vocabulary for exam

8/21/2019 Vocabulary for Exam

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Vocabulary for exam:

1. Public law- branch of law which is concerned with the constitution or government of the state (laws

which govern processes in local and national government) and the relationship between state and

citizens.

2. Private law- branch of law which is concerned with the relationships between legal persons, that is,

indivuiduals and corporations (includes family law, contract law, property law)3. Civil law- branch of law which is concerned with the rights and duties of individuals, organisations

and associations & also with conduct which may give rise to a claim by a legal person for

compensation or an injunction

4. Criminal law- branch of law which deals with certain forms of conduct for which the state reserves

punishment

5. Conduct- a pattern of behavior, the way a person acts, especially from the standpoint of morality

and ethics

6. Prosecute-To initiate civil or criminal court action against a person ( the offender).

7. Prosecutor-a government official who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state

8. Offender-one that breaks a public law9. Claim( give rise to a claim)-something that one party owes another. Someone may make a legal

claim for money, or property, or forSocial Securitybenefits.; Legal demand

10.Compensation-A pecuniary remedy that is awarded to an individual who has sustained an injury in

order to replace the loss caused by said injury

11. Injunction-A court order by which an individual is required to perform, or is restrained from

performing, a particular act.(hotarare judecatoreasca)

12.Substantive law-creates, defines or regulates right, liabilities and duties in all areas of law ( is

common law and statute law used by the court in making decisions)

13.Liability-legal responsibility for one's acts or omissions. (raspundere)

14.Procedural law- defines the procedure by which a law is to be enforced15.Enforce- carry into effect, carry into execution

16.Chamber- assembly

17.Elected body

18.Upper house one of two branches of a legislature, generally smaller and less representative than the

lower branch.

19.Statute law An act of a legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a specific law,

expressed in writing. (codified written laws.)

20.Common law= a system of jurisprudence based on judicial precedents rather than statutory laws;

21. Jurisdiction legal authorityover a certain area or certain persons

22.LegislatureA representative assembly of persons that makes statutory laws for a municipality, state,

or nation

23.Hierarchy of courts

24.Accession Coming into possession of a right or office; increase; augmentation; addition.;

25.Legislative authority

26.Signatory a person who has signed a document such as a treaty or contract or an organization,

state, etc, on whose behalf such a document has been signed

27.Legislation Lawmaking; the preparation and enactment of laws by a legislative body.
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28.LitigationAn action brought in court to enforce a particular right. The act or process of bringing a

lawsuit in and of itself; a judicial contest; any dispute.

29.Amend to alter or change by adding, subtracting, or substituting. One can amend a statute, a

contract or a written pleading filed in a law suit. The change is usually called an amendment.

30.Ensure-to make sure, to guarantee

31.Consolidate (laws)- to bring together (separate parts) into a single, unified whole

32.Codify- organize into a code or system, such as a body of law; (systemize) 33.Case law -law established by following judicial decisions given in earlier cases.

34. Enact To establish by law; to perform or effect; to decree.

Enact, sometimes used synonymously with adopt, is generally applied to legislative rather than executiveaction.

35.Repeal TheAnnulmentor abrogation of a previously existing statute by the enactment of a later law

that revokes the former law.36.Obsoleteno longer in use (applied to laws that lost their efficacy)

37.Scrutinize- examine or observe with great care, inspect critically

38.Scrutiny-A close, careful examination or study.

39.Scrutinizing provisions

40.Draft -A tentative, provisional, or preparatory writing out of any document (as a will, contract, lease,

and so on) for purposes of discussion and correction, which is afterward to be prepared in its final

form.

41.Bill a legislative proposal for enactment of a law. It is called a bill until it is passed and signed at

which time it is a law (statute) and is no longer referred to as a bill.

42.Immerse- to involve deeply,engross

43.Merge-join, combine, unite

45.Barrister InEnglish Law,an attorney who has an exclusive right of argument in all the superior courts.

A barrister is a counselor who is learned in law and who has been admitted to plead at the bar. A barristerdrafts the pleadings in all cases, with the exception of the simplest ones. Distinguished from an attorney,which is an English lawyer who conducts matters out of court, a barrister engages in the actual argument ofcases or the conduct of the trial.

44.SolicitorA type of practicing lawyer in England who handles primarily office work. The solicitor

meets prospective clients, hears the client's problems, gives legal advice, drafts letters and

documents, negotiates on the client's behalf, and prepares the client's case for trial. When a courtappearance appears inevitable, the solicitor retains a barrister on the client's behalf. The solicitor

instructs the barrister on how the client wishes to proceed in court.

45.Plead - To put forward a plea of a specific nature in court, make an allegation in an action or other

legal proceeding, especially answer the previous pleading of the other party by denying facts therein

stated or by alleging new facts

Plea- a.An allegation offered in pleading a case.

b.A defendant's answer to the declaration made by the plaintiff in a civil action.
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c. The answer of the accused to a criminal charge or indictment: entered a plea of not guilty.d.A special answer depending on or demonstrating one or more reasons why a suit should be delayed,dismissed, or barred in equity law.

46.Bar

47.TrialA judicial examination and determination of facts and legal issues arising between parties to a

civil or criminal action

48.Right of audience

49.Proceeding legal filing, hearing, trial and/or judgment in the on-going conduct of a lawsuit or criminal

prosecution.

50.Strike off- remove from membership of a professional body

51.Judge court officer authorized to decide legal cases

52.Inns of Court- the professional associations forbarristers in England and Wales.All such barristers must

belong to one such association.[1]

They have supervisory and disciplinary functions over their members.

53.Court- any official tribunal (court)(assembly) presided over by a judge or judges in which legal

issues and claims are heard and determined

54.Courtroom-A room in which the proceedings of a court are held.

55.Collate- to assemble in proper sequence (collate evidence)

56.Evidence- The documentary or oral statements and the material objects admissible as testimony in acourt of law; matter produced before a court of law in an attempt to prove or disprove a point in issue,

such as the statements of witnesses, documents, material objects, etc

Magistrate- a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice; A civil officer

with power to administer and enforce law, as:a.A local member of the judiciary having limited jurisdiction, especially in criminal cases.b.A minor official, such as a justice of the peace, having administrative and limited judicial authority.

57.Crown Court

58.Bar Council

59.Client-A person who employs or retains an attorney to represent him or her in any legal business; to

assist, to counsel, and to defend the individual in legal proceedings; and to appear on his or her

behalf in court.

60.Lord Chancellor

61.House of Lords

62.Breach The violation of an obligation, engagement or duty; as a breach of covenant is the non-

performance or violation of a covenant; the breach of a promise is non-performance of a promise; the

breach of a duty, is the refusal or neglect to execute an office or public trust, according to law.

63.Conveyance The transfer of ownership or interest in real property from one person to another by a

document, such as a deed, lease, or mortgage.

64.Tenancy A tenancyis the occupancy or possession of land or premises by lease. The occupant,

known as the tenant, must acquire control and possession of the property for the duration of thelawful occupancy. A tenancy can be created by any words that indicate the owner's intent to convey a

property interest on another individual. (inchiriere, arenda)

65.Advocacy The act ofPleadingor arguing a case or a position; forceful persuasion.

66.Acquisition . The act by which the person procures the property of a thing.

67.Sole trader - someone who works for himself

Pupil 1.A student under the direct supervision of a teacher or professor.
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2. LawA minor under the supervision of a guardian

68.Pupil master

69.Pupillage - the period spent by a newly called barrister in the chambers of a member of the bar

70.Lay client

71.In-house counselbarristers working solely for a company ( for an employer)

72.Appeal The act by which a party submits to the decision of a superior court, a cause which has

been tried in an inferior tribunal.73.Case short for a cause of action, lawsuit, or the right to sue

74.Convict to find guilty of a crime after a trial.

75.Defendant the person against whom the suit is brought

76.Fine payment for misconduct

77.Jury In trials, a group of people who are selected and sworn to inquire into matters of fact and to

reach a verdict on the basis of the evidence presented to them

78.Settlement The act of adjusting or determining the dealings or disputes between persons without

pursuing the matter through a trial.

79.Attorney A person admitted to practice law in at least one jurisdiction and authorized to perform

criminal and civil legal functions on behalf of clients. These functions include providing legal counsel,

drafting legal documents, and representing clients before courts, administrative agencies, and other

tribunals.

80.Power of attorneyA written document in which one person (the principal) appoints another person to

act as an agent on his or her behalf, thus conferring authority on the agent to perform certain acts or

functions on behalf of the principal.; written authorization to represent or act on another's behalf in

private affairs, business, or some other legal matter, sometimes against the wishes of the other's

81.Specialize To pursue a special activity, occupation, or field of study

82.Dispute A conflict or controversy; a conflict of claims or rights; an assertion of a right, claim, or

demand on one side, met by contrary claims or allegations on the other. The subject of litigation; the

matter for which a suit is brought and upon which issue is joined, and in relation to which jurors are

called and witnesses examined.

83.Allegation a statement of claimed fact contained in a complaint (a written pleading filed to begin a

lawsuit), a criminal charge, or an affirmative defense (part of the written answer to a complaint). Until

each statement is proved it is only an allegation. (prezumtie)

84.Grounds reasons sufficient in law to justify relief.

85.Relief generic term for all types of benefits which an order or judgment of court can give a party to a

lawsuit, including money award, injunction, return of property, property title, alimony, and dozens of

other possibilities

86.Tenant . A person who has the right to temporary use and possession of particular real property,

which has been conveyed to that person by a landlord.

87.Plaintiff The party who sues in a civil action; a complainant; the prosecutionthat is, a state or the

United States representing the people

in a criminal case. (accuser)88.Sue To initiate a lawsuit or continue a legal proceeding for the recovery of a right; to prosecute, assert

a legal claim, or bring action against a particular party.

89.Tort a civil wrong, or wrongful act, whether intentional or accidental, from which injury occurs to

another. (delict)

90.Contract an agreement with specific terms between two or more persons or entities in which there is

a promise to do something in return for a valuable benefit known as consideration

91.LawyerA person, who through a regular program of study, is learned in legal matters and has been

licensed to practice his or her profession.


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92.Law suit a common term for a legal action by one person or entity against another person or entity,

to be decided in a court of law, sometimes just called a "suit."

93.*** Life peer- appointed members of thepeerage,whose titles cannot be inherited, in contrast

tohereditary peers.

94.Process the legal means by which a person is required to appear in court or a defendant is given

notice of a legal action against him/her/it.

95.To enshrine

to incorporate96.To make a law

97.Decision of a higher court

98.Binding precedent Incommon lawlegal systems,a precedentor authorityis a principle or rule

established in a previouslegal casethat is either binding on or persuasive for acourtor other tribunal

when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues orfacts.

99.Precedent rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and

thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases.

100. Regulatory law regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies

101. The crown council

102. Placement contact established between applicants and prospective employees; "the agency

provided placement services"

103. Party one of the participants in a lawsuit or other legal proceeding who has an interest in the

outcome. Parties include plaintiff (person filing suit), defendant (person sued or charged with a

crime), petitioner (files a petition asking for a court ruling), respondent (usually in opposition to a

petition or an appeal), cross-complainant (a defendant who sues someone else in the same lawsuit),

or cross-defendant (a person sued by a cross-complainant).

104. VacancyA position, office, or place of accommodation that is unfilled or unoccupied.

105. Investigation

106. Order n. every direction or mandate of a judge or a court which is not a judgment or legal

opinion (although both may include an order) directing that something be done or that there isprohibition against some act

107. JudgmentA decision by a court or other tribunal that resolves a controversy anddetermines the rights and obligations of the parties.

A judgment is the final part of a court case

108. To be called to the Bar

109. To qualify as a barrister

110. Mortgage an agreement under which a person borrows money to buy property, esp a

house, and the lender may take possession of the property if the borrower fails to repay the money

111. Mitigation to make less rigorous

112. Sentence the punishment given to a person convicted of a crime. A sentence is ordered by

the judge, based on the verdict of the jury (or the judge's verdict if there was no jury) within the

possible punishments set by state law

113. Statement of case the formal written statements presented alternately by the plaintiff and

defendent in a lawsuit setting out the respective matters relied upon. Former name: pleadings

114. With notice

115. Without notice
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116. Legal person

117. Contract law that branch of jurisprudence that studies the rights and obligations of parties

entering into contracts

118. Property law area of law that governs the various forms ofownershipand tenancy inreal

property(land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in personal property,within

thecommon lawlegal system

119. Appoint (appointment) The prerogative power of an government official or executive toselect persons to fill an honorary position or employment in the government

120. Incorporate into

121. Hereditary peer

122. Legislative authority

123. LegislatureAn officially elected or otherwise selected body of people vested with the

responsibility and power to make laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation

124. Compliance (with) cooperation or obedience

125. Bye-law delegated legislation made by Local Government or public bodies

126. Statutory instrument delegated legislation created by government ministers

127. Green Paper a command paper containing policy proposals to be discussed, esp by

Parliament

128. White Paper an official government report.

129. Pressure group

130. Government Bills

131. Private members Bills

132. Public Acts

133. Private Acts

134. To draw up a contract - To compose or write in a set form; write out: draw up a contract;

draw up a list.

135. Specialism a field of specialization within a science or area of knowledge,

136. (be on) Secondment the detachment of a person from their regular organization for

temporary assignment elsewhere; assignment to a different duty

137. Clerk a legally qualified person who sits in court with lay justices to advise them on points of

law; an official or employee who handles the business of a court or a system of courts, maintains

files of each case, and issues routine documents (grefier?)

138. Ancillary A legal proceeding that is not the primary dispute but which aids the judgment

rendered in or the outcome of the main action

139. Provide representation

140. Conversion course

141. Deviling (pupillage in Scotland)

142. Supply legal service143. Forensic accountancy

144. Senior Barrister

145. Allege- to declare in or as if in a court of law; state without or before proof: he alleged malpractice.

2. to put forward (an argument or plea) for or against an accusation, claim
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