h a t " I n wars o f n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n p a t r i o t i s m I s ap­p l i e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m . "

George Jackson sums up t h i s view, " A l l e f f o r t s t o i s o l a t e t he vanguard community must be r e s i s t e d . The Black Colony must a c t i v e l y I n v i t e Other r e v o l u t i o n a r y peo­p l e t o f o l l o w t h e i r example, and e v e n t u a l ­l y work out some means t o c o o r d i n a t e our o p e r a t i o n s w i t h t h e i r s at every l e v e l . How­ever, we cannot delay our own p r e p a r a t i o n s toward a u n i t e d Black r e v o l u t i o n a r y c u l ­t u r e . No one w i l l undertake t o a i d us un­l e s s they sense the power o f our movement. I t i s Blacks who must p l a y not o n l y the r o l e o f l i b e r a t i n g the Black Colony, but

a l s o t h e l e a d i n g r o l e i n t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e whole c i t y - s t a t e . To expect t h a t someone e l s e w i l l t a k e t h e f u l l r e s p o n s i ­b i l i t y f o r our own l i b e r a t i o n i s s u i c i d e . We'll ho asked t o be ' p a t i e n t ' or another 100 t o 150 y e a r s i We'll get s t u c k w i t h l o n g t h e o r e t i c a l e x p l a n a t i o n s on conscious­ness or o b j e c t i v e o o n d i t l o n s when i t i s , c l e a r t h a t c o n s c i o u s n e s s w i l l not grow un­l e s s t h e r e i s someone among us w i l l i n g t o feed i t . "

One o n l y has t o l o o k a t t h e e x p e r i ­ence o f our comrades i n t h e Black Workers' Congress t o measure the f u t i l i t y o f not m a i n t a i n i n g an independent stand. For the past few years t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n has had u n f o r t u n a t e experiences t r y i n g t o work w i t h two p r i m a r i l y w h i t e o r g a n i s a t i o n s . A f t e r a few years e£ s t r u g g l e t h e r e wa'? a b i t t e r s p l i t bctwceen the R e v o l u t i o n a r y Union and BWC over the n a t i o n a l q u e s t i o n i n s i d e o f the U.S. At t h a t time BWC s t a r t ­ed working w i t h t h e Coramunlat teague I n i t s attempt t o b u i l d "a g e n u i n e l y Marxist-L e n i n i s t Communist P a r t y " . Recently CL de­nounced and threw out the BWC from t h e i r p a r t y b u i l d i n g movement. P r e s e n t l y both RU and CL have been a t t a c k i n g the BWC. These w h i t e "communist" groups b e l i e v e t h a t i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o be both n a t i o n a l i s t and r e v o l u t i o n a r y a t the same t i m e ( i t has a l ­ways amased us how w h i t e r a c i s t s can com­p l e t e l y i g n o r e a l l the basic lessons o f World r e v o l u t i o n a r y h i s t o r y and Marxism-Leninism i n the era o f i m p e r i a l i s m and i t s downfall). This episode i s one o f many from our present and our h i s t o r y showing us the need f o r independence. We c a l l on t h e BWC t o r e t u r n t o the n a t i o n a l i s t move­ment and engage i n i d e o l o g i c a l s t r u g g l e w i t h t h e i r Black r e v o l u t i o n a r y comrades 1

The second major i d e o l o g i c a l c r i t e r i a t h a t must be used i n e v a l u a t i n g o r g a n i s a ­t i o n s and i n d i v i d u a l s i s what i s t h e i r l i n e on the r o l e o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y v i o ­l e n c e , R e v o l u t i o n a r y v i o l e n c e had been key i n e v e r y s u c c e s s f u l l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e i n t h e wpxl<3' s h i s t o r y , c h i l e i s a t r a g i c Afeample af xA\at happens wK«r» I s L t e r a t i o n i f i attempted o u t s i d e oi- t h e conte^ct o£ aWWfed s t r u g g l e . Many o r g a n i z a t i o n s have no program or l i n e on t h e u s e o f r e v o l u ­t i o n a r y V i o l e n c e . This l i b e r a l i s m i s crim­i n a l . The BlaeU maseea a r e w e l l avsire that t h e s y s t e m w i l l u s e savage r e p r e s s i o n when Blacks move s e r i o u s l y f o r freedom. The masses demand t h a t any program f o r l l b e r -Q t i o n present a s t r o n g and concrete p r o ­gram o f c o u n t e r i n g t h e f a s c i s t s ' violence. Without such a program the maeeee w i l l

d e v e l o p i n g harmoniously around the a x i s o f armed s t r u g g l e . Anyone who by now has not grasped these basic f a c t s does not know what l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e i s - o r i s t r y i n g t o palm o f f r e f o r m f o r l i b e r a t i o n S t r u g g l e . "

The t h i r d c r i t e r i a for leadership of the Black l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e i e t h e c l a s s l i n e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s and i n d i v i d u a l s . His­t o r y has proved to us that c l a s s d i v i s i o n s are deep and c r u c i a l i n the Black n a t i o n . A l l Blacks are not on our s i d e ! Niggers s o l d us i n t o s l a v e r y , n i g g e r s were over­seers on t h e p l a n t a t i o n and t r a c k e d down marroons who had escaped from the s l a v e -master. Blacks s o l d Marcus Gravey down the r i v e r and executed the murders o f Malcolm, Fred Hampton, Robert Webb and c o u n t l e s s o t h e r s . A l s o , as Malcolm p o i n t e d out l o n g t i m e ago, there has always been "house n i g g e r s " who oonsidercd themselves better and, for a few crumbs from the master's t a b l e , w i l l c o n s c i o u s l y a i d i n the econo­mic and p o l i t i c a l enslavement o f L:heir people. This phenomenon i s common t h r o u ^ -out the oppressed w o r l d and i s known as n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m .

But t h e r e are s t i l l c l a s s d i v i s i o n s w i t h i n t he Black l i b e r a t i o n movement. I n any l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e i n which race i s a p r i m a r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f o p p r e s s i o n , many peOple, p r o f e s s i o n a l s and c i v i l ser-v a n t s ( t h e t e c h n i c a l term i s the p e t t y b o u r g e o i s i e ) , l e a n towards t h e l i b e r a t i o n movement but are f r i g h t e n e d by t h e oppres­sor and p l a y a v a c i l l a t i n g r o l e . T h i s group i s r e l a t i v e l y small compared t o the masses o f poor and w o r k i n g Black people. What we have t o r e a l i z e i s t h a t , as com-' rade Ho Chi Minh s a i d , " i n a r e v o l u t i o n o f n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n , i t i s p o s s i b l e and necessary t o form a v e r y wide N a t i o n a l F r o n t , u n i t e d a l l s o c i a l s t r a t a and classes l o n g i n g f o r l i b e r a t i o n from the c o l o n i a l yoke."

However, the l e a d e r s h i p o f the RlaoU l i b e r a t i o n movement must be f i r m l y ground i n t h e workers and poor o f the Black comnu-u i t y , There a r c two basic reasons why we must maintain t h i s c l e a r c l a s s d i s t i n c t i o n . The f i r s t i s t h a t as a n a t i o n o f under­employed and f u l l t i m e workers under c a p i t ­a l i s t o p p r e s s i o n we s u f f e r working c l a s s c l a s s as w e l l as n a t i o n a l o p p r e s s i o n . Cco-s e q u e n t l y our s t r u g g l e has a s t r o n g c l a s s aspect which demands l i b e r a t i o n as workers and poor people as w e l l a s freedom from n a t l o n a l ( r a c l a l ) o p p r e s s i o n . As we a l r e a d y mentioned t h e r e i s a v e r y s t r o n g neo-colon-i a l ( c o m p r a d o r ) c l a s s t h a t has c o m p l e t e l y

WHEREVER DEATH MAY SUPRISE US I T WILL BE WELCOME, PROVIDED THAT THIS, OUR BATTLE CRY,REACH SOME RECEPTIVE EAR, THAT ANOTHER HAND STRETCH OUT TO TAKE UP THE WEAPON AND THAT OTHER MEN COME TOWARD TO INTONE OUR FUNERAL DIRGE WITH THE STACCATO OF MACHINE GUNS AND NEW CRIES OF BATTLE AND VICTORV.

l a b e l any movement or o r g a n i s a t i o n as a bunch o f c r a z i e s . L i b e r a t i o n i s a process t h a t must combine a l l forms o f s t r u g g l e . Jackson s t a t e s , "I'm convinced t h a t any s e r i o u s o r g a n i z a t i o n o f people must c a r r y w i t h i t from tho s t a r t a p o t e n t i a l t h r e a t o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y v i o l e n c e . Without i t , t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t f o r c e s w i l l succeed i n i s o ­l a t i n g the p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z e r and c l o s i n g down h i s p r o j e c t b e f o r e the people can feel i t s b e n e f i t s . S e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n r e ­q u i r e s a small hidden h i g h l y t r a i n e d army ..' M a r t i n S o s t r e , a Puerto Rican POW i n NY, e l o q u e n t l y sums up, "However the i r r e f u ­t a b l e t r u t h i s t h a t a l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y war. R e v o l u t i o n a r y war i s a complicated process o f mass s t r u g g l e armed and unarmed, p e a c e f u l and v i o l e n t l e g a l and c l a n d e s t i n e , economic and p o l i ­t i c a l , where a l l forms o f s t r u g g l e a r e

t i e d i t s i n t e r e s t s to the w h i t e r u l i n g c l a s s a t the expense o f the B l a c k masses, Cabral sums up n a t i o n a l s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t c a p i t a l i s m and n e o - c o l o n i a l i s m ; "The neo­c o l o n i a l s i t u a t i o n , i n which t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s and t h e i r a l l i e s s t r u g g l e s i m u l t a n ­eously a g a i n s t t h e i m p e r i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e and the n a t i v e r u l i n g c l a s s , i s not r e ­solved b y ( o n l y ) a n a t i o n a l i s t s o l u t i o n ; i t demands the d e s t r u c t i o n o f the c a p i t a l i s t s t r u c t u r e i m p l a n t e d i n the n a t i o n a l t e r ­r i t o r y by i m p e r i a l i s m and c o r r e c t l y pos­t u l a t e s a s o c i a l i s t s o l u t i o n , "

There i s another reason why we must be c l e a r on the n e c e s s i t y f o r c o r r e c t c l a s s l e a d e r s h i p o f the Black L i b e r a t i o n movement. One t r u t h o f r e v o l u t i o n a r y s c i ­ence I s t h a t the h i s t o r y o f the w o r l d i s c r e a t e d by the masses o f t h e people. H i s ­t o r y i s not made by i n d i v i d u a l s or s m a l l

PAGE C e l i t e s but by t h e s t r u g g l e s o f t h e people w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f any h i s t o r i c a l per­i o d . S p e c i f i c a l l y B l a ck L i b e r a t i o n w i l l n o t be achieved by a messiah l e a d i n g us t o our freedom o r by a small group Of 'feu-per n i g g e r s " who understand e v e r y t h i n g . Our l i b e r a t i o n w i l l come o n l y t h r o u g h the s t r u g g l e o f t h e masses o f Bla ck people for freedom. There I s no o t h e r road open t o us. Chairman Mao sums up the experience o£ ti^ Chinese and a l l o t h e r s u c c e s s f u l r e v o l u ­t i o n a r y movements when he s t a t e s t h a t , " t h e people and the people alone are the m o t i v e f o r c e i n the making o f w o r l d h i s ­t o r y ... .Twenty f o u r years o f experience t e l l us t h a t t h e r i g h t t a s k , p o l i c y and s t y l e o£ work i n v a r i a b l y conform w i t h the demands o f t h e masses a t a g i v e n t i m e and p l a c e and i n v a r i a b l y s t r e n g t h e n our t i e s w i t h the masses, and t h e wrong t a s k , p o l i ­cy and s t y l e o f work i n v a r i a b l y d i s a g r e e w i t h the v o i c e o f the masses,"

IDEOLOGICAL CLARITY AND THE BLACK REVO­LUTIONARY PARTY The Black R e v o l u t i o n a r y P a r t y i s the

h i g h e s t o r g a n i z a t i o n a l form i n t h e Black L i b e r a t i o n Movement. I t i s t h e g e n e r a l s t a f f o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n - t h e advanced de­tachment o f t h e Black masses. What are the t a s k s o f t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y Party? They are'' ( f r o m the East Coast BPP s t a t e m e n t ) : "The p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e o f t h e P a r t y i s t o estab­l i s h r e v o l u t i o n a r y p o l i t i c a l power f o r Black people. Our P a r t y i s an armed body f o r c a r r y i n g out the p o l i t i c a l t a s k s o f -he r e v o l u t i o n . E s p e c i a l l y a t the present t i m e the P a r t y should c e r t a i n l y not con­f i n e i t s e l f t o o n l y f i g h t i n g . Besides f i g h t i n g t o d e s t r o y the enemy's oppressive f o r c e s , our P a r t y should a l s o s^oulder such i m p o r t a n t tasks as doing propaganda among the masses, o r g a n i z i n g t h e masses, arming Black people, h e l p i n g them t o es­t a b l i s h r e v o l u t i o n a r y p o l i t i c a l power and s e t t i n g up p a r t y organizations...'.' The Chinese view I s t h a t . " I f t h e r e i s t o be a r e v o l u t i o n , t h e r e must be a r e v o l u t i o n ­a r y p a r t y " Without a r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a r t y , w i t h o u t a p a r t y b u i l t on the Marxist-Leninist r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y and i n the M a r x i s t -L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t y p e , i t i s impos­s i b l e t o l e a d the w o r k i n g c l a s s and the broad masses o f t h e people i n d e f e a t i n g i m p e r i a l i s m and I t s r u n n i n g dogs."

The P a r t y must be capable o f l e a d i n g t h e Front i n s u c h v a s t areas as f o r m u l a t ­i n g t h e c o r r e c t s t r a t e g y and t a c t i c s o f t h e movement, t h e development o f r e v o l u ­t i o n a r y v i o l e n c e , l e g a l and c l a n d e s t i n e work, n a t i o n a l i s m and i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m , To s u c c e s s f u l l y accomplish these tasks t h e P a r t y must have the h i g h e s t degree o f Idetv l o g i c a l u n i t y and c l a r i t y o f any body i n t h e Black L i b e r a t i o n movement. The p o l i ­c i e s o f t h e P a r t y must be based f i r m l y on r e v o l u t i o n a r y science and the c o n d i t i o n s a t home. To c a r r y on i t s monumental tasks, t h e P a r t y must have i r o n d i s c i p l i n e and u n i t y o f w i l l . I t must be a b l e t o l e a d the masses and t h e f r o n t t h r o u g h p e r i o d s o f S t r a t e g i c d e f e a t as w e l l as being a b l e t o s e i z e the time and l e a d the r e v o l u t i o n f o r w a r d a t t h e c r u c i a l moment. S t a l i n ex­p l a i n s f u r t h e r "the achievement and main-t a i n e n c e o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p o f the p r o -1 e t a r l e t ( r e v o l u t i o n a r y power) i a impoaal-b l e w i t h o u t a p a r t y which i s s t r o n g by reasons o f i t s s o l i d a r i t y and i r o n d i s c i ­p l i n e . But i r o n d i s c i p l i n e i n t h e P a r t y i s i n c o n c e i v a b l e w i t h o u t u n i t y o f w i l l , w i t h ­out complete and a b s o l u t e u n i t y o f a c t i o n o f t h e P a r t y o f a l l members o f t h e P a r t y . T h i s does not mean...that the p o s s i b i l i t y o f c o n f l i c t s o f o p i n i o n w i t h i n t he P a r t y i s t h e r e b y p r e c l u d e d . On t h e c o n t r a r y , I r o n d i s c i p l i n e does not p r e c l u d e but pre­sumes c r i t i c i s m and c o n f l i c t o f o p i o n i o n w i t h i n t he P a r t y . Least o f a l l does i t mean t h a t d i s c i p l i n e must be ' b l i n d ' . On the c o n t r a r y , i r o n d i s c i p l i n e does not p r e c l u d e but presupposes conscious and v o l u n t a r y submission, f o r o n l y conscious d i s c i p l i n e can t r u l y be i r o n d i s c i p l i n e . " Chairman Mao sums up, "To l e a d the revolu­t i o n t o v i c t o r y a p o l i t i c a l p a r t y must de­pend on t h e c o r r e c t n e s s o f i t s own p o l i t i ­c a l l i n e and the s o l i d a r i t y o f i t s own or­g a n i z a t i o n , " When fo r m i n g the Black Revo­l u t i o n a r y P a r t y , Black r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s must be most c r i t i c a l and d i s c r i m i n a t i n g about I n d i v i d u a l s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s and t h e r o l e they can p l a y i n f o r m i n g the P a r t y .

PAGE D THE TASKS OF THE BLACK LIBERATION MOVE­

MENT The Black l i b e r a t i o n movement i s

r a c i n g monumental i d e o l o g i c a l and p r a c t i ­c a l t a s k s . We have d e a l t b r i e f l y w i t h some areas where I d e o l o g i c a l work must be done. However, " t h e o r y d i v o r c e d from p r a c t i c e i s purpoeelees," I d e o l o g i c a l c l a r i t y i s needed o n l y t o f u r t h e r t he p r a c t i c a l work o f the Black L i b e r a t i o n movement. I n t h i s c o n c l u d i n g s e c t i o n we w i l l s t a t e what we see as a w movement's p r a c t i c a l t a f i k f i i n th e imraedi^te f u t u r e , We f e e l t h a t t h e r e are f o u r major tasks c o n f r o n t i n g our move­ment i They a r e ;

1, B u i l d t h e BlaeU l l e v o l u t i o n a r y P a r t y 2, Transform the Black L i b e r a t i o n Move­

ment i n t o a N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n I t o n t 3. Support our freedom f i g h t e r s 4. Coordinate t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y f o r c e s

w i t h i n t he US I d e o l o g i c a l c l a r i t y a t a l l l e v e l s i s need-ed t o accomplish these t a s k s . We consi d e r b u i l d i n g t he P a r t y p r i m a r y because i t w i l l g r e a t l y a i d i n a c c o mplishing the o t h e r t a s k s . However u n l i k e many r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s we f e e l i t s u i c i d a l t o co n c e n t r a t e o n l y o i b u i l d i n g t h e P a r t y , We must n o t p u l l out o f our p r a c t i c e . I f we do, we w i l l l o s e our connections w i t h the s t r u g g l e o f the masses and l o s e the key t o the r e v o l u t i o n . While we are b u i l d i n g the P a r t y , we must a l s o continue conrete work around the other three major t a s k s .

The need for a p a r t y i s c l e a r . We must never forget that when the Black an­ther Party was a fimctioning comnunist n a t i o n a l i s t party, our struggle reached oew heights. The Black L i b e r a t i o n Move-•ent had never been connected as dssely with the a a s s e s . Ue • u s t analyze the mis­takes of the Party(stich as t r y i n g to com­bine the r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of a Marxist-L e n i n i s t P a r t y with the fona of a raasfi o rganisation, not building d i s t i n c t mass o i r g a n l a a t i o o f i ete.A and proceed from t^ien^ i t l e f t A f t . X. ft I f.n«iriting t h i e task w i l l t f l e l l i t a r e a l l o t h e r t a s k s .

we a l r e a d y commented on t l i e need t o u n i t e d the Black L i b e r a t i o n Movement a-round s t r a t e g y and t h e need t o connect tiie movement i n t e g r a l l y w i t h t h e masses, H i s ­t o r y throughout the T h i r d World shows that r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e s o f n a t i o n a l l i b ­e r a t i o n need N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n Fronts t o s u c c e s s f u l l y i n v o l v e a l l t h e l o y a l ma&-ses i n the day-to-day s t r u g g l e f o r f r e e -doo. Mao eta t e e " The r< * v o l u t i o n a r y war i s

a war o f the masses; i t can o n l y be waged by m o b i l i z i n g the masses and r e l y i n g on them." The Front i s comprised o f p a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s , mass o r g a n i 2 a t i o n s ( t r a d e u n i o n s , women's o r g a n i z a t i o n s , r e v o l u t i o n ­a r y r o l i g i o u s o r g a n i e a t i o n s , e t c . ) and army u n i t s . Tho Front i n the time o f r e ­v o l u t i o n a r y war i s the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the people apd embraces them and i s formed o f them. Only by t r a n s f o r m i n g our move­ment i n t o a s o l i d N a t i o n a l Front w i l l we be a b l e t o s u c c e s s f u l l y i n v o l v e the masses and I c n r n from them i n our s t r u g g l e f o r IrccdoDi.

Wi l l i e our p o l i t i c a l cadre are organ­i z i n g , our m i l i t a r y comrades a r e f i g h t i n g and d y i n g , w i n n i n g and l o s i n g and att e m p t ­i n g t o sot up the embryo o f t h e People's Army. We must never f o r g e t Mao's t e a c h i n g tl..-At, " w i t h o u t a people's army, the peqple have n o t l i i n K . " I n our work wc must support

t h e Black L i b e r a t i o n Army and a l l o t h e r m i l i t a r y f o r c e s s t r u g g l i n g a g a i n s t imper­i a l i s m , c a p i t a l i s m and raci s m . We must l e a r n from our w a r r i o r comrades and s t r u ^ g l e w i t h them around disagreements we may have. A t the same time we mufit educate the masses around the need f o r r e v o l u t i o n a r y V i o l e n c e and show t h a t n o t o n l y i s armed s t r u g g l e t h e h i g h e s t form o£ p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e but t h a t i t i s a b s o l u t e l y neces­sar y form o f s t r u g g l e f o r freedom. No one e l s e w i l l l i b e r a t e us, and no one e l s e w i l l defend t h e s i s t e r s and b r o t h e r s t l i a t

f a scism i s a l r e a d y h e r e , t h a t people are a l r e a d y d y i n g who coul d be saved, t h a t g e n e r a t i o n s more w i l l d i e o f l i v e poor butchered h a l f - l i v e s i f you f a i l t o a c t . Do what must be done, d i s ­cover your humanity and your l i f e i n r e v o l u t i o n . Pass on th e t o r c h . J o i n us, g i v e up your l i f e f o r the People."

B u i l d the P a r t y I B u i l d t h e F r o n t ! Support t h e ArmyI C l a r i f y I d e o l o g y l A f r i c a n S t a f f o f Seize t h e Time

George Jackson are f i g h t i n g f o r our freedom. I f we can­n o t p r o t e c t our w a r r i o r s we c e r t a i n l y can­not p r o t e c t the Black L i b e r a t i o n .

Our l a s t major t a s k I s c o o r d i n a t i n g Black people's s t r u g g l e w i t h o t h e r peopleb s t r u g g l e a g o i n o t US i m p e r i a l i s m . Before Black people can be f r e e , US c a p i t a l i s m and i m p e r i a l i a m must be des t r o y e d . Modem r e v o l u t i o n a r y A f r i c a n l e a d e r s I n North America from Malcolm t o George Jackson have commented both on the need t o coor­d i n a t e as many i n t e r n a l r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e s as p o s s i b l e t o de^feat t h e beast^ and t h e interconneetodness o f A f r i c a n L i b ­e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s around the w o r l d and the World R e v o l u t i o n o f oppressed people. Black r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , w h i l e basing t h e i r stand on independence, must know and un­dersta n d the s i t u a t i o n o f a l l oppressed people i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , Read P r a r i e F i r e ! (The Weather Underground statement) we can no lo n g e r say t h a t t h e r e a r e no wh i t e s who over t i m e have not been t e s t e d i n t h e flames o f armed, mass and i d e o ­l o g i c a l S t r u g g l e s . Read the h i s t o r y o f the I n d i a n Wars and r e f l e c t on t h e s p i r i t o£ a people who have fought and s t i l l f i g h t a g a i n s t I n c r e d i b l e n u m e r i c a l and t e c h n o l o g i c a l odds. Ours I s not the o n l y r e v o l u t i o n a r y f o r c e i n the U,6,A, I t i s t o a l l our b e n e f i t s t o c o o r d i n a t e our s t r u g g l e s as much as p o s s i b l e .

Conclusion Comrades I Sum up your p r a c t i c e

and l e t i t be known t o t h e r e s t o f us. The t i m e has come f o r us t o come t o ­gether i n a s p i r i t o f c r i t i c i s m and s e l f c r i t l s m so t h a t we can u n i t e those we can f o r t h e l o n g p r o t r a c t e d s t r u g g l e ahead o f us. This c o u n t r y I s f a l l i n g a p a r t , but we a l r e a d y know t h a t when chaos comes Blacks and th e o t h e r opp­ressed people w i l l be t h e f i r s t t a r g e t s o f t ho wounded beast. We submit these notes f o r d i s c u s s i o n and welcome r e ­p l i e s and c r i t i c i s m s . I n t h e f u t u r e , we hope t o present many t h e o r e t i c a l a r -t l c a l s on the v i t a l q u e s t i o n s o f our movement. S t r u g g l e , u n i t e , o r g anize and s t r u g g l e some more. Ex-slave Fred­r i c k Douglas ta u g h t us many years ago t h a t " s t r u g g l e y e i l d s p r o g r e s s " . I n the meantime, l e t ' s take t h e words o f our murdered F i e l d M a r s h a l l George Jackson t o h e a r t and " S e t t l e your quar­r e l s , come t o g e t h e r , understand t h e r e ­a l i t y o f our s i t u a t i o n , understand t h a t

Grificai Youfh

Young Bloods Walk ing the shadows

Of Dreary existence Wonder ing : What does my Future hold? The Living examples Of Age-old Failures — the collective mistakes/ inact iv i ty Of predecessors; Casting Scorn-eyes, But watching, none-the-less Silent observers Of Self-Crucif ixion Wonder ing: What does our Future hold/? Stumbl ing, over O.D. 'd GHETTO-MATES Tr ipp in ' Off of commercials; Party in ' at La Mar t in ique, the Tunnel , Iron-horse * Alexander the Great Vict ims also, of Cultural Imper ia l ism; Dr i f t ing ,

From one fad to the next

Wander ing , whi le Wonder ing ' What do«s our Future hold? ignor ing tne (REALITY of OUR existenoo ~ Our being under white-folks' A33; Preferring to be " o p e n -~ rn inded" W e f ind Even marginal exislenced T H R E A T E N E D - In larger numbers. Every year (our) Youth enl ist ing in BLACK-RESISTANCE Knowing ful l -wel l

What OUR Future holds' : L IBERATION* INDEPENDENCE* NATIONHOOD and SELF- DETERMIANT ION

- through persistent, calculated / arduous Struggle Wonder ing , instead: MOW CAN W E SERVE OUR NOBLE PEOPLE* MORE EFFECTIVELY ???

- -AMILCAR Z I M B A B W E cadre: BLACK LIBERATIOI^ A R M Y

OnCANI7j\TIONS - NHJSI'APERS

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SFT7E THE TIME Page 7

Chicano L iberat ion Front At tacks Police Chief SUBJECT; Murder o£ A l b e r t Terronca, by

r a c i s t Union C i t y p o l i c e . ACCUSED; Chief W i l l i a m Chann, John Miner CHARGE. C k i e f U i l l i a m CKann: c h a r g e ȣ

consplrasy of attempned coverup of the murder of A l b e r t o Terrenes t o h i s f a m i l y and the Chicano community. John Miner: charge o f murder

SENTENCE:It i s the v e r d i c t o f La Rasa Rev­o l u t i o n a r y T r i b u n a l t h a t the ac­cused, C h i S f W i l l i a m Chann, John Miner, be sentenced t o r e v o l u ­t i o n a r y j u s t i c e , f o r the murder and attempted coverup o f the murder of A l b e r t o Terrenes. I t i s the view of the t r i b u n a l t h a t they, the accused, be sentenced to death by the peoples' f o r c e s .

On the n i g h t of Tuesday, June 11, 19 74, a t 9:33 P.M.. a t Our Lady of the Rosary P a r i s h H a l l i n Union C i t y , Cal, the Santos Rodriques A s s u l t Squad of the Chicano L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t , attempted t o c a r r y out the death sentence of Chief W l l l i a m C h a n n . I n t h i s process he and f o u r o t h e r Chica­nos were wounded. This i s war and i n war th e r e w i l l be Innocent people a c c i d e n t l y h u r t .

The time has come and gone when Chicanos w i l l p a s s i v l y s i t by and watch our b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s be murdered & b r u t a l i z e d by r a c i s t p o l i c e i n the s t r e ­e t s . 148 years, year a f t e r year, month a f t e r month, time i n and time o u t ; we r e ­member 12 year o l d Santos Rodriquez, Luis M a r t i n e z , Antonio Cardova, R i t a

o t i i c r e . Yes wc remember & w i l l never f o r ­g e t . We remember the p r o t e s t s & the de­mands f o r j u e t i o e o n l y t o be mot w i t h i n -j u a t i c e - j u s t i f i a b l " homicide. When we asked f o r j o b s we are g i v e n t r a i n i n g p r o ­grams w i t h no j o b s . When we asked f o r food a housing wc arc g i v e n w e l f a r e t h a t dogs c o u l d n ' t l i v e on. When we asked f o r happiness we are g i v e n dope. When we asked f o r decent wages and working con-d i t l o n s , we are met w i t h r a c i s t excuses & b r u t a l i t y . Ya Bastal

Throughout our h i s t o r y we, as a people, have always made a d e f i a n t stand a g a i n s t our a d v e r s a r i e s . This p e r o i d of h i s t o r y w i l l n ot escape us. Our enemies must l e a r n and understand t h a t throughout the c r y s of power, we are not going to be as v o i c e l e s s & humble as they would want us to be-as these p o v e r t y pimps t h i s gov­ernment i s used to d e a l i n g w i t h . A l b e r t Terrenes was a b r o t h e r , a son, a f a t h e r or an uncle to every one of us. He was and I s one of La Raza. "A death to one i s a death t o a l l , so i f we d i e then l e t us k i l l . "

C . L £

Spray-painted slosans on a bui lding at 9th and H Streets in Union City SANTOS RODRIQUEI Handcuffed boy slain

( c o n t . f r o m p r e v i o u s pg.) c o n c e r n i n g c e r t a i n m i l i t a r y c o n t i n ­g e n c i e s . "

Among t h e papers were, a n o t e w r i t t e n Dy an Army C o l o n e l , and a l e t t e r f r o m P r e s i d e n t N i x o n t o Har­r i n g t o n Wood J r . , t h e n an a s s i s t a n t a t t o r n e y g e n e r a l and t e m p o r a r i l y , tne c h i e f f e d e r a l n e s o t i a t o r a t Fine Riage.

Mixon's l e t t e r " a d i v s o s Wood t h a t members o f t h e p r e s i d e n t ' s s t a f f had t o l d him o f t h e work done by t h e f e d ­e r a l team i n a c h i e v i n R a s e t t l e m e n t . The one f r o m t h e Army O f f i c e r t o Wood suggests t h a t Wood seek a p u b l i c a n ­nouncement f r o m Nixon g r a n t i n g a u t h ­o r i t y t o e i t h e r t a k e t h e v i l l a g e by f o r c e , o r t o w i t h d r a w f e d e r a l f o r c e s and l e t AIM and t h e O g l a l a s b a t t l e i t o u t w i t h t h e t r i b a l c o u n c i l .

T o p - l e v e l f e d e r a l sources have s a i d t h a t one White House o p t i o n d i s ­cussed r e p e a t e d l y a t h i g h l e v e l s d u r i n g t h e o c c u p a t i o n was 'use o f massive f o r c e ' , mealng f e d e r a l t r o o p s An " o p t i o n paper" was d e v e l o p e d on t h i s p o a s l b l l i t y , I n c l u d i n g t h e d o l ­l a r c o s t s o f t h e o p e r a t i o n , t h e me­t h o d s t o be used by t h e m i l i t a r y , and t h e e s t i m a t e o f how many I n d i a n s and how many s o l d i e r s would be k i l l e d

The m i l i t a r y o p t i o n paper was p r e p a r e d a t t h e d i r e c t i o n o f Kenneth C o l e , d i r e c t o r o f t h e White House

Domestic C o u n c i l . Other a g e n c i e s i n v o l v e d I n t h e

m i l i t a r y o p t i o n d i s c u s s i o n s were Jus­t i c e Department o f f i c i a l s , key o f f i ­c i a l s f r o m t h e Pentagon, t h e White House's man i n t h e I n t e r i o r D e p a r t ­ment, and M a r v i n F r a n k l i n , I n d i a n A f f a i r s a s s i s t a n t t o t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e I n t e r i o r .

The d e f n s e c o n t e n d s t h a t s i n c e two o f t h e charges r e f e r t o "a c i v i l d i s o r d e r , " use o f t h e m i l i t a r y v;ould b e l e g a l o n l y under a p r e s i d e n t ­i a l d i r e c t i v e . (Ed. Note: R e c e n t l y t h e d e f ense has subpoeaned a l l t h e White House t a p e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e Wounded Knee o c c u p a t i o n . )

There i s a l s o t h e q u e s t i o n about t h e use o f f e d e r a l m a r s h a l s . The de­f e n s e contends t h a t t h e y had t o be i n v i t e d by t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e Oglala Sloux t r i b e - l f n o t t h e n t h e m a r s h a l s were n o t t h e r e l e g a l l y , and charges t h a t i n v o l v e m a r s h a l s s h o u l d be d i s ­m i s s e d . The J u s t i c e Department con­t e n d s t h a t t h e r e q u e s t was made by t h e t r i b a l c o u n c i l o f t h e I n t e r i o r Department t o p r o v i d e law e n f o r c e m e n t a s s i s t a n c e , and t h e m a r s h a l s were chosen t o go. But now i t c o n t e n d s t h a t t h e m a r s h a l s d i d n o t need an o f f i c i a l t r i b a l r e q u e s t t o e n t e r t h e r e s e r v a t i o n .

One FBI memo, d a t e d March 1 s t , t h r e e days a f t e r t h e o c c u p a t i o n be-

Unlon C i t y i s i n t h e SF Bay Area o f C a l i f o r n i a . . I t used t o be a f a r m ­i n g community, h e a v i l y p o p u l a t e d by M exican, Chicano and L a t i n o farmwor­k e r s . But s i n c e WWIJ t h i s a r e a has seen a huge p o p u l a t i o n / i n d u s t r i a l e x p l o s i o n . La Raza s u d d e n l y f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s s u r r o u n d e d by thousands o f new t r a c t - h o m e d w e l l e r s - w h i t e s who were f l e e i n g t h e B l a c k s o f Oakland.

On A p r i l 15 t h i s y e a r , Mrs. A n g e l o , a w h i t e woman l i v i n g i n Union C i t y , r e p o r t e d t o p o l i c e t h a t a Mexican male b.urglar e n t e r e d her home. Her f o u r y e a r o l d d a u g h t e r was k i l l e d , and h e r t h e e y e a r o l d son c r i t i c a l l y wounded;she c l a i m e d t h a t she v.'as r a p e d .

Union C i t y p o l i c e p u t o u t a ' f l y e r c a l l i n g t h e s u s p e c t a "male Mex". The p o l i c e , c i t y o f f i c i a l s and news­papers l a u n c h e d an a l l o u t campaign t o " b r i n g t h i s b r u t a l m u r d e r e r t o J u s t i c e . "

On A p r i l 19, A l b e r t o T e r r o n e s J r . (30) was s h o t and k i l l e d by o f f i c e r John M i n e r . Miner s u s p e c t e d T e r r o n e s o f s h o p l i f t i n g and c l a i m s t h a t he l u n g e d a t him w i t h a k n i f e when Miner approached him. B e s i d e s , T e r r o n e s f i t t h e k i l l e r ' s d e s c r l p t l o n - a male Mex. O f f i c e r ' s M i n e r ' s v e r s i o n was u p h e l d by t h e D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y .

T e n s i o n s between t h e Chicano community e x p l o d e d . Since T e r r o n e s ' m urder, t h e r e have been r e p e a t e d o u t ­b r e a k s o f l o o t i n g , a r s o n and a r e b e l ­l i o n on A p r i l 30. On J u l y 12 p o l i c e c h i e f W i l l i a m Cann c a l l e s a " p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s " m e e t i n g t o t e l l Chicanos " i t wasn't so bad, t h a t t h e r e was s t i l l enough t i m e t o r e f o r m t h e s y s ­tem." The m e e t i n g was I n t e r r u p t e d by g u n f i r e . _ The p o l i c e c h i e f was h i t s e v e r a l t i m e s I n t h e neck and t h r o a t . He i s now i n c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n , i n a coma ever s i n c e t h e a t t a c k .

A communique was r e c e i v e d t h e n e x t week by t h e p r e s s . I t was f r o m t h e "Santos R o d r i g u e z A s s u l t Squad o f t h e Chicano L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t " . San­t o s R o d r i g u e z was t h e 11 y e a r o l d Chicano c h i l d murdered by D a l l a s p o l i c e o f f i c e r C a i n . There was some c o n f u s i o n about t h e communique s i n c e t h e b o u r g o i s e p r e s s c l a i m e d t o r e ­c e i v e a n o t h e r communique f r o m t h e CLF d i s o w n i n g t h e a c t i o n . However t h i s communique was never r e l e a s e d t o t h e p u b l i c .

A f t e r a l l t h i s , t h e w h i t e woman Who r e p o r t e d t h e "Male Mex" k i l l e r went back t o p o l i c e and t o l d p o l i c e t h e r e was no such p e r s o n . She had k i l l e d her own d a u g h t e r and t r i e d t o a l s o k i l l h e r son. Mrs. Angelo made up t h e b u r g l a r t o c o v e r h e r own c r i m e s .

gan, s t a t e d , "Mr. G a l l a g h e r f r o m t h e B u r e a u ( F B l ) a d v i s e s t h a t t h e A t t o r ­ney G e n e r a l ( K l e l n d l n s t ) wants a l l i n d i v i d u a l s p r o s e c u t e d . There i s t o be no amnesty o r bonds s e t . I d e n t i f y a l l news media t h a t a r e on t h e scene so t h a t t h e y can t e s t i f y l a t e r as t o what t h e y saw. P r o s e c u t e everyone o f any c r i m e s p o s s i b l e . "

PAGE 8

M e s s a g e I r o m f h e W e a f h e r U n d e r g r o u n d ON MAY 3 1 , 1974, WE ATTACKED THE OFFICE OP CALIFORlrrA ATTORNEY GENERAL EVELLE J . YOUNGER IN LOS ANGELES.

EVERY WEArON OF TERROR FROM THE LYNCH ROPE TO NAPALM HAS BEEN USED TO TRY TO CRUSH THE POWER OF THE PEOPLE. YET THE SPIRIT OF RESISTANCE GROWS AND WILL NOT BE DEFEATED.

To our s i s t e r s and Drothers i n the gymbi-onese L i b e r a t i o n Army!

WQ want t o eifp^efifi g r i e f and rage we share w i t h you and a l l f r e e d o m - l o v i n g people a t the deaths o f Cinque, Fahlzah, Mlzmoon, Angela, W i l l y , C a m i l l a , murdered by t h e p i g s b e f o r e our eyes. They are r e ­v o l u t i o n a r y comrades and heroes o f whom we are proud. T h e i r courageous l l v o s i n ­s p i r e us, t h e i r deaths i n t e n s i f y our w i l l t o r e s i s t . This a t t a c k i s f o r you and f o r a l l f r o n t l i n e f i g h t e r s . For R u c h e l l Cinque Magee:

Ru c h e l l i s t h e s u r v i v o r of the hero­i c s l a v e r e b e l l i o n o f August 7, 1970. He has one o f t h e most b r i l l i a n t l e g a l minds i n t h e c o u n t r y . Because o f h i s r e v o l u t i o n ­a r y c l a r i t y , he i s gagged and chained each tim e he t r i e s t o speak i n h i s own defense. He thunders the I r r e f u t a b l e t r u t h o f the r i g h t of the slav e to rebel a g a i n s t i l l e ­gal bondage. His example has been a bea-cwa »£ r e s i s t a n c e . This attack i s f o r Ru­c h e l l Cinqiie Magee and a l l p o l i t i c a l p r i ­soners of war. T o o i ^ t ve attacker) tbe o f f i c e of E v e l l e J . Tonnger. Accorncy General of the State of CMltfoTolM, and key s t r a t e g i s t for the p o l l c l e a and p i i m i M i of the s t a t e repres-a l v a a i i p a r a c u . Ha do rtala on the occas-aloB o f the aoat meant ae t of t e r r o r i s n naleadiBd bjr The guweiiaieut against s i x freedota-fightero from the Symblonese L i b -s r a t i o n Army. The C a l i f o r n i a p o l i c e and p r i s o n system i s among the most b r u t a l I n th e c o u n t r y , a model f o r p i g s everywhere. E v e l l e J . Younger bears d i r e c t r e s p o n s i ­b i l i t y l o r i t s crimes.

INDICTMENT 1, Younger i s an a r c h i t e c t e£ the p o l i ­c i e s o f b r u t a l p o l i c e o c c u p a t i o n o f t h e gh e t t o s and b a r r i o s .

Under Younger, as Los Angeles D i s ­t r i c t A t t o r n e y , the p o l i c e r i o t e d a g a i n s t the Chicano Moratorium on August 30, 197Q, Reuben Salazar was murdered while drinking

c o f f e e a t t h e S i l v e r D o l l a r Cafe by police u s i n g weaponry outlawed by the Geneva Oode. No p r o s e c u t i o n o f the p o l i c e - m u r d e r f o l ­lowed ,

on September 6,1970, wo a t t a c k e d Younger'a o f f i c e on t h e s i x t h f l o o r o f . t h e H a l l o f J u s t i c e i n r e t a l i a t i o n f o r t h i s wanton murder,

Vounger's p o l i c i e s r e s u l t i n r e g u l a r p o l i c e murders c>£ unarmed Blacks and Chi­canos, Vounger bears d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i ­t y f o r these deaths, 2. Younger i s a c o n s p i r a t o r w i t h t h e Federal Government I n co m m i t t i n g murder and denying human r i g h t s .

I n t h e l a t e 60's t h e Federal Govern-

WEATHERMEN BOMB N.Y POLICE STATION JUNE 1970 raent and p o l i c e c a r r i e d out a c o n s p i r a c y t o a t t a c k and attempt t o d e s t r o y the Black Panther P a r t y , Over 20 Black Panther Par­t y members were k i l l e d by p o l i c e around t h e c o u n t r y I n t h i s p e r i o d . I n l o s Angeles on December 8, 1969, under D i s t r i c t A t t o r ­ney Younger, 300 p i g s surrounded the Black Panther P a r t y o f f i c e and I n i t i a t e d a shoot­out t h a t l a s t e d 4% hours,

Younger bears r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , a l o n g w i t h U.S. A t t o r n e y General Saxbe, the FBI and t h e Los Angeles P o l i c e Department, f o r t h e savage a t t a c k on the SLA, Younger

SEIZE THE TIME'

c o n s i s t e n t l y c r i t i c i z e d law enforcement agencies f o r being too t i m i d I n t h e hunt f o r t h e SLA; he i n t r o d u c e d s p e c i a l l e g i s ­l a t i o n t o p r o h i b i t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f expro­p r i a t e d food t o the people. The system cannot t o l e r a t e t he p r a c t i c a l humanity o f a c t u a l l y s e c u r i n g food f o r t h e p e c p l e , 3, Younger heads t h e o p e r a t i o n o f r a i l ­r o a d i n g people t o t h e s t a t e ' s concentra­t i o n eamps^prisons) and i s the r e b y g u i l t y o f Tjholesale k i d n a p p i n g and enslavement,

— T h e C a l i f o r n i a p r i s o n system i s the l a r g e s t i n t h e c o u n t r y . The U.S. has

more p r i s o n s than a l l o t h e r c o u n t r i e s com­b i n e d , and h o l d over 2/3 m i l l i o n people behind b a r s . Those sent o f f t o C a l i f o r n i a c o n c e n t r a t i o n camps are more t h a n h a l f T h i r d World people and v i r t u a l l y a l l poor people. I n c a r c e r a t i o n and the r e s u l t i n g p h y s i c a l and mental t o r t u r e a re based on race and c l a s s . Younger, f i r s t f o r L.A. and now s t a t e - w i d e , heads the o p e r a t i o n . He i s Reagan's r i g h t - h a n d man and an ac­t i v i s t f o r t h e r e - e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e death p e n a l t y ,

- - - E v e l l e J . Younger i s the main buzzard behind t h e I l l e g a l e n s l a v e m e n t o f Ruchell Cinque Magee. As Los Angeles D.A,, Younger f o r c e d a phoney g u i l t y p l e a a g a i n s t Ru -Chen's w i l l i n t h e May 1965 t r i a l — a p r o ­cedure t h a t Younger has used i n c o l l u s i o n w i t h p u b l i c defenders a g a i n s t the v a s t m a j o r i t y o f T h i r d World and poor defend-e n t s . F u r t h e r , Younger suppressed t h e re­cords o f t h e i l l e g a l 1963 and 1965 t r i a l s o f Magee. Younger i s s t i l l on R u c h e l l ' s case today.

The v l c l o u s n e s s o f t h e p i g s ' t a c t i c s r e f l e c t s t h e depths o f t h e i r f e a r s o f the emerging people's power. People must I n ­t e n s i f y t h e a t t a c k a g a i n s t enemies such as A t t o r n e y General Younger, The s p i r i t o f r e s i s t a n c e grows, from the people, through t h e f r o n t - l i n e f i g h t e r s , t o t h e depths o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n camps, " I am R u c h e l l Cinque Magee, t h e one who r e f u s e d t o d i e i n the August 7, 1970 r e b e l l i o n , and one who w i l l keep on r e f u s i n g t o d i e u n t i l I have exposed t h e t r u t h o f t h i s c o r r u p t Amerikan J u d i c i a l system," FREE RUCHELL - FREE ALL POLITICAL PRISONERS

OF WAR AVENGE THE FREEDOM FIGHTERS

YOU CAN KILL A REVOLUTIONARY, BUT THE SPIRIT OF RESISTANCE I S INDESTRUCTABLE

For The Symbionese L i b e r a t i o n Army

They c a l l I t t e r r o r i f you are few and have no B-52's i f you are not a head of s t a t e with an array and p o l i s e i f you have n e i t h e r napalm nor tanks nor e l e c t r o n i c b a t t l e f i e l d s terPOl? l a i f you are dispossessed and have o n l y your own two hands and each o t h e r ana your rage I t i s not t e r r o r i f you are New York's F i n e s t and you shoot a l O - y e a r - o l d b l a c k c h i l d

i n t h e back because you t h i n k b l a c k people a l l l o o k l i k e they've j u s t committed a

robbery I t i s not t e r r o r I f you are I I T and you buy the men who l i n e C hilean d o c t o r s up i n t h e i r hos­

p i t a l c o r r i d o r s and shoot them f o r s u p p o r t i n g the l a t e democratic government o f t h e i r c o u n t r y i t I s not ^ e r r o r but heroism i f you were captured by the Vietnamese f o r d ropping f r a g m e n t a t i o n bombs on t h e i r schools and h o s p i t a l s Only those who have n o t h i n g can be t e r r o r i s t s B r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s , l e t us choose our weapons c a r e f u l l y and humanely l e t us use no t o r t u r e or napalm or genocide but do not be f o o l e d t h e r e i s no weapon they w i l l a l l o w n o t h i n g t h a t works w i l l be c a l l e d l e g i t i ­

mate

unless we f i g h t f o r i t unless ue ^ducat^ o u r s e l v e s and o t h e r s unless ue separate r e s i s t a n c e from oppres­

sion The same e d i t o r i a l s t h a t scream t e r r o r i s m screamed mob r u l e a t t h e c i v i l r i g h t s marches o f the e a r l y

s i x t i e s a t t h e a n t i - w a r demonstrations thousands o f busted heads l a t e r t h e y say, o f course WG always upheld the r i g h t o f p e a c e f u l

p r o t e s t The a t t i t u d e s they o f f e r up I n p r i n t w i t h l i t t l e t a b s , cut them out and wear

them w r i t t e n by men who have not seen a j a i l c e l l from t h e I n s i d e or hunger or t h e face o f a d u l y c o n s t i t u t e d o f f i c e r o f t h e law as he says make one move and y o u ' l l be dead t h e y say, we cannot condone v i o l e n c e but watch out f o r whether they say I t about murdering p r i s o n e r s a t A t t i c a or about k i d n a p p i n g P a t r i c i a Hearst about t h e d i s i n h e r i t e d or about the i n h e r i t o r s As we f i n d our way s l o w l y t o use t h e means a v a i l a b l e t o us as w i s e l y as we can t h e r e w i l l be mistakes but do not l e t t h e enemy d e f i n e the mistakes because he I s experienced and has t e n thousand p r i n t i n g presses a t

h i s back behind which he hides t h e tanks and guns and he w i l l say, the people don't support

you

and saying i t can make i t so i f we agree he w i l l say, you o n l y t u r n o f f those you say you a r e f i g h t i n g f o r he i s h e l p f u l no a n t i - w a r march no s i t - i n no t e a c h - I n but had i t s h e l p f u l e d i t o r t o say boM mueb more we c o u l d a e e o m p l i s b by doing

l e s s or p r e f e r a b l y n o t h i n g w h i l e t b e people o f Vietnam p a t i e n t l y e x p l a i n e d t h e i r cause t o the

w o r l d but d i d n ot stop s h o o t i n g down t h e bombers f o r f e a r o f a l i e n a t i n g someone Watch out f o r what th e y t u r n i n t o news and what th e y q u i e t l y f o r g e t What i f a l l t h e h e a d l i n e s and s t o r i e s about S o l z h e n i t s j m had s a i d i n s t e a d M i l l i o n s o f humans h e l d i n se m i - s l a v e r y d e p r i v e d o f every human and l e g a l r i g h t f a m i l i e s f o r c i b l y t o r n a p a r t s t r i k e s broken by mass murder hundreds o f thousands imprisoned w i t h o u t

t r i a l i n Southern A f r i c a ? ( I s i t because o f t h e i r i m p a r t i a l humanity t h a t t h e y f e a r the c r y o f t h e Russian camps o f '47 but are deaf t o t h e r o a r o f the A f r i c a n

p r i s o n s o f '74 7*) Or, 25,000 U.S. t r o o p s remain i n T h a i l a n d t h e war i n Southeast Asia i s n ' t over but c o n t i n u e s d i r e c t e d as b e f o r e by U.S. o f f i c i a l s and U.S. money c o n t . on 9

PACE 9 SEIZE THE TIME

BREAK DE CHAINS ON SUPPORTING

POUTICAL PRISONERS We'd l i k e t o o f f e r a few comments a-

bout suDPortlnH p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s . The most b a s i c o f these i s obvious t o most people: The d i a l e c t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p be-tMoen roproEsion and r e s i s t a n c e means t h a t any r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement I s going t o produce p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s ,

I n many ways, support o f p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s i s a form o f sGlf-dofenee, f o r every time the s t a t e a r r e s t s someone, frames someone, sentences someone, i t i a , i n f a c t a t t a c k i n g the r e v o l u t i o n a r y move­ment. No movement can develop i f i t does not f i g u r e out ways t o defend i t s a c t i v ­i s t s . Our leaders and our cadre have t o be a b l e t o s u r v i v e and remain f r e e and ac­t i v e over the years, t o have t h a t time t o grow and mature w i t h experience. The l i s t o f f a l l e n l e a ders - from Malcolm X t o Fred Hampton t o George Jaekson - I s devastating when we t h i n k o f what t h e i r i n s i g h t and energies could be produ c i n g now.

Wtien we f a i l t o develop support f o r p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s we a l l o w the s t a t e t o achieve I t s o b j e c t i v e s o f :

1) I s o l a t i n g People(those who are b u s t e d , and

2) I n t i m i d a t i n g o t h e r s ( t h o s e who ar e aware o f the oppression/repression, but who don't see any evidence o f r e s i s t a n c e t o i t ) .

P o l i t i o a l r e p r e s s i o n i s j u s t another form a i d i v i d e and conquer. I n order t o deal With those d i v i s i o n s , a c t i v i s t s have a r e B p o n B l b i l i t y t o b u i l d l i n k s w i t h people f a c i n g t r i a l s o r I n p r i s o n . This i s espe­c i a l l y t r u e when wc conoldcr t h a t one o f the roost advanced movements i n t h i s coun­t r y CRlBta r i g h t i n s i d e the p r i s o n w a l l s . We a l s o have t o f i g h t the g e a r f u l r a t i o n ­a l i z a t i o n t h a t " t h e cases i s too hot t o go near", the excuse t h a t some groups use t o a v o i d s u p p o r t i n g d i f f e r e n t p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s . We must recognise t h a t i t i s p r e c i s e l y t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s and groups

CONT FROM PACE 8 U„6t a d v i s o r s who changed t h e i r uniforms i n t o c i v i l i a n c l o t h e s and c a l l I t by an­

o t h e r name or worse, do not c a l l i t a n y t h i n g a t a l l but hope the w o r l d w i l l f o r g e t and l e t them c a r r y on t h e i r d i r t y business u n d i s t u r b e d w h i l e solemn conferences are h e l d on what

t o do about the " i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e r r o r i s m " o f the P a l e s t i n i a n s who d i s r u p t t he p e a c e f u l p r o s p e r i t y o f

to u r i s m w i t h annoying reminders t h a t t h e i r homeland has been s t o l e n from

them and t h e y have been l e f t w i t h n o t h i n g but t h e i r courage and the j u s t n e s s o f

t h e i r cause w i t h w l j i c h t o win i t back poor enough weapons we can h e l p t o supply some o t h e r s by s h o u t i n g and w h i s p e r i n g on every corner the s t o r y o f t h e i r s t r u g g l e o f a people u t t e r l y d e prived o f i t s homeland which thp w o r l d has t r i e d so hard t o f o r g e t

S l s tGrs and b r o t h e r s , t h i n k hard b e f o r e you jump

onto the bandwagon o f condemning t e r r o r i s m remember who i s making t h e d e f i n i t i o n s remember not t o s t r e n g t h e n the hand t h a t w i l l t u r n i n an i n s t a n t a g a i n s t every means o f r e s i s t a n c e t o op­

p r e s s i o n That bandwagon r o l l s s t r a i g h t toward

fascism do not f o r g e t t he r e a l t e r r o r i s t s t h a t l u r k behind the Tiasks o f heads o f

s t a t e do not be a f r a i d t o h o l d s t r o n g t o g e t h e r w i t h a l l who dare t o s t r u g g l e

A SISTER I N THE WEATHER UNDERGROUND

who are most c o n t r o v e r s i a l , most m i l i t a n t , most advanced, who w i l l be s u b j e c t t o the most severe r e p r e s s i o n . F a r t o f the rea­son why a case may seem "t o o h o t " i s the simple f a c t t h a t l i t t l e support has y e t been r a i s e d , But t o w a i t u n t i l t h e r e i s some maoaivc o u t c r y i o t o miae the basic t r u i s m t h a t some o r g a n i z i n g has to be done b e f o r e t h e r e can be such an o u t c r y .

On a more p r a c t i c a l l e v e l , t h e f o l ­l o w i n g p o i n t s seem more Im p o r t a n t i n de­v e l o p i n g support f o r p o l i t c a l p r i s o n e r s . F i r s t , as p o l i t i c a l people i n v o l v e d i n the ongoing work o f d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i z a ­t i o n s o r c o l l e c t i v e s , a c t i v i s t s must i n ­c o r p o r a t e support f o r p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s i n t h e i r mass work. Most s i g n i f i c a n t about a c c e p t i n g t h i s p o i n t i s t h a t i t means that i t means t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n s must put aside t h e i r s e c t a r i a n d i f f e r e n c e s and understand t h a t , as a lowest common denominator o f p o l i t i c a l u n i t y , r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s should and must be defended a g a i n s t the s t a t e , P o l i t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s over s t r a t e g i e s and t a c t i c s must be n o n - a n t a g o n i s t i c when we a r e down t o t h a t b asic l e v e l o f a r e v o l u ­t i o n a r y spending h i s or her l i f e behind bars. Mass o r g a n i z i n g around p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s can a l w a y s be done a t l e a s t a t t h e l e v e l o f a t t e m p t i n g t o develop an an­t i - r e p r e s s i o n , a n t i - f a s c i s t , p r o - r e s i s ­tance consciousness,

A more a c t i v e form o f support i s g o i n g t o c o u r t . The h i s t o r y o f p o l i t i c a l t r i a l s I n the past t e n years makes c l e a r the impact o f p u b l i c s u p p o r t on j u r i e s . Furthermore, going t o c o u r t i s an educa­t i o n a l experience, not o n l y about t h e cor­r u p t l e g a l s y s t e m , but about r e p r e s s i o n i n g e n e r a l , This was the most d r a m a t i c a l ­l y i l l u s t r a t e d i n the t r i a l o£ R u c h e l l Magee, where searches used t o i n t i m i d a t e s p e c t a t o r s from a t t e n d i n g went so f a r as t o I n c l u d e I n t e r n a l examinations f o r wo­men. Going to c o u r t under such circum­stances becomes a m i l i t a n t a c t . a demon­s t r a t i o n t o the p i g s t h a t one i s not going t o be f r i g h t e n e d away, and a demonstration t o t he j u r y t h a t the heavy s e c u r i t y does n o t , i n f a c t , r e f l e c t t h e dangerousness o f the defendants, but r a t h e r t h e r e p r e s ­siveness o f the s t a t e .

Some suggestions about going t o court; S p ectators a t almost a l l p o l i t i c a l t r i a l s nowadays w . i l l be s e a r c h e d b e f o r e e n t e r i n g the courtroom, t h e r e f o r e , people should not c a r r y t h i n g s t o c o u r t t h a t they might get hassled o v e r ( l i k e pocket k n i v e s o r s l u g s ) . People should t r y , whenever pos­s i b l e t o go t o c o u r t w i t h a f r i e n d , Peo­p l e should a l s o expect t h a t t h e s t a t e w i l l

C E O R G E I A C K S O N

S e t t l e your q u a r r e l s , come together, understand the r e a l i t y or our s i t u a t i o n , unflerstand i:hat fascism i s already here, t h a t people are already dying who eould be saved, that gettevatiortS more w i l l die or l i v e poor butchered h a l f - l i v e s i f y o u f a l l t o a c t . Do wt ia t mus t t>e <3one, discover your humanity and your love i n r e v o l u t i o n . Pass on the t o r c h . J o i n us, give up your l i f e f o r the People,

do e v e r y t h i n g I t can t o f r u s t r a t e you, by postp o n i n g the s t a r t o f the s e s s i o n , a r ­b i t r a r i l y b a r r i n g s p e c t a t o r s f o r p e r i o d s , and even c a n c e l l i n g the day's proceedings unexpectedly. Be p r e p a r e d t o be p e r s i s t e n t and p a t i e n t when going t o c o u r t .

As a f i n a l s u g g estion about support­i n g p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s , we b e l i e v e t h a t i t i s an e f f e c t i v e s t r a t e g y f o r a c t i v i s t s on the o u t s i d e t o develop r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s , t o take respon­s i b i l i t y f o r b u i l d i n g l i n k s t o the outside f o r those p r i s o n e r s . This does not mean t o a c t as a pen-pal; p o l i t i c a l p r i s o n e r s are r e v o l u t l o n a r l s t s . T h e r e f o r e develop­i n g a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h someone on the i n ­s i d e i n v o l v e s a p o l i t i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . Moreover, i t i s a l s o a f i n e o p p o r t u n i t y t o l e a r n from these comrades and engage i n p o l i t i c a l d i a l o g u e . P r i s o n e r s n e e j po­l i t i c a l l i t e r a t u r e and books, money f o r commissary, l e g a l l l a s l o n and/or a s s i s ­tance, and o t h e r types o f support. I f each a c t i v i s t o r small c o l l e c t i v e on the o u t s i d e would take r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r de­v e l o p i n g such r e l a t i o n s h i p , some ver y s t r o n g l i n k s are made t o s t r e n g t h e n the s t r u g g l e .

N a t i o n a l Committee t o Defend P o l i t i c a l P r i s o n e r s P.O. Box 1184 OR P.O. Box 524 Harlem, W.Y. N o r f o l k , Va.23501

TRIAL NEWS

TRACY, CALIFORNIA - At th e Dual V o c a t i o n a l C e n t e r ( D V I ) , two Black p r i s o n e r s are charged w i t h the murder o f a guard. A l l e n and Graham are f a c i n g t he death p e n a l t y even though t h e a l l e g e d murder took p l a c e be­fore the January l a t enactment o f the C a l i ­f o r n i a death p e n a l t y . The guard was mur­dered I Nov, 23, 1973,

Both men are v o c a l o r g a n i z e r s . The p r i s o n o f f i c i a l s f o r t h e s t a t e used t h i s i n c i d e n t t o j u s t i f y Imposing lockdOTjms a t San Quentin, Folsom, t h e DVI and Chino.

Oregon-Black and Brovm Inmates a t San Quentin have been a s k i n g about t h e w e l l -b eing o f w h i t e Inmate Steve K e s s l e r . Steve i s p r e s e n t l y i n p r i s o n e d i n Oregon. He was o r i g i n a l l y sent t o p r i s o n from Oregon, but he has been shipped t o d i f ­f e r e n t p r i s o n s around the c o u n t r y . He has been i n both the A t l a n t a Federal P r i s o n and San Quentin, No p r i s o n wants him because he i s considered a v e r y e f ­f e c t i v e i n t e r - r a c l a l o r g a n i z e r who can break down t h e racism o f w h i t e inmates. Consequently he has been respected by T h i r d World inmates i n every p r i s o n he has been i n . I n A t l a n t a he was able t o found a s u c c e s f u l i n t e r - r a c i a l o r g a n i z a ­t i o n , consequently he has been marked f o r death by p r i s o n a u t h o r i t i e s . He i s now f i g h t i n g e x t r a d i t i o n proceedings t o the A t l a n t a p r i s o n . He and another i n ­mate have been charged w i t h the murder o f a p r i s o n =uard i n A t l a n t a s i x years ago. The f i r s t i n d i c t m e n t had no dates or o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n . They r e f l l e d t h e i n d i c t m e n t w i t h the s t i p u l a t i o n t h a t t he death p e n a l t y i a a p p l i c a b l e . I n an I n ­t e r v i e w i n J u l y , Steve c o m p l e t e l y denyed any knowledge o f the crime and des c r i b e d how the a u t h o r i t i e s want him dead one way or the o t h e r . L e t t e r s adressed t o Governor McCall o f Oregon p r o t e s t i n g ex­t r a d i t i o n .

New York C i t y - I n t he week o f J u l y 14, Robert Hayes a l l e g e d Black L i b e r a t i o n Army member was sentenced t o 3 5 - l i f e f o r t he a l l e g e d member o f t r a n s i t cop.

PAGE 10 • SEIZE THE TIME

NCDPP Report to the Sixth Pan-African Congress: On

NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR THE DEEEKSE OF POLITICAL PRISONERS STATEMENT ON AFRICAN PRISONERS OP UAR AND POLITICAL PRISONERS I N PREPARATION FOR THE SIXTH PAN-AFRICAN

CONGRESS

When A f r i c a n People who are p o l i t i ­c a l l y a c t i v e i n the s t r u g g l e f o r A f r i c a n l l t e r a t i w n i n n o r t h ameriUUUa, s-^s cap­t u r e d and iniprieon«<3, t h e r e i s a need to support thsvn, I n a l l areas o£ the w o r l d , I n c l u d i n g A f r i c a , the governments o£ the People i n whose b e h a l f the Imprisoned ac­t i v i s t s have s t r u g g l e d , are u s u a l l y i n support by P o l i t i c a l P r i s o n e r s Defense Committees and community o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

J u s t as t h e imprisoned a c t i v i s t s o f the P a l e s t i n i a n Resistance government, b e i n g c i t i s e n s o f a d i s p l a c e d n a t i o n r e ­ceived support from a l l Arab governments regardless o f i d e o l o g i e s , we urge t h a t imprisoned a c t i v i s t s o f the A f r i c a n L i b ­e r a t i o n Struggle i n n o r t h amerlkkka, be­ing displaced c i t i s e n s of many A f r i c a n n a t i o n s , be p h y s i c a l l y supported by a l l A f r i c a n governments.

A f r i c a n c a p i t i v l t y i n the l a t e 15th century was due to the d i r e c t m i l i t a r y a c t i o n of the european i m p e r i a l i s t s who foi««d v i l l a g e r a i d i n g p a r t i e s and sy s t e -M t l c a l l y kidnapped, ripping A f r i c a n s o f f nbolesale froa t h e i r Motherland to slave • h i p s . A conaervative e s t i a a t e of 140.000.000 i s t f only acknowledged. T i l s c a p t i v i t y of A f r i c a n s by the euro-p e n V •HiwM i n ««»plete conjunc­t i o n V .can r u l e r s and t r i b a l lead­e r s .

C l e a r l y , the cre a t i o n of the Dis­placed Nation of A f r i c a n s i n n o r t h amerl­kkka would have been c o n s i d e r a b l y harder f o r t h e european, i f not f o r c o l l a b o r a ­t i o n fvo«i our Moi©h^ ToKombe-liUe e x - b r o t h e r s The p r e s e n t A f r i c a n popula­t i o n on t h e " n o r t h amerikkkan" c o n t i n e n t are the o f f s p r i n g o f those A f r i c a n p r i ­soners o£ war who were s u b j e c t as s l a v e s .

We b e l i e v e that t h e enslavement o£ / \ f r i c a n s i n amerlkkka s t i l l c o n t i n u e s f o r some o f these f o l l o w i n g reasons;

1. (Taken from t h e A n t i - R e p r e s s i o n Frogram of the Republic of New A f r i c a ) • C i C i s e n s h l p of Blacks i n Amerlkkka

Ibe i lacks i n a a e r i -kkJca, desc " t S . c i -tiMea» as the r e s u l t of the Fourteenth Aaendniit or the r u l e of Jus S o l i cannot • t n u l i * e r e such s l a v e descendants c h a l -lenee aaa r e j e c t u.s. c i t i t a i s h l p a f t e r Informed consideration. The r u l e o f Jus S o l i cannot operate, without the consent o f t h e e x - s l a v e ( o r h i s descendant), be-cause the slave was brought t o amerlkkka and h e l d here a g a i n s t h i s w i l l and con­sent and denied knowledge o£ h i s h i s t o r y and r i g h t s under I n t e r n a t i o n a l law. The " g r a n t " o£ e i t i a e n s h i p i n t h e F o u r t e e n t h AmendmentClt must be considered an o f f e r not a g r a n t ) f a l l s because i t was essen­t i a l l y a u n i l a t e r a l a c t i o n o£ t h e w h i t e amerikkkan conmunlty w i t h o u t adequate r e -£erence(a p l e b i s c i t e ) t o t h e informed de-s l r e s of those persons v*om the grant/of­fe r was I n t e n d e d t o reach.

I m p o r t a n t l y , the U.S. congress has not been w i t h o u t power t o c r e a t e c o n d i ­t i o n s f o r an informed expression o f choice by t h e ex-slave o r h i s descendants. And t h e congress s t i l l has t h i s power. The Fourteenth Amendment - the v e r y a r t i c l e of t h e u n i t e d s t a t e s c o n s t i t u t i o n which makes t h e o f f e r o f c i t i s e n s h i p - a l s o i n ­cludes t h e s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n t h a t : t h i s I s t h e o n l y l e g i t i m a t e way t o " e n f o r c e " t h e p r o v i s i o n o f t h i s amendment which o f f e r s c i t i z e n s h i p .

2. The T h i r t e e n t h Amen<3ment(also a r b i t r a r i l y r a t i f i e d w i t h o u t the p a r t i c i ­p a t i o n o f A f r i c a n People) i s supposed t o a b o l i s h s l a v e r y i n amerlkkka w h i l e s i m u l ­t a n e o u s l y p e r m i t t i n g s l a v e r y i n awewikkkan p r i s o n s .

S l a v e r y i s and has always been t h e b a s i s o f t h e f i n a n c i a l growth o f t h e u n i ­t e d s t a t e s . I n d u s t r y f i r s t appeared i n t h e n o r t h wherQ f a c t o r i e s o b t a i n e d t h e i r raw m a t e r i a l s from t h e southern s l a v e s t a t e s . Slave l a b o r madQ t h i s a r range­ment v e r y much p r o f i t a b l e t o t h e s o u t h . W i t h t h e huge i m p o r t a t i o n o f A r l c a n s l a v e s t o serve as beasts o f burden, i e . c o t t o n n i g g e r s and sugar mules, more and more goods were produced by t h e s o u t h , and t h e y began t o exp o r t goods o u t s i d e the u n i t e d s t a t e s t o england and f r a n c e These c o u n t r i e s p a i d h i g h e r p r i c e s f o r goods than d i d t h e n o r t h e r n s t a t e s . A l l these economic f a c t o r s l e d t o t h e con­f l i c t known as the c i v i l war. W i t h t h e h e l p o f s l a v e s , the cide o f t h e war t u r n e d p l a i n l y i n f a v o r o f t h e sout h . I t became c l e a r t o the n o r t h t h a t t h e o n l y way i t c o u l d o b t a i n v i c t o r y was through e n l i s t i n g these same slave s t o t h e b a t ­t l e f i e l d , A shrewd p o l i t i c a l maneuver took p l a c e when L i n c o l n issued t h e eman­c i p a t i o n p r o c l a i m a t i o n which had no bear­i n g whatsoever on n o r t h e r n s t a t e s and f r e e d slaves i n southern h e l d s t a t e s : s t a t e s t h a t t h e n o r t h had no j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r . T h i s was the f i n a l t u r n i n g p o i n t o f t h e v a r and w i t h slaves f i g h t i n g f o r their freedom, t h e morth soon emerged v i c t o r i ­ous.

The n o r t h had committed i t s e l f t o f r e e i n g t h e slaves b ut they c o u l d n ot b r i n g themselves t o u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y con­demn s l a v e r y i n t o t a l , because s l a v e r y had b u i l t b o t h amerlkkka and t h e i r f o r ­t u n e s . A t t h e same t i m e t h e y c o u l d n o t a l l o w s l a v e r y I n p r i v a t e hands, as had been p r a c t i c e d I n t h e p a s t . A r t i c l e 13: Sec. 1 o f t h e t h i r t e e n t h amendment was w r i t t e n ; " N e i t h e r s l a v e r y nor i n v o l u n t a ­r y s e r v i t u d e , exept as a punishment f o r crime whereof t h e p a r t y s h a l l have been d u l y c o n v i c t e d , s h a l l e x i s t w i t h i n t h e u n i t e d s t a t e s or any p l a c e s u b j e c t t o t h e i r j u r i s d i c t i o n , SeCc 2 - Congress s h a l l have power t o enf o r c e t h i s a r t i c l e by a p p r o p r i a t e l e g i s l a t i o n . " I n e f f e c t i t " n a t i o n a l i z e d s l a v e r y " , f o r o n l y a go\«n-ment agency c o u l d l a w f u l l y e n f o r c e i n v o l ­u n t a r y s e r v i t u d e . R e a l i s i n g t h i s i m p o r t -flat p o i n t i s r e a l i z i n g t h e b a s i c premise o f t h e p e n i t e n t i a r y system today. SLAVERY.

A modem sl a v e system has b u i l t roads and r a i l r o a d s throughout t h i s coun­t r y . I n d u s t r i e s i n p r i s o n s make u n i f o r m s , c l o t h i n g , shoes, f u r n i t u r e and f i x t u r e s o f a l l s o r t s . There a r e l a r g e farms cared f o r t o t a l l y by c o n v i c t s . There i s n ot a major f o r e s t f i r e i n C a l i f o r n i a t h a t con­v i c t s do not f i g h t , a t the r i s k o f t h e i r l i v e s . New drugs and vaccines are t e s t e d on c o n v i c t s and t h e c o u n t l e s s v i c t i m s r a r e l y make i t o u t s i d e t h e w a l l s ; slaves a r e expendable, Convict l a b o r , s l a v e l a ­bor has been a major work f o r c e i n amerl­kkka; i t must be e m p h a t i c a l l y noted t h a t p r i v a t e companies put t h e i r l a b e l s on goods produced by c o n v i c t s and then s e l l them to the p u b l i c ,

S l a v e r y has been brought t o p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n by a long l i n e o f brave and courageous w a r r i o r s , from Nat Turner, Denmark Vesey, G a b r i e l Prosser, t o George Jackson, R u c h e l l Magee, M a r t i n Sostre and co u n t l e s s o t h e r s . Events a t a t i k k k a ( n e w y o r k , U.S.a.) have shown the w o r l d how c r u e l and inhumane the overseers are and throughout t h e c o u n t r y , and i n f a c t t h e World's People a r e s t r u g g l i n g t o a l l e v i ­a t e these i n t o l e r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s by what­ever means t h a t w i l l be s u c c e s s f u l . I n t h e 35 year h i s t o r y o f the u.s. f e d e r a l p r i s o n system, th e y have grossed i n ex­cess o f 895 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n p r o f i t s from t h e i r m u l t i - m i l l i o n d o l l a r s l a v e i n ­d u s t r i e s o f e x p l o i t a t i o n , o p p r e s s i o n and genocide. I n 1970, t h e s t a t e o f Michigan accrued$I4 m i l l i o n i n p r o f i t s from penal s l a v e p l a n t a t i o n s .

As a r e s u l t , 75%-85% o£ th e approx. 2 m i l l i o n men and women p r e s e n t l y i n c a r ­cerated at these s l a v e p l a n t a t i o n s are Black ; and T h i r d w o r l d as you reach t h e 95% b r a c k e t .

1. We submit t h a t we are an A f r i ­can People, born i n c a p t i v i t y on a land mass i n t h e western hemisphere, brought t o amerlkkka i n chains t o serve as cha t ­t e l s laves by t h e w h i t e c a p i t a l i s t r u l i n g c l a s s o f t h a t e r a . And t h a t our pres e n t c o n d i t i o n o f t o t a l dependence i n t h i s c l a s s and i t ' s l a c k x e s , are a r e s u l t o£ our e x c l u s i o n from s h a r i n g e q u i t a b l y i n la n d ownership, i e , s t i f l i n g o u r r i g h t t o s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h r o u g h e x c l u s i o n o£ o w n e r s h i p / c o n t r o l o f the means o f produc­t i o n , thus r e s u l t i n g i n a s t a t e o f - p o l i ­t i c a l powerlessness, c u l t u r a l and s o c i o ­l o g i c a l p a r a l y s i s .

2. Defacto s e g r e g a t i o n o f housing p a t t e r n s , c o r r a l i n g us i n g h e t t o s , t o t a l ­l y c o l o n i z e d and p o l i c e d by t h e govern­ment's r e p r e s s i v e p o l i t i c a l m i l i t a r y .

3. Defacto s e g r e g a t i o n o f A f r i c a n People i n t h e p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n a l ^ s y s t e m l i m i t s t h e i r access t o a c q u i r e t h e s k i l l s t o r i s e above t h e bottom o f t h e economic s t r a t a i n the u.s.

Jonathan Jackson, Aug, 7 a t Marin Court­house - A f r i c a n freedom f i g h t e r s f i g h t i n No r t h America t o o .

4, Defacto s e g r e g a t i o n o f A f r i c a n People i n t h e area o f employment c r e a t e s a s i t u a t i o n whereby A f r i c a n s i n the u.s, are e i t h e r under-employed or unemployed. The unemployed A f r i c a n i s o f t e n f o r c e d t o work f o r wages below t h a t needed t o p r o ­v i d e f o r h i m s e l f and f a m i l y .

5, The present s t a t e o f war i n amerlkkka I s supported by:

(a) A t t a c k s and murder upon t h e Uves of A f r i c a n s i n amerlkkka c o n t i n u e s t o t h e p r e s e n t day.

(b) Statements by h i g h r a n k i n g po­l i c e and i n t e l l i g e n c e o f f i c i a l s t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e i s t a k i n g p l a c e on t h e s t r e e t s o f major c i t i e s i n the U.S.a, - th e a t t o r n e y g e n e r a l o f t h e U.S., Saxbe r e c e n t l y r e l e a s e d some c o n f i d e n t i a l documents o f th e f e d e r a l bureau o£ I n v e s t i g a t i o n t h a t o u t l i n e d t h e search and d e s t r o y campaign t h a t was launched i n years from 1960-71 a-g a i n s t t h e A f r i c a n L i b e r a t i o n o r g a n i z a ­t i o n s and a c t i v i s t s i n amerlkkka i r r e -g a r d l e s s o f t h e f a c t o f whether t h e po­l i t i c s were r a d i c a l or l i b e r a l .

The a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f Zayd M a l i k Shakur, Kimu Olugbala(Anthony W h i t e ) , A l l Changa 01ugbala(Woodie Green) and Kakuyan Olugbala(Twymon Myers) i n 1973 f o r t h e s o l e reason t h a t t h e y were mem­bers o f t h e Black L i b e r a t i o n Army and subsequently i s s u i n g o f Shoot t o K i l l w a r r a n t s f o r o t h e r a l l e g e d members o f the Black L i b e r a t i o n Army.

Taken from "Malcolm X Speaks"--An Appeal t o A f r i c a n Heads o f S t a t e , 1964:

"Our problems a r e your problems. We have l i v e d f o r over 300 years i n t h a t amerikkkan den o f r a c i s t wolves i n con­s t a n t f e a r o f l o s i n g l i f e and limbs Re­c e n t l y , t h r e e youths from Kenya were mis­taken f o r amerikkkan negroes and were bru­t a l l y beaten by new y o r k p o l i c e . S h o r t l y a f t e r t h a t , two di p l o m a t s from Uganda were a l s o beaten by t h e new yo r k p o l i c e .

gET2E THE TIME PACE 11

African POW's and Political Prisoners in America

who mistook them f o r amerikkkans. Imagine the p h y s i c a l and p s y c o l o g l c a l s u f f e r i n g received Dy your Brothers and si s t e r s who have l i v e d t h e r e f o r over 300 years. Our problem i s your problem. No m a t t e r how mueh independence A f r i c a n s get here on the mother continent, unless you wear ycur n a t i o n a l dress a t a l l t i m e s , when you v i s i t araerikkka, you may be mistaken f o r one o£ us and s u f f e r t h e same psyche-l o g i c a l h u m i l a t i o n and p h y s i c a l m u t i l a ­t i o n t h a t i s an everyday occurrence i n our l i v e s .

Your problem w i l l never be f u l l y s o l ved u n t i l and unless ours are s o l v e d . You w i l l never be f u l l y respected u n t i l and u n l e s s we are a l s o r e s p e c t e d . You w i l l never be recognized as f u l l htmian beings u n t i l and unless we are a l s o r e ­cognised and t r e a t e d as human beings.

Our problem i s your problem. I t i s not a negro problem, nor an amerikkkan problem. This i s a w o r l d problem, a p r o ­blem, a problem f o r humanity. I t i s not a problem o f c i v i l r i g h t s , but a problem o f himian r i g h t s . "

"A cross s e c t i o n o f t h e Harlem com­muni t y has been wor k i n g f o r some tim e on the f o r m a t i o n o f an o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t would transcend a l l s u p e r f i c i a l , man-made d i v i s i o n s between t h e Afro-American Peo-p i e o f t h i s c o u n t r y who are working f o r human r i g h t s , and t h a t would i n no way compete w i t h a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g s u c c e s s f u l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . I have been requested, and Indeed i t i s my p l e a s u r e , t o announce t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n o f A f r o -American Itnxty(OAAU), p a t t e r n e d a f t e r t h e l e t t e r and t h e S p i r i t o£ th e O r g a n i s a t i o n o£ A f r i c a n Unity(OAll} ,

I t s purpose i s t o u n i t e Afro-Ameri-eSAfi and t h e i i " d v g a n t a a t i a t t s around a n o n - r e l i g i o u s and n o n - s e c t a r i a n c o n s t r u c ­t i v e purpose f o r human r i g h t s " ,

I n t h e s p i r i t o f and I n view o f the above s t a t e d evidence on the s t a t u s o f A f r i c a n F r i s o n e r s o f War i n n o r t h ameri-kkka, we remind a l l s o v e r e i g n governnents t h a t they have a duty t o uphold a l l the p o i n t s o£ the U n i v e r s a l D e c l a r a t i o n o£ Hxmian R i g h t s which I n c l u d e :

A r t i c l e 4 - No one s h a l l be h e l d i n s l a v e r y o f s e r v i t u d e .

A r t i c l e 5 - No one s h a l l be s u b j e c t ­ed t o t o r t u r e or t o c r u e l . Inhuman, or de­g r a d i n g t r e a t m e n t or punishment.

A r t i c l e 9 - No one s h a l l be s u b j e c t ­ed t o a r b i t r a r y a r r e s t , d e t e n t i o n o r ex-

George Jackson and Fl e e t a Drumgo P.O.W.'S

A r t i c l e 10- Everyone charged w i t h a penal o f f e n s e has t h e r i g h t t o be p r e ­sumed innocent u n t i l proved g u i l t y ac­c o r d i n g t o law i n a p u b l i c t r i a l a t which he has had a l l t h e guarantees necessary f o r h i e defense.

A r t i c l e ll-Everyone i s e n t i t l e d m f u l l e q u a l i t y t o a f a i r and p u b l i c hear­i n g by an independent and i m p a r t i a l t r i ­b u n a l , i n the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f h i s r i g h t s and o b l i g a t i o n s and o£ any c r i m i n a l charges a g a i n s t him.

A r t i c l e l^-Everyone has t h e r i g h t t o seek and t o enjoy i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s asy­lum from p e r s e c u t i o n .

A r t i c l e 15-Everyone has a r i g h t t o a n a t i o n a l i t y . No one s h a l l be a r b i t r a r i l y d e p r i v e d o f h i s n a t i o n a l i t y , nor denied t h e r i g h t t o change h i s n a t i o n a l i t y .

A r t i c l e 21-The w i l l o f the People s h a l l be the b a s i s o f t h e a u t h o r i t y o f governments; t h i s w i l l s h a l l be expressed i n p e r i o d i c and genuine e l e c t i o n s which s h a l l be by u n i v e r s a l and equal s u f f r a g e and s h a l l be h e l d by se c r e t v o t e or by eq u i v a l e n t f r e e v o t i n g procedures.

I n t he past(George Jackson p e t i t i o n on U.S. genocide t o the Hvraian R i g h t s Com­m i s s i o n t o the United N a t i o n s , 1972), w i t h A f r i c a n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a t the U„N,, we were a t one time t o l d t h a t t h e r e c o u l d be no involvment w i t h the support o f P r i s o n ­ers o f War i n t h e u.s,, because i t was a domestic problem. L a t e l y we've been t o l d t h a t t h e reason f o r t h e i r non-involvment i s t he economic t i e s t he r e s p e c t i v e coun­t r i e s have w i t h the u.s.a.

I£ A f r i c a n governments accept the d i p l o m a t i c r a t i o n a l t h a t t he A f r i c a n P,0,Wg's i n n o r t h amerlkkka a r e domestic a f f a i r s o£ th e u n i t e d s t a t e s o£ amerihkka, t h e n , the same r u l e should a p p l y . , . t o t h e o t h e r u.s,a,, un i o n o f south a f r i k k k a .

The w h i t e government o f south a f r i ­kkka 's d i p l o m a t i c p o s i t i o n I s t h a t t he 14 m i l l i o n A f r i c a n s I n south a f r i k k k a a re e x c l u s i v e l y t h e domestic a f f a i r s o f t h e u n i o n o f south a f r i k k k a . ( u . s . a . )

The system o f penal enslavement i n the u n i t e d s t a t e s o f amerlkkka have be­come the new system f o r the housing and maintenance of slaves.

(A p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 m i l l i o n A f r i c a n P o l i t i c a l P r i s o n e r s ) . The courtrooms w i t h t h e i r s y s t e m a t i c d i s c r i m a t i n g p o l i c i e s o f i n j u s t i c e a g a i n s t A f r i c a n People have be­come t h e 20th c e n t u r y a u c t i o n b l o c k and th e modern day slave r a i d s are the p o l i c e cars which r i d e i n t o our communities(co-l o n l e s ) , " a r r e s t i n g " ( c a p t u r i n g ) A f r i c a n Black males and females on a quota b a s i s . ( A c c o r d i n g t o the c a p i t a l i s t p r i s o n com­p l e x ) . 90X Of a l l urban Black males w i l l he "arrested" a t least once during t h e i r l i f e t i m e s .

What Can Be Done 1. P o l i t i c a l asylum t o imprisoned

A f r i c a n freedom f i g h t e r s . ( S t i p u l a t i n g t h a t whatever A f r i c a n s are g e o g r a p h i c a l l y S i t u a t e d i n the w o r l d o u t s i d e o f the mo­t h e r c o u n t r y , t h e c o n d i t i o n i s t h e r e s u l t o f the k i d n a p p l n g ( a c t o f war) o f our Peo­p l e by the european/amerlkkkan s l a v e t r a d e . And wherever we're s i t u a t e d , we're c o n f r o n t e d w i t h the l i f e and death s t r u g ­g l e a g a i n s t amerikkkan and european im­p e r i a l i s m , c o l o n i a l i s m , racism and f a s ­cism. T h e r e f o r e , i n d i v i d u a l s granted t h i s asylum have a duty t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s t r u g g l e o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y g r a n t ­i n g asylum.

2. Work r e l e a s e program f o r s k i l l e d and u n s k i l l e d p r i s o n e r s .

3. Dual c i t i z e n s h i p f o r a l l D i s ­placed A f r i c a n People,

4. Ad hoc committee o f A f r i c a n government o f f i c i a l s and l o c a l community o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o v i s i t and rev i e w p r i s o n c o n d i t i o n s .

5. Governmental support o f A l l A f r i c a n P.O.W. Day.

6. Exchange o f i n f o r m a t i o n on p l i g h t o f P.O.W.'s on the c o n t i n e n t ( A f r i ­ca) .

7. Government pressure t o stop "be­h a v i o r c o n t r o l " experiments on imprisoned A f r i c a n P o l i t i c a l Prisoners and Prisoners of War.

"No one knows t h e master b e t t e r t h a n h i s s e r v a n t . We have been s e r v a n t s i n a-merlkkka f o r over 300 y e a r s . We have a thorough i n s i d e knowledge o f t h i s man who c a l l s h i m s e l f "uncle sam". T h e r e f o r e , you must heed our warning: Don't escape from european o o l o n i a l l s m o n l y t o become even more enslaved by d e c e i t f u l , " f r i e n d l y " amerikkkan d o l l a r i s m " .

Malcolm X, Chairman

Malcolm X

"A newspaper Is not only a c o l l e c t i v e p r o p a g a n d i s t and c o l l e c t i v e a g i t a t o r , but a l s o a c o l l e c t i v e o r g a n i z e r . I n t h i s r e s p e c t i t can be compared t o t h e s c a f f o l d i n g e r e c t e d around a b u i l d i n g i n c o n s t r u c t i o n J i t marks the contours o£ the s t r u c t u r e and f a c i l i t a t e s com­m u n i c a t i o n between t h e b u i l d e r s , per­m i t t i n g them t o d i s t r i b u t e t he work and t o view the common r e s u l t s a-chieved by t h e i r o rganised l a b o u r . "

LENIN

S u b s c r i p t i o n r a t e s a r e ; 12 Issues $2.50 1 - 9 copies- .25ea. 10-24 copies $ ,20ea. over 25 copie s - - - - - - $ ,15ea.

We ask t h a t people and o r g a n i z a t i o n s c o n s i d e r exchanging, s u b s c r i b i n g and/or d i s t r i b u t i n g papers. We welcome news r e ­p o r t s from people's s t r u g g l e s , a r t i c l e s , l e t t e r s , poems, a r t w o r k and c a r t o o n s , please l e t us know about news s e r v i c e s , i n f o r m a t i o n bureaus or newspapers from anywhere i n t h e w o r l d t h a t you t h i n k we should use. People make t h e r e v o l u t i o n !

ORGANIZATIONS - NEWSPAPERS

Please con s i d e r u s i n g the c e n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h i s paper as an i n ­s e r t supplement t o your own l o c a l paper. I f you ar e i n t e r e s t e d , w r i t e us about the number you want and f e e l f r e e t o make suggestions about f u t u r e c ontent and s i z e . We pl a n t o have a ce n t e r s e c t i o n i n every i s s u e ,

/C * -A- -A- * /V -A- *

Center S e c t i o n

1 copy - - - - - - -$ .IS'ea, over 5 copies - - - - _ - $ .10 ea. " 25 copies . - - . - - $ .OSea.

* * * * * -V *

SEIZK THE TIME PACE -^-J

FROM RUCHELL CINQUE MAGEE Recorded Statement T r a n s c r i p t - J u l y 1974

F i r s t , l e t me extend g r e e t i n g s t o a l l S i s t e r s and b r o t h e r s i n the p e o p l e ' s move­ment, i n p a r t i c u l a r , t he SLA, the Black L i h e r a t i o n Avmy, I t i s yau viha have been bleeeed w i t h l i g h t o f t r u t h i n the f i g h t f o r freedom, i r i was ou t t h e r e , l could"nt h e l p but come down t o t h e r a l l y t o support. I would say, those o f you i n a c t i o n , un­r e l e n t i n g s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t i n j u s t i c e and opp r e s s i o n , keep growing. We can't c u t o f f or l e t the f o o l p i g s cut o f f the l i f e o f what we know i s best f o r us, freedom. Re­cent Los Angeles events s p e l l t he death which we know and co n t i n u e t o l i v e w i t h , but I t was no p r o f i t f o r t h e p i g . I t adds more c l e a r l i g h t f o r the people t o see the coward n a s t y dogs masquerading as law o f f i c e r s . Six people f i g h t i n g s i x hundred snakes w i t h courage, and the insane co­wards can't seem t o comprehend where i t came from. The courage, p i g t r i e s t o c a l l c raay. The o n l y crazy people are those who submit t o the e v i l s o f t h e Amerikan j u d i c i a l system, c l i q u e o f n a s t y dogs, the E v e l l e J . Younger, s o - c a l l e d C a l i f o r ­n i a A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l . Let me e l a b o r a t e here on t h i s Younger c h a r a c t e r . A few peo­ple seem to understand, these peoples i n these courts and i n t h i s j u d i c i a l systan i n p a r t i c u l a r are s a d i s t s , v e r b a l s a d i s t s , t r i c k s t e r s , l i a r s , d i r t y t h i e v e s , l i a r s and B u r d e r e r a . I h e i r i n t e n t i o n i s not f o r j u s t i c e of the peoples, as they claUn. n i s i s wbat they ceoe i n dis g u i s e of, to a t r i p a people of everything. When I say, s t r i p , I nean rob, murdor, e x p l o i t , i n -t i a i d ^ t e , hatasd, persecute, everything to destroy the mind and t h e body. They seek t o j u s t take a peoples and make than a complete v e g e t a b l e . They seek te> do what t h e y uannot do. lUey're always l o o k i n g f o r something t o do they cannot do, be­cause they can't f i n d n o t h i n g e l s e t o do but go t o o u t e r space and t h i n g s .

This Younger i s the same guy t h a t r a i l r o a d e d me i n 1963, and p r i o r t o t h a t r a i l r o a d e d many o t h e r s o f i : i n t o t h e p r i ­sons under h i s law and order t h i n g , w i t h another c l i q u e j u s t l i k e h i m s e l f . They see a poor person, p a r t i c u l a r l y B l ack, as a d o l l a r b i l l , p r o f i t t o make o f f them. They see the minds of, p a r t i c u l a r l y the Black people, as Boneching f o o l i s h , peo­pl e s are stuplg or something, supposed t o b e l i e v e anything they s a i d , do anything tb«y M J i evea i£ i t aeans death, die for th«ai, uhen (h«y'r« mlr^Sy k i l l i n g you too. Yon knov. Just push you as far up i n a comer as chey can get you and at the SSMe t i n e t r y to make you break through th e c o r n e r . You cannot e x p e r t t h i s k i n d creature to ever p r o v i d e a people w i t h t r u t h of himself or h i s c l i q u e . You can eypect them t o l i e and deceive and mis­l e a d , have a people h a t i n g themselves, mothers h a t i n g sons and daughters, hus­bands h a t i n g w i f e , k i d s , and so f o r t h . This i e the n a u t r e o f him. He's what you c a l l a dollar-drunk c r e a t u r e . You hear him on the r^^dio speaking about Black L i b e r a t i o n Army i s not t h i s and i t s not that and i t ' s c r i m i n a l and a l l t h i s , t h e man i s t a l k i n g about h i s s e l f i n somebody el s e ' s name. He knows the words t o t a l k about himself because he's the one t h a t dispenses what he's t a l k i n g about, he's the one t h a t committed the a c t s , I was l i s t e n i n g on r a d i o once and ob s e r v i n g TV and the f i r s t t h i n g I see i s E v e l l e J , Younger c r i t i c i z i n g peoples who he op­pressed, Black L i b e r a t i o n Army, accusing them o f c r i m i n a l s , peoples who are f i g h t ­i n g f o r j u s t i c e , freedom o f the peoples, being l a b e l e d as cr a z y , and a l l t h i s type o f s t u f f . T h i s i s something t h a t Younger has been doing a l l h i s l i f e , and i t ' s new t o him now t h a t a people are s t a n d i n g up f i g h t i n g back. I t ' s new f o r him f o r a Black person t o stand up and t e l l him he's a damn l i a r i n h i s face and a t the same ti m e k i c k him o f f i n h i s a s s . T h i s i s new t o him, i t ' s new t o a l l f o o l s l i k e him. So you can expect hira t o come down w i t h a l l types o f l i e s and deceptions and t r i c k -e r y , but t h i s i s not to discourage you. You must c o n t i n u e t o s t r u g g l e , and when I

say you, I'm speaking t o t h e b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s t h a t are aware, don't l e t n o t h i n g stand I n t h e way o f t h a t d u t y which you have to perform. That du t y i s t o c o n t i n u e t o e n l a r g e t h e s t r u g g l e . Enlarge i t means t o get o u t , spread i n f o r m a t i o n , t r u t h , i n t o t h e onmmunltles, awaken t h e peoples. YOU have t o show a l s o t h e peoples how t o see t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r e a l and u n r e a l , and how do you do t h a t ?

Vou f i r s t get the f a c t s , get the f a c t s , t a k e i t i n t o t h e oommunltlQB. Then a l l o w the people t o go see f o r themselves. Impress upon them t o go see f o r themselves, not j u s t accept your word and p a r t i c u l a r l y th e words over the r a d i o or t h e words i n -the newspapers, t h a t which have been con-t r o l l ng t h e i r minds f o r years and y e a r s , keeping them submissive s l a v e s . Some peo­p l e don't even understand what s l a v e r y i s , t h e y don't know what i t i s , t h e y can't see t h a t t h e i r everyday l i f e i s s l a v e r y , they have been a s l a v e so l o n g . Vietnam, any­t h i n g you l o o k a t , t h e s o - c a l l e d j o b s have, say f o r example, t h e f r u l t w o r k e r s , t h e -i n d u s t r i a l workers, j o b s o f a l l t h e work­i n g peoples. Who ar e they w o r k i n g £or?Who p r o f i t s from i t ? And when they do p r o f i t , what do they become? They've been ta u g h t t o become what, when they get what you c a l l a h e a d s t a r t . The b i g man, t h e b i g man i s t h e p i g , a i n ' t g i v i n g up n o t h i n g , t a k i n g e v e r y t h i n g . This i s what c a p i t a l ­ism, i m p e r i a l i s m , i t ' s designed t o bleed a peoples t o death.

HoVever, one aware can t e l l when they are e f f e c t i v e , e s p c i a l l y i n s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h i s c a p i t a l i s t i c system. You t e l l by h i s t r i c k e r y moves whether i t goes int o t h i s t h i n g about p r o v i d i n g t he people wilh a law t o p r o t e c t them. You see, t h e strug­g l i n g people ahve brought g r e a t , g r e a t a t t e n t i o n t o the peoples d i r e c t i n g t h i s phoney j u d i c i a l system. But the Youngers I n s i s t upon t r y i n g t o c o n t i n u e t o b l i n d ­f o l d t h e peoples w i t h more o f what he c a l l s j u s t i c e . When you hear him speaking o f p r o p o s i t i o n so f o r t h and so on, o r law so and so, t o say f o r example p r o h i b i t c o r r u p t i o n by j u d i c i a l o f f i c e r s or law o f f i c e r s , t h i s i s but another promise and a b l i n d f o l d d e v i c e , p f i y e h o l o g i c a l . I t works on s h o r t - s i g h t e d peoples, b u t n o t the aware. This i s where t h e aware i s branded as cr a z y . The Youngers must l a b e l a l l aware people as crazy or c r i m i n a l s i n order to a l l o w h i m s e l f t o c o n t i n u e t o ma­n i p u l a t e i n our communities,

Now l e t ' s go t o a way o£ b r i n g i n g out t h e f a c t s on Younger. I ' v e seen some people j u s t go i n t o the court. Thi s i s not e d u c a t i o n t o a p e o p l e s j t h i s i s more b l i n d n e s s than a n y t h i n g , because the law­yer and t h e judges, the p r o s e c u t o r , and sometimes t h e j u r y are shamming and be p u t t i n g f o r t h a game o£ de c e p t i o n on t h e peoples t h a t i t ' s c o m p l e t e l y imcomprehen-ded. You cannot t e l l somet imes what t h e

clowns are t a l k i n g about, because you have the lawyer l e a d i n g the p r o s e c u t o r and t h e p r o s e c u t o r i s r e b u t t i n g h i m s e l f , i n o t h e r words he done prepared o v e r n i g h t j u s t how he want t h e lawyer t o stand up and a c t s t u n t man f o r him. T h i s i s where so many peoples get m i s l e d and go out i n ­t o t h e communities t o t e l l t h e peoples something t h a t t h e y t h i n k be h e l p i n g a person but t h e y be h u r t i n g him, l i k e i n my case. Many peoples who thought t h e y was h e l p i n g me was doing no more than p a s s i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on t o t h e peoples which t h e p i g s wanted them t o do. However, t h a t was many I n good f a i t h , b ut the good f a i t h was bad business t o me, This i s what so many c o u l d n ' t seem t o und e r s t a n d , because o f l a c k i n g t h a t knowledge t h a t th e p i g i s not w i t h you because he say he's w i t h you or stands up and per f o r m w i t h b i g words, pause and e x p r e s s i o n . He can stand up and a c t l i k e heb mad a l l day day and don't n o t h i n g be wrong w i t h him except he needs h i s ass k i c k e d , o t h e r than t h a t , k i l l i n g ; t h i s i s what many peoples f a i l t o understand.

I' v e n o t i c e d another t h i n g where somebody mentioned t h e work k i l l i n g t h e p i g s , e s p e c i a l l y a wrong-doing p i g . There's many a s o - c a l l e d r e v o l u t i o r a r y t h a t have the tendency t o back o f f , s t a r t excusing themselves, or f i n d i n g something e l ^ e t o do. L i k e , many who I thought was supposed t o be r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s w i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r y pretensions^ as soon as the word come up, Black L i b e r a t i o n Army, I began t o r e c e i v e l e t t e r s c r i t i c i z i n g . They don't l i k e t h e i r t a c t i c s o r t h e y don't l i k e what t h e y ' r e doing here o r doing t h e r e . But, one must understand t h a t you ar e l i v i n g i n a s o c i ­e t y a t t h i s t i m e o f d e c e p t i o n . You cannot be p e r f e c t i n e v e r y t h i n g you do i n t r y i n g t o move and r e - r e w i n g t h i s s o c i e t y . You gonna make e r r o r s , we a l l gonna make e r ­r o r s . But t h e p o i n t i s , I s t h a t we must c o n t i n u e t o s t r u g g l e on, f i g h t , we must c o n t i n u e t o h i t when we can h i t . You don't have no mercy when you are a f t e r a dog who has committed a wrong or i n j u s t i c e a g a i n s t t h e peoples. You aim f o r h i s god­damn back. T h i s i s where i t ' s a t . No mat­t e r what nobody says n o t h i n g t o save Em­met T i l l ' a l i f e , i f you can go back t h a t f a r . Remember Bnmet T i l l . There's so many Blacks been k i l l e d I doubt t h e r e are many who know who I'm t a l k i n g about, Emmitt T i l l . But anyway he was a young k i d mur­dered i n M i s s i s s i p p i bu a c l i q u e o f o l d r a c i s t dogs, f o r n o t h i n g . We go t o some r e c e n t l y , Dr. K i n g , who k i l l e d him? You don't even know who k i l l e d him. L i s t e n i n g t o the propaganda t h a t t h e p i g s i s pas­s i n g around. Malcolm, you can't say t h a t Blacks k i l l e d him. Somebody might have j u s t been used as pawns, but Blacks d i d not k i l l Malcolm. The r e c e n t k i l l i n g where we d i d n ' t have t h e b l a c k pawn t h e r e , we know who k i l l e d him. And we know who a t t h i s t i m e i s t r y i n g t o make t h a t k i l ­l i n g l o o k o t h e r than what i t was, f o r t h e s o l e purpose o f pushing t h e people's minds f u r t h e r out o f p o s i t i o n t o t h i n k f o r them­selve s c o r r e c t l y .

Going back t o Younger, t h i s guy who has been through what I c a l l t h e game o f p o l i t i c s , d e c e p t i o n , t h i s man can l i e and s m i l e , w h i l e a t t h e same tim.e c u t t i n g one's t h r o a t , e s p e c i a l l y when one i s Black. Thi s man Younger can s t e a l t h e sweetness I say out o f a gi n g e r b r e a d cake w i t h o u t b u s t i n g t h e c r u s t . I f one bats h i s eyes t o d i r e c t h i s a t t e n t i o n towards what he's t a l k i n g about, and t h a t ' s a whole l o t o f n o t h i n g i n t h e name o f law and p r o t e c t i o n o f a people. He's f o r e v e r r o b b i n g and s t e a l i n g e v e r y t h i n g he can from a people he's p r o t e c t i n g , when you l o o k a t him c o r r e c t l y . But when you l o o k a t him wrong­f u l l y , y o u ' l l be do i n g him j u s t what you see peoples doing t o Nixon when he jumps o f f a p l a n e , c l a a p l n g and c h e e r i n g , hon­o r i n g t h e snake. Some peoples f a i l t o un­derstand t h a t t he snake i s a snake. That i s why i t ' s necessary f o r you t o get i n ­f o r m a t i o n t o show and compare the snake on t h e ground t h a t c r a w l s w i t h t he possum. Whereas people can see t h a t he needs t o be dead, prevented from f i g h t i n g , b i t i n g

Cont. on next page

SEISE THE TIME

^BEHIND THE LINES^

PACK 13

NEW MBXico-Thf' u r u . a i Slaying or nine n a t i v e American m e n ( a p p a r e n t l y one by one) nas t u r n e f l an a l r e a d y tens© si-fc-u a l i o r i i n t o e x p l o s l v e n e s s .

Tnc l a t e s t rounQ o r i f l l l i n g s oc­curred June 1 near G a l l u p , New Msxlco. The b o d i e s or two Z u n i men and a n o t h ­er' u n l d e n t i f l o d male were f o u n d by p o l i c e o f f i c i a l E . One bcdy had SQVQT-a l dozen st a b woiindE. That same a f t e r noon, t h e r e had been a p o l i c e r i o t i n P a r m i n g t o n wht.-re Navajos had g a t h e r e d t o p r o t e s t t h e k i l l i n g o f t h r e e o t h e r men a month e a r l i e r .

For s e v e r a l weeks, thousands o f n a t i v e p e o p l e have g a t h e r e d I n Parm-I n g t o n f o i ' a s i l e n t march t h r o u g h t h e s t r e e t s i n an e f f o r t t o d e a l w i t h r a ­c i a l p r e j u d i c e and m i s t r e a t m e n t by the n o n - n a t i v e towiifspeople. A f t e r 4 such marches, and i n an a p p a r e n t e f ­f o r t t o s t o p them, t h e Sandoval Coun­t y S h e r i f f ' s Posse, a q u a s i - o f f i c i a l p a r a m i l i t a r y g r o u p , a p p l i e d f o r a parade p e r m i t , s a y i n g i t was t h e i r t u r n t o have a march. They were g r a n t e d the p e r m i t .

The Navajos s t i l l came t o Farm-i n g t o n on S a t u r d a y , b u t t h i s t i m e t o l i n e the s t r e e t s t o watch t h e armed show of s t r e n g t h parade. Many u n i t s passed w i t h o u t i n c i d e n t , b u t as t h e " C a v a l r y " , a mounted u n i t , came by, Navajos b l o c k e d t h e parade r o u t e , s a y i n g t h a t t h e t i m e had come f o r t h e C a v a l r y t o be out o f t h e Southwest.

P o l i c e a t t e m p t e d t o open t h e r o u t e , e v e n t u a l l y u s i n g t e a r g a s ai^-^__ v i o l e n t f o r c e . Other march u n i t s ''' J o i n e d i n t h e f r e e - f o r - a l l .

I t was t h e same n i g h t t h a t t h r e e more b o d i e s were f o u n d near G a l l u p .

A SILENT REMEMBRANCE OF HUSBANDS, PATHP.R2 AMD SONS

The e a r l i e r Mavajo parades had tieen s i l e n t p r o t e s t s - p e a G e f u l , y e t s t r o n s and d r a m a t i c . Crowds o f p e o p l e spanned t h e f o u r - l a n e s t r e e t , str-etch-i n g f o r b l o c k s and b l o c k s . S t o r e s and b a r s wer-e «lgsed, I n t h o s e marches, l e s s t h a n a dozen p a r t i c i p a n t s were A n g l o s - t h r e e o f them area m i n i s t o r s . E a r l i e r , about 300 F a r m l n g t o n H i g h School s t u d e n t s s i g n e d a p e t i t i o n condemning t h e d e a t h s - b u t t h e y d i d n o t show up f o r t h e v l R l l . "Where are a l l t h e 35.000 Anelo p e o p l e ? " one marcher asked."Don't t h e y s u p p o r t our p r o t e s t ? "

John Redhouse, a N a v a j o , s a i d t h e k i l l i n g s were n o t s u r p r i s i n g , " f o r y e a r s , i t has heen a l m o s t a s p o r t , a s o r t o f s i c k , per-ver-ted t r a ­d i t i o n among Anglo y o u t h o f Parming-•fcon n i 5 h , t o go i n t o t h e I n d i a n sec­

t i o n o f town and p h y s i c a l l y a s s a u l t and r o b e l d e r l y and sometimes i n t o x i ­c a t e d Navajo men and women o f whatev­er p o s s e s s i o n s t h e y had, f o r no ap­p a r e n t r e a s o n o t h e r t h a n t h a t t h e y were I n d i a n s , " Redhouse c h a r g e d . "There have been t o o few a r r e s t s and c h a r g e s . Far t o o many t i m e s t h e po-l i o G have been i n e f f e c t i v e and i n s e n ­s i t i v e t o t h e many c o m p l a i n t s e x p r e s ­sed by our p e o p l e . "

A r t i c l e and P i c t u r e From Akwesasne Notes

Mass March i n F a r m i n g t o n N.Mexico BALTIMORE-Early J u l y a g a i n saw t h e r i s i n g up o f people i n r e b e l l i o n . B l a c k p e o p l e r e b e l l e d i n t h e s t r e e t s f o r most oP a w^ek. O o n o u r r c n t l y , I n ­m a t e s a t t h e B a l t i m o r e J a i l r o s e I n r e b e l l i o n . P o l i c e who were on s t r i k e , b r o k e t h e i r s t r i k e i n o r d e r t o p u t down t h e r e b e l l i o n s . The spontaneous movement i s a g a i n e x p l o s i v e Que t o t h e w o r s t economic c o n d i t i o n s s i n c e WWII. R e v o l u t i o n a r y l e a d e r s h i p must be p r o v i d e d t o g i v e t h e mass movement d l r e c t i o n l

LOS A N G E L E S - P o l i c e a r r e s t e d a young woman a n d t h r e e J u v e n i l e s a t an a l ­l e g e d s c h o o l f o r g u e r r i l l a s i n B l a c k Los A n g e l e s , An " u n i d e n t i f i e d p o l i c e spokesman" C l a i m e d t h a t p o l i c e f o u n d 15 guns and t h r e e "homemade bombs." A r r e s t e d were 1 9 - y e a r - o l d S i s t e r Sandra T a y l o r , a n 1 1 - y e a r - o l d s i s t e r whom t h e o o l l c e s a i d had a l o a d e d handgun i n her p u r s e . A 17 and a 16 y e a r - o l d b r o t h e r s w e r e b u s t e d a t t h e h o u s e . P o l i c e suspect t h a t t h e house occupants w e r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e B l a c k L i b e r a t i o n Army.

t h e c h i l d r e n , what th e y f a i l s t o see IS t h a t t h e two-legged snake w a l k i n g around, b i t i n g them and t h e c h i l d r e n , t h e y can't see them, because th e y have a mouth f u l l o f honey. This i s t h e n a t u r e o f t h i s sys­tem, c a p i t a l i s m . I t don't j u s t a t t a c k Black L i b e r a t i o n Army. I t may use these words, but a t t a c k s t h e poor w h i t e , the Brown, the B l a c k , the Red and a l l poor peoplea. Or i f one has any doubt as t o what I'm s a y i n g , l i s t e n t o t h e c r y o f t h e people d a l l y . They're not j u s t Ameri­can peoples. You go t o New York, t h e peo­p l e s are c r y i n g , M i s s i s s i p p i , Alabama, Arkansas, New York, Chicago', C a l i f o r n i a , Washington, i n every s t a t e and i n every c o u n t r y where c a p i t a l i s m l i e s people a r e c r y i n g , screaming. But what do we have her e , d a i l y , from our s o - c a l l e d news me­dia? Watergate, p r o p o s i t i o n so f o r t h anJ so on, t h e Supreme Court so f o r t h , a l l these phoney TW shows, p o l i c e heros and a l l o f t h i s , something you never see i n r e a l i t y i n a conmunlty nowhere. This i s another move t h a t should be made by a l l o r g a n i s a t i o n s o f peoples s t r u g g l i n g f o r freedom. Do not have t h e a t t e n t i o n focused

on one person as a l e a d e r . I t must be looked a t by the p i g s as o r g a n i z a t i o n i s the l e a d e r . I n o t h e r words, i t ' s n ot an­o t h e r Malcolm X, x t ' s not another Cinque, i t i s t h e masses o f l e a d e r s , t h a t ' s s t r u g ­g l i n g . When one f a l l s , do not l e t t h i s p ut d i s t r e s s , s t r a i n on your mind, because when you do, you are weakened. You can expect death, a t t h i s day and t i m e , many a death, but we can a l s o expect when death i s on both s i d e s , t h i s i s where t h e weak got t o go. The p i g proves t o be weak, he proved t o you t h a t he was weak i n Los Angeles. I say, s i x hundred a g a i n s t s i x i f t h a t wasn't enough p r o o f I don't know what co u l d be enough. And t h i s i s another reason why b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s should not g i v e up or even e n t e r t a i n a thought o f doing such, j u s t keep on s t r u g g l i n g , keep on . f i g h t i n g , every o p p o r t u n i t y t h a t you get t o put something on t h e p i g s ' ass, e v e r y t i m e he comes,sock i t t o him, f i r e ­power, and speaking o f power, I'm gonna c u t i t s h o r t here. A l l power t o the peo-p i e .

R u c h e l l Cinque Magee FREE ALL PRISONERS OF WAR I

LOS ANGELES-The Chicano movement i s b u i l d i n g t o w a r d s a n a t i o n - w i d e mass d e m o n s t r a t i o n on August 31- I t i s a-g a l n s t t h e government's c u r r e n t e f ­f o r t s t o d e p o r t a l l b r o t h e r s and s i s ­t e r s f r o m M e x i c o , L a t i n America, Ja­maica and t h e r e s t o f t h e C a r i b b e a n . The d e m o n s t r a t i o n i n L.A. w i l l be a-g a l n s t d e p o r t a t i o n and r e p r e s s i o n . S e n a t o r Kennedy i s one o f t h e b o u r ­g e o i s l e a d e r s t r y i n g t o d e p o r t p e o p l e o f c o l o r . The weekend b e f o r e ( S a t . Aug. 24) t h e r e w i l l be a s e r i e s o f l o c a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n s . A l l concerned p e o p l e , p r o g r e s s i v e and r e v o l u t i o n a r y s h o u l d s u p p o r t t h e s e d e m o n s t r a t i o n s .

SEIZE THE TIME!

MIAMI-The government i s t r y i n g t o de­p o r t more t h a n 300 H a i t i a n s who have f l e d t h e c r u e l f a s c i s t r e g i m e o f p r e s i d e n t Jean-Claude D u v a l l e r ( P a p a Doo's son and s u c c e s s o r ) . The H a i t i ­ans a l l f l e d t h e B l a c k I s l a n d t o a-v o i d p o l i t i c a l p e r s e c u t i o n . The Miami a r e a has welcomed e a g e r l y thousands p f f a s c i s t s f l e e i n g f r o m s o c i a l i s t Cuba, b u t t h e H a i t i a n s a r e B l a c k and a n t i - f a s c i s t . C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e US wants no p a r t o f t h e f l e e i n g B l a c k e x i l e s . B o u r g e o i s H a i t i a n s i n t h e US d o n ' t want t h e i r countrymen e i t h e r , A H a i t i a n p r i e s t , Jacques Mompremler, head o f t h e " H a i t i a n Refugee C e n t e r , i s u r g i n g d e p o r t a t i o n f o r t h e e x i l e s .

So f a r , Chicanos and L a t i n o s have been l e a d i n g t h e f i g h t a g a i n s t d e o o r t a t i o j i s . The B l a c k L i b e r a t i o n M o v e m e n t ( e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e west we are l a g g i n g ) s h o u l d J o i n our Brown brotnaps ana s i s t e r s i n o r g a n i z i n g t o t o p t h e d e p o r t a t i o n o f Jamaicans, H a i t i a n s and o t h e r B l a c k s and p e o p l e o f c o l o r . U S A - B i r t h r a t e s f o r T h i r d W o r ld and p o o r p e o p l e d e c ] i n e d d r a m a t i c a l l y I n t h e l a s t decade a c c o r d i n g t o US cen= su s f i g u r e s . Two o f t h e groups w h i c h d e c l i n e d t h e most a r e Chicanos and r u r a l B l a c k s . They f o r m e r l y has v e r y h i g h b i r t h r a t e s . M i d d l e c l a s s b i r t h r a t e s are d e c l i n i n . g a t a s l o w e r r a t e t h a n t h o s e o f p o o r p e o p l e . Government b i r t h c o n t r o l programs aimed a t t h e poor and t e r r i b l e economic c o n d i t i o n s are t h e two main r e a s o n s f o r t h e de-a l i n i n g r a t e s . The government con­s c i o u s l y uses b i r t h c o n t r o l on poor and T h i r d W o r l d p e o p l e t o " s o l v e " t h e problems o f p o v e r t y and d i s c r i m i n a ­t i o n r a t h e r t h a n a l l o w r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y ' s x\Tealth and p o l i t i c a l power t o p o o r and w o r k i n g p e o p l e .

CHILD LABOR - (Salem, Oregon) Gov, Tom M c c a l l asked the U,S, Department o f Labor f o r r e l i e f from a new law t h a t p r o h i b i t s c h i l d r e n under 12 from w o r k i n g i n b e r r y and bean h a r v e s t s . C h i l d r e n 12 and 13 can o n l y work w i t h p a r e n t a l p e r m i s s i o n ,

McCall s a i d t h a t 40 m i l l i o n pounds o f Oregon s t r a w b e r r i e s could go unharves-t e d i n t h r e e weeks time i f c h i l d r e n are b a r r e d from the f i e l d s . ARMS THEFT-"Hlgh l e v e l p r o f e s s i o n a l a " s t o l e machine guns,automatic r i f l e s , v a r ­i o u s types o f grenades,grenade launchers and thousands o f rounds o f ammunition from a Compton C a l f . N a t i o n a l Guard armory. Enough weapons were taken i n the J u l y 4 a c t i o n t o equip an e n t i r e army cirmpany(200 men). SIOUX FALLS An announcement concerning t h e opening of a N a t i v e American embas­sy i n Washington D.C. was made i n con­j u n c t i o n w i t h the I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r e a t y Conference. The embassy w i l l attempt t o open up d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s w i t h o-t h e r n a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g the U.S.A. Many A f r i c a n , A s i a n and L a t i n American coun-t r y s a l r e a d y r e c o g n i z e d i p l o m a t i c a l l y t h e Great N a t i v e American N a t i o n .

PAGE 14 WORLD REVOLUTION SEIZE THE TIME

GMK K i l l S j

WEATHER UNDERGROUND STRIKES BLOW FOR AFRICAN UBERATION

WEATHER UNDERGROUND DOMDS GULF OIL June 13, 1974

I f we are f i g h t i n g t o g e t h e r , then I t h i n k t h a t the main aspect o f our s o l i f l a r l t y i s e xtremely simple: i t I s t o f i g h t . . . . Tou must f i n d the best means and the best forms e f f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t our common ene­my; t h i s l 3 the best form o f s o l i d a r i t y .

A m l l c a r Cabral -founder o f the A f r i c a n P a r t y f o r t h e Independence o£ Guinea and the Cape Vsrde I s l a n d s (PAIGC)iasaasBlnated Jan. 73

We have a t t a c k e d the G u l f O i l Cor­p o r a t i o n a t i t s e x e c u t i v e headquarters i n P i t t s b u r g h , Pa., f o r t h e i r enormous crimes:

-Gulf finances the Portuguese colon­i a l war a g a i n s t the people o f Angola i n A f r i c a

- G u l f s t e a l s bonanza p r o f i t s from poor and working people i n the US

-Gu l f e x p l o i t s the people and re­sources o f 70 c o u n t r i e s i n the world

GULF IS OUR COMMON ENDff With the recent m i l i t a r y coup i n Por­

tu g a l , the c o l o n i a l wara came home. For ten y e a r s , Portugal has maintained a w a l l of s i l e n c e around the A f r i c a n wars. Now the l i b e r a t i o n forcea have to be openly recognised because Portugal i s l o s i n g i n A f r i c a .

The l i b e r a t i o n aovcMents i n the A f r i c a n countries of Angola, Hoembique •t»d Cuinea-Biaaaw have i n t e n s i f i e d t h e i r

• * r r . 6 g ^ * indsycndcncc and f r e e * doH, knoving that conditions are now r i p e for v i c t o r y . I n Angola, the ne« Portuguese govemment has banned demonstrations af t e r thousands o f people r a l l i e d i n the streets demanding Immediate independence.

THIS 13 A DECISIVE MOMENT IN THE STRUGGLE FOR AFRICAN LIBERATION, A TIME WHICH CALLS FOR HEIGHTENED SUPPORT FOR THE APRTCAN MOVEMENTS,

^-^^ 2 1 1 ANGOLA

Angola i s a l a r g e , b e a u t i f u l c o u n t r y of 6 m i l l i o n people on the Southwest coast of A f r i c a , 14 t i CO t h e s i z e o f P o r t u g a l i t s e l f . I t possesses e x t r a o r d i n a r y miner­a l and a g r i c u l t u r a l wealth and i« the f r l B c "posacaaion" of Portuguese colonial-

Portugal has S y s t w t i c a l l y forced Aagplaoa into a l a v e o . f o r c e d labor, i l ­l i t e r a c y and hunger for over 400 years. I t haa prOMted th« myth o f ' • r a c i a l bar-•»ny" i n the midst o f b r u t a l Oppression and, l i k e the VS i n Pverto Rico, has even denied t h a t Angola i s a colony.

I n 1956, the Popular Movement f o r the L i b e r a t i o n o f Angola(MPLA) formed. Be­g i n n i n g the armeJ s t r u g g l e i n 1961, i t grew from 6 ftmall group o f dedicated f i l t ­e rs t o a people's army o f thousands Of m i l i t a n t s and s u p p o r t e r s , Today, MPLA go­verns the eastern t h i r d o f Angola and has «jrganliied c l i n i c s and SCHOOlS aS Wfi i l ds "people's food a t o r e s " i n each l i b e r a t e d tone. Women take p a r t i n every aspect o f the fight for l i b e r a t i o n .

The Portuguese government has r e ­sponded t o people's war I n Angola w i t h techniques l e a r n e d and p e r f e c t e d by the US i n Vietnam. "Search and Destroy" a re caled "Hunt and Persecute" by P o r t u g a l ; " s t r a t e g i c hamlets" are c a l l e d "peace v i l ­l a g e s " i n Angola, Napalm and crop d e f o l i ­a n t s dropped from US-supplied p l a n e s , tor­ture i n t h e p r i s o n s , wholesale t e r r o r a-g a l n s t the population are p a r t o f P o r t u ­guese r u l e . Over one m i l l i o n Angolans(20X of the p o p u l a t i o n ) have been f o r c i b l y r e ­moved from t h e i r l a n d and homes t h r u pa­c i f i c a t i o n programs,

ALL OF THIS IS FINANCED BY THE US GOVERNMENT AND THE GULF OIL CORPORATION.

Thru NATO, t h e US p r o v i d e s substan­t i a l m i l i t a r y and t e c h n i c a l support f o r Portugal. T h i s l e s s d i r e c t form o f US i n ­tervention does not lessen the u l t i m a t e r e g p o n s l b i l i t y o f the US government f o r the htanan s u f f e r i n g imposed on the people of A f r i c a .

Gulf i s the single largest investor i n t h e Portuguese c o l o n i e s . I n 1966, i t s t r u c k o i l o f f Cabinda Province i n North­ern Angola, p r o d u c t i o n o f Cabinda crude has now inc r e a s e d t o 130,000 b a r r e l s per day. G u l f p a i d P o r t u g a l $62 m i l l i o n l a s t year alone f o r t h i s concession. This ac­counts f o r 60X o f P o r t u g a l ' s annual m i l i ­t a r y budget i n Angola. Portugal i s a small poor c o u n t r y which c o u l d n ' t a f f o r d t o m a i n t a i n c o l o n i e s I n A f r i c a w i t h o u t US c o r p o r a t e s u p p o r t .

G u l f guarantees P o r t u g a l a gonstant source o£ o i l f o r m i l i t a r y and s t r a t e g i c purposes. Since the Arab o i l embargo, Ca-l3inda G u l f became a main s u p p l i e r o f o i l t o P o r t u g a l and t o South A f r i c a ( v i a a sub­s i d y i n Mozambique), This enables P o r t u ­g a l t o c o n t i n u e i t s A f r i c a n wars, and giv e s m a t e r i a l support t o South A f r i c a n a p a r t h e i d a t a time when i t i s under se­vere p r e s s u r e .

G u l f i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n Cabinda a r e surrounded by barbed w i r e , s p o t l i g h t s and machine-gun c a r r y i n g s e c u r i t y p a t r o l s . De­s p i t e these d r a s t i c f o r t i f i c a t i o n s , G u l f can never be safe from armed a t t a c k s . Since 1964, the l i b e r a t i o n f o r c e s have

THE OLD LIFE UNDER PORTUGUESE COLONIALISM I N MOZAMBIQUE

seriously challenged C u l f ' s presence i n Cabinda. I n 1968, d u r i n g an MPLA o f f e n ­s i v e , o n e - f i f t h o f a l l Portuguese t r o o p s i n A f r i c a were needed t o defend G u l f i n ­t e r e s t s I n cabinda. And as r e c e n t l y as January 1974, l i b e r a t i o n f o r c e s a t t a c k e d enemy barracks a t Makondo, Cabinda, u s i n g automatic weapons and m o r t a r s .

Both MPLA and UNITA(another Angolan g u e r r i l l a movement) have condemned Gulf's r o l e i n Southern A f r i c a ;

The MPLA s t a t e s t h a t w i t h the i n e v i ­t a b l e independence o f Angola a l l these companies which o p e r a t e o f f ­shore or i n l a n d w i l l be chased from our n a t i o n a l t e r r i t o r y and a l l t h e i r equipment and assets s e i z e d .

MPLA Statement, Feb. 1974 Gu l f crimes i n Angola have sparked

I n t e n s e p r o t e s t s i n t h e US, Canada and Europe i n r e c e n t years. A n a t i o n w i d e boy­c o t t o f G u l f has been organized and l e d by Black a c t i v i s t s and o t h e r s u p p o r t e r s o f A f r i c a n l i b e r a t i o n . D e s p i t e G u l f a t ­tempts t o h i d e behind a clo u d o f s l i c k p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s gimmickry, the slogan " C u l f K i l l s " i s more w i d e l y understood than ever.

2. WORLD-WIDE EXPLOITATION

Gu l f ' s a c t i v i t i e s i n A f r i c a are a microcosm o f i t s r o l e i n the w o r l d . G u l f e x p l o i t s over 70 n a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g Puer­t o Rico. I t i s p a r t , f o r example, o f a huge o i l consortium working t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e Thieu d i c t a t o r s h i p t o "develop" o i l reserves o f f the Mekong D e l t a o f South Vietnam. This p l a n w i l l g i v e huge reve­nues and s t r a t e g i c resources t o the Thieu regime i n i t s c o n t i n u i n g war a g a i n s t the

P r o v i s i o n a l R e v o l u t i o n a r y Government o f South Vietnam. The PRG, on June 3, warned of r e t a l i a t i o n a g a i n s t these o i l d e a l s .

2^ GULF AND T m ENERGY CRISIS

G u l f and t h e g i a n t o i l companies use the energy c r i s i s and the s u f f e r i n g o f the people t o rake i n w i n d f a l l p r o f i t s . P r i o r i t i e s are upside down. The US m i l i ­t a r y consumes enormous amounts o f o i l while poor people bear the b r u n t o£ t h e i r p o l l " c i e s ! unprecedented p r i c e i n c r e a s e s , c o l d homes, unemployment and h a r d s h i p . Faced w i t h a c o n t i n u i n g c h a l l e n g e from t h e Third World over c o n t r o l o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , the o i l companies r a i s e d t h e i r p r i c e s and t h e i r p r o f i t s and used the occasion o f the Arab o i l embargo t o exact a bla n k check f o r expanding t h e i r c o n t r o l over a l l energy resources and re s e r v e s .

H i d i n g behind the banner o f US s e l f -s u f f i c i e n c y and the search f o r new resour­ces, G u l f ravages people's way o f l i f e and des t r o y s the l a n d . G u l f i s one o f the con-panles t h a t p l a n s t o devas t a t e 939,000 ac­res o f N a t i v e American land i n the South­west i n i t s "search f o r c o a l . " G u l f a l r e a ­dy owns 207o o f the Four Corners P i p e l i n e Co,, which s t r i p m i n e s Hopi and Navajo lands t o d e l i v e r crude t o Los Angeles.

4 i CONTRIBUTIONS TO NIXON

G u l f was one o f the b i g g e s t c o n t r i ­b u t o r s t o the Nixon campaign fund I n 1972. Along w i t h t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f G u l f h e i r R i c h a r d M e l l o n S c a i f e , G u l f gave $1,169,400 t o r e - e l e c t Nixon. This I n c l u d e d an i l l e ­g a l " g i f t " o f $100,000 which G u l f execu­t i v e s laundered i n the Bahamas,

G u l f can a f f o r d g i a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s . I t i s owned by the M e l l o n f a m i l y , who s t o l e t h e i r w e a l t h from the sweat o£ the people 100 years ago and are today one of the r i c h e s t r u l i n g - c l a a s f a m i l i e s i n the US, I n a d d i t i o n t o owning G u l f O i l , t h e Mellons c o n t r o l Alcoa aluminum and Koppers U n i t e d . G u l f O i l i t s e l f has s u b s i d i a r i e s i n c l u d i n g P i t t s b u r g h Midland and Coal, Jones and L a u g h l l n Steel Corp., and the r e c e n t l y a c q u i r e d H o l i d a y I n n c h a i n . Mel­l o n a l s o bar, major h o l d i n g s i n about 100 l e a d i n g companies, l i k e Westlnghouse,

L i k e the s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t I T T ( I n t e r -n a t i o n a l Telephone and Telegraph) i n t h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n i n C h i l e , G u l f must be stopped from f i n a n c i n g i m p e r i a l i s m i n A-f r i c a , and the w o r l d , and a t home. G u l f must be defeated i n o r d e r f o r the people t o be f r e e .

"Munga mba wungurina Angola mondi b i l u k a . "

"Tomorrow, o r sometime a f t e r tomorrow, there w i l l be change i n Angola,"

-- p o p u l a r e x p r e s s i o n among the Angolan people.

BOYCOTT GULF CULF AND PORTUGAL OUT OF AFRICA STOP GULF'S PLUNDER OF THE PEOPLE

THE NEW LIFE,FRELIMO:

GEian THE TIME '

This i s the s e c t i o n on Guine-Bissau from our p o l i t i c a l statement PRAIRIE FIRE which w i l l WG r e l e a s e d soon.

eUINE-BISSAU (f r o m HSAIRIE FIRE)

Guine-Bifisau i s a small c o u n t r y o£ 800,000 people on t h e WCBt COflSt Of A f r i ­ca. I t was from h e r shores t h a t P o r t u g a l i n i t i a t e d t h e n o t o r i o u s West A f r i c a n slave t r a d e over f o u r hundred years ago, 9ince 1963, a f i e r c e people's war has been waged by t h e f o r c e s o f the A f r i c a n P a r t y f o r the Independence o f Culne and the Cape Verde islands(PAIGC). They have been f i g h t i n g and d e f e a t i n g over 35,000 Portuguese t r o o p s who have been armed, s u p p l i e d and t r a i n e d by the US and o t h e r NATO powers.

On September 24, 1973, A r l s t i d e s P e r e i r a , Secretary-General o f PAIGC, de­c l a r e d Guine-Bissau independent from Por­tuguese r u l e . He announced t h a t t h e new Republic o£ Guine-Blasau would c o n t i n u e t o b a t t l e t he Portuguese s o l d i e r s on i t s t e r r i t o r y and would a l s o press f o r the l i b e r a t i o n o f the Cape Verde I s l a n d s . Sbm a f t e r , t he UN General Assembly voted over­whelmingly t o extend r e c o g n i t i o n t o the new n a t i o n . The US, along w i t h South A f r i ­ca, P o r t u g a l , and I s r a e l , opposed the r e ­s o l u t i o n . E i g h t y - t w o n a t i o n s have now f o r m a l l y recognised the new government.

AMTLCAR CABRAL, SLAIN FOUNDER OF THE PAIGC

R e v o l u t i o n has p r o f o u n d l y changed Cuinean l i f e , FAIGC has l i b e r a t e d almost t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f the c o u n t r y s i d e . Many people now a t t e n d schools i n places where no achoola e x i s t e d b e f o r e . H e a l t h care has become a p r i o r i t y i n a c o u n t r y where o n l y one h o s p i t a l was b u i l t by P o r t u g a l i n over one hundred years. Women have as­sumed a c e n t r a l r o l e i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y process, b r e a k i n g from the l i m i t s and op­p r e s s i o n o f the c o l o n i a l p a s t . L i b e r a t i o n continues t o f l o w e r I n the midst o f b a t -t l e - - t h i s i s what PAIGC c a l l s " b u l d i n g the r e v o l u t i o n as we f i g h t . "

A m i l c o r Cabral was the leader o f PAIGC u n t i l h i s a s s a s s i n a t i o n by P o r t u ­guese agents I n January 1973. Cabral was a p o w e r f u l , u n i f y i n g spokeparson f o r a l l t h e A f r i c a n l i b e r a t i o n movements. He was one o f t h e t r u l y g r e a t , o r i g i n a l r e v o l u ­t i o n a r y t h e o r i s t s o f t h i s era, a dedica­t e d f i g h t e r i n the cause c f l i b e r a t i o n . His murder was a c r u e l blow t o A f r i c a and t o the w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n ,

Guine-Bissau i s the f i r s t Portuguese colony to d e c l a r e Independence. I t s l i b ­e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e h a s bad an e f f e c t I n A-f r i c a s i m i l a r t o t h e worldwide e f f e c t s Of t h e Vietnamese s t r u g g l e . I t has been a c a t a l y s t f o r the movements i n the o t h e r Portuguese c o l o n i e s o f Angola and Mozam­bi q u e , and has spurred the r i s e o f revo­l u t i o n throughout Southern A f r i c a . At the same t i m e , the l i b e r a t i o n movements have won more open support from the Organiza­t i o n o f A f r i c a n Unity(OAU), which r e p r e ­sents a broad range o f A f r i c a n s t a t e s .

I n Angola, the Popular Movement f o r the L i b e r a t i o n o f Angola(MPLA) has l i b ­e r a t e d o n e - t h i r d o f the l a n d -- t e r r i t o r y i n h a b i t e d by one m i l l i o n Angolans, I n Mo­zambique, the g u e r r i l l a s o f the Mozambique L i b e r a t i o n Front(FRELIMO) have l a u n c h e d a p o w e r f u l new o f f e n s i v e a g a i n s t the centers o f Portuguese power. FRELIMO f o r c e s have crossed the Zambesi R i v e r , the supposedly impenetrable n a t u r a l defense l i n o f Por­t u g a l i n Mozambique, They have challenged P o r t u g a l ' s planned o p e r a t i o n o f the huge Caborra Bassa Dam on the Zambezi R i v e r . Combined w i t h a t t a c k s on the S t r a t e g i c r a i l w a y between l a n d l o c k e d Rhodesia and the Mozamblcan p o r t o f B e i r a , these FRELI­MO o p e r a t i o n s have shaken P o r t u g a l ' s h o l d on the c o u n t r y .

P o r t u g a l i s a poor c o u n t r y , run

s i n c e 1924 by a f a s c i s t d i c t a t o r s h i p . I t spends over 50% o f i t s budget on the mi­l i t a r y and has f i e l d e d an army o f 250,000 t r o o p s t o f i g h t i n A f r i c a , L i k e a l l co­l o n i a l i s t and i m p e r i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , Por-t u a l i s now seeing the chickens come home t o r o o s t , I t s attempts t o crush l i b e r a t i o n I n A f r i c a have c r e a t e d the c o n d i t i o n s f o r r e b e l l i o n a t home. Over 100,000 youth have f l e d the c o u n t r y t o a v o i d the d r a f t . Others have deserted from the army.~Armed a t t a c k s w i t h i n P o r t u g a l have r i s e n -- i n A p r i l , a t r o o p ship about t o s a i l from L i s b o n t o Guine-Bissau w i t h 1,000 men a-board, was rocked by an e x p l o s i o n . The ac­t i o n was claimed by the R e v o l u t i o n a r y Brigade O r g a n i z a t i o n .

The r e c e n t m i l i t a r y coup i n P o r t u a l r e f l e c t s t he success o f the A f r i c a n guer­r i l l a s and the deep o p p o s i t i o n t o the wars among l a r g e numbers o f Portuguese, I t c o u l d be s a i d o f the ousted f a s c i s t go­vernment o f M a r c e l l o Caetano what Cabral s a i d o f the death o f the p r e v i o u s P o r t u ­guese d i c t a t o r Salazar: " A f r i c a was the disease t h a t k i l l e d him." The coup has unleashed a wave o f open a n t i - f a s c i s t o r ­g a n i z i n g among t h e Portuguese people and has a l s o triggered I n t e n s i f i e d p o p u l a r p r e s s u r e t o end t h e A f r i c a n wars.

I t i s d o u b t f u l , however, t h a t the new j u n t a w i l l agree t o the o n l y p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n i n A f r i c a : complete Independence for Angola, Mozambique, and Guine-Bissau. The j u n t a ' s l e a d e r , General A n t o n i o Spi-n o l a , fought w i t h f a s c i s t s i n the Spanish C i v i l War, served w i t h the Nazi Army dur­i n g World War I I , and was the major Por­tuguese commander I n the l o s i n g war a-g t i i n s t Guine-Bissau. Spinola has f l o a t e d out v i s i o n s o f n e o c o l o n i a l n o n - s o l u t i o n s which have been c a t e g o r i c a l l y r e j e c t e d by the l i b e r a t i o n f o r c e s . L u i s C a b r a l , the new P r e s i d e n t o f the Republic o£ Guine-Bissau has s a i d t h a t ;

Spinola t a l k s a l o t and he has been known t o make a l o t o f promises. But we know t h a t the o n l y language he l i s t e n s t o comes from the guns o f our f o r c e s , h i t t i n g him and h i t t i n g him a g a i n .

P o r t u g a l c o u l d not s u s t a i n i t s co­l o n i a l wars w i t h o u t the a i d o f the West­ern i m p e r i a l powers, Asa NATO member i t r e c e i v e s arms and s u p p l i e s from the US and Europe, Southern A f r i c a i s o f g r e a t s t r a t e g i c Importance t o i m p e r i a l i s m - - a source o f v a l u a b l e raw m a t e r i a l s , cheap l a b o r , h i g h - p r o f i t i n vestments. V i c t o r i e s f o r PAIGC, FRELIMO and MPLA could pose

PAGE 15

a s e r i o u s t h r e a t t o r a c i s t r u l e i n the whole area. Consequently, t h e b a t t l e lines have hardened and the US has more openly supported P o r t u g a l and the w h i t e r a c i s t governments i n South A f r i c a and Rhodesia,

I n 1971, the Nixon government gave P o r t u g a l a $436 m i l l i o n l o a n i n r e t u r n f o r c o n t i n u e d US use o f t h e Azores as a m i l i t a r y base. US companies have a grow­i n g Stake i n Portuguese success; they a r e now the t h i r d l a r g e s t i n v e s t o r s i n t h e Portuguese c o l o n i e s . G u l f O i l Company pays P o r t u g a l $62 m i l l i o n a year f o r i t s r i g h t t o o n resources o f f the Angola coast. I n November, 19 73, G u l f acknow­ledged the d i s c o v e r o f new d e p o s i t s i n t h i s area which i t c a l l e d " t h e most pro­l i f i c south o£ the M i d d l e East." When th e Arab s t a t e s h a l t e d o i l shipments t o P o r t u g a l and South A f r i c a , G u l f helped t a k e up the s l a c k , sending o i l t o b o t h c o u n t r i e s and Mozambique,

Over h a l f o f a l l US A f r i c a n i n v e s t ­ments are i n South A f r i c a , which functions as a J u n i o r p a r t n e r o f Western i m p e r i a l ­ism. South A f r i c a i s c u r r e n t l y f i g h t i n g l i b e r a t i o n movements i n Nambia(Southwest A f r i c a ) , Zimbabwe(Rhodesia) and w i t h i n i t s own b o r d e r s . As P o r t u g a l loses I t s h o l d over Angola and Mozambique, more d i ­r e c t South A f r i c a n I n t e r v e n t i o n I s l i k e l y .

T his i s the Southern Axis i n A f r i c a -- P o r t u g a l , South A f r i c a , the US, the NATO powers, Rhodesia -- l i n e d up a g a i n s t m i l l i o n s o f A f r i c a n s demanding s e l f - d e t e r ­m i n a t i o n . The f i g h t f o r l i b e r a t i o n i n Southern A f r i c a i s a s t r a t e g i c c e n t e r -p o i n t i n the b a t t l e a g a i n s t I m p e r i a l i s m .

ANGOLAN GIRL STUDYING READER PUBLISHED BY THE PEOPLE'S MOVEMENT FOR THE LIBER­ATION OF ANGOLA [MPLA].

The A f r i c a n l i b e r a t i o n - s t r u g g l e s have been hidden wars, r a r e l y mentioned i n t he US press. I t has taken the con­c e r t e d work o f the Black movement t o break the S i l e n c e i n t h i s c o u n t r y . Black o r g a n i z a t i o n s have pushed forward b o y c o t t campaigns a g a i n s t G u l f O i l and Portuguese p r o d u c t s , have I d e n t i f i e d US support f o r P o r t u g a l and South A f r i c a , and a r e now demanding US r e c o g n i t i o n o f the new Repub­l i c o f Guine-Bissau. Longshoremen i n Ba­t o n Rouge, B a l t i m o r e and San Francisco — have r e f u s e d t o unload shipments o f Rho-desian chrome, brought here i n v i o l a t i o n o f a UN ban.

A l l these a c t i v i t i e s are i m p o r t a n t f o r our movement t o support and h e l p b u i l d . With the c u r r e n t c r i s i s i n P o r t u ­g a l , t h i s i s a key t i m e t o i n t e n s i f y worldwide support f o r the A f r i c a n l i b e r ­a t i o n movements. While some movement o r g a n i z e r s are now engaged i n work around A f r i c a , many more o f us should make i t a p a r t o f our d a i l y work. This i n v o l v e s both commitment t o a c t i o n and t o p o l i t i c a l ed­u c a t i o n : a good p l a c e t o begin i s w i t h A m l l c a r Cabral's w r i t i n g s -- R e v o l u t i o n i n Guine, Return t o the Source, Our Peo­p l e are Our Mountains -- and B a s i l David­son's L i b e r a t i o n o f Gulne. Learn from the people. A b a s i s can be l a i d w i t h i n the movement f o r a new l e v e l o f S o l i d a r i t y w i t h the A f r i c a n s t r u g g l e .

PORTUGAL OUT OF AFRICA NO US OR NATO AID TO PORTUGAL OR SOUTH

AFRICA RECOGNIZE GUINE-BISSAU

mcx 16 SEIZE m m c

HOW ARMED STRUGGLE

BEGAN IN SOUTH VIET NAM

REPRINTED FROM VIETNAM COURIER February 15, 1961, i n Resistance Zone

D, about 60kin from Saigon as the crow f l i e s . I n a s m a l l hut e r e c t e d b e s i d e a s t r e a m «tiicK flowed through the p r i m e v a l f o r e s t * sat a dozen or so people, a l l c l a d i n black pajamas-the everyday costume o f the peasants-but s p o r t i n g the l a t e s t type o£ American p i s t o l , huddled around a b i g Sai­gon array o p e r a t i o n s map. They were no longer young, w i t h faces sunburnt by l o n g years spent as combatants-some had fought for more than t h i r t y years f o r t h e i n d e ­pendence and freedom o f t h e i r c o u n t r y .

The conference was p r e s i d e d over by Tran Nam Trung, Head o f t h e M i l i t a r y Com-B l s s i o n of the South V i e t Nam National Front for L i b e r a t i o n which had j u s t come Into existence i n t h i s same 2one(he i s new M i n i s t e r of National Defence i n the Pro­v i s i o n a l Revoliitlonary Government o f South V i e t Naa). Taking part i n the conference were tbe leaders of the movement o f armed stmssle and the l i b e r a t i o n armed f o r c e s fro» a l l p a r t s of South V i e t Nam during tbe f a t e f u l <lays of the concerted u p r i s ­ings e f tbe ow«r«fcebiin« Majority of the Sovth V i e t Warn p a a u n t s . The conference 4 e c i M to r a i l ; a l l tbe l i b e r a t i o n armed forcea at tbe t i a e nnder a u n i f i e d coca-

l9*9*4 fTCP the Working Masses By J u l y i n s t r i c t implementa­

t i o n of the Geneva Agreements, a l l the armed f o r c e s f i g h t i n g against the French c o l o n i a l i a t e south o£ the 17th p a r a l l e l had regrouped t o N o r t h V i e t Nam, The peo­p l e ' s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ceased to CKXst. The overwhelming m a j o r i t y o f thQ South V i e t ­namese people. I n c l u d i n g m i l l i o n s o f per­sons i n the forracr l i b e r a t e d areas under the control o f the Government o f the Dem­o c r a t i c "Republic o f V i e t Nam were ready ; i i r e u n i f i c a t i o n o f the = r ^ n - .. -on-vrlde e l e c t i o n s «eb*Ati*4 i o r J u l y 19S6.

Bowever. rig}ic froa the s t a r t , the S I P Dinfa M m a d B i n l s t r a t i o n . set up and 1 1 — m i l il by the DS, had ignored the Gen­eva AgTaaaanta and cracked down on the rewolatiooary • o r i e n t of the people, u k l n s blooihr r e p r i s a l s against the pa-c r i A t t Mul famut mmh^rt of the r e s i s -cance. A s e r i e s of u s s a c r e s were perpe­t r a t e d throughout South V i e t Nam: at Cay Coc i n Quang Nam p r o v i n c e ( S e p t . 28,1954), Tra On i n Can Tho p r o v i n c G ( 0 c t . 28,1954), e t c . During the 300-day p e r i o d f o r the r e g r o u p i n g o f the two s i d e s ' t r o o p s , the people took a h i g h t o l l : 1,202 k i l l e d , 7 0 5 s e c r e t l y disposed o f , 4,231 i n j u r e d by t o r t u r e and 25,000 a r r e s t e d , m o s t l y i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e e s p e c i a l l y I n the former l i b e r a t e d zone and r e s i s t a n c e bases. I n Che c i t i e s . Diem openly repressed the newly founded peace movement. I n Nov, 1954 he ordered the a r r e s t and t r i a l o f the leaders o f t h i s movement, most o f them, p a t r i o t i c i n t e l l e c t u a l s and p e r s o n a l i t i e s who had not been i n the maquls. Lawyer Nguyen Huu Tho, now P r e s i d e n t o f the Na­t i o n a l Front f o r L i b e r a t i o n , was among t h i s nijmber, Taking another step i n h i s w i t c h - h u n t , July 1955 hgo Dinh Diem launched l a r g e -scale "denounce the Communists" t e r r o r campaigns which, phased i n t o s e v e r a l stages l a s t e d u n i t e d 1958. A r r e s t s , t o r ­t u r e s and k l l l l n g a became d a l l y and hour­l y occurences i n the r u r a l areas. Prisons were set up p r a c t i c a l l y i n every hamlet and v i l l a g e . For i n s t a n c e Phu Yen, a small p r o v i n c e i n C e n t r a l V i e t Nam, contained 109 p r i s o n s o f a l l s i z e s and a l l t y p e s . I n Binh Choung v i l l a g e , Blnh Son d i s t r i c t , Quang Ngai p r o v i n c e , w i t h a p o p l u t i o n o£ 5,000 the Saigon a u t h o r i t i e s e s t a b l i s h e d f i v e d e t e n t i o n houses i n f i v e hamlets wlilch at one t i m e kept as many as 300 p e r s o n s . I l i G machine o f c o e r c i o n and r e ­p r e s s i o n was no l e s s b r u t a l i n the Mekong

R i v e r D e l t a . A s e r i e s o f b i g p r i s o n s were set up, each h o l d i n g 5,000-7,000 persons a t a t i m e , l i k e Chi Hoa j a l l ( S a i g o n ) , Thu Due j a l l ( G l a D l n h ) , Phu L o l j a l l ( T h u Dau M o t ) , Bien Hoa j a i l , e t c . Not o n l y were democratic freedoms trampled u n d e r f o o t and p e a c e - a s p i r a t i o n s s h a t t e r e d , but the economic gains o f t h e people d u r i n g the a n t i - F r e n c h r e s i s t a n c e were a l s o a b o l i s h ­ed. The people's a d m i n i s t r a t i o n had shared out about 630,000 hectares o f land t o t h e p e a s a n t s ( t h i s f i g u r e I n c l u d e d 564,547 hec­t a r e s a l l o t e d t o 527,163 peasants i n t h e Mekong D e l t a ) . With Diem's coming i n t o power t h e o l d t y r a n n i c a l l a n d l o r d s who had been d r i v e n away by t h e r e v o l u t i o n staged a comeback. Diem's " l a n d r e f o r m " c r e a t e d the necessary c o n d i t i o n s f o r them t o r ecover a l l t h e land t h a t had been d i s t r i b u t e d t o the t i l l e r s . The "denounce t h e Communists" campaign was a golden op­p o r t u n i t y f o r them t o t a k e bloody r e p r i ­s a l s a g a i n s t t h e peasants. An atmosphere o f w h i t e t e r r o r weighed more and more h e a v i l y on t h e v i l l a g e s . Agents o f t h e Saigon a d m i n i s t r a t i o n might a t anytime break I n t o t h e hamlets and a r r e s t anyone charged w i t h "Comjunist a c t i v i t i e s " or "Communist cotanections."

The b r u t a l i t y o f t h e Diem regime went beyond t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s o f t h e p a t r i o t s and former r e s i s t a n c e cadres. They were faced w i t h a d e c i s i v e c h o i c e , e i t h e r t o l i m i t t h e m s e l v e s t o p e a c e f u l methods o f s t r u g g l e , expressed i n p u r e l y p o l i t i c a l forms, and c o n t i n u e t o be wiped out i n the b l o o d b a t h o f the w h i t e t e r r o r , or t o com­bi n e p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e w i t h t a k i n g t h e most e f f e c t i v e measures o f s e l f - d e f e n c e . The s i t u a t i o n a l l o w e d no f u r t h e r h e s i t a ­t i o n and guided by t h e i r l o n g experience i n combating t h e o p p r e s s o r s , t h e y chose t h e second p a t h .

From times immemorial, t h e r e has a l ­ways been some form o f s e l f - d e f e n c e organ­i z a t i o n o£ the masses i n the Vietnamese c o u n t r y s i d e : the "tuan d i n h " ( p a t r o l groups) i n t h e geudal t i m e s , the "dan t r a n g " ( m i l i -t i a ) i n the French c o l o n i a l days, and the m i l i t i a and g u e r r i l l a u n i t s i n the a n t i -French r e s i s t a n c e . C a r r y i n g forward these t r a d i t i o n s , able-bodied young men were or­ganized t o r e s i s t Diem's t e r r o r . Thus, the f i r s t s e l f - d e f e n c e teams were g r a d u a l l y formed i n t h e v i l l a g e s , g r o u p i n g a dozen o r score young men i n some places and from 30 t o 40 i n o t h e r s . They stayed i n t h e i r v i l l a g e s l i k e t h e o t h e r peasants, w o r k i n g t h e f i e l d s and t a k i n g p a r t i n p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e s . They armed themselves w i t h ev­e r y t h i n g they could I n order t o defend the p e o p l e i n t h e i r work i n t h e f i e l d s or du­r i n g demonstrations. The more the enemy i n t e n s i f i e d i t s a c t s o f t e r r o r , t he more r a p i d l y t he s e l f - d e f e n c e teams grew, es­p e c i a l l y m t h e Mekong d e l t a where every day a most b i t t e r c o n f r o n t a t i o n took.p]ace.

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hi

V*«i do

From the end o f 1955 t o 1956, as Diem stepped up h i s "denounce the Communists" campaign, the hunt f o r p a t r i o t s and form­er r e s i s t a n c e members became f i e r c e r . f i n d ­i n g i t i m p o s s i b l e t o l i v e and c a r r y on the p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e i n the c o u n t r y s i d e t h e l a t t e r f l e d to former r e s i s t a n c e bases such as the P l a i n o f Reeds(southwest o f S a i g o n ) , t h e U Minh j u n g l e ( b e t w e e n Bac L i e u and Rach Gia povinces on t h e G u l f o f T h a i l a n d ) or Resistance Zones D and C(narth and n o r t h e a s t o f Saigon). Diem sent h i s t r o o p s a f t e r them. Cornered, t h e y had t o o r g a n i z e s e l f - d e f e n c e t o g e t h e r w i t h the l o c a l people. I n t h e i r f i g h t f o r s u r v i v a l t h e f i r s t u n i t s o f t h e L i b e r a t i o n Army took shape, one or two companies i n s t r e n g t h i n some places and a b a t t a l i o n i n o t h e r s .

Meanwhile, i n t h e c i t i e s , t h e poor­es t s e c t i o n s o f the l a b o u r i n g masses and those w i t h o u t a r e g u l a r j o b were being pushed out o f the c i t i e s d u r i n g the so-c a l l e d ' t i t y embellishment p l a n " . Many young men f o r c i b l y d r a f t e d i n t o t h e army mangaged t o r u n away. A number o f former members o f t h e r e s i s t a n c e who had r e t u r n ­ed t o the c i t i e s t o resume a normal l i f e were a l s o persecuted and f i n a l l y had t o l e a v e . A l l these men r a l l i e d t o g e t h e r , formed armed u n i s and occupied some areas t o o r g a n i z e r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t Diem.

At the end o f December 1950, more than 600 persons d e t a i n e d i n Bien Hoa j a i l r e v o l t e d and k i l l e d most o f the guards, they escaped, taking a quantity o f weapons l a r g e enough t o equip a whole company. A f t e r e l u d i n g the enemy's pos t s and p u r s u i t , they a r r i v e d i n Resistance Zone D and t h e P l a i n o f Reeds, where th e y j o i n e d t h e armed u n i t s that had b een farm­ed t h e r e .

Thus, from t h e s t r g g l e a g a i n s t r e ­p r e s s i o n and t e r r o r to defend t h e normal l i f e o f t h e people i n the c o u n t r y s i d e as w e l l as i n the towns, the f i r s t people's armed f o r c e s came i n t o e x i s t e n c e i n v a r ­i e d forms. T h e i r o p e r a t i o n a l bases were m a i n l y the r u r a l areas e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e deepest h i n t e r l a n d s o f Nam Bo.

REPRESSION OF OPPOSITION RELIGIOUS SECTS To s t r e n g t h e n h i s a u t o c r a t i c and

f a s c i s t r u l e . Diem used strong-arm t a c ­t i c s a g a i n s t the p o l i t i c a l groupings t h a t r e f u s e d t o t o e h i s l i n e . He was p a r t i c u ­l a r l y eager t o e l i m i n a t e t h e i r armed f o r ­ces which f o r m e r l y had fought i n the ranks o f t h e French Army. I n October 1954, Diem ousted Nguyen Van Hinh, C h i e f o f the Gen­e r a l S t a f f o f the French-created " V i e t Nam N a t i o n a l Army." At the end o f Febru­a r y and i n e a r l y March 1955, Diem ordered a p u n i t i v e o p e r a t i o n a g a i n s t t h e t r o o p s , numbering more than 1,000 men, o f the Dal V i e t P a r t y i n Quang T r i and phu Yen and t h e y were v i r t u a l l y wiped o u t . A g a i n - i n A p r i l and May o f the same year, he sent h i s army t o d e s t r o y t h e armed u n i t s o f t h e Quoc Dan D a n g ( N a t i o n a l i s t P a r t y ) i n Quang Nam,Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh and Kon-tum provinces„ Diem a p p l i e d a s i m i l a r po­l i c y towards the armed f o r c e s o f Binh Xu­yen sect i n Saigon, the Cao Dai i n Tay Ninh and the Hoa Hao(commonly known as " o p p o s i t i o n r e l i g i o u s s e c t s " ) t o o k r e f u g e i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e . There they met some o f t he p a t r i o t s and former r e s i s t a n c e members who had a l s o f l e d from t h e r u t h ­l e s s r e p r e s s i o n o f Ngo Dlnh Diem. A l t h o u ^ the two Sides had been a d v e r s a r i e s i n t h e past the p a t r i o t s and former r e s i s t a n c e members showed t h e l e a d e r s o f the o p p o s i ­t i o n r e l i g i o u s sects how t o s u r v i v e ; t o r e l y on t h e people's support and r e t u r n t o t h e former r e s i s t a n c e bases t o organ­i z e a p r o t r a c t e d s t r u g g l e .

I n December 1956, i n the r e s i s t a n c e base o f the P l a i n o f Reeds, the l e a d e r s o f t h e r e l i g i o u s sects met and decided t o u n i f y under a j o i n t command named "Cao-

PAGE 17 S E I Z E THE TIME

Thien-Hoa-Binh General Staff"(abbrevation f o r t h e r e l i g i o u s groups o f t h e Cao, Da i , Thien chua, C a t h o l i c , Hoa Hao and Blnh Xuyen). They e s t a b l i s h e d c o n t a c t w i t h , and r e c e i v e d f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e from t h e anti-US-Dlem f o r c e s i n e x i l e i n France and Cambodia.

The a n t i - d i c t a t o r s h i p armed f o r c e s i n t h e years 1956-1957 a c t u a l l y became thQ prop o f tho people's s t r u g g l e . I n r e ­t u r n , t h e y enjoyed e f f e c t i v e h e l p from t h e people who p r o v i d e d them food and manpower, e n a b l i n g them t o s u r v i v e and develop. The armed f o r c e s o f t h e r e l i g i ­ous s e c t s , t o enhance t h e i r r e p u t a t i o n among t h e p o p u l a t i o n and t o break t h e en­c i r c l e m e n t by the Saigon army, launched a number o£ o p e r a t i o n s a g a i n s t m i l i t a r y p o s i t i o n s and p o l i t i c a l and economic cen­t r e s o f t h e Saigon regime around t h e r e ­s i s t a n c e bases. The Hao Hao armed f o r c e s fought a doaen b a t t l e s i n the neighbour­hood o f t h e V Minh j u n g l e . I n some battles, t h e y made Impressive g a i n s , as was the case o f t h e Cai San b a t t l e i n A p r i l 1956, when they wiped out an e n t i r e Saigon com­pany. The Blnh Xuyen and Cao Dal f o r c e s were a c t i v e along Highways 13 and 14, win­n i n g some resounding successes as a t Dau Tieng, Thu Dau Mot p r o v i n c e , on October 9 1956 or a t Ben Cui v i l l a g e , Bien Hoa pr o ­v i n c e , on October 24, 1956.

The g u n f i r e o f r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t t h e puppet regime o f the US had t h e im­mediate e f f e c t o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e c o n f i ­dence o f the people saw t h a t the r e v o l u ­t i o n was s t i l l t h e r e , beside them, and t h i s encouraged them to c a r r y on t h e f i g h t . As a r e s u l t a l l through 1956 and u n t i l e a r l y 1957, the v a s t c o u n t r y s i d e i n form­er Cochinchlna, more p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e Mekong R i v e r d e l t a , remained out o f Sai­gon's c o n t r o l . The r e s u l t s o f f i r s t "de­nounce t h e communists" campaigns were ne­g l i g i b l e . From t h e i r experience, drawn from popular s t r u g g l e , the l e a d e r s i n Nam Bo compiled an i m p o r t a n t document a t the end o f 1956 e n t i t l e d : "On the R e v o l u t i o n i n South V i e t Nam." The g i s t o f t h i s do­cument as f o l l o w s : The advance o f the r e v o l u t i o n i n South V i e t Nam must r e l y on th e f o r c e o f the masses, P g l i t i c a l s t r u g ­g l e must be supported by m i l i t a r y a c t i v i ­t i e s i n the f i g h t a g a i n s t the US-Diem po­l i c y o f r e p r e s s i o n and t e r r o r so as even­t u a l l y t o overthrow the f a s c i s t d i c t a t o r ­s h i p i n Saigon and win back power f o r t h e people.

THE DARKEST PERIOD The road o f the r e v o l u t i o n i n South

V i e t Nam, however, was not a smooth one. A f t e r d e c l a r i n g h i s r e j e c t i o n o f t h e elec­t i o n s scheduled f o r J u l y 1956, Diem i n t e n ­s i f i e d his"denounce the Communists" cam­pa i g n .

I n i t o second phase, t h e campaign switched i t s p r i o r i t y t a r g e t to the j u n ­g l e areas along the Truong Son(the Indo-chinese C o r d i l l e r a - m o u n t a i n ranges)and the C e n t r a l Highlands. I n A p r i l 1957, Diem created the "Department fcir S o c i a l A f f a i r s i n the C e n t r a l I I l g h l a n d s " w l t h the aim o f c o - o r d i n a t i n g railltarjf and s o c i a l actions to re a l i z e the plan f o r the "pa­c i f i c a t i o n " o f t h i s mountain r e g i o n . This was t o be c a r r i e d out through t e r r o r and r e p r e s s i o n by m i l i t a r y f o r c e s on the one hand, and c a j o l e r y and de c e p t i o n on the o t h e r . But her e , Saigon ran i n t o t he r ^ s l s t a n c e o f the e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s which culminated i n the armed u p r i s i n g s o f t h e Raglay t r i b e i n Ninh Thuan p r o v i n c e , t h e Bahnar t r i b e i n V i n h Thanh i n the western p a r t o f Blnh Dinh p r o v i n c e i n e a r l y 1958, and the Cor and Hre e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s i n Western Quang Ngal I n 1959.

By t h e end o f 1957 and e a r l y 1958, t h e c e n t r a l t a r g e t o f the "denounce the Comraunists" campaign switched to t h e Me­kong R i v e r d e l t a where the enemy had o n l y o b t a i n e d poor r e s u l t s i n the p r e v i o u s cam­paigns . Saigon sent i t s most e f f i c i e n t , most experienced agents from C e n t r a l V i e t Nam t o t h e Mekong d e l t a where, i n conjunc­t i o n w i t h t h e l o c a l r e a c t i o n a r i e s , t h e y launched a campaign t o "wipe out t h e r e ­maining Communist cadre," i e . p a t r i o t s and former r e s i s t a n c e cadres. The e x p l i c i t g oal o f t h i s campaign was to " r o o t out the Communists." Dinh Tuong p r o v i n c e ( f o r m e r l y My Tho) was chosen as a p i l o t p r o v i n c e i n th e campaign which was to spread to the s u r r o u n d i n g areas, i n p a r t i c u l a r t he form­

er r e s i s t a n c e zones. Not o n l y were arrests, imprisonments and d p o r t a t i o n s m u l t i p l i e d but m e d i e v a l - t y p e t o r t u r e s and k i l l i n g s were a l s o w i d e l y a p p l i e d : d i s e m b o w e l l i n g , p l u c k i n g out l i v e r s , b u r y i n g a l i v e . . . S u e h were t h e methods o f r e p r i s a l used by the reactionary landlords and the most wicked agents o f t h e Saigon regime who were com­monly r e f e r r e d t o by the people as " c r u e l agents" o r ' t y r a n t s " . At the same tim e Sai­gon t r o o p s conducted sweeps a g a i n s t remote r e s i s t a n c e bases i n t h e U Minh j u n g l e , the P l a i n o£ Reeds, Resistance Zone D, and oth e r areas.

The r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement s u f f e r e d heavy l o s s e s . Hundreds o f thousands o f ca­dres and people were a r r e s t e d or massacred. The s e l f - d e f e n s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e were broken up. The armed f o r ­ces i n t h e r e s i s t a n c e bases had t o be r e ­duced. I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e r e s i s t a n c e army o f t h e r e l i g i o u s s ects dwindled i n t o a mere token f o r c e .

N a t u r a l l y , the more t h e people's self-defence o r g a n i z a t i o n s shrank, t h e more ag­g r e s s i v e t h e c r u e l agents i n t h e l o c a l i ­t i e s became and the b l o o d i e r the crimes they p e r p e t r a t e d . More and more cadres were a r r e s t e d and many more r e v o l u t i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n the v i l l a g e s and hamlets were broken up. The South Vietnamese peo­p l e c a l l t h i s " the darkest p e r i o d . " Though t h i s was a major setback o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n , t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s and the people had l e a r n t the hard way t h a t t o s u r v i v e and wage an e f f i c a c i o u s p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e they c o u l d no longer l i m i t them­selves t o p u r e l y d e f e n s i v e methods. The most u r g e n t t h i n g was t o punish the c r u e l agents and t y r a n t s , t h e most r e a c t i o n a r y f o r c e s i n the c o u n t r y s i d e . Step by step the s e l f - d e f e n c e o r g a n i z a t i o n s were r e ­s t o r e d i n the form o f " armed youth organ­i z a t i o n s " or m i l i t i a and g u e r r i l l a groups.

By 1958. t h e punishment o f l o c a l t y r a n t s and t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f the g r e a s s r o o t s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f the Diem regime had be­come a w i d e l y - e x t e n d i n g mass movement. Some o f t h e t y r a n n i c a l agents a t the top o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a t d i s t r i c t and e-ven p r o v i n c e l e v e l s were executed one a f ­t e r a n o t h e r . T h i s encouraged t h e popula­t i o n and had a so b e r i n g e f f e c t on the en­emies Of th6 r e v o l u t i o n .

To p r o v i d e support f o r the movement i n t h e v i l l a g e s and hamlets, t h e r e g u l a r armed forces of the people and the remain­ing f o r c e s of the o p p o s i t i o n r e l i g i o u s sects stepped up t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s . Hun­dreds o f young men from v a r i o u s v i l l a g e s i n t h e p l a i n s v o l u n t e e r e d and j o i n e d those armed unit s i n the resistance bases.

The Eastern p a r t o f Nam Bo became the centre o f t h e armed s t r u g g l e . Resis­tance Zones D and C were strengthened i n a l l f i e l d s and extended t o t h e mountain r e g i o n s i n h a b i t e d by e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s known i n the French time as t h e " t h r e e border area"(Cambodia, C e n t r a l V i e t Nam and Cochinchlna) and f u r t h e r n o r t h t o the areas b o r d e r i n g on t h e C e n t r a l H i g h l a n d s , parts untrodden by the r e s i s t a n c e f o r c e s d u r i n g t h e years o f a n t i - F r e n c h f i g h t i n g . R e a d i l y a s s i s t e d by the t r i b a l groups o f the e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s the people's armed f o r c e s c o u l d , by p u t t i n g I n t o use t h e i r experience i n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n and e x p l o i t i n g t he resource o f the f o r e s t s , b e f o r e l o n g a t t a i n s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y I n food. Taking advantage o f the rough t e r ­r a i n i n t h e mountain r e g i o n and a p p l y i n g g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e t a c t i c s , t h e y f o i l e d major sweeps and a t t a c k s by the 3 r d , 25th, 7 t h and 13th d i v i s i o n s o f t h e Saigon army t r a i n e d and equipped by the US.

The r e s i s t a n c e u n i t s not o n l y suc­ceeded i n p r e s e r v i n g t h e i r f o r c e s but a l ­so made s u c c e s s f u l o f f e n s i v e s a g a i n s t ma­ny enemy bases, such as Minh Thanh, Thu Dan Mot pr o v i n c e ( A u g u s t 10, 1957), T r a i Be and Lo Than I n B i e n Hoa(Sept. 18 and Dec, 12, 1957). I n 1958, t h e y achieved s t i l l b i g g e r and more s i g n i f i c a n t f e a t s .

I n a d a r i n g a t t a c k on Dau Tieng d i s t r i c t town i n Thu Dau Mot p r o v i n c e ( 0 c t . 10, 1958) t h e y ovexran t h e headquarters o f a m i l i ­t a r y s u b - s e c t o r , p u t t i n g out o£ a c t i o n a b a t t a l i o n o f Saigon t r o o p s , r o u t i n g anoth­er b a t t a l i o n and d e s t r o y i n g s e v e r a l o f f i ­ces Of the puppet a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . The a t ­t a c k i n g f o r c e t o o k c o n t r o l o f t h e t e r r a i n f o r one day and one n i g h t and capt u r e d o-ve r 200 a s s o r t e d weapons t o g e t h e r w i t h a s i z e a b l e q u a n t i t y o f m i l i t a r y equipment and f o o d . F o l l o w i n g t h i s d e f e a t , t h e S a i ­gon f o r c e s had t o evacuate 21 i s o l a t e d p o s t s i n t h e d i s t r i c t . I n a s u r p r i s e a t ­t a c k i n Bien Hoa town on Oct, 25, 1958, a sma l l u n i t o f t h e people's armed f o r c e s p e n e t r a t e d i n t o t h e o f f i c e o f t h e MAAG(Mi-l i t a r y A s s i s t a n c e A d v i o s r y Group) k i l l i n g 13 American " a d v i s o r s and s e r i o u s l y wound­i n g s i x o t h e r s w i t h p l a s t i c e x p l o s i v e s .

A f t e r those resounding e x p l o i t s , t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y armed u n i t s were s u p p l i e d w i t h more and b e t t e r arms and equipment. W i t h t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e i n cadres and arma­ments, Bien Hoa, Thu Dau Mot and Tay Ninh p r o v i n c e s founded t h e i r own arroed u n i t s . Thus, r i g h t i n t h e " d a r k e s t p e r i o d " a sys­tem o f m i l i t a r y f o r c e s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n g r a d u a l l y came i n t o e x i s t e n c e i n South V i e t Nam, com p r i s i n g s e v e r a l k i n d s o f t r o o p s , the r e g u l a r f o r c e s , t h e r e g i o n a l f o r c e s , and t h e m i l i t i a and g u e r r i l l a s i n th e v i l l a g e s and ha m l e t s ,

SIMULTANEOUS UPRISINGS A t t h e end o f 1958 and ear l y ' 1 9 5 9 ,

Diem's p o l i c y o f t e r r o r had reached . i t s h e i g h t . He decreed the s o - c a l l e d Law 10/59 s e t up g u i l l o t i n e s everywhere t o behead anyone charged w i t h b e i n g a Communist and i n t e n s i f i e d t he " r u r a l p a c i f i c a t i o n " cam­p a i g n . He d i v i d e d South V i e t Nam i n t o d i f ­f e r e n t zones t o conduct "sweeps", openly l a u n c h i n g a u n i l a t e r a l war a g a i n s t t h e en­t i r e p o p u l a t i o n . U n i t s i n s t r i p e d uniforms composed o f t h e most b l o o d - t h i r s t e r e l e ­ments were sent t o the c o u n t r y s i d e t o car­r y out a r e a l v r t i i t e t e r r o r t h e r e . I n Ca Mau p r o v i n c e , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e f i r s t h a l f o f 1959, 800 people were k i l l e d . Meanwhile Can Tho p r o v i n c e was s u b j e c t e d t o as many as 5,000 o p e r a t i o n s and r a i d s , b i g and s m a l l , w h i l e t h e h e r d i n g o f people i n t o c o n c e n t r a t i o n camps d i s g u i s e d as "Prosper*-i t y Zones", "Model V i l l a g e s " and "Reset­tl e m e n t Centres" was i n t e n s i f i e d .

The s t r u g g l e o f t h e people o f a l l s t r a t a was at i t s f i e r c e s t . The p o l i t i ­c a l s t r u g g l e f o r peace, freedom, democra­cy and t h e Improvement o f the people's l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s , and a g a i n s t t e r r o r and r e p r e s s i o n was stepped up. I n Western Nam Bo, w i t h i n t h e f i r s t s i x months o f 1959, about 2,134 s t r u g g l e s were recorded w i t h 500,000 p a r t i c i p a n t s . There was a l s o an in c r e a s e i n v i o l e n t a c t i o n t o d e s t r o y t h e puppet a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s g r a s s r o o t s organ­i z a t i o n s i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , such as dem­o n s t r a t i o n s and demand f o r t h e r e s i g n a ­t i o n o f Diem's agents and the d i s m i s s a l o f l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s . As a r e s u l t , t h e r e were 326 cases o f puppet a d m i n i s t r a t o r s overthrown i n such a " l e g a l way," Besides, armed a c t i o n s t o do away w i t h c r u e l agents and s p i e s and i n support o f t h e p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e a l s o i n c r e a s e d . Teh number o f sub v e r s i v e a c t i v i t i e s i n Bac L i e u , Ca Mau, Rach Gia and Can Tho p r o v i n c e s i n Western Nam Bo, averaged from 50 t o 60 mont h l y . I n Bien Boa, Thu Dau Mot and Tay Ninh pro­v i n c e s not a day passed w i t h o u t a c r u e l agent b e i n g punished f o r h i s misdeeds.

I n the second h a l f o f 1959, many pea­s a n t s ' u p r i s i n g s broke out a g a i n s t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e machine i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e . I n June i n t h e p r o v i n c e s o f Western Nam Bo - t h e scene o f many o f t h e f i e r c e s t o p e r a t i o n s and r a i d s conducted by Diem t r o o p s - t h e p r o v i n c i a l r e v o l u t i o n a r y com­m i t t e e Issued an appeal t o the peasants t o r i s e up t o smash the c o e r c i v e o r g a n i ­z a t i o n s and e l i m i n a t e d i e - h a r d c r u e l a-gen t s . I n Eastern Nam Bo, i n October 1959, the peasants i n Chau Thanh, Duong Minh Chau and Ben Cau d i s t r i c t s o f Tay N i n h -p r o v i n c e rose up t o break a l l t h e coer­c i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n the v i l l a g e s and haml e t s . A f t e r t h i s , people's u p r i s i n g s spread f a r and wide throughout t h i s f e r ­t i l e and populous d e l t a area. Of p a r t i c u ­l a r i n t e r e s t was t h e peasants' u p r i s i n g i n Ben Tre p r o v i n c e b e g i n n i n g Jan. 17, 1960. There, n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e absence o f b i g armed u n i t s and t h e s e c u r i t y o f f i r e a r m s

CLASS STRUGGLE! A S c i e n t i f i c Understanding o f the Role o f u„5. Trade unionism i s Absolutely Essen-t i n t t o Oonroiunists Doing Trade Union Work and T'orkplace O r g a n i z i n g ,

AFt-CIA The s t r a t e g i e s o f monopoly c a p i t a l ­

ism f o r c o n t r o l and c o n t a i n m e n t o f r e v o ­l u t i o n a r y S t r u g g l e s i n c l u d e the use o f t r a d e unionism accepted, encouraged, and even advocated by the r u l i n g c l a s s since the 30's. T h i s s t r a t e g y has p a i d o f f w e l l f o r monpoly c a p i t a l i s m . The on­l y mass o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the working c l a s s has become t h e most e f f e c t i v e means f o r i t s c o n t r o l and r e p r e s s i o n .

Labor gangsters from John L. Lewis t o George Meany have served as e f f e c t i v e agents o f monpoly c a p i t a l i s m i n shaping the l a b o r movement a c c o r d i n g t o i t s i n ­t e r e s t s , p u r g i n g i t o f s o c i a l i s t tenden­c i e s , and u t i l i z i n g i t s resources i n the i n t e r e s t s o f c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n .

I n f a c t , the i n s t i t u t i o n o f t r a d e unionism today serves monopoly c a p i t a l i s m so well that since i t s b i r t h the CIA has financed and operated through Intenvatioo-a l organizations of the AFL -C IO i n every f c r e i g n nee-colony where the forces of n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n and socialiaa r i s e up.

• - Je uniooiaa has becoae es« nstioos to pre­

sent tb« •otioa of tbe oppressed peoples into rcwolatiaaary w r . Here coo in the r.S. i t Mist be said that this i s an es­sential role of the unioos.

ns« of mrfoM for the control and ccntaiis>ent of the working c l a s s i s a t r i b u t e to the s o p h i s t i c a t i o n of US corporate fascism. F i f t y years ago, for example, when farmworkers dared t o organ­i s e , t h e ownerD c a l l e d t he cops and h i r e d goons. Now. when the farmworkers dare to o r g a n i z e , t h e owners c a l l i n t h e i r own u n i o n , rhe Teaweters,

"IJ\.BOR" I N C0VT;R>MENT AND C A P I T A L I S T PO­LITICAL FARTIES

The ccmmon c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f the s t a t e of monopoly c a p i t a l i s m i s the at­tempt to c r e a t e t h e i l l u s i o n o f tbe " c o r -

^ M t i v e s t a t e " the s t a t e r e p r e s e n t i n g

the supposed t u — c n i o t e r e s t s of a l l cl«sses(Kational chauvinisa has alws •s b««n 4 han<*y Mans to enhance t h i s i l l u ­s i o n ) . The bourgeols-deeiocratic s t a t e uses the myth of being above and outside of the c l a s s struggle. As the s t a t e ex-t^ttdi i t s r o l e i n t o s o c i e t y a n d e v p a n J s

S t r a t e g i e s of t o t a l s o c i a l c o n t r o l . I t loses t h i s cover a n d i s f o r c e d t o p i c k up a n e w t o y t t i t o c o n c e a l i t s c l a s s n a t u r e . I t attempts to present i t s e l f ae i n c l u ­d i n g the l e g i t i m a t e l e a d e r s l i l p o f the w o r k i n g c l a s s . From t h e 1930*s t o t h e present "labor l e a d e r s " have played t h i s r o l e . Today, however, as c o r p o r a t e f a s ­cism Is on the d e f e n s i v e a g a i n s t the r i -s i n s t i d e o£ r e v o l u t i o n , t h e BrennanB and t h e Fitasimmona and tbe Meany's stand more than ever b e f o r e exposed as servants Ot f a s c i s m .

E l e c t i o n t r e n d s p o i n t toward many f u t u r e Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s a t t h e s t a t e and n a t i o n a l l e v e l where R e p u b l i ­cans now s i t i n power. This w i l l s u r e l y mean even more p a r t i c i p a t i o n by t r a d e u n i o n leaders i n government both d i r e c t l y and I n d i r e c t l y . The mere f a c t o f t h i s p a r t i c i p a t i o n serves t o expose the f a s -c i B t r o l e o f these l e a d e r s , s i n c e much o f th e w orking class a l r e a d y c l e a r l y sees t h a t the s t a t e i s e n t i r e l y i n the hands o f i t s enemies.

THE INSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF US TRADE UNIONISM

But the r o l e o f US t r a d e unionism I n c o n t r o l l i n g the p r o l e t a r i a t i s not l i m i ­t e d t o the a c t i o n s o f t h e top leadership„ F o r t y years o f rampant monopoly c a p i t a l ­ism has shaped a unionism which i s l i t e r ­a l l y a p a r t o f monopoly c a p i t a l i s m . I h r o u g l unions coporate fascism cittempts t o de­f i n e t he content o f workers' demands i n t h g i n t e r e s t s o f the r u l i n g class, then

t o channel t h e a c t u a l c l a s s c o n f l i c t i n ­t o " i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d " forms o f s t r u g g l e . T h i s i s a c o n s o l e u s l y formed and frequent-s t a t e d s t r a t e g y o£ m o n o p o l i s t s ,

CONTROLLING THE CONTENT OF WORKERS' DEMANDS

US t r a d e unions l i m i t workers' de­mands t o more money whenever th e y can get away w i t h i t . As K a r l Marx showed i n CAPITAL, the s a l e o f our laborpower i s th e t r a n s a c t i o n which l i e s a t the h e a r t o f c a p i t a l i s t r e l a t i o n s . And t h a t ' s one of t h e main j o b s o f " l a b o r l e a d e r s " t o s e l l our l a b o r and w i t h i t our c o n t r o l o f the value we produce. (Of course, you can be sure that when they s e l l us, they take t h e i r cut. The pimps) Their very nature i s to be automatic " s e l l - o u t s " , as the apt expression goes. And the union con­t r a c t , the b i b l e of the trade u n i o n move­ment, i s r e a l l y nothing more than a b i l l of s a l e . A r e c e i p t .

The economist demands of unions are always presented as ends i n themselves, rather than as demands which expose the inhumanity of c a p i t a l i s m and the need f o r s o c i a l i s m .

Excluded from the demands o f the workers are a l l things t h r e a t e n i n g t o mo­nopoly c a p i t a l i s m : democratic r i g h t s f o r workers on the job, control of production, p o l i t i c a l demands, e t c .

m a d d i t i o n , t he issues of national chauvinism and n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n are h e l d by unions t o be t o t a l l y out o f bounds. I n t h e workplace, i t i s always the boss who i s " l e a d i n g tbe b a t t l e a g a i n s t r a c i s n " by j i v e a f f i r m a t i v e a c t i o n charades.

I t i s n a t i o n a l form u h l c h causes t h e i n t e n s i t y o f o p p r e s s i o n o f Black and Chi­cano N a t i o n s , and i t i s n a t i o n a l form which gives t h e i r s t r u g g l e i t s f o r c e and d i r e c t i o n . So i t i s not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t n a t i o n a l forma o f o r g a n i z a t i o n are g r e a t ­l y geared by t r a d e u n i o n l e a d e r s , who ex­pose themselves as champions o f w h i t e na­t i o n a l chauvinism by t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n , ( J u s t as c e r t a i n " r e v o l u t i o n a r y " o r g a n i ­z a t i o n s s i m i l a r l y expose t h e s e l v e s i n t h e movement), N a t i o n a l i s t workers o r g a n i z e t i o n s can unleash p o w e r f u l f o r c e s o f c l a s s S t r u g g l e I n the union and i n t h e workplace, and can open the door t o i n ­t e r n a t i o n a l u n i t y o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t based on t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a l l i a n c e . CONTROLLING THE NATURE OF THE BATTLE

Through US t r a d e unionism the a c t u a i s t r u g g l e s o f t h e working c l a s s are I n s t l -t u t i c n a l l z e d ! t h e y are made a p a r t o£ the system. Games are played i n which b o t h Sides " p l a y by the r u l e s " and share t h e same o v e r a l l o b j e c t i v e s . Because u n i o n demands never go beyond the r e l a t i o n s of monopoly c a p i t a l i e m the u n i o n aecs the longterra " h e a l t h " o f the i n d u s t r y as i t s own concern.

Grievance r e s o l u t i o n too has been i n c r e a s i n g l y b u r e a u c r a t i z e d . Instead of s e t t l i n g t h e beef on the workplace f l o o r and thus a c q u i r i n g awaremess o f and a b i l ­i t y t o e x e r c i s e t h e i r power, the workers f i n d t h e i r grievance w i r t t e n up i n l e g a l terras and s t u c k I n t o l o n g slow process which moves towards b i n d i n g a r b i t r a t i o n . And the law handed down by the a r b i t r a t o r i s f u n d a m e n t a l l y the law o f c a p i t a l i s t r e l a t i o n s pure i n j u s t i c e to t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s .

O r g a n i z a t i o n a l l y too unions r e f l e c t t h e i r r o l e s i n c a p i t a l i s m today. L i k e every o t h e r monopoly c a p i t a l i s t o r g a n i z a ­t i o n , they are a n t i - d e m o c r a t i c a l l y organ­i z e d , i n a b u r e a u c r a t i c manner, w i t h a l l power and i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e n t r a t e d a t t h e t o p , l e a v i n g the rank and f i l e i s o ­l a t e d , uninformed, and powerless. THE NEED FOR A PARTY

This sad s t a t e o f a f f a i r s i n the on-

SE12E THE TIME l y mass organizations of the working class shows c l e a r l y t h e c r y i n g need f o r a L e n i n i s t P a r t y ( i e s ) and an o r g a n i z e d r e ­v o l u t i o n a r y movement.

But t h e s t r a t e g i e s d e s c r i b e d above t o shape t h e demands and c o n t r o l t h e s t r u g g l e s o f our class can only be e f f e c ­t i v e i f c a p i t a l i s t s are w i l l i n g and a b l e t o d e l i v e r t h e goods on the economic de­mands, and o n l y t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t he c o n d i t i o n s o f l i f e and work under c a p i t ­a l i s m are b e a r a b l e .

Today more than ever s i n c e WWII t h i s I s not t h e case. As t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e i s d e t e r i o r a t i n g , t h e cost o f l i v i n g o u t ­s t r i p p i n g puny wage i n c r e a s e s , t h e f o r c e o f fascism becoming ever more b l a t a n t ; t h e demands f o r n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n and s o c i a l i s t r e v o l u t i o n b e g i n t o explode through a l l t h e c l e v e r s t r a t e g i e s f o r c o n t r o l and c o o p t a t i o n devised by t h e c o r p o r a t e f a s c i s t s 1

We communists a r e t h e o r g a n i z i n g a-gents o f t h i s e x p l o s i o n . T h i s i s our j o b . Under these c o n d i t i o n s i t i s our d u t y t o r a i s e t he genuine demands o f the w o r k i n g c l a s s and l e a d the f o r c e s o f r e v o l u t i o n f orward i n the b a t t l e f o r s o c i a l i s m and n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n . Any s o - c a l l e d commu­n i s t s who t r y to c o n f i n e the demands o f th e w o r k i n g c l a s s t o economisra or who o t h e r w i s e a l l y w i t h the agents o f monopo­l y c a p i t a l i s m i n the w o r k i n g c l a s s organ­i z a t i o n s a r e themselves agents o f fascian.

The above view o f unions and t r a d e unionism i s a l r e a d y commonly h e l d by much o f t he w o r k i n g c l a s s . I n t h i s r e s p e c t t h e masses a r e a l r e a d y f a r ahead o f many so-c a l l e d communists. What is_ l a c k i n g i s t h e awareness o f an a l t e r n a t i v e i n t h e o r y and most e s p e c i a l l y i n p r a c t i c e t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f a L e n i n i s t P a r t y ( i e s ) ,

STRIKE WAVE:

S A B O T A C abolaqc means to push back. I pull out or t,r, ol< o/r tl,«

fanqjof Capilalijm

On the week ending J u l y 15, 588 S t r i k e s broke out o r c o n t i n u e d w i t h i n t h e U n i t e d States.A t o t a l o f 230,000 workers were on s t r i k e . A t t h i s time l a s t year t h e r e were 279 s t r i k e s and o n l y 70,000 s t r i k i n g employees.

There are c u r r e n t l y more s t r i k e s i n t h e c o u n t r y s i n c e any t i m e a f t e r t h e great s t r i k e wave f o l l o w i n g t h e second World War. Among t h e groups o f s t r i k i n g workers were; s t a t e and c i t y employees, t r a n s i t , s t e e l , chemical and auto workers, a i r l i n e mechanics and p o l i c e men - j u s t t o mention a few.

Bourgeois economists from " l i b e r a l " Paul Sarauelson o f M.I.T. U n i v e r s i t y t o c o n s e r v a t i v e s are deeply w o r r i e d by the s t r i k e wave and Nixon's economic p o l i c i e s . Ninon's " a n t i - i n f l a t i o r i ' campaign c a l l s f o r a l a r g e i n c r e a s e i n unemployment, lower wages, worse s a f e t y c o n d i t i o n s and h i g h e r c o r p o r a t e p r o f i t s . The W a l l S t r e e t economists say t h a t these p o l i c i e s which have h i t T h i r d World people h a r d e s t w i l l c e r t a i n l y b r i n g race war and e v e n t u a l l y " w i l l r a i s e t h e s l e e p i n g dogs o f c l a s s war". Communists have been p r e d i c t i n g t h i s s t r i k e wave f o r t h e past few y e a r s . I f t h e y do t h e i r j o b r i g h t , r e v o l u t i o n a ­r i e s have a good o p p o r t u n i t y t o r a i s e t h e consciousness o f t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s and s t r e n g t h e n b o t h n a t i o n a l and c l a s s s t r u g ­g l e .

MOBILE STRIKE BREAKER

Mid-June saw a w i l d c a t s t r i k e i n Warren Michigan c l o s e down a Dodge t r u c k p l a n t . The workers were p r o t e s t i n g racism, h e a l t h and s a f e t y hazards, harrassment and dangerous speedups. N a t u r a l l y , t h e U n i t e d Auto Workers' L o c a l 140 o f f i c i a l s opposed t h i s p r o g r e s s i v e s t r i k e . S t r i k e b r e a k e r . Judge Hunter S t a i r , rode a Dodge f l a t b e d t r u c k t o t h e p i c k e t l i n e i n h i s robes and s t a r t e d b u s t i n g t h e p i c k e t i n g workers on t h e s p o t . S t r i k e b r e a k e r s l i k e t h i s must be d e a l t w i t h i n a r e v o l u t i o n ­a r y way cont on 19

SEIZE m TIME conC. froa pg. 3 CAK BOHBIItGS

President of lMAS(T?nited Mexican Aoerican S t u d e n t s ) i n 1972. He ran on the Raza Unida t i c k e t for t h e Board of Rengents at C.V. Freddie o f t e n s u f f e r e d r e p r e s s i o n from C.V. o f f i c i a l s because o f h i s m i l i t a n c y . He was w i t h Ricardo Falcon when Ricardo was shot I n Oro Grande. N.M.

In October, 1972, Freddie was a l e a ­der i n t h e movement to r e c a l l Denver C i t y Councilman Eugene DiMannaj a known Ma£xo-SO, vith a p e t i t i o n campaign. I n o t h e r words, Fred d i e had enemies i n the words, Fre d d i e had enemies i n the Estab­l i s h m e n t and t h e underworld. As "Corky" Gonzales s a i d . a f t e r t h e e x p l o s i o n s , "Or­ganised Cvimn f e a r s us more than i t f e a r e the p o l i c e . They know the y can buy t h e p o l i c e . They can't buy us." Diraanna has c o n t i n u o u s l y harrassed and t h r e a t e n e d anyone who dared t o c h a l l e n g e h i s power. I n the sunmer o f 1972, he was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p o l i c e a t t a c k s on a Denver park t h a t had b e e n l i b e r a t e d by Chicanes and r e ­named La Raza Park,

The o t h e r v i c t i m s o f t h e car explo­sions i n c l u d e d known a c t i v i s t s and o t h e r s not known f o r movement a c t i v i t i e s :

A s h l e y Una J a a k o l a , 24, from Roches­t e r , Minn, was t h e womanfrlend o f Reyes M a r t i n e z , She seemed to be p o l i t i c a l l y u n i n v o l v e d u n t i l she began to date Reyes and even then she a p p a r e n t l y wasn't i n ­v o l v e d v e r y much. She had a double degree i n s o c i o l o g y and psychology from C,U, where she pr o b a b l y met Reyes,

Neva A r l e n e Romero, 20, from Ignacdo, Colo, was the daughter o f I g n a c i o ' s Mayor and a j u n i o r a t C.U. m a j o r i n g i n b i - l i n g u a l and b i - c u l t u r a l e d u c a t i o n . Neva chose t h i s f i e l d because she deeply f e l t t h a t Chlca-n i t o s were not g e t t i n g t he e d u c a t i o n they should. As an a c t i v e member o f UMAS, Neve led.an hour-and-a-half takeouer o f the Boulder V a l l e y School Board when the board r e j e c t e d a b i - l l n g u a l , b i - c u l t u r a l p r o­g r a m f o r 3 elementary schools,

Neva d i d not l i m i t her c r i t i c i s m s t o the E stablishment but extended them t o Rasa when she f e l t i t necessary, I n 1972, She spoke out a g a i n s t T i j e r i n a ' s p o l i c i e s a t the Congreso f o r Land and C u l t u r a l Re­form i n A l t u ^ u s r q u e , and demanded t h a t he gi \ 7 e u p K l s e ^ n t r p l q£ the Cengreso, This summer, i f Neva had l i v e d , she would be worki n g w i t h younsters and s e n i o r c i t i ­zens i n I g n a c l o .

Francisco Luevano (D o u g h e r t y ) , 22, f o r m e r l y o f Lare< l o , Tesc , w a s b ^ l n g sought by p o l i c e f o r f a l l i n g t o appear a t a pro­b a t i o n h e a r i n g . He had been sentenced t o 3 months i n j a i l f o r d i s o r d e r l y conduce i n conn e c t i o n w i t b 6 C.U,"disturbance" i n August, 1973 Kik« Ma r t i n e z was h i s law­yer ; l a t e r Reyes represented him,

P r a n c T s o o w a s o n e <?£ 10 persons ar~ rested a t Columbus ( l a Raza) Park i n Den­ver d u r i n g s u m m ^ r j 1972, Along w i t h Fred' d i e Granados, he was a c t i v e i n the cam­pai g n t o r e c a l l Mafioso City Councilman Eugene DlManna.

H e r i b e r t o Teran, 24, f o r m e r l y o f La­redo Tex. was a counselor for t h e Colora­do P i n t o r r o j e g t - - a j o b program f o r ex-convlcts m Boulder. Heriberto was a poet an<3 p u b l i a h e d a book o f p o e t r y .

A f t e r t he k i l l i n g s , t h e r e were strange rumors about I n t e r n a l c o n f l i c t s as the cause o f the e x p l o s i o n s . "Corky" Gonsales i s no reason t o suppose e i t h e r o f the bombings r e s u l t e d from a f a c t i o n a l f i g h t w i t h i n t he Chicano community." He ended t h a t atatement by say i n g , "We have reason to suspect t h a t we are d e a l i n g w i t h h i g h ­l y s k i l l e d k i l l e r s , who have access t o the most t e c h n i c a l and s o p h i s t i c a t e d r e ­sources and m a t e r i a l s . T h e i r methods have been used i n Vietnam, the Dominican Repub­l i c , Cambodia, A f r i c a , A s i a . C h i l e and across South America,,,We i n t e n d t o sur­v i v e no ma t t e r what the odds a g a i n s t us are , we w i l l c o n t i n u e our work and encour­age our people t o co n t i n u e the s t r u g g l e

f o r l i b e r a t i o n d e s p i t e c o e r c i o n , t h r e a t s or death,"

Hasta l a v i c t o r i a siempre, companerosI

BOU ARMEB fflWJGGLE BEGAN IN SOtrra VIET NAM c o n t . from pg 17 and e x p l o s i v e weapons f o r s e l f - d e f e n c e , the peasants i n f o u r d i s t r i c t s rose up and using strategems, seized i s o l a t e d p o s t s , captured puppet a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , executed the c r u e l l e s t agents, and set up l o c a l power i n t h e area. W i t h the weapons capt u r e d from t h e enemy the y organised g u e r r i l l a u n i t s t o r e p u l s e enemy a t t a c k s . The woman who d i r e c t l y l e d t h i s u p r i s i n g was Mne Nguyen T h l Dlnh, now Deputy-Com-mander o f t h e South V i e t Nam N a t i o n a l L i b ­e r a t i o n Armed Forces.

To g i v e a s t r o n g impulse t o t h e con­c e r t e d u p r i s i n g s , p a r t of the l i b e r a t i o n armed f o r c e s i n t h e base area i n Eastern Nam Bo j o i n e d t he l o c a l f o r c e s t o step up a c t i v i t i e s i n support o f t h e peasants. Meanwhile t h e major p o r t i o n was deployed t o s t r i k e a t a key enemy p o s i t i o n so as to produce a s t r o n g impact on the area and a t t h e same time t o se i z e t h e enemy's wea­pons and d i s t r i b u t e them t o the l o c a l f o r ­ces. The p o s i t i o n s i n g l e d out f o r a t t a c k was Tour 2,

This was the French name o f a former c o l o n i a l army p o s t . Now a l s o c a l l e d Nguyen Thai Noc f o r t r e s s . Tour 2 was a forward p o s i t i o n f a c i n g t h e Cambodian b o r d e r , 5km n o r t h o f Tay Ninh p r o v i n c i a l c a p i t a l . The enemy f o r c e here i n c l u d e d n e a r l y two r e g ­iments and c o n s i s t e d m o s t l y o f r e c r u i t s s t i l l under t r a i n i n g w i t h an armoured squadron and an a r t i l l e r y company both o f which belonged t o t h e 13th d i v i s i o n o f the Saigon army. On Feb, 26, 1960, a b a t ­t a l i o n from the f o r c e s o f t h e r e l i g i o u s s e c t s , . s t a r t e d a t t a c k i n g t h e b a r r a c k s . Taking advantage o f the enemy s o l d i e r s ' p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r t h e Lunar New Year Fes­t i v a l , a group o f p a t r i o t s s e c r e t l y en­t e r e d the barracks and a t t a c k e d from with­i n , w h i l e a b i g g e r f o r c e s t r u c k from o u t ­s i d e . The enemy t r o o p s were taken by sur­p r i s e and put t o r o u t w i t h i n a few minutes. Those who t r i e d t o r e s i s t were wiped o u t . The major p a r t o f the r e c r u i t s surrendered. The r e v o l u t i o n a r y f o r c e s seized a muni­t i o n s dump and used the enemy t r u c k s t o take away a l a r g e q u a n t i t y o f weapons. I n .spite o f the i n t e r c e p t i o n o f an enemy r e -

PACE 19 l i e f f o r c e from Tay Ninh p r o v i n c i a l c a p i ­t a l which took back h a l f t h e weapons, a-bout 1,200 a s s o r t e d guns and rounds o f am­m u n i t i o n remained i n t h e i n s u r g e n t s ' hands. A l l t o l d , 400 enemy s o l d i e r s were k i l l e d , i n c l u d i n g a c o l o n e l and a l i e u t e n a n t - c o l o ­n e l , and 500 o t h e r s c a p t u r e d .

A f t e r t h e a t t a c k on Tour 2 p o s i t i o n , the Saigon General S t a f f had t o s t r i k e the 13th D i v i s i o n o f f t h e r o l l . T h i s v i c t o r y had 9 g r e a t p s y c h o l o g i c a l impact on t h e people as w e l l as on t h e enemy t r o o p s and gave a s t r o n g impetus t o the concerted u p r i s i n g s i n t h e r u r a l areas o f Nam Bo.

S h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d s the anti-US-Diem armed f o r c e s i n Eastern Nam B o ( i n c l u d i n g the people's f o r c e s and the f o r c e s o f t h e r e l i g i o u s s e c t s ) were merged under a j o i n t command - " t h e High Command o f Easter n Nam Bo L i b e r a t i o n Armed Forces" - and i n t h e p r o v i n c e s a m i l i t a r y command system a t a l l l e v e l s r a n g i n g from v i l l a g e s t hrough d i s ­t r i c t s t o p r o v i n c e s was set up. A f t e r that^ i n C e n t r a l and Western Nam Bo - the centre o f t h e concerted u p r i s i n g s - s i m i l a r m i l i ­t a r y commands were e s t a b l i s h e d .

I n 1960, t h e armed f o r c e s i n E a s t e r n Nam Bo recorded resounding v i c t o r i e s , de­s t r o y i n g t he enemy i n many d i s t r i c t c a p i ­t a l s and m i l i t a r y sub-sectors i n Bien Hoa, Thu Dart Mot, Tay Ninh and o t h e r p r o v i n c e s . The peasant u p r i s i n g s spread throughout the r u r a l areas o f Eastern Nam Bo. I t was i n t h e flames o f these concerted u p r i s i n g s t h a t t he South V i e t Nam N a t i o n a l F r o n t f o r L i b e r a t i o n came i n t o b e i n g on Dec. 20 , 1960, and on Feb. 15, 1961, the p a t r i o t i c armed f o r c e s o f South V i e t Nam were merged i n t o th e People's L i b e r a t i o n Armed Forces,

February 1974 TA XUAN LINH

Ho Chi Minh Father o f t h e Vienamese R e v o l u t i o n

^> WORLD REVOLUTION NOTES F A R I S - A t the conference o f the European L e f t , t he MIR(Movement o f the Revolu­t i o n a r y L e f t ) o f C h i l e announced the be­g i n n i n g o f g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e I n both t h e r u r a l and urban areas. I n the same an­nouncement the MIR c a l l e d f o r u n i f i c a ­t i o n o f t h e e n t i r e C h i l e a n l e f t t o beg i n a c t i v e armed propaganda.

SOUTHERN A P R I C A - M i l l t a r y v i c t o r i e s a n d r l g n t - w l n g t e r r o r a r e r i s i n g i n Mozambique and A n g o l a , R i s h t - w i n g t e r r o r a g a i n s t A f r i c a n s a n d t h e i r s u p p o r t e r s h a s l e d t o t h e m a s s a c r e o f 20 A f r i c a n p r o t e s t e r s h y t h e c o ­l o n i a l a r m y i n A n g o l a . PRELIMO i s m o u n t i n g a n e v e r v i c t o r i o u s o f f e n s i v e w h i c h h a s r e s u l t e d i n b o t n the c u t ­t i n g o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n s t o t h e C a b o r a B a s s a dam a n d o c c u p y i n g t h e r i c h e s t a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a o f M o z a m b i q u e . Un­d e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a l p r e s ­s u r e , P o r t u g a l h a s a n n o u n c e d i t w i l l s u p p o r t G u i n e - B i s s a u ' s a d m i s s i o n i n t o t h e UN. H o w e v e r , t h e Cape V e r d e i s ­l a n d s a n d t h e i r NATO b a s e s r e m a i n a s t u m h l i n g b l o c k i n n e g o t i a t i o n s b e ­t w e e n t h e PAIGC o f G u l n e - B i s s a u a n d P o r t u g a l .

MILITANT STRIKE ACTION1

Kern County, C a l i f . - Mid-June a l s o saw workers a t t h e Borax p l a n t I n Boron deal w i t h s t a l l i n g management t a c t i c s i n a d e c i s i v e manner. When management nego­t i a t o r s s t a r t e d hedging, 500 s t r i k i n g workers o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Longshoremen Union(ILWU) stormed the p l a n t . The o u t ­raged workers burned the personnel o f f i c e , a guard shack and s e v e r a l o t h e r b u i l d i n g s and r a i l r o a d c a r s . They a l s o f i r e d on t h e p o l i c e and two Borax h e l i c o p t e r s . No a r ­r e s t s were made. This p l a n t i s t h e world's l a r g e s t Borax p l a n t .

INDOCHINA-PRG f o r c e s l a u n c h e d a d r i v e a g a i n s t t h e Da Nang m i l i t a r y e n c l a v e o f t h e S a i g o n r e g i m e . 30 b a s e s a n d o u t p o s t s i n t h e l i b e r a t i o n f o r c e s . I n t h e m e a n t i m e US news s o u r c e s r e ­v e a l e d t h a t t h e C o m m u n i s t s c o n t r o l m o r e l a n d t h a n t h e y d i d i n 1 9 6 5 . A l l o f t h e a r e a s b u t o n e ( C h u L a i w h i c h i s c o m p l e t e l y s u r r o u n d e d ) d e f e n d e d b y US s o l d i e r s ( K h e S o n , H a m b u r g e r H i l l , e t c ) a r e now f a r b e h i n d PRG l i n e s .

A R G E N T I N A - V i o l e n t c l a s s w a r f a r e h a s b e e n b u i l d i n g s i n c e t h e d e a t h o f p r e s i d e n t J u a n P e r o n i n J u l y . R i g h t -w i n g t e r r o r i s o n t h e u p s w i n g . A l a ­b o r l e a d e r , who was f r o m t h e l e f t -w i n g o f P e r o n ' s P a r t y was a s s a s i n a t e d b y e l e m e n t s f r o m t h e p e r o n i s t r i g h t -w i n g a nd m i l i t a r y . A t a mass f u n e r a l a n d m a r c h o f s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d p o o r and w o r k i n g p e o p l e f o r t h e l a b o r l e a d ­e r , p o l i c e a n d m i l i t a r y u n i t s a t t a c k ­ed t h e p r o c e s s i o n . S t r e e t f i g h t i n g b r o k e o u t w i t h d e a d a n d wounded o n b o t h s i d e s . H o w e v e r t h e p e o p l e w e r e h u r t m o r e s i n c e t h e y b o r e t h e b r u n t o f o f t h e u n p r o v o k e d f i r s t a t t a c k . Mean­w h i l e t h e P e o p l e ' s R e v o l u t i o n a r y Armyr (ERP) h a s b e e n f i g h t i n g b a c k . I n one a c t i o n t h e P e o p l e ' s Army o c c u p i e d a t o w n , c u t c o m m u n i c a t i o n s a nd c o m p l e t e - -?.y l i b e r a t e d t h e b a n k c f i t s f u n d s a n d t h e p o l i c e s t a t i o n o f i t s w e a p o n s . The g u e r r i l l a s e s c u p e d w i t h o u t c a s u -y l t i e s . The ERP h a s r e c e n t l y c o f o u n d -e d t h e L A T I N AMERICAN JOINT COORDINA­TING COUNCIL W i t h C h i l e a n , B o l i v i a n a n d U r u g u a y r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a r t i e s .

PAGE ?0 S E I Z E T H E T I M E

Long Live fhe Vicfory of Mao fse Tung Thought

" D ^ c n X n i U J 3 t u L t C o .

VVIion t i l * Irump^t sounded, i t w** rtll |)rcyai-ctl on the earth, and Jch()val\ parceled out tlie earth to C'ocA-Cola, Inc., Anaconda, Ford Motors, and other entitieK; The Frui t Company. Inc. reserved for itself the most succulent, the central coast of my own land, the delicate waitst of America. I t rcchriatcncd its tcrritonca

and over the sleepinjf dead, over the restless licroc.i who brought alwut the greatness, the liberty and the flaffs, it estahhshed tlve comic n j t e ra : ftboiishwl the independencies, prrsented crowns of Caesar, unshMthfti envy, attracted the dictatorship of tlie Hies. T r u j i l l o flies. Tiicho flies, CariAs flies. MartinM flies.

Uhico flios. damp flies of modest blood «nd marmalade, drunken flies uho zoom over the ordinary frravcs, circus flies, wise flies T i l l trained in t r r o n n y i

Among the bloodthirsty flics the F r u i t Company lands its ships, taking off the coffee and the f r u i t , the treasure of our suhmerged territories flows as though on plates into tlie ships.

Meanwliilc Indians are f a l l i n j ; into the su;rared chasms of the linrhors, wrapjjcd f o r buiial in tlie mist of the dawn: a body roll.'!, a t h i n ^ that has no name, a fallen cipher, a cluster of dead f r u i t thrown down on the dumji.

by Pablo Neruda Nobel IiSureate, P o e t r y

from The Song of the Fighters They rob ut of our land and put it under their

ploughs. Tbcy raze our homa and buUd mUitary

outposts. Crying -will not dissipate our jnger. Imploring piiy will not open the way w

salvation. Guns and bombs are not out way of life, We have never been friends of war; But tbcy bavc come armed to the teeth. Shall we resign ourselves to slavery? Never! Night after night under the palm trees, Our land stirs, our people prepare for attack. Our fighters' eyes shine in the darkness. Watch the stars embrace the immense vault

of heaven. Ferward Wf mttrch fnging passionately Of OUT beloved land. Our blood and bones

shall be the ramparts! Thanh liai

Companeros d e l arado yde t o d a h e r r a m i o n t a nomas nos queda un camlno l a g a r r a r u n t r e i n t a - t r e i n t a l

Comrades a l l , o f t h e p l o w and w o r k i n g Implements there's only one way now: t h e r i f l e i n our hands!

Song o f t h e 30-30 Garbine

Prom t h e Mexican Revolution

Advice to Oneself Without the cold and desolation of ivtnte. There could not be the warmth and splendor

of spring. Calamity has tempered and hardened me And turned my mind to steel.

Ho Chi Minh