voice accent neutralization_for_tot_angeos

Voice & Accent Neutralization

Objectives

At the end of this program you will

Understand aspects of SpeechKnow about PronunciationSpeak Globally acceptable and understandable EnglishLearn the art of articulating your voice

Consonant SoundsConsonant Sounds

Vowel SoundsVowel Sounds

IntonationIntonation

Course Outline

There are 26 letters in the English AlphabetsThere are 26 letters in the English AlphabetsHowever there are 44 soundsHowever there are 44 sounds

2424 Consonant SoundsConsonant Sounds

2020 Vowel Sounds (12 vowels & 8 Diphthongs)Vowel Sounds (12 vowels & 8 Diphthongs)

Introduction to Consonant and Vowel Sounds

Some startling facts:Some startling facts:

Regional Influence/Mother Tongue Regional Influence/Mother Tongue influenceinfluence

Speech PatternSpeech Pattern

PersonalityPersonality

Family & Friends factor Family & Friends factor


Factors that affect Pronunciation and Factors that affect Pronunciation and intonation are:intonation are:

Very/wary/varyVery/wary/vary There/dareThere/dareHRYech HRHRYech HR Matter/MutterMatter/MutterFriend:FarendFriend:Farend want/won’twant/won’tThe snacks are in The snacks are in The snakes are in theThe snakes are in the the hall holethe hall holeThirty:Thirty: ThiratyThiraty


Regional Influence/Mother Tongue Influence:Regional Influence/Mother Tongue Influence:

The mechanism of speech involves production and The mechanism of speech involves production and articulation of the sounds produced.articulation of the sounds produced.

Consonant and vowel sounds are an integral part of Consonant and vowel sounds are an integral part of English speechEnglish speech

Consonant sounds are produced by a blockage or Consonant sounds are produced by a blockage or obstruction to the exhaled air.obstruction to the exhaled air.

Vowel sounds are produced without any obstruction to Vowel sounds are produced without any obstruction to the exhaled air.the exhaled air.


PronunciationPronunciation

Created by blocking the outgoing breath. Created by blocking the outgoing breath. Grouped in families classified according to the Grouped in families classified according to the obstruction.obstruction.Clarity in speech depends on the way consonants are Clarity in speech depends on the way consonants are pronounced.pronounced.To pronounce consonants clearly, you need to identify To pronounce consonants clearly, you need to identify the obstruction.the obstruction.Consonant sounds in different languages differ in Consonant sounds in different languages differ in quality.quality.


Consonant SoundsConsonant Sounds

Organs of Speech

LL Lips

TT Teeth

TR Alveolar ridge, convex part of the mouth, immediately behind the teeth

H Hard palate, concave part of the roof of the mouth

S Soft palate in lowered position

U Uvula, the loose hanging end of the soft palate

P Pharynx

BL Blade of the tongue, including the tip, the part opposite the teeth ridge

F Front of the tongue, the part opposite the hard palate

B Back of the tongue, the part opposite the soft palate

E Epiglottis; this is drawn over the windpipe when swallowing

W Windpipe

FP Food passage

V Vocal cords or vocal lips

Larynx

The upper extremity of the windpipe (Adam’s apple) which contains and protects the vocal cords


What are consonants?What are consonants?///

Consonants Place

/p/ Bilabial

/b/ Bilabial

/t/ Tip-alveolar

/d/ Tip-alveolar

/k/ Back-velar

/g/ Back-velar

/ Blade/front –palato-alveolar


/m/ Bilabial

/n/ Tip-alveolar

/ Back-velar


What are consonants?What are consonants?////

/f/ Labio-dental

/v/ Labio-dental

/ Tip-dental

/ Tip-dental

/s/ Blade-alveolar

/z/ Blade-alveolar



/h/ Glottal

/l/ Tip-alveolar

/r/ Blade-postalveolar

/w/ Bilabial back-velar

/j/ Front-palatal

Consonant sounds can be categorized intoConsonant sounds can be categorized into

PlosivePlosiveFricativesFricativesAffricatesAffricatesNasalsNasalsLateralsLateralsApproximantsApproximants


What are consonants?What are consonants?

Plosive:Plosive: /b/ /p/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g//b/ /p/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/Fricatives:Fricatives: f/ /v/ /th/ /s/r /z//sh/ f/ /v/ /th/ /s/r /z//sh/

/h//zh/h//zhAffricates:Affricates: /dj/ /ch//dj/ /ch/Nasal:Nasal: m/n/ngm/n/ngLateral:Lateral: /l//l/Approximants: r/w/jApproximants: r/w/j


Consonant Sounds are grouped in the Consonant Sounds are grouped in the following families:following families:

Voiced sounds create a resonant sound in the Voiced sounds create a resonant sound in the throat.throat.

Unvoiced sounds are aspirated sounds.Unvoiced sounds are aspirated sounds.


Consonant sounds are divided into Voiced Consonant sounds are divided into Voiced and Unvoiced sounds.and Unvoiced sounds.

UnvoicedUnvoiced VoicedVoiced

CHCH J (Dj)J (Dj)SS ZZSHSH ZHZHKK GGTT DD



TH (Thanks)TH (Thanks) TH (That)TH (That)FF VVPP BB

WWMMNN



LLRRHHNG YNG Y


/p/ path/p/ path /b/ bath/b/ bath/t/ time/t/ time /d/ dime/d/ dime/k/ came/k/ came /g/game/g/game/f/ fan/f/ fan /v/ van/v/ van/th/ think/th/ think /th/them/th/them/s/ price/s/ price z/prizez/prize/sh/shoe/sh/shoe /zh/usual/zh/usual/ch/chin/ch/chin /dj/gin/dj/gin


Practice:Practice:Unvoiced SoundsUnvoiced Sounds Voiced SoundsVoiced Sounds

This is an unvoiced aspirated sound. It is This is an unvoiced aspirated sound. It is pronounced like ‘ph’ with distinct breath coming pronounced like ‘ph’ with distinct breath coming out.out.

ExampleExample::

Problem -Problem - PhraablemPhraablemPast -Past - PhaestPhaestPromise-Promise- PhraamisPhraamis


The ‘P’ soundThe ‘P’ sound

Peter had a problem with his projectPeter had a problem with his projectPickles are more expensive than peas.Pickles are more expensive than peas.My parents made the payment for Patricia’s My parents made the payment for Patricia’s picnic.picnic.Politicians are publicizing the polished Politicians are publicizing the polished policemen’s work.policemen’s work.The patient ran in panic for no particular The patient ran in panic for no particular reasonreason


Practice Exercise Practice Exercise The ‘P’ soundThe ‘P’ sound

Examples:Examples:

Color-Color- KhalarKhalarContribute-Contribute- KhantributeKhantributeCustomer-Customer- KhustomerKhustomer


The ‘K’ soundThe ‘K’ soundThis is an aspirated sound. It has to be This is an aspirated sound. It has to be pronounced like ‘kh’ with a puff of air thrown out:pronounced like ‘kh’ with a puff of air thrown out:

I was coming back home after my coaching classes. On I was coming back home after my coaching classes. On my way I saw a cute girl clinging and cringing on the my way I saw a cute girl clinging and cringing on the branch of a tree. She was crying at the top of her voice. I branch of a tree. She was crying at the top of her voice. I called out for her and asked her to calm down. She called out for her and asked her to calm down. She requested me to help her come down the tree. I feared requested me to help her come down the tree. I feared that my clothes will get soiled. But I somehow gathered that my clothes will get soiled. But I somehow gathered the courage to climb the tree. Just when I was a little the courage to climb the tree. Just when I was a little short of clutching her arm, my leg slipped and I cameshort of clutching her arm, my leg slipped and I camecrashing down the road. The cream color of my collar crashing down the road. The cream color of my collar became black and I got a cut on my right knee. I quickly became black and I got a cut on my right knee. I quickly contained my anxiety and made quick steps towards the contained my anxiety and made quick steps towards the cocoon of my home.cocoon of my home.


Practice Exercise (emphasize on the ‘k’ sound’)Practice Exercise (emphasize on the ‘k’ sound’)

Examples:Examples:ThisThis ThatThat TheseThese TheThe TheyTheyBreatheBreathe TeetheTeethe BatheBathe SheatheSheatheFatherFather BrotherBrother MotherMother


Voiced ‘TH’ SoundVoiced ‘TH’ SoundThis sound is created by placing the tongue behind your This sound is created by placing the tongue behind your teeth touching the upper palate of your mouth.teeth touching the upper palate of your mouth.

The voiced ‘th’ usually occurs in function words or The voiced ‘th’ usually occurs in function words or pronouns and words that end with ‘the’.pronouns and words that end with ‘the’.

The unvoiced ‘TH’ sound usually occurs in content wordsThe unvoiced ‘TH’ sound usually occurs in content words

Examples:Examples:ThudThud SomethingSomething WithWith ThousandThousandBothBoth SouthSouth North North ThankThank


Unvoiced ‘TH’ SoundUnvoiced ‘TH’ SoundThe unvoiced ‘TH’ sound is created by placing your The unvoiced ‘TH’ sound is created by placing your tongue between your lips and releasing the air through tongue between your lips and releasing the air through the slit.the slit.

Read out these sentences aloud:Read out these sentences aloud:

Banana makes me thin.Banana makes me thin.Most people think that they have the answer.Most people think that they have the answer.It is time to put on your thinking cap.It is time to put on your thinking cap.Martha is thick-skinned.Martha is thick-skinned.I thought I heard thunder. Thank you very much for I thought I heard thunder. Thank you very much for doing a thorough job.doing a thorough job.


Exercise:Exercise:

In some words ‘th’ is pronounced as ‘t’.In some words ‘th’ is pronounced as ‘t’.

These words are usually proper nouns.These words are usually proper nouns.

Examples:Examples:

ThomasThomas ThailandThailand ThamesThames

EstherEsther..


Exceptions:Exceptions:

Practice these words:Practice these words:

ThirdThird WithoutWithout TheatreTheatreFourthFourth AuthorAuthor ThoughtThoughtFifthFifth NothingNothing ThursdayThursdayEighthEighth ThirstyThirsty ThreeThreeEleventhEleventh ThemeTheme ThelmaThelmaTwelfthTwelfth MonthMonth DorothyDorothyThirteenthThirteenth BirthdayBirthday ElizabethElizabethTwentiethTwentieth ThroughThrough SamanthaSamantha


Exercise:Exercise:

This is a voiced sound. To produce the ‘v’ sound allow your This is a voiced sound. To produce the ‘v’ sound allow your upper teeth to rest on your lower lip and push the sound upper teeth to rest on your lower lip and push the sound through the slit. Bite the lower lip and feel the vibration.through the slit. Bite the lower lip and feel the vibration.

Examples:Examples:

Verify, Discover, VoiceVerify, Discover, Voice


The ’V’ SoundThe ’V’ Sound

Read these words with the correct ‘v’ sound.Read these words with the correct ‘v’ sound.

ValidValid DivideDivide AboveAbove InvestInvestVictimVictim HeavyHeavy LoveLove VelocityVelocityVideoVideo SaveSave LeaveLeave VegetablesVegetablesVoteVote ValentineValentine FestivalFestival VanessaVanessaVinegarVinegar VastVast VirtueVirtue Vice Vice EvokeEvoke ArriveArrive VictorVictor VisitVisit


Practice ExercisePractice Exercise

Read out the following sentences:Read out the following sentences:

Leave the lovely vase in the vanLeave the lovely vase in the vanThe executive arrived late for the seventh meeting.The executive arrived late for the seventh meeting.Vincent advised Vanessa to meet the vice president.Vincent advised Vanessa to meet the vice president.He was actively working on the velocity of the van.He was actively working on the velocity of the van.



This is a voiced sound. To produce the ‘w’ sound, make This is a voiced sound. To produce the ‘w’ sound, make your lips rounded and the tongue drawn back as in the your lips rounded and the tongue drawn back as in the position of ‘u’. Your lips should form a soft circle.position of ‘u’. Your lips should form a soft circle.

Examples:Examples:

WorkWorkWeddingWeddingWednesdayWednesday


The ‘W’ soundThe ‘W’ sound

Read out these words with the correct ‘w sound.Read out these words with the correct ‘w sound.

TwentyTwenty WishWish SandwichSandwich SweetSweetOneOne WinterWinter WeatherWeather WaitWaitWaterWater WaveWave WalletWallet WatchWatchWalnutWalnut Wine Wine WeedWeed WeighWeighWeaveWeave WanderWander WonderWonder WalkWalkWashWash WaneWane WeepWeep WinWinWeightWeight WiseWise RailwayRailway SwimSwim



Read out the following sentences:Read out the following sentences:

William was waiting at the railway stationWilliam was waiting at the railway stationWilma is working on her weight for her weddingWilma is working on her weight for her weddingWinne wanted wine instead of waterWinne wanted wine instead of waterYou shouldn’t wear a watch while swimmingYou shouldn’t wear a watch while swimming



VeryVery WaryWaryVerseVerse WorseWorseWheelWheel VealVealWestWest VestVestVieVie WhaleWhaleWhileWhile VileVile


How will you pronounce these words?How will you pronounce these words?

This is an unvoiced aspirated sound:This is an unvoiced aspirated sound:

ChurchChurchCherishCherishChantChantChamberChamber


The Ch soundThe Ch sound


Charlie chose the chilly chickenCharlie chose the chilly chickenChitra chanced to sit on the Chiming chair.Chitra chanced to sit on the Chiming chair.Cherry cheered the charming champion.Cherry cheered the charming champion.Check the cheese before you eat.Check the cheese before you eat.Channel of the chimney was charred.Channel of the chimney was charred.


The Ch soundThe Ch sound


Practice Exercise:Practice Exercise:

Gin and tonic water is the gist for success for Gin and tonic water is the gist for success for gigantic parties.gigantic parties.Gillette is the brand of a shaving gadgetGillette is the brand of a shaving gadgetGauge the height of the hill gingerly.Gauge the height of the hill gingerly.Fit the gauge gently.Fit the gauge gently.

The dj SoundThe dj SoundThis is a voiced sound which is made by the This is a voiced sound which is made by the lower jaw touching the palatelower jaw touching the palate


The sh soundThe sh sound

This is a voiced sound. Produce the ‘sh’ sound by This is a voiced sound. Produce the ‘sh’ sound by pursing your lips in an oval shape resting your upper pursing your lips in an oval shape resting your upper teeth straight on your lower teeth and blowing the air teeth straight on your lower teeth and blowing the air through the slit between the teeth.through the slit between the teeth.



PracticePractice

ShellShell SheShe ShootShoot EnglishEnglish




Chef, ChampagneChef, ChampagneMusician ,AncientMusician ,AncientTension, PensionTension, PensionRussia, ExpressionRussia, ExpressionSanction, SectionSanction, Section



The S sound is a voiced sound produced by The S sound is a voiced sound produced by placing the tongue towards the upper ridge of placing the tongue towards the upper ridge of your teeth and passing the air through the slityour teeth and passing the air through the slit

SwimSwim StateState StartStart

The S SoundThe S Sound



SallySally SillySilly SmokeSmoke SamSamSellsSells StrawStraw ss SubwaySubway StreetStreetStationStation SandySandyStudyStudy StrongStrongStraightStraight StammerStammer StringString

The S SoundThe S Sound


This sound is produced in the same ways as sh. The only This sound is produced in the same ways as sh. The only difference is that of a strong vibration in the throat:difference is that of a strong vibration in the throat:

PleasurePleasure MeasureMeasure TreasureTreasureSeizureSeizure LeisureLeisure AzureAzure

The Zh soundThe Zh sound


This is a voiced sound. It is produced by placing This is a voiced sound. It is produced by placing your tongue between the upper ridge of your teeth your tongue between the upper ridge of your teeth and gives a buzzing effect:and gives a buzzing effect:

Zebra, Zeal, Zoo, Zip, ZestZebra, Zeal, Zoo, Zip, Zest

The Z soundThe Z sound



ZuluZulu AmazeAmaze GrazeGraze CrazyCrazyBlazeBlaze CozyCozy DozeDoze AccuseAccuseMazeMaze GlazeGlaze PraisePraise DazeDazeEaseEase FazeFaze FreezeFreeze BuzzBuzzLizardLizard JazzyJazzy LazyLazy BusyBusyZoologyZoology PrizePrize BoozeBoozeMaizeMaize

The Z soundThe Z sound


Kr tr dr

St sp

Str

Clusters


Managing Clusters

/sp/ Splash/st/ Style/str/ Straight/sts/ Lasts/ss/ Students strike/tr/ Train/dr/ Drive/kr/ Cross

Managing Clusters

Vowel Sounds

OOT OOT OHT OHT AWT AWT AHT AHT AYT AYT EETEETOOD OOD OHD OHD AWD AWD AHD AYD EEDAHD AYD EEDOON OON OHN OHN AWN AWN AHN AYN EENAHN AYN EENOOB OOB OHB AWB OHB AWB AHB AYB EEBAHB AYB EEBOOP OOP OHP OHP AWP AWP AHP AYP AHP AYP EEPEEPOOM OOM OHM OHM AWM AWM AHM AYM EEMAHM AYM EEMOOG OOG OHG OHG AWG AWG AHG AYG EEGAHG AYG EEG

Cecily Berry ExerciseCecily Berry Exercise

Vowel Sounds

OOF OOF OHF OHF AWF AHF AWF AHF AYF AYF EEFEEFOOV OOV OHV OHV AWV AHV AWV AHV AYV AYV EEVEEVOOS OOS OHS OHS AWS AHS AWS AHS AYS AYS EESEESOOZ OOZ OHZ AWZ AHZ OHZ AWZ AHZ AYZ AYZ EEZEEZOOTH OOTH OHTH AWTH AHTH OHTH AWTH AHTH AYTH AYTH EETHEETH

Cecily Berry Exercise (continued)Cecily Berry Exercise (continued)

Vowel Sounds

A diphthong is a combination of two vowel A diphthong is a combination of two vowel soundssounds

Vowels are sound Vowels are sound carriers.carriers.

Vowel Sounds

2020

Simple Vowels Complex Vowels or Diphthongs

12 8

English Vowel SoundsEnglish Vowel Soundsa e i o ua e i o u

Vowel Sounds

SIMPLE VOWELS They are also called pure vowels or monopthongs.A vowel is a sound without detectable change in quality from beginning to end.It results from changing the shape and the position of the tongue and lips.

sleep sit book boot

ten after bird horse

cat up far hot

Vowel Sounds

COMPLEX VOWELS (DIPHTHONGS) Have continually moving tongue shape and changing sound quality they are represented by two vowel symbols but counted as one unitthe two symbols represent the beginning and the end of the sound quality the jaw, tongue and lips make a gliding movement from the first element of the diphthong to the secondthe first part is much stronger than the second partcan be classified as either closing or centering

beer say

fewer boy go

bear high how

Vowel Sounds

LastLast LostLost LustLust

QuietQuiet QuiteQuite QuitQuit

AcceptAccept ExpectExpect ExceptExcept

How would you say these words:How would you say these words:

Short vowels Long vowels

Vowel Sounds

Practice exercise:Practice exercise:

Read out the following sentences: Read out the following sentences:

Martha’s car won’t start.Martha’s car won’t start.Did Sean fall off the wall?Did Sean fall off the wall?Sue is wearing brown shoesSue is wearing brown shoesLouis took the cookbookLouis took the cookbookWho has the boy’s toyWho has the boy’s toyHow do you get downtown?How do you get downtown?Jennifer needs the airfareJennifer needs the airfare

Vowel Sounds

Read the following sentences:Read the following sentences:

I may go late for my tuition.I may go late for my tuition.He went down the steps and found the lost coin.He went down the steps and found the lost coin.The fair skinned maiden was standing on the stairs.The fair skinned maiden was standing on the stairs.Her tears are a result of sheer agony.Her tears are a result of sheer agony.I left a note close to the table so that you read it before I left a note close to the table so that you read it before you goyou go


Vowel Sounds

Hotel Component Petrol

Industry Engineer Cassette

Decade Chaos Development

Some Commonly Mispronounced Words

Intonationn

What is intonationWhat is intonation

“ “Rise and fall in pitch is intonation”Rise and fall in pitch is intonation”It can also be defined as “Speech Music”It can also be defined as “Speech Music”

Intonation

Intonation is the rise and fall in Intonation is the rise and fall in pitchpitch . It . Itconveys personal intentions and emotionsconveys personal intentions and emotionssuch as surprise, anxiety, excitement.such as surprise, anxiety, excitement.

PitchPitch is the number of vibrations per is the number of vibrations persecond.second.

Changes in pitch determine the Changes in pitch determine the TONETONEof speech.of speech.

Intonation

Let us look at examples:

1. I didn’t say he stole the money2. I didn’t say he stole the money3. I didn’t say he stole the money4. I didn’t say he stole the money5. I didn’t say he stole the money6. I didn’t say he stole the money7. I didn’t say he stole the money

Intonation

1. I didn’t say he stole the money - someone else did2. I didn’t say he stole the money- that’s not true at all3. I didn’t say he stole the money- I only suggested it4. I didn’t say he stole the money- someone else took it5. I didn’t say he stole the money- he may have borrowed 6. I didn’t say he stole the money- but rather some other money7. I didn’t say he stole the money- He may have taken jewelry

Let us look at the sentences again:

Intonation

Rules of Intonation

STATEMENTS-QUESTIONS Typically, statements end with a downward drop. This pattern signals the listener that the thought is

complete. It may be the listener’s turn to talk or the speaker may have more to say but it marks the end of an idea.

The students are from the national science academy.He’s capable of maintaining excellent health.My boss decided to hire the five finalists.The judge and jury joked about the arrangement.

Questions which cannot be answered with "yes" or "no" are sometimes called “wh” questions

because they often contain “where, when, who, or why.” They have a rhythm that usually ends with a downward drop.

Which teacher’s signature is on the check?What American customs do visitors find annoying?Is her degree in psychology or psychiatry?Who wrote the script for the story?

Intonation

Rules of Intonation

STATEMENTS-QUESTIONS

Questions that can be answered with "yes" or "no" usually end with an upward slide. This rhythm signals the listener that it is his turn to respond.

Did the stock split?Will they finish the film before February first?Is Jim eligible for the job in geology?Was testing of the space station successful?Does the chart at the end of the text make sense?

Intonation

Rules of Intonation

Set the cake on the left side of the table, okay? (final upward inflection)Set the cake on the left side of the table, okay? (final downward inflection) Cindy lives in a very distant city, doesn’t she? (final upward inflection)Cindy lives in a very distant city, doesn’t she? (final downward inflection)

ITEMS IN A SERIES When items are presented in sequence, you will notice upward inflection with each one until the final item, where there is usually a downward step.

All kinds of data are on the charts, tables, and graphs.Desks were covered with computers, manuals, and papers.Prepositions include “across,” “until,” “among,” and “of.”The last three letters of the alphabet are X, Y, Z.

Add flour, sugar, and butter to the batter.

In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly.

Let's take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate (stress) ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the shape of each word is different.

PHO TO GRAPHPHO TO GRAPHPHO PHO TO GRAPH ERPHO TO PHO TO GRAPH IC

What is Word Stress?

Word Stress

There are two very important rules about word stress:

One word, one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. So if you hear two stresses, you have heard two words, not one word.)

The stress is always on a vowel.

Sentence Stress in English

Sentence stress is the music of spoken English. Like word stress, sentence stress can help you to understand spoken English, especially when spoken fast.

Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or "beat". You remember that word stress is accent on one syllable within a word. Sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence.

Most sentences have two types of word:•content words•structure words

Content words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important words that carry the meaning or sense.

Sentence Stress in EnglishImagine that you receive this telegram message:

This sentence is not complete. It is not a "grammatically correct" sentence. But you probably understand it. These 4 words communicate very well. Somebody wants you to sell their car for them because they have gone to France. We can add a few words:

The new words do not really add any more information. But they make the message more correct grammatically. We can add even more words to make one complete, grammatically correct sentence. But the information is basically the same:

Content Words

Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE.

Structure Words

In our sentence, the 4 key words (sell, car, gone, France) are accentuated or stressed.

Willyou SELL me CAR because I'm GONE to FRANCE

Willyou SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE


Rules for Sentence Stress in English

The basic rules of sentence stress are:

content words are stressedstructure words are unstressedthe time between stressed words is always the same


Rules for Sentence Stress in EnglishContent words - stressed

Words carrying the meaning Example

main verbs SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY

nouns CAR, MUSIC, MARY

adjectives RED, BIG, INTERESTING

adverbs QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER

negative auxiliaries DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T

Structure words - unstressed

Words for correct grammar Example

pronouns he, we, they

prepositions on, at, into

articles a, an, the

Intonation

What happens when we lack intonation while conversing?

Negates the essence of informationMakes us sound mechanicalcauses miscommunication

voice accent neutralization_for_tot_angeos

Education

unvoiced sounds voiced

vowel sounds pronunciation

aspirated sounds

vowel sounds factors

rwj introduction

diphthongs introduction

thiraty introduction

palato alveolar