gigi TevzaZe

ganjadoebaxuTi ese Tanamedrove saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

gigi TevzaZe

xuTi ese Tanamedrove saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

pirveli gamocema, Tbilisi 2009© gigi TevzaZe, 2009

dizaini da dakabadoneba: giorgi kevliSviliydis dizaini: marTa TabukaSvili

Sps `bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba~daviT aRmaSeneblis 150, Tbilisi 0112

elfosta: info@sulakauri.ge

ISBN 978-9941-403-12-5

www.sulakauri.ge

Sinaaarsi

Cveni sinamdvilis ganjadoebis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi mecnierebis warsulis, awmyosa da

momavlis Sesaxeb msjelobis gziT

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pirvelad – politikuri anTropologia saqarTveloSi

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warsulis ganviTarebis scenari: kanonieri qurdebis SemTxveva

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qarTveli eris dabadeba

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„saqarTvelo – aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis gzagasayarze“: dRevandeli qarTvelebis

TviTwarmodgenis da TviTprezentaciis istoria

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Cveni sinamdvilis ganjadoebis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi mecnierebis warsulis,

awmyosa da momavlis Sesaxeb msjelobis gziT

kiTxvaSi gawafuli mkiTxveli mixvdeba, rom saTa­uris am formas bevri saerTo aqvs XVIII­XIX saukuneebis teqstebTan; aseve, TvalSi moxvdeba ucnauri sityva – ganjadoeba, romlis mniSvnelobac intiturad esmis, magram 100 welze meti xnis winandeli stilis dasaTau­rebaSi am neologizmis SemoWra albaT afiqrebs da maT Soris kavSirze kiTxvas aRuZravs.

`ganjadoeba~ socialur mecnierebaSi maqs veberis mier Semotanili cnebaa (Entzauberung) da niSnavs samyaros suraTis cvlilebas – religiasa da sas­waulebze orientirebuli msoflmxedvelobidan racionalizmze orientirebul msoflmxedvelobaze gadasvlas.

maqs veberi am gadasvlas evropaSi kaTolicizmis dasustebas, protestantizmis gaZlierebasa da kapi­talizmis warmoSobas ukavSirebda. dRes veberis am Teorias, romelic sazogadoebrivi warmodgenebis ganjadoebas evropis Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlis erT­erT ZiriTad gzad ganixilavs, bevri mowinaaR­mdege hyavs, rogorc axal Teoriebze, aseve – meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi moZiebul empiriul masala­ze dayrdnobiT. es Teoriebi da masalebi miuTiTebs, rom arc kapitalizmis warmoSobaa erTmniSvnelovnad

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protestantizmTan dakavSirebuli da arc ise erT­mniSnvnelovania axali drois evropaSi samyaroze war­modgenebis saswaulebTan kavSirisagan dacla da amis gamo mmarTvelobiTi racionalizmisa da Tanamedrove biurokratiis warmoSoba.

es werili saqarTveloSi mecnierebis dRevandel mdgomareobas, mis warsulsa da savaraudo momavals aRwers. sityvas `ganjadoeba~ me veberiseuli pirvan­deli mniSvnelobiT viyeneb da viwyeb msjelobas qar­Tuli mecnierebis Sesaxeb – im warmodgenebze orien­taciiT, romlebic dRes arsebobs Cvens sazogadoebaSi da romelTa umetesobac – vecdebi davamtkico – umsje­lobebsa da sazogadoebrivi koniunqturisadmi gauaz­rebel morCilebazea dayrdnobili.

saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos mecnierebis Sesaxeb Cven garSemo arsebuli warmodgenebis dawurva Semdeg gamoTqmebze SeiZleba:

pirveli: saqarTveloSi mecniereba Zalian magari iyo sabWoTa dros, radgan maSin saxelmwifo did yur­adRebas aqcevda mecnierebas;

meore: dRes qarTuli mecniereba dakninebulia, radgan saxelmwifo auqmebs mecnierebaTa akademias da ar aqcevs yuradRebas mecnierebs;

mesame: pirvelis da meores sinTeziviTaa: saqarT­veloSi dResac msoflio donis mecnierebaa, sakma­risia fuli mivceT da sabWoTa kavSiris dones male davubrundebiT.

es sami debuleba Tu mosazreba mniSvnelovan miTiur fenas aCens qarTuli sazogadoebis wevrebis azrovne­baSi: SeiZleba Tamamad vTqvaT, rom am sam debulebas yvela eTanxmeba met­naklebi variaciebiT: magali­Tad, xelisuflebis wevrma an misma gulSematkivarma SeiZleba Tqvas, rom `Znelia sabWoTa kavSiris donis miRweva mecnierebaSi – maSin xom qveyana uzarmazar resursebs flobda; Cven vcdilobT da imedia, male

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mivaRwevT mecnierebis im dones, romelzec saqarTve­lo sabWoTa kavSiris dros iyo~. amas mohyveba saubari im kontaqtebsa da laboratoriebze, romlebic `im dros~ iyo, da a.S.

imaves ityvis xelisuflebis mowinaamRdege an ubralod e.w. `neitraluri~ adamiani. es erTsulov­neba imdenad TvalSisacemia Cvens sazogadoebaSi arse­bul totalur `erTmaneTTan­araferSi­daTanxmebis~, sazogadoebrivi interesebis ramdenime saerTo mniS­vnelamde dauyvanlobis fonze, rom socialur mec­nierebaSi odnav ganswavlulic ki aucileblad ityvis, rom aq saqme gvaqvs sakmaod Zlier miTTan.

magram es srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom es sami debule­ba, raki miTiuri konstruqciis nawilebs Seadgens, imTaviTve ar Seefereba sinamdviles: miTiuri kon­struqciebis mecnieruli kvlevis istoriaSi bevri SemTxveva yofila, rodesac miTebis realurobasTan Sesabamisobis maRali xarisxi damtkicebula da skep­tikosebis didi sinanuli gamouwvevia.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, davamtkicebT am miTs qar­Tuli mecnierebis Sesaxeb Tu uarvyofT, mainc davdge­biT ganjadoebis gzaze – uaryofis SemTxvevaSi mivi­RebT diskusias am miTis Sesaxeb, rac miTs daasustebs mainc, xolo damtkicebebis SemTxvevaSi miTi ukve aRar iarsebebs da SesaZlebelia sazogadoebas amiT sxva sakiTxebze SeTanxmebis mniSvnelovani, versificire­buli dasayrdeni gamouCndes.

meTodiTanamedrove samecniero samyaroSi mecnieris,

mecnierTa jgufis Tu mTlianad qveynis mecnierTa miRwevebis gazomvis utyuari raodenobrivi meTodi arsebobs da mas `bibliometruli analizi~ hqvia. am meTodis mixedviT, mecnieruli muSaobis indikatori sul ramdenimea da maTi ricxvebze dayvana, minimaluri

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interpretaciis saWiroebiT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia. es indikatori ZiriTadad oria: mecnieris avtorobiT gamoqveynebuli naSromebis raodenoba da am mecnieris naSromebis sxva mkvlevrebis naSromebSi citirebis raodenoba.

cxadia, rom es indikatorebi iTvaliswinebs mxolod pirdapir raodenobriv monacemebs, romlebic SeiZleba ar iyos erTmniSvnelovani – mag. konkretuli pub­likaciis citirebis raodenoba SeiZleba gaizardos ara mecnieris ideebTan da SedegebTan Tanxmobis, aramed uTanxmobis gamo. magram mecnierebis ganviTa­rebis istoriaSi Secdomebs iseTive wvlili miuZRvis, rogoric – pozitiur Sedegebs. garda amisa, xSirad aRiarebuli Secdoma gamxdara mecnierebis momavali ganviTarebis qvakuTxedi. Sesabamisad, es niSnavs, rom Tuki mecnieris Secdomas bevri gamoxmaureba aqvs, is mniSvnelovnadaa CarTuli samecniero procesSi.

amitom, yvelaze advili da albaT erTaderTi gza, vnaxoT Tu ra mdgomareobaSia saqarTvelos mec­niereba – da SevadaroT is mis warsul miRwevebs – aris zemoT CamoTvlili indikatorebis mixedviT saqarT­velos mecnierebis miRwevebis Sefaseba.

dRevandel msoflioSi ramdenime monacemTa bazaa, romlebic mecnierTa miRwevebis Sesaxeb raodenobriv monacemebs amuSavebs da aqveynebs. yvelaze farTo maT Soris e.w. `codnis qselia~ (ISI Web of Knowledge), romelic samecniero slengSi tomsonis (Thomson) saxe­liTaa cnobili. monacemTa es baza Seicavs akademiuri kvlevis miRwevebis monacemebs 1975 wlidan dRemde. Sesabamisad, Cven advilad SegviZlia Tvali mivadevnoT saqarTvelos miRwevebs, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis ganmavlobaSi, aseve mis Semdeg.

monacemTa bazebSi gamocdil mosiarules gauCndeba kiTxva saZiebo arealebis Sesaxeb. nakleb gamocdile­bisaTvis Sevecdebi ganvmarto, ratom aris saZiebo

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arealebis codna mniSvnelovani monacemTa bazebidan swori pasuxis misaRebad: warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT xorblisa da rkinis marcvlebis grova, xolo amoca­naa erTmaneTisagan gamoarCioT rkina da xorbali. aq sul mcire sami gzaa: 1. xeliT – anu vizualurad da SegrZnebis safuZvelze; 2. daTesoT mTeli grova da romelic ar amova, is iqneba rkina; 3. magnitis saSuale­biT miizidoT rkinis marcvlebi.

am sami SesaZleblobidan pirveli did energias moiTxovs, meore – maxvilgonivrulia, magram Sedegebs didxans unda elodoT. Sedegic SeiZleba ar iyos zus­ti – xorblis marcvlebis raRac raodenobam SeiZleba ar gaixaros. mesame yvelaze adekvaturia – moiTxovs minimalur dros da Sedegic maqsimalurad efeqturi iqneba.

saZiebo arealis codna swored is magnitia, romelsac informaciis grovidan CvenTvis saintereso monacemebi umokles droSi gamoaqvs.

`tomsonSi~ Sesulia informacia e.w. saerTaSori­so JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli Tu citirebuli naSromebis Sesaxeb. saerTaSoriso Jurnalebi ki is Jurnalebia, romelTac gaaCniaT peer review­is meqa­nizmi, anu redaqciis mier statiebis SerCevis meTodo­logia, romelic gulisxmobs Jurnalis redaqciaSi Semosuli statiebis xarisxis anonimur Semowmebas avtoris kolegebis mier. monacemTa bazaSi Sesul TiToeul erTeuls, anu publikacias, aqvs Tavisi max­asiaTeblebi. maT Soris – garda avtoris saxelisa da gvarisa, aris am avtorebis instituciuri mikuTvne­buloba da qveyana, sadac es institucia mdebareobs. bunebrivia, gvarebis mixedviT rom vamuSaoT monacem­Ta baza, amas Zalian didi dro da resursebi dasWird­eba da daemsgavseba rkinisa da xorblis marcvlebis xeliT gadarCevas. magnitis funqcia qveynisa da insti­tuciis dasaxelebam unda Seasrulos, rac, sabWoTa

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kavSirisdroindeli saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi iqneba `saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia~ da/an `saqarT­velos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika~ daweris yovelnairi formiT, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris Semdgom periodSi `saqarTvelos respublika~ – ase miuTiTeben saqarTvelos tomsonis monacemTa bazebSi mas merec, rac saqarTvelom dasaxeleba Seicvala – imisaTvis rom aSS­is jorjiis Statisagan ganasxvavon (romelic, sxvaTa Soris, cnobilia maRali donis kvleviTi uni­versitetebiT).

Cveni miznebis misaRwevad SerCeuli tomsonis saZie­bo sityvebis nakrebi ase gamoiyureba: [Address=(rep* of Georgia) OR Address=(Tbilisi*) OR Address=(Georgian Acad*) OR Address=(GEORGIA USSR) OR Address=(GEORGIA SSR) OR Address=(Kutaisi*) OR Address=(Batumi*) Timespan=All Years. Databases=SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH], rac Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: momeci yvela monacemi, romlis aRweraSic miTiTebulia an saqarT­velos respublika, an saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka­demia, an saqarTvelos ssrk, an saqarTvelos ssr, an Tbilisi, an baTumi, an quTaisi. da am sityvebis yvela SesaZlebeli gagrZeleba (* – es amas niSnavs).

es ki niSnavs, gvqondes imedi, rom monacemTa baza mogvcems yvela im monacems, romelTa aRweraSic Tundac erTi es sityvaTSeTanxmeba an sityva fig­urirebs. am magnitis gamoyenebiT ar unda gagvi­Wirdes vnaxoT saqarTvelos mecnierebis mdgomareo­ba 1974 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevamde, da Semdeg – saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebidan dRemde.

gamonaklisebi da uzustobebicxadia, monacemTa arc erTi baza da, miT umetes

damuSavebis meTodi, ar aris unaklo. Cvens SemTxve­vaSic saqme gvaqvs gamonaklisebTan da uzustobebTan.

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magram es gamonaklisebi da uzustobebi ar moqmedebs mTlian suraTze. gamonaklisebia: am SedegebSi ver moeqceva is samecniero produqti, sadac ar aris miTiTebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo an institucia. Sesabamisad, rogorc unda gvegonos, rom maqs plan­kis intitutSi an niu­iorkis universitetSi moRvawe qarTveli mecnieri qarTul mecnierebas warmoadgens, es ase ar aris, Tuki is publikaciebis misamarTad ar uTiTebs saqarTvelos an saqarTvelos romelime institucias.

aseve, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, tomsonis monacem­Ta baza iTvaliswinebs masalis mxolod im JurnalebSi gamoqveynebas, romlebsac miRebuli aqvT saerTaSor­iso statusi. Sesabamisad, Tuki aseTi statusi Jurnals ar aqvs, masSi gamoqveynebuli statia ver Seva Cveni kvlevis arealSi. imdenad, ramdenadac saqarTveloSi gamocemul arc erT humanitaruli da socialuri mec­nierebis Jurnals ara aqvs es statusi, am damuSavebi­dan avtomaturad vardeba am sferoebSi qarTul enaze gamoqveynebuli statiebis 100 %. aseve, SesaZlebelia am damuSavebidan zogierT ucxour JurnalSi dabe­Wdili publikaciac amovardes. magram Tuki gaviT­valiswinebT imas, rom 1. am SemTxvevaSi gvainteresebs qarTuli mecnierebis donis Sedareba saerTaSoriso indikatorebTan da 2. Tuki naSromis Rirebuleba maRa­lia, da misi citireba mimdinareobs, is aucilebad xvdeba monacemTa bazaSi – anu, Tuki qarTvelma mec­nierma gamoaqveyna statia ara­saerTaSoriso statu­sis mqone JurnalSi, magram Tu am statiam gamoiwvia kolegebis interesi, is moxvdeba Cveni damuSavebis arealSi: radganac, rogorc vTqviT, Cven gamovikvlevT ara marto publikaciebs, aramed qarTuli mecnierebis citirebis indeqssac, rasac dRevandel samecniero samyaroSi sul ufro da ufro meti mniSvneloba eni­Weba (igive exeba wignebis citirebas – Tanamedrove

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samecniero samyaroSi wignis Rirebuleba ufro misi citirebebis raodenobiT fasdeba, vidre gamomcem­lobis prestiJiT). am monacemTa bazaSi sxva indika­torebic arsebobs, mag. konferenciebSi monawile­obis raodenoba da konferenciis gamoqveynebuli abstraqtebis raodenoba. am or indikators am pub­likaciaSi ar viyeneb – isini mainc meoreulebi arian da Tavisi mniSvnelobiT bevrad CamorCebian samecniero JurnalebSi gamoqveynebebs da citirebebs. Tumca, maTi gaTvaliswinebiTac rom gadaviTvaloT qveynis an mec­nierebis Sedegebi, proporcia sxva qveynebTan da sxva mecnierebTan mimarTebaSi mainc ar Seicvleba.

ase rom, Cveni kvlevidan gamonaklisebi da uzusto­bebi ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: Cveni monacemebis didi wili – 90%­mde – iqneba sabunebismetyvelo da zust mecnierebaTa Sesaxeb. Tumca, arc es aris Cveni amocanisaTvis didi problema. Cveni sakvlevi miTi xom ZiriTadad sabunebismetyvelo da zust mecnierebebze laparakobs: sabWoTa kavSiris dros humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebi ideologiuri kontro­lis qveS iyo – saxelmwifo cdilobda xeli SeeSala am mecnierebebis ganviTarebisaTvis. amitom, rac am dros saqarTveloSi humanitaruli da socialuri mec­nierebis dargSi Rirebuli Seiqmna, Seiqmna saxelmwi­fos moqmedebis sawinaaRmdegod. amis sapirispirod, sabWoTa kavSiri aviTarebda (garkveuli ideologiuri SezRudvebiT) zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecniere­bebs, rac, partiuli bosebis azriT, iaraRis damzade­baSi gamoadgebodaT.

citirebis da publikaciebis indeqsis kidev erTi arasrulyofileba misi araabsoluturobaa: mecnier­is Rirebuleba garkveul SemTxvevebSi ganisazRvreba ara misi dawerili da gamoqveynebuli produqciiT, aramed – mag. misi monawileobiT saerTaSoriso eqsperi­mentebSi, magram aseTi mniSvnelovani mecnierebis wili

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(anu, romlebic teqnikosebi ar arian da mTel Tavis dros konkretuli eqsperimentis Catarebas uZRvnian) msoflio mecnierebaSi, da miT umetes, saqarTvelo­Si, sakmaod cotaa. amitom, yvela zemoT CamoTvlili gamonaklisisa da uzustobis gaTvaliswinebiT, dRes citirebisa da publikaciebis indeqsi rCeba erTaderT instrumentad, romlis saSualebiTac Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT qveyanaSi mecnierebis ganviTarebis doneze, mis warsulze da perspeqtivebze.

cxrili ¹1. saqarTvelos saxeliT gamoqveynebuli naSromebi 1975 wlidan dRemde

rogorc am cxrilidan Cans, saqarTveloSi warmoebuli samecniero publikaciebis raode­noba 1975 wlidan 2008 wlis bolomde mxolod imatebs da 2008 wels aRwevs maCvenebels, rome­lic manamde arasodes hqonia.

cxrilidan Cans, rom yvelaze maRali niSnuli sabWo­Ta kavSiris dros 1985 wels iyo miRweuli. es mona­cemi emTxveva sabWoTa kavSiris ideologiuri manqa­nis Sesustebas. sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg ki yvelaze maRali niSnuli 2005­2006 wlebze modis da rogorc cxrilidan Cans – izrdeba. sagulisxmoa, rom publika­ciebis raodenobis zrda emTxveva ganaTlebisa da mec­nierebis reformis dasawyiss – rodesac dRis wesrigSi dadga mecnierTa Sromis racionaluri indikatorebiT Sefasebis sakiTxi.

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magram am statiis SesavalSi aRwerili miTiuri konstruqciis momxre ityvis, rom saqme aris ara rao­denoba, aramed xarisxi: anu sabWoTa kavSirSi gamo­qveynebuli Sromebis xarisxi ufro maRalia, vidre sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg; es ki niSnavs, rom sabWoTa kavSiris dros gamoqveynebuli Sromebis citireba bevrad unda sWarbobdes sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg gamoqveynebuli Sromebis citirebas. codnis qseli citirebis indeqsis mxriv Semdeg suraTs gvaZ­levs:

cxrili ¹2

es ki niSnavs, rom dRes qarTuli mecnierebis cno­badoba iseTia, rogoric arasdros. is ramdenjerme aRemateba sabWoTa kavSirisdroindels da yovelw­liurad izrdeba.

maSasadame, am ori cxriliT miTi `saqarTvelos­mecnierebis­sabWoTa­kavSirSi­kargi­mdgomareobis­Sesaxeb­da­Tanamedrove­saqarTveloSi­misi­cudi­mdgomareobis­Sesaxeb~ daingra. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs Teoriuli Sansi, rom 2008 wels citirebuli statiebis absoluturi umravlesoba sabWoTa kavSirSia daweri­li. magram es saeWvoa, Tundac imis gamo, rom citirebis zrda emTxveva publikaciebis raodenobis zrdas, rac

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pirdapir unda iyos dakavSirebuli 2004­2005 wleb­Si dawyebul saerTaSoriso samecniero kontaqtebis gaaqtiurebasTan da ara qarTveli mecnierebis 15 an 25 wlis winandeli naSromebis Tavidan aRmoCenasTan.

sainteresoa, gvaZlevs Tu ara am miTis ngreva safuZ­vels, davmSviddeT da vTqvaT, rom yvelaferi kar­gadaa; rom mecnieruli kvlevebis saxelmwifo politi­ka sworia? amisaTvis Sedarebas unda mivmarToT – Cven mier mopovebuli monacemebi SevadaroT regionis da Tundac yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis analogiur monacemebs:

cxrili ¹3

am cxrilebidan Cans, rom sulac ar gviWiravs re­gionSi mowinave adgili da mniSvnelovnad CamovrCebiT ufro mcire mosaxleobis mqone qveynebs. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani daskvna, romelic SegviZlia am cxrile­bidan gamovitanoT, aris is, rom citirebis indeqsi yvela qveyenaSi Tanabrad izrdeba. magram, mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu saidan iwyeba es zrda da ra niSnulia mag. 2008 wlis bolosaTvis: rogorc vxedavT, somxeTis citirebis angariSi TiTqmis orjer aRemateba Cvensas, xolo estoneTis – TiTqmis 4­jer.

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igive SeiZleba iTqvas publikaciebis raodeno­baze: 2008 wels qarTvelma mecnierebma 311 statia gamoaqveynes. litvelma mecnierebma – 2163 statia, estonelebma – 942, somxebma – 465, latvielebma – 360, xolo azerbaijanelebma – 282. es monacemebi aRebu­lia 2008 wlis dasawyisSi. ramdenadac yoveli Semdegi kalendaruli wlis pirvel naxevarSi gamoicema Jurnalebi, romlebsac gamocemis wlad 2008 weli aqvs miTiTebuli, wlis bolos an SuaSi monacemebi SeiZleba ramdenadme gansxvavdebodes mocemulisgan, magram, rogorc wesi, aseTi `gadacdomebi~ wlis arc ZiriTad tendencias da arc miRebul proporcias ar cvlis.

cxrili ¹4.

(ix. linki: qveynebis ranJireba publikaciebis raode­nobis mixedviT: Http://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?area=0&category=0&region=all&year=all&order=it&min=0&min_type=it qvemoT moyvanili cxrili gakeTebulia 1996­2007 wlebisaTvis).

qveyana publikaciacitir. publik.

citataTviT-citireba

cit. raod. erT publikaciaze

1 aSS 3.885.065 3.652.547 55.078.925 26.887.171 14,512 didi brit. 1.105.308 1.007.750 12.819.856 3.315.114 12,393 iaponia 1.103.915 1.081.652 9.104.613 3.003.301 8,524 germania 1.013.151 963.401 10.817.780 3.064.671 11,305 CineTi 969.985 964.718 2.379.100 1.178.534 3,686 safrangeTi 732.180 695.274 7.491.135 1.855.193 10,787 kanada 550.920 524.539 6.180.777 1.302.773 12,448 italia 534.598 509.208 5.018.387 1.250.266 10,289 espaneTi 388.908 367.174 3.126.547 852.506 9,1410 ruseTi 369.018 366.673 1.352.932 444.618 3,6911 avstralia 346.740 325.599 3.415.148 772.972 11,1912 indoeTi 336.429 322.168 1.347.950 485.084 4,5913 holandia 306.962 291.250 3.955.859 735.740 14,1114 korea 265.535 261.952 1.400.150 350.951 6,7015 SvedeTi 224.187 215.491 2.870.070 539.440 13,5516 Sveicaria 218.831 207.770 3.122.283 480.655 15,7217 brazilia 197.705 192.615 1.036.204 331.101 6,50

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qveyana publikaciacitir. publik.

citataTviT-citireba

cit. raod. erT publikaciaze

18 taivani 197.162 193.462 1.036.713 276.206 6,3819 poloneTi 184.120 181.128 905.331 278.293 5,5520 belgia 165.330 157.589 1.799.084 303.047 11,9921 TurqeTi 145.069 137.575 534.944 166.337 4,8422 israeli 137.447 131.702 1.522.055 255.082 11,7823 dania 115.462 110.364 1.540.066 256.255 14,3424 avstria 114.352 108.346 1.166.968 189.608 11,3625 fineTi 109.740 106.887 1.284.956 242.028 12,7526 saberZneTi 93.184 89.266 583.651 123.192 7,5927 hong­kongi 90.031 86.736 632.361 128.739 8,2228 meqsika 82.792 80.945 470.643 112.239 6,5729 norvegia 82.489 79.146 848.672 154.873 11,4530 CexeTi 81.068 79.090 436.320 118.277 6,0531 ax. zelandia 69.958 66.141 638.868 118.609 10,2532 singapuri 68.762 66.833 428.798 73.677 7,4333 ukraina 65.566 65.174 178.075 55.784 2,7334 argentina 64.630 63.051 422.383 101.758 7,0835 ungreTi 63.923 62.035 464.390 92.894 7,7636 samx. afrika 61.905 58.317 386.983 92.161 6,9237 portugalia 60.411 58.911 398.409 90.635 8,1238 irlandia 49.429 46.596 443.543 57.103 11,0739 irani 48.818 47.859 133.024 57.498 5,0440 egvipte 40.967 40.411 154.308 38.547 4,2141 tailandi 33.485 32.713 167.269 31.732 6,6942 rumineTi 33.424 33.054 120.388 30.661 4,1843 Cile 31.137 30.441 234.489 47.196 9,0244 slovakeTi 30.738 29.965 148.005 37.534 5,0745 xorvatia 27.425 26.722 96.574 26.561 4,0546 bulgareTi 26.434 26.016 120.784 25.615 4,8347 slovenia 25.379 24.899 125.714 31.010 5,7248 saudis arab. 23.515 22.504 92.635 14.288 4,1049 malaizia 21.324 20.772 73.628 13.606 4,7550 pakistani 19.025 18.112 51.229 14.781 3,3851 nigeria 16.973 16.566 43.816 11.523 3,2952 belorusia 15.778 15.721 49.075 12.666 3,1753 venesuela 15.416 15.068 80.335 14.506 5,6054 tunisi 14.124 13.748 39.110 9.348 3,9155 maroko 14.009 13.640 54.839 11.534 4,2456 kolumbia 11.238 10.924 61.088 9.442 7,10

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qveyana publikaciacitir. publik.

citataTviT-citireba

cit. raod. erT publikaciaze

57 litva 10.343 10.194 46.985 10.422 6,1858 kuba 10.342 10.005 43.335 11.230 5,0359 alJiri 9.052 8.973 25.143 5.171 3,9560 estoneTi 9.030 8.900 68.885 14.294 8,7961 iordania 8.936 8.823 28.502 5.621 3,8562 kenia 8.770 8.376 71.701 13.284 9,1963 bangladeSi 7.835 7.638 31.821 6.424 4,6464 indonezia 7.791 7.646 46.885 5.526 6,8665 quveiTi 7.675 7.509 32.462 6.020 4,4666 arab.gaer.saam. 7.272 6.980 25.530 3.821 4,5067 filipinebi 6.505 6.352 46.499 6.439 7,9568 libani 6.254 5.805 28.934 3.483 6,1969 vietnami 5.898 5.789 35.795 5.147 7,5170 puerto­riko 5.867 5.724 55.577 4.898 10,2871 islandia 5.121 4.955 69.490 7.426 15,5472 somxeTi 4.901 4.845 23.962 4.662 5,2573 urugvai 4.763 4.607 38.870 6.097 9,5374 latvia 4.626 4.590 26.853 4.808 5,8875 uzbekeTi 4.280 4.255 10.566 2.390 2,5276 tanzania 3.928 3.781 27.484 4.737 8,4877 saqarTvelo 3.867 3.816 19.063 2.789 5,4178 peru 3.710 3.568 26.712 3.176 9,3479 kameruni 3.659 3.567 19.403 4.244 6,8280 eTiopia 3.640 3.566 18.212 3.700 5,9781 omani 3.637 3.458 12.377 2.035 4,2382 Sri­lanka 3.608 3.393 18.046 2.251 6,1783 zimbabve 3.479 3.369 21.143 2.791 5,90

am monacemebisaTvis aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs qveyanaSi realur mkvlevarTa raodenobas. imave tom­sonis mixedviT, 2008 wels saqarTvelodan saerTa­Soriso JurnalebSi 310 publikaciis gamoqveynebaSi monawileoba miiRo (ara marto – mTavar avtorad, aramed – damxmaredac) 263 mkvlevarma. aqedan 150­ma mkvlevarma 1 statiis momzadebaSi miiRo monawileoba, 78­ma – 2­is, 19­ma – 3­is, 11­ma – 4­is, 3­ma – 5­is, 2­ma – 6­is, xolo 1­ma – 16­is. SeiZleba kritikosebma Tqvan, rom 16 publikaciaSi erTi mkvlevris monawileoba ara­

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realuria. magram, meore mxriv, am monacemis arseboba saqarTvelos mecnierebis aRweraSi utyuaria.

es ricxvi ki migviTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi realur, anu aqtiur mkvlevarTa raodenoba 500­s ar unda aWarbebdes yvelaze ufro Tamami daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, anu Tuki vivarudebT, rom am 261 mkvl­evars Soris vermoxvedrili mkvlevrebi or weliwadSi erTxel aqveyneben statiebs, anda rTul Temebze muS­aoben da or­sam weliwadSi erTxel axerxeben samec­niero qselSi formalur dafiqsirebas.

Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom msoflios karg kvle­viT universitetebSi Sefardeba profesorebs (romle­bic ZiriTadad mkvlevrebi arian) da studentebs Soris saSualod erTi aTTanaa anu, erT mkvlevarze modis aTi studenti, miviRebT, rom dRes saqarTveloSi erTi patara kvleviTi universitetis (5 aTasi studenti) potenciali arsebobs.

gamodis, rom dRes mecnierTa mcire raodenoba qmnis iseTi xarisxisa da raodenobis produqcias, romelic arasodes yofila saqarTveloSi. magram, meore mxriv, Tuki saerTaSoriso indikatorebiT SevxedavT, arc mecnierTa da arc maTi produqciis raodenoba ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom vTqvaT – saqarTveloSi mec­nierebis mdgomareoba Tundac damakmayofilebelia.

miT umetes, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom qve­yanaSi sadoqtoro programebis studentebis raode­noba katastrofulad mcirea: 2008 wels qveyanaSi sul 728 doqtoranti iyo. rac niSnavs yovel wels 100­150 doqtoris gamoSvebis potencias. Tavis mxriv, es sul ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom mecnierebis ricxvi aramc Tu gaizardos, aramed maTi axlandeli raodeno­ba SenarCundes. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom aqtiur mkvlevarTa asaki sakmaod xandazmulia – maTi saSualo asaki 50 wels uaxlovdeba.

Tuki raodenobrivi niSnuli gvinda, Tu ra doneze

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unda iyos saqarTvelos mecnierebis produqcia, imi­saTvis, rom Tavi ganviTarebuli mecnierebis mqoned miviCnioT, estoneTis monacemebis doneze asvla sulac ar iqneba warmatebis indikatori. qvemoT mocemulia estoneTisa da sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebis mecnierTa citirebebis sami wlis raodenobebis Sedareba. es qvey­nebi mosaxleobis raodenobiT, saqarTvelos msgavsad, `patara qveynebis~ jgufSi SeiZleba SeviyvanoT:

cxrili ¹5

rad gvinda mecniereba, anu mecnierebis adgili qvey­nebis ekonomikaSi

zemoT moyvanili raodenobrivi monacemebi sakma­risia am werilis dasawyisSi aRwerili saqarTveloSi mecnierebis warsulisa da awmyos Sesaxeb miTis gan­jadoebisaTvis. magram mecnierebis momavlis Sesaxebac arsebobs ori miTiuri konstruqcia, romlebic erT­maneTs ewinaamRdegeba, magram orive maTgani poulobs sazogadoebaSi mimdevrebs.

pirveli (da ufro didi xnis – jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris bolo wlebidan rom modis) ambobs, rom mec­niereba qveynis, gansakuTrebiT patara qveynis, presti­Jia, misi savizito baraTia msoflioSi da is aucileb­lad unda finansdebodes, Tundac mxolod imitom, rom msoflios wamyvan centrebSi Cveni mecnierebi

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muSaobdnen da saqarTvelo amiT kulturuli da gan­viTarebuli qveynis saxels imkvidrebdes.

meore (wina saukunis 90­iani wlebis bolos gamoCnda saqarTveloSi) ambobs, rom mecniereba unda ganvixi­loT ara rogorc qveynis prestiJis, aramed rogorc ekonomikuri mogebis wyaro. am Teoriis mixedviT kar­gi mecniereba yovelTvis mogebiania, amitom, Tuki swored aris organizebuli, mecnierebas yovelTvis moaqvs mogeba. es Teoria mecnierebas uyurebs, rogorc bankiri – sainvesticio proeqts: Tu mecniereba gaamar­Tlebs, man unda daabrunos is fuli, romelic masSi iqneba Cadebuli da Semdeg damoukideblad SeZlos warmatebuli arseboba.

sainteresoa, rom es orive Teoria saR azrzea damyarebuli da safuZvlad yvelaferi SeiZleba edos, yvelaferi, am sakiTxis codnis garda: satelevizio gadacemebSi nanaxi an gagonili (vinmes mier moyoli­li), TviTgadarCenisken swrafva, warsulis viTarebis aRdgenis survili Tu sxva nebismieri ram.

pirveli Teoria ambobs, rom marTalia, fundamen­tur mecnierebebSi Catarebuli kvleva saqarTvelos materialurs bevrs verafers moutans, magram saqar­TveloSi msoflio donis mecnierebis arseboba Cveni civilizebulobis da gnebavT, evropelobis niSani iqneba. ramac, saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba usafrTxoe­bis mniSvnelovani garantic ki Seqmnas. es salonuri Teoria warmoiSva sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg, rodesac saqarTvelos mecnierebam dakarga iaraRis warmoebis xelSewyobis azri. mecnierebis arsebobis ideologiuri safuZvlis gaqrobis Semdeg qarTvel mecnierebsa da inteleqtualebs sakuTari arsebobisa da muSaobis gamarTlebisaTvis axali argumentebis moZebna dasWirdaT.

meore Teoria e.w. gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis arse­bobas eyrdnoba da ambobs, rom saxelmwifom mxolod

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momgebiani da praqtikuli proeqtebi unda daafinan­sos. am mimarTulebiT uxvad gamoiyeneba iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa inovacia, teqnologia, sistemuri mid­goma da a.S. am Teoriis momxreebi amboben, rom erTi mxriv, mxolod ase SevZlebT im ekonomikuri danaxar­jis gamarTlebas, romelsac am mimarTulebiT gavwevT, xolo meores mxriv – am midgomis safuZvelze gada­varCevT dasafinansebel mecnierebebs da mimarTule­bebs. am Teoriis konturebi, rogorc ukve aRvniS­neT, 90­iani wlebis bolos gamoCnda saqarTveloSi, rodesac saxelmwifo aparatSi gaCnda azri optimal­uri meTodiT gadaenawilebinaT mwiri resursebi da, mwiri resursebis miuxedavad, mainc ganviTarebuli mecniereba mieRoT Sedegad.

Tumca, mecnierebis Tanamedrove marTva orive am miTologiuri konstruqciisgan gansxvavebulia: wmin­da ekonomikuri da biznes TvalsazrisiT yvela qveya­naSi mecniereba wamgebiania – yvela im gamoyenebiTi laboratoriis momgebianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom­lebic maRalteqnologiur sawarmoebSi arsebobs da konkretuli inovaciebis danergvaze muSaobs. fun­damentur mecnierebebSi imdeni danaxarjia saWiro Tundac mcire Sedegis misaRebad, rom laparakic ki zedmetia qveyanaSi momgebiani mecnierebis arsebo­baze. ra Tqma unda, qveynis PR­ic ar udevs safuZvlad mecnierebis dafinansebas, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, rom politikur diskursSi mecnierebis cneba xSirad am azriT gamoiyenebodes.

mecnierebis roli Tanamedrove samyaroSi sxvaa: mec­niereba, anu, kvlevis da kvlevis saSualebiT swavlebis arseboba, saWiroa codnis ekonomikis misaRwevad: Tuki qveyanaSi aris kargi mecniereba, es niSnavs, rom qveya­naSi kargi universitetebia. es ki niSnavs, rom qveyenaSi bevri ganaTlebuli adamiania, romlebmac ician kvle­vis meTodebi, samyarosadmi racionaluri midgoma aqvT

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da ician rogor dagegmon sakuTari cxovreba. qveyana kargi mecnierebis arsebobis pirobebSi damoukide­beli, ganaTlebuli adamianebiTaa savse. es ki utyuari Sansia qveynis ekonomikisaTvis, gaxdes condaze da ara fizikuri Tu bunebrivi resursebis (rac adre Tu gvian iwureba an gamousadegari xdeba) primitiul gamoyene­baze dafuZnebuli.

SeiZleba paradoqsia, magram qveynisaTvis kvlevis Sedegebi ar aris uSualod is, rasac is pirvel rigSi elodeba mecnierebisgan. mecnierebis ganviTarebam gvaCvena, rom mecnierebis istoriaSi garRvevebi da naxtomebi sruliad moulodnel da xSirad – cariel adgilebze warmoiSoba. saxelmwifo, Tuki mis poli­tikosebs da sazogadoebas surT, rom am qveyanaSi iar­sebos codnis ekonomikam, rac saboloo jamSi sazoga­doebis wevrebis bednierebas moemsaxureba, daintere­sebulia kargi da mravalferovani kvlevebis arse­bobiT – ara imitom, rom xval vinme am kvlevebisagan saswauls elodeba, aramed imitom, rom adamianebma, romlebic am kvlevebSi monawileobiT da am kvlevebis saSualebiT iReben karg ganaTlebas, gaaZlieron da gazardon qveynis ekonomika. Zlieri ekonomika ki, Tavis mxriv, kvlevebisa da swavlebis dafinansebis gazrdaSic Seitans wvlils da ase Semdeg. saboloo jamSi, ase emsax­ureba mecniereba qveyanaSi sazogadoebis yoveli wevris keTildReobisa da bednierebis miRwevis mizans, da ara uSualod teqnologiuri saswaulebis da garRvevebis miznad dasaxviT.

qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi mocemulia qveynebis saer­To erovnuli produqtidan danaxarjebis procentuli wili mecnierebaze da mecnierebis donis maCvenebeli citirebis indeqsi. advili SesamCnevia, rom is qveynebi, romlebic ekonomikuri keTildReobiT gamoirCevian, mets xarjaven mecnierebaze da Sedegebic ukeTesi aqvT. mecnierebaze danaxarjebis gazrda ki aris ara

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ekonomikuri keTildReobis momdevno, rogorc es xSirad hgoniaT `mecnierebis, rogorc prestiJis~, da `mecnierebis, rogorc momgebiani biznesis~ Teoriis momxreebs, aramed – winmswrebi procesi:

cxrili ¹6 da ¹7

aSkaraa, rom mecnierebis miRwevebis done pirdapir kavSirSia saerTo erovnuli produqtis danaxarjis moculobasTan. proporciebis Cavardnebi am cxri­lebSi, iseve rogorc me­8 da me­9 cxrilSi (latviis, azerbaijanisa da xorvatiis SemTxvevaSi) mecnierebis marTvis sistemis aramodernizebulobas unda miva­weroT.

rac Seexeba sxva, ganviTarebul evropul qveynebs,

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pozitiuri kavSiri danaxarjebsa da mecnierebis dones Soris utyuaria. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SedarebisTvis SevarCieT qveynebi, romelTa mosaxleo­bis raodenoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobis farglebSia:

cxrili ¹8 da ¹9

`mxolod momgebiani mecnierebis dafinansebis Teoriis~ momxreebi ityvian, rom es qveyanaSi gaweuli mTliani xarjebia da ara mxolod saxelmwifo biu­jetidan; magram Tuki CaxedavT Tundac internetSi ganTavsebul cxrilebs, qveynebis mier mecniereba­

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ze [kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze [research & developemnt], rogorc mas dRevandel saerTaSoriso diskursSi ewodeba] gaweul sabiujeto da sxva danaxarjebs, naxavT, rom saxelmwifo biujetebis wili am danax­arjebSi maRalia, xolo danarCeni, e.w. arasabiujeto xarjebi ZiriTadad imitom Cndeba, rom saxelmwifoe­bi sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo xerxiT uwyoben xels kerZo pirebsa da korporaciebs kvlevisa da ganviTa­rebisaTvis Tanxis gaRebaSi. unda iTqvas, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi es xelSewyoba ar aris primitiuli saga­dasaxado SeRavaTi.

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pirvelad – politikuri anTropologia saqarTveloSi

politikuri anTropologia, rogorc mecnie­reba, romelic politikur procesebs `eTnogra­fiuli meTodis~ gamoyenebiT swavlobs, bri­taneTSi Seiqmna XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. meTodis SemuSaveba daemyara britaneli anTro­pologebis mier afrikaSi miRebul gamocdile­bas, romlis mixedviTac britanuli politikuri institutebis kopirebam afrikis qveynebSi ar moitana mosalodneli Sedegi, miuxedavad imisa, rom britanuli da afrikuli politikuri insti­tutebi sakanonmdeblo formiTa da funqcioni­rebis wesebiT erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdebod­nen. mogvianebiT politikuri anTropologiis meTodis gamoyeneba daiwyes nebismieri sazoga­doebis Sesaswavlad im faruli, siRrmiseuli socialuri institutebis gamosavlenad, romle­bic gadawyvetilebebis miRebas da politikuri procesebis konkretul saxes ganapirobeben.

XX saukunis erT­erTma yvelaze cnobilma anTro­pologma meri duglasma (Mary Douglas) 1985 wels sirakuzis universitetSi waikiTxa leqciebis kursi `rogor fiqroben institutebi~. mogvianebiT es kursi wignadac gamoica. leqciebis am kursma da wignma saT­ave daudo axal talRas institutebisa da individebis

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urTierTobis kvlevaSi. ZiriTadi idea, romelsac dug­lasi asabuTebs wignSi, aris is, rom organizaciul gadawyvetilebebs metwilad da upiratesad gansaz­Rvravs ara Zalauflebis mqone pirovnebebs Soris molaparakeba, aramed instituticiuri kultura: institutebi axorcieleben Cveni codnisa da gadaw­yvetilebis unarTa (cognition) socialur kontrols. es niSnavs, rom Tuki raime msjeloba sazogadoebis romelime jgufSi erTxmad aris miRebuli da/an masze saerTo Tanxmoba arsebobs, unda vivaraudoT, rom is ufro socialur kontrols eyrdnoba, vidre infor­maciasa da informirebulobas.

institutebis mier ganxorcielebuli socialuri kontrolis magaliTi SegviZlia SedarebiT martivi socialuri institutebis sferodan moviyvanoT: rodesac saqme exeba saSualo fenis ojaxSi memkvi­dreobiT moulodnelad miRebuli didi fulis gankar­gvis sakiTxs, ojaxis ufrosebis gadawyetileba – ras moaxmaron es fuli – saxli iyidon, kargi ganaTleba miaRebinon Svilebs, fasiani qaRaldebi Seisyidon Tu Tanxa bankSi datovon – ufro im Sexedulebazea damokidebuli, romelsac sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ojaxis instituti (qcevebisa da metyvelebis kodebi­sa1 da praqtikebis erTianoba) uWers mxars, vidre ojaxis wevrebis molaparakebasa da SeTanxmebaze. sxva viTarebasa da sxva sazogadoebaSi SesaZloa gonivru­lad mieCniaT fulis eklesiisTvis Sewirva, msoflios garSemo samogzaurod wasvla, fulis vertmfrenidan gadmoyra da a.S.

axla ufro rTuli institutebis mxridan socia­luri kontrolis magaliTebi vnaxoT: metia imis alba­Toba, rom xangrZlivi istoriisa da Zlieri infra­struqturis mqone eklesiaSi saeklesio pirebis mier dogmebze msjelobis dawyeba eresad iyos aRqmuli da ara eklesiis gaZlierebisken mimarTul qmedebad.

2�

Sesabamisad, metia albaToba, rom saeklesio ierarqebi dogmebze msjelobaSi eress dainaxaven. aseve, eTni­kuri umciresobis warmomadgenlis winaaRmdeg mimar­Tuli radikaluri qmedeba an sityva, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac is damnaSavea, Tanamedrove liberalur erTobaSi ufro metad aRqmuli iqneba rogorc gadame­tebuli RonisZieba; da piriqiT – metia albaToba, rom tradiciul sazogadoebaSi eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlis mier Cadenili danaSauli aRqmuli iqneba danaSaulad eTnikuri warmomavlobis gamo da ara am adamianis konkretuli Tvisebebidan gamomdi­nare. anu, rodesac institutebze vlaparakobT, vgu­lisxmobT qcevebis, metyvelebis praqtikisa da kodebis kompleqss, romlebic yvelaze ufro mosalodneli da moTxovnadia konkretul sazogadoebriv jgufSi.

socialuri institutis yvelaze moxerxe­buli, magram aramecnieruli gansazRvreba, romelic me Semxvedria, aseTia: `is, rac arse­bobs Sens dabadebamde~. anu is aramaterialuri struqtura, romelSic Sen Sedixar, rogorc ukve arsebulSi da romlis nawilic xdebi.

es niSnavs, rom sazogadoebrivi jgufebis SeTan­xmebuli da sayovelTaod mowonebuli qmedebebi unda ganvixiloT rogorc ufro socialur kon­trolze damyarebuli, vidre am jgufSi Semavali konkretuli adamianebis motivebidan da pirovnuli Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare.

aq erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT politikuri da socialuri institutebi: politikuri institutebi kanonebiT, moqmedebis dawerili wesebiT da xSirad konkretuli politikuri TanamdebobebiT warmodge­nili sistemebia, romlebic uzrunvelyofs politikaSi CarTuli adamianebisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebas;

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socialuri institutebi ki qcevebisa da metyvelebis is uxilavi kodebi da sistemebia, romlebSic poli­tikuri institutebi arsebobs da Tanaarsebobs. maga­liTisaTvis SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom moqalaqeobis socialuri instituti demokratiul qveyanaSi aris is, romelSic da romlis ZaliTac is politikuri institutebi (mag. parlamenti, mTavroba, prezidenti, sasamarTlo, policia) arsebobs, romlebic Tavis mxriv ganapirobeben demokratiuli qveynis (mag. britaneTis, aSS­is, safrangeTis) dRevandel politikur saxesa da Sinaarss. socialuri mecnierebis midgomas, romelic socialuri institutebidan gamomdinare ganixilavs sazogadoebaSi mimdinare politikur procesebs da individebis politikur qcevas, politikuri anTro­pologia ewodeba. am midgomis mixedviT, sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebi im politikuri da sociologiuri Teoriebis gamoyenebiT ki ar unda aRvweroT, romlebic ukve viciT, aramed unda davakvirdeT mimdinare proce­sebs da am procesebis generalizaciiT, reducirebiTa da analogiebis moxmobiT aRvweroT (`daviWiroT~) qce­vis is praqtikebi da kodebi, anu is socialuri insti­tutebi, romlebic mimdinare procesebs udevs safuZ­vlad.

politikuri anTropologiis meTodis gamoyeneba miT umetes gamarTlebulia CvenSi arsebuli politi­kuri procesebisa da gadawyvetilebebis gasaanali­zeblad: zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, udavod sain­teresoa, ras warmoadgenen socialuri institutebi, romlebic dRes Cvens garemoSi ganapirobeben politi­kuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas da am gadawyvetile­bebis mxardaWeras politikaSi CarTuli sazogadoebis wevrebis mier. es midgoma produqtiuli unda iyos im realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac bolo dros miviReT, da im viTarebis gamoc, romelic bolo dros Seiqmna am realobis analizis TvalsazrisiT. politikuri

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subieqtebis nebismieri Sefaseba miuReblobisa da gau­ziareblobis kedlebs awydeba. am SefasebaTa miReba­miuReblobis ZiriTadi problema, Cemi azriT, is aris, rom analitikosebi politikosebis, politikur gadaw­yvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi CarTuli profesio­nalebisa da maTi mimdevrebis ama Tu im gadawyvetile­bas da moqmedebas maTi pirovnuli Tvisebebidan da Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare aRweren, rac umetes SemTxvevaSi miaxloebulic ki ar aris am politikosebi­sa da maTi mimdevrebis warmodgenasTan sakuTar Tavze. amis magaliTia am bolo dros gaxSirebuli paralelebi kanonieri qurdebis qcevasa da „ucnobis“ politikur prezentaciebs Soris2; braldebad qceuli analizi, romlis mixedviTac radikaluri opozicia, Tu ganzrax ara, aracnobierad mainc ruseTis davalebas asrulebs; xelisuflebis, rogorc adamianis uflebebis perma­nentuli damrRvevis, ufro radikaluri SefasebiT – rogorc kaciWamiebis, mkvlelebis, kriminalebis da a.S. jgufis, moqmedebaTa ukve socialur konstantad qceuli aRwera. aseTi mouxeSavi analogiebi politi­kuri poziciebis matareblebSi iwvevs ara dafiqrebasa da TviTkoreqtirebis survils, aramed – gaRizianebas da Sefasebis avtoris erTmniSvnelovan `ganTavsebas~ romelime politikur banakSi.

zemoT aRwerili meTodiT midgoma, vfiqrob, pirovnebebze miTiTebisa da maTTvis iarliyis mike­rebis xifaTs agvaridebs. vapireb, aRvwero qcevisa da metyvelebis kodebi, romlebic koleqtiurad aRiare­buli gadawyvetilebebidan da koleqtiuri qcevebi­dan gamomdinareobs, da ara konkretuli adamianebis fsiqotipebi da RirebulebiTi prioritetebi. Sedegad miviRebT im socialuri institutebis (an institutis) aRweras, romlebSic dRevandeli politikuri insti­tutebi moqmedeben da urTierTmoqmedeben.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti, romelic Cveni

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politikuri garemos analizisaTvis politikuri anTropologiis meTodis gamoyenebisaken gvibiZgebs, aris rogorc radikaluri opoziciis, aseve mmarTve­li partiisa da xelisuflebis politikuri progr­amebis sqematuri xasiaTi3, rac mafiqrebinebs, rom es programebi imitomacaa sqematuri, rom raRac sxvaze miuTiTebs da TavisTavadi mniSvneloba ara aqvs. is raRac ki, razedac es sqemebi miuTiTebs, savaraudod, is socialuri institutebia, romlebic politikur subieqtebs moqmedebisa da diskursis konkretuli formebisaken mimarTavs. am SemTxvevaSi politikuri programa kodirebuli gzavnilis rols asrulebs, romlis miRebis Sedegad socialuri institutis wevrisaTvis cxadi xdeba, rom es mis socialur insti­tutSi Semavali jgufis mier gakeTebuli ganacxadia. Sesabamisad, Tuki es asea, individebi orive mxares moq­medeben ufro rogorc socialuri institutis warmo­madgenlebi, vidre politikuri partiis an partiaTa koaliciis wevrebi.

dRevandel politikur procesebSi CarTuli indi­videbis koleqtiur qcevaTa da sajaro gamoTqmaTa analiziT yalibdeba diskursuli da qceviTi kodebis ori jgufi (TiToeulSi oTxi kodia), romelTagan erTs umetesad radikaluri opoziciis, xolo meores umetesad xelisuflebisa da mmarTveli partiis war­momadgenlebi da mxardamWerebi ekuTvnian. esenia:

radikaluri opoziciis qcevisa da diskursis kode­bi:

1. yvelaze ufro misaRebia, iyo mediatori da msaju­li, yvelaze miuRebeli – iyo CarTuli da warmoad­gende mxares;

2. erTaderTi politikuri pozicia, romelic SeiZ­leba gekavos, aris is, romlis Sesaxebac ukve arsebobs upirobo Tanxmoba im jgufSi, romelsac miakuTvneb sakuTar Tavs;

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3. arsebobs upirobo avtoriteti, romelic unda aRiaro da romelsac unda daemorCilo. magram avto­ritetad aRiareba rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo saqmea da Secdoma dauSvebelia;

4. nebismieri politikuri aqcia/qmedeba mxolod samarTlianobis aRdgenisa da Rirsebis dabrunebisken SeiZleba iyos mimarTuli.

mmarTveli partiisa da xelisuflebis qcevisa da diskursis kodebi:

1. sakuTari Secdomis aRiareba Rirebulebaa;2. SeTanxmebuli Rirebulebebis ignorireba SesaZ­

lebelia, Tuki arsebobs arCevani am Rirebulebebsa da socialur­politikur cvlilebebs Soris;

3. Cven unda SevTanxmdeT, vin aris Cven Soris avto­riteti, romelsac davemorCilebiT.

4. nebismieri politikuri qmedeba, romelic arse­buli viTarebis Secvlas isaxavs miznad, Rirebulia.

kodebis am orive kompleqss bevrnairi da mra­valmxrivi gamovlineba aqvs.

magaliTad, radikaluri opoziciis qcevis kodebi vlindeba rogorc radikaluri opoziciuri partiebis qmedebebSi, aseve politikur eqspertTa, politi­kuri Toq­Souebis wamyvanTa, ubralod, radikaluri opoziciuri partiebis mxardamWerTa qcevebSi da perfomansebSic ki. amis damadasturebeli ramdenime magaliTia: radikaluri opoziciuri partiebis mcde­loba, arsebuli politikuri konfliqti warmoeCinaT ara ori politikuri jgufisa da maTi mxardamWerebis dapirispirebad, aramed xelisuflebisa da xalxis kon­fliqtad, xolo sakuTari Tavis rogorc `saqmis gam­rCevisa~ da samarTlianobis damdgenis reprezentacia moexdinaT; aseve – maTi mxridan konkretuli poli­tikuri poziciis dafiqsirebaze uaris Tqma – garda im poziciisa, rom isini upirobod icaven adamianis uflebebsa da samarTlianobas; patriarqis avtorite­

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tis upirobobis manifestacia miuTiTebs, rom isini zemoT aRwerili operaciuli kodebis mixedviT moq­medeben; am bolo dros zogierTi politikuri eqsper­tis swrafva, maqsimalurad daafiqsiros ara sakuTari kompetencia, aramed sakuTari obieqturoba, gansajos orive mxare adamianis uflebebisa da samarTlianobis upirobo poziciaze dayrdnobiT.

ar SemiZlia magaliTad ar moviyvano ori ada­mianis kamaTi `ria novostis~ studiaSi: erT­erTi maTgani sakmaod cnobili politologi da parlamentis wevria, meore – eqspertis Label­is matarebeli. kamaTisas eqspertma uTxra poli­tologs, rom is ar aris eqsperti, razedac gabrazebulma politologma miugo, ra gaqvs salaparako, rodesac politologiis elemen­taruli cnebebi ar icio. eqspertma mSvidad upasuxa: samagierod, me obieqturi varo.

amave rigSi ewereba peticiebis wyeba, romlebic april­maisSi gamoCnda – sazogadoebis cnobili saxe­ebis mier xelmowerili da romlis diskursi igive iyo: Cven obieqturebi varT, ar vici, visi politikuri poziciaa swori, magram mTavari adamianis uflebebi da samarTlianobaao; aseve – xelovnebis cnobili warmo­madgenlebis mowodeba Rirsebis aRdgenisaken, TiTqos Rirsebis aRdgena TavisTavad cxadi politikuri prog­rama iyos; da bolos – Toq­Souebis wamyvanTa umete­sobis pozicia – ki ar daexmaros studiaSi mowveuls gamoxatos Tavisi pozicia da am gamoxatvisas daafiq­siros winaaRmdegoba, aramed sityvaze gamoiWiros stumari da daumtkicos, rom is mtyuania.

qcevis Tu diskursis es formebi xan kanonieri qur­debis instituts gvaxsenebs (mag., saknebis simbolika da mTavar sakanSi myofi ucnobi, sadac opoziciis

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mxardamWerebi midian saqveyno saqmeebze salapara­kod), xan – sabWoTa inteligencias (xelovnebis dargis warmomadgenelTa peticiebi), xan – komunisturi par­tiuli elitis diskurss, rodesac sakuTari privile­giebis mopovebis survili umaRlesi Rirebulebebis dacviT iniRbeboda (mag., Rirsebisa da qarTvelobis dabruneba).

amave diskursuli kodis erTi saintereso gamovlinebaa qarTuli humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebis mier sakuTar statiebSi sxva qveynebis mecnierebTan SedarebiT sakuTari kolegebis minimaluri citireba; TiTqosda maT amis gakeTeba rcxve­niaT. sinamdvileSi, zemoT aRwerili kodebis mixedviT, vinmes dasaxeleba niSnavs mis aRiare­bas avtoritetad. es ki, amave diskursis Tanax­mad, safrTxilo da sapasuxismgelo saqmea – ar unda SegeSalos da vinme usafuZvlod ar unda gamoacxado avtoritetad.

aRsaniSnavia, rom amave diskursuli kodis nawilia kritikuli sityvieri Tu performansuli epataJebi qarTveli eris mimarT: sazogadoebisadmi kritikuli damokidebulebis axali diskursi aq ver `xarobs~, is zedmetad tradiciulia – sul erTia, qarTveli eris mimarT kritika laSa buRaZis piridan modis Tu anri joxaZis klipidan. TiTqosda stereotipebis damrRvevi politikuri satirac, romelic anri joxaZem dadga, ver gavida sayovelTaod miRebuli da dadgenili war­modgenebis miRma da ilia WavWavaZis `bednieri eris~ meti veraferi ver moifiqra teqstad. ras ar SexvdebiT am diskursis matarebeli xalxis TviTgamoxatvebSi: ilia WavWavaZis, konstantine kapanelis, merab mamar­daSvilis, akaki baqraZis sityvebisa da ganwyobebis

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kopirebas, magram yvela am kopirebis ukan mkacri saxiT dgas diskursuli kodi, romlis mixedviTac am sazoga­doebaSi arsebuli da miRebuli lanZRvis wessac ki ar unda gadauxvio da mxolod ise unda ilaparako, rogorc upirobo jgufuri SeTanxmeba gavaldebu­lebs, rac arc erTi zemoT CamoTvlili pirovnebis SemTxvevaSi ase ar iyo: yoveli maTgani axal diskurss qmnida an axali diskursi gadmohqonda qarTul sinamd­vileSi.

diskursuli da qceviTi kodebis es erTianoba erT konkretul socialur institutze migviTiTebs, romelic Cveni warsulis ganuyofeli nawilia da romelsac moqalaqis Zveli socialuri instituti SeiZleba davarqvaT. Aam institutisTvis SeiZleboda sabWoTa saqarTvelos moqalaqis socialuri insti­tuti dagverqmia, magram maSin mkiTxvelebis mxridan RirebulebiT, SefasebiT aRqmas ver gaveqceodiT. es im diskursebisa da qcevaTa kodebis kompleqsia, romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda sabWoTa saqarTveloSi. mis CamoyalibebaSi sxvadasxva poli­tikuri Tu arapolitikuri procesebi monawileobda. moqalaqis am socialur institutSi gaerTianda kanon­ieri qurdebis, inteligenciisa da partiul­mmarTv­elobiTi elitis kodebis nawili. sabolood miviReT socialuri instituti, romelic socialur sivrceSi gamoixateba, rogorc konkretuli politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi poziciis daukavebloba, mxolod zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebisadmi mxardaWeris dafiqsireba, msajuloba da gansja rogorc umaRlesi Rirebuleba, Rirseba da samarTlianoba rogorc moq­medebis erTaderTi orientiri. es qcevis is kodebia, romelTagan gamomdinareobda rogorc qarTveli inteligentis, aseve partiuli aqtivistisa da kanon­ieri qurdis qceva da diskursi.

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am ganwyobis `bralia~, rom 2003­2007 wlebSi xelisuflebis mier wamowyebuli reformebis verc erTma talRam ver moipova verc e.w. yofili sabWoTa inteligenciis da verc im axalgaz­rdebis mxardaWera, romlebsac sazogadoebaSi met­naklebad aRiarebuli pozicia ekavaT: es mxolod im reformebma daimsaxura, romelTa mizanic Zalian cxadad da upirobod poziti­urad gamoiyureboda. amitom xelisuflebam mxolod ori mimarTulebiT miiRo mxardaWera am jgufebisgan – patrulis reformaze da erTian erovnul gamocdebze. sxva mimarTule­bebma, iqneboda es saswavlo gegmebis libera­lur principebze damyareba, sasamarTlos inkviziciuri formidan SejibrobiTobisaken moZraoba Tu ekonomikuri reformebi, ver miiRo am diskursis matareblebis mxardaWera swored am reformebis kompleqsurobisa da araerT­mniSvnelovnebis gamo. amitom maTi mxridan rTul da kompleqsur reformebze msjelobi­sas iReb pasuxs `ar vici~, an `saidan ici~. am Sem­TxvevebSi isini diskusiaSi ar monawileoben da sazogadoebisaTvis da Tundac maTTvis Zalian mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs (umaRlesi ganaTlebis reforma, sasamarTlos konkretuli mowyoba, investiciebis tipi da xelSemwyobi garemos formireba) mxolod politikosebs utoveben gadasawyvetad, raTa Semdeg Seafason da gansa­jon.

ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs, rom radikaluri opo­ziciis mxardamWerebi aRtacebulni arian sabWo­Ta saqarTvelos ideiT da iq undaT dabruneba. es, ubralod, niSnavs, rom sabWoTa saqarTvelos dros Camoyalibebuli moqalaqis socialuri instituti

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jer kidev Zlieria (kvlav gaZlierda) da aRzrdisa da socializaciis SemorCenili sistemebisa da qve­sistemebis meSveobiT, is maTzec zemoqmedebs, visac sabWoTa kavSirSi didxans ar ucxovria an saerTod ar ucxovria.

rac Seexeba saxelisuflebo­mmarTvelobiT qceviT da diskursul kodebs, isinic socialuri institutis parametrebsa da sazRvrebs gvidgenen, Tundac imi­tom, rom am institutis SemoTavazebuli kodebi radi­kalurad gansxvavdeba moqalaqis Zveli institutis kodebisagan. Tuki am institutis adgilis moZebnasa da daxasiaTebas davapirebT, im qcevebisa da diskur­suli kodebis erTobliobas mivadgebiT, romlebic sabWoTa epoqaSi Seiqmna disidenturi kulturis saxiT da socialur institutad Camoyalibda sabWoTa kav­Siris ngrevis Semdeg.

aRsaniSnavia, rom disidenturi kultura saqarTveloSi ufro nacionalisturi iyo, vidre adamianis uflebadacviTi. SesaZloa, nawilobriv amiT aixsneba am axali socialuri institutis qcevis kodi, romlis mixedviTac adamianis uflebebis dacva, eri­saxelmwifosa da socialuri cvlilebebis konkretuli mizne­bidan gamomdinare, meoreuli SeiZleba iyos.

Draki aRar arsebobda sabWoTa kavSiri, romelTan dapirispirebac disidenturi kulturis mTavari macocxlebeli Zala iyo, disidentobam gaqroba/gadasxvafereba daiwyo. misi adgili sazogadoebaSi daikava arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa kulturam, romelmac disidenturi qcevisa da diskursis kode­bi SeierTa. sabolood, 2003 wlisaTvis am kulturis matareblebma gaakeTes ganacxadi, rom SeZlebdnen moqalaqeobis Zveli socialuri institutis, anu

3�

politikuri institutebis mimoqcevisa da urTier­Tqmedebis safuZvlis, Canacvlebas axali socialuri sivrciT/institutiT. am socialuri institutis zemoT CamoTvlili kodebi xelisuflebisa da misi mxardamWerebis nebismier qcevaSi vlindeboda da vlindeba: 2004­2007 wlebSi – adamianis uflebebis minimalistur dacvasa da radikalur cvlilebebze orientirebaSi [es cvlilebebi radikaluria maSinac, rodesac ukve radikalurad Secvlilis isev wina mdgo­mareobaSi dabrunebaze iwyeba laparaki.], 2008 wli­dan – socialurad orientirebul mTavrobad gadaqce­vis mcdelobaSi, nepotisturi ekonomikis maqsimalu­rad Tavisufal ekonomikad gardaqmnasa da Semdeg mis sqematur organizebulobaSi. yovelive es miuTiTebs, rom es axali instituti, romelsac xelisufleba da misi mxardamWerebi sTavazoben moqalaqeebs, mTlianad cvalebadobazea orientirebuli. Sesabamisad, cva­lebadoba da cvlilebebi am socialuri institutis RerZia.

maSasadame, Cveni sinamdvilis politikuri anTro­pologiis meTodiT analizisas mivediT daskvnamde, rom daaxloebiT 2007 wlidan dRemde Cvens politi­kur sivrceSi moqalaqeobis ori socialuri insti­tuti ebrZvis erTmaneTs. sagulisxmoa, rom es brZo­la mimdinareobs ara erTi socialuri institutis farglebSi, rogorc es xdeba xolme ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSi, sadac prezidentis, parlamen­tisa da mTavrobis erTi instituciuri mniSvneloba arsebobs, xolo politikuri brZola am institutebis sakuTari individebiTa da ideologiebiT Sesavsebad CaRdeba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi orive socialur insti­tuts sakuTari warmodgena aqvs am politikuri insti­tutebis Sesaxeb. amitom praqtikulad SeuZlebelia maT is saxec SeinarCunon, rac axla aqvT, da amave dros maT Soris Tanxmobam daisadguros – saerTo wesebiT

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TamaSze SeTanxmdnen. ase rom, ara politikur, aramed socialur­institucionalur konfliqtTan gvaqvs saqme.

zemoT ukve vTqvi, rom is socialuri instituti, romlis warmomadgenlebic mTavroba, xelisufleba da maTi mxardamWerebi arian, disidenturi da arasam­Tavrobo organizaciaTa qcevisa da diskursuli kodebis gaerTianebis Sedegad Seiqmna. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom es socialuri instituti swored im xalxis Seqmnilia, vinc 2003 wels vardebis revo­lucia moaxdina da vardebis revoluciis warmatebac amaze iyo damyarebuli: axali socialuri institutis (da ara politikuri moqmedebis gegmis) SeTavazeba, romelic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda arsebulisa­gan (moqalaqis Zveli socialuri institutisagan). igi axal, manamde ganucdel, totalur cvlilebebze dafuZnebul samyaros sTavazobda mxardamWerebs. am axal instituts pirobiTad SeiZleba `moqalaqis axali socialuri instituti~ vuwodoT.

moqalaqis Zvel socialur instituts ramdenime weli dasWirda imisaTvis, rom gamococxleba/aRdgena daewyo: mas axali socialuri institutis warmomad­genlebis mier warmatebiT waerTva 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Sedegad moqalaqeobis Zveli socialu­ri institutis sayovelTao Tanxmobis ideologia, romelsac pirobiTad `Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba da samarTlianoba~ SeiZleba davarqvaT. Zvel socialur insitutSi Rirseba niSnavda mmarTvelebis Rirsebas, xolo samarTlianoba metismetad iyo Seferili krimi­naluri, kanonier­qurduli warmodgenebiT. ramden­ime wlis Semdeg ki misi aRdgena/gacocxleba moxda im adamianebisa da jgufebis daxmarebiT, romelTac xelisuflebis mier SeTavazebulma axalma socialur­ma institutma imedi gaucrua. am imedgacruebis pirovnuli mizezi uamravi SeiZleba iyos – ukmayo­

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fileba axali mTavrobis mier adamianis uflebebis dacvis moTxovnaTa minimalisturi SesrulebiT an, zogierTi SefasebiT, saerTod ignorirebiT; sakuTari Tavisa da jgufis axali socialuri instutitis ierar­qiul simaRleebze verayvana; xelisuflebis warmomad­genelTa qcevis esTetikuri an, ubralod, pirovnuli miuRebloba da a.S.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Zvelma institutma axali mxardaWera swored im xalxisgan moipova, vinc nel­nela emijneboda axal socialur instituts: maT mier gamoyenebuli adamianis uflebadacviTi dis­kursi aRmoCnda swored is safuZveli, romelze day­rdnobiTac moqalaqis Zvelma socialurma institutma ipova is politikuri pozicia, romlis mimarTac mis mxardamWerebSi upirobo Tanxmoba iarsebebda. amave dros, xelisuflebis mier samarTlianobis aRdgenis egidiT ganxorcielebulma qmedebebma bevri adamianis artikulirebuli protesti gamoiwvia, radganac maTi warmodgena samarTlianobasa da Rirsebaze ewinaaR­mdegeboda imas, rac maT da maT axloblebs daemarTaT „mTavrobis gamo“. Sesabamisad, adamianis uflebebis dacvas ̀ bunebrivad~ Seeria Rirsebisa da samarTliano­bis aRdgenis koncefcia da Sedegad miviReT Zveli socialuri instituti, romelmac nel­nela Zalebis mokreba da aRdgena daiwyo da romelsac ueWvel da upirobo ideaTa axali sistema hqonda.

am ZalTa mokrebisa da aRdgenis mniSvnelovani safuZveli iyo is xalxi, vinc uari Tqva axal socialur institutSi monawileobaze. rogorc zemoT aRvniS­neT, mizezi bevri iyo – xelisuflebis wevrTa zed­meti gulgriloba sakuTari mxardamWerebis, saku­Tari socialuri institutis wevrebis mimarT, pira­di ambiciebi, xalxis warmodgenebis SeuTavsebloba imasTan, rasac xelisufleba akeTebda samarTlis gan­xorcielebis mxriv da a.S. xelisuflebis gulgriloba

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sakuTari socialuri mokavSireebis mimarT advilad aixsneba – 2003 wlidan moqalaqeobis sxva institu­ti, romelic xelisuflebis mier SemoTavazebul moqalaqeobis socialuri intitutis koncefcias konkurencias gauwevda, ubralod, ar arsebobda, Tundac imitom, rom Zvel, damarcxebul moqalaqe­obis instituts arc filosofiuri da arc adami­anuri resursebi aRar gaaCnda. magram nel­nela axali moqalaqeobis socialuri jgufis wevrobaze uaris mTqmelTa `misakuTreba~ saqarTvelos moqalaqis Zvelma socialurma institutma daiwyo. amis mizezi ramdenimea:

1. opoziciurma partiebma aRmoaCines, rom yvelaze warmatebuli diskursi adamianis uflebadacviTi dis­kursia da ara – politikur­programuli;

2. es diskursi daemTxva im adamianebis diskurss, romlebmac uari Tqves axali socialuri institutis wevrobaze da cvlilebebis kods daupirispirdnen;

3. yofilma nomenklaturam da maTma socialurma Tu fiziologiurma STamomavlebma aRmoaCines, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva samarTlianobis aRdgenas moiTxovs. Sesabamisad, maT saSualeba miecaT TavianTi Zveli `samarTlianobis~ kodi SemoetanaT axal siste­maSi da masSi gawevrianebuliyvnen. Sedegad, am sami faq­toris gadakveTiT aRdga moqalaqis Zveli socialuri instituti, sadac sayovelTaod gaziarebul ideaTa sistemaSi samarTlianobisa da Rirsebis dacvis upi­robo moTxovnas adamianis uflebebis dacva daemata.

ver vityvi, rom am axali/Zveli socialuri insti­tutis politikur procesebSi monawileobis msurve­li aqtiuri wevrebis raodenoba didia. es imitom, rom politikuri moZraobis TvalsazrisiT, Zveli instituti winaaRmdegobrivia: garda imisa, rom Cvens sinamdvileSi mas SeuZlia didi raodenobiT wevrebis SemoerTeba, Caurevlobasa da mxardauWerlobas iRebs

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operaciul kodad. amitomacaa, rom radikaluri opoziciis momxreebi saprotestod didi raodeno­bis xalxs ver kreben, Tumca momitingeTa raodeno­baze gacilebiT meti iqneba im xalxis ricxvi, vinc maT arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi xmas miscems. Tumca es ricxvi ver gadaaWarbebs xelisuflebis mxardamWerTa ricxvs, radganac saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Zveli insti­tutisadmi mikuTvnebulobis xibli bevrad ufro mci­re da zomieri iyo regionebis mcxovreblebSi. amitom, Tbiliselebisgan gansxvavebiT, politikuri anTropo­logiis TvalTaxedviT, 26 maisis Semdeg radikaluri opozicia politikuri uTanxmoebis gamo ki ar gaiyo [maTi politikuri moTxovnebi, Tundac formalurad, igive darCa], aramed, erTi mxriv, imis gamo, rom gubaz sanikiZem da konstantine gamsaxurdiam 70­iani wlebis kulturuli nacionalizmis politikuri gamoyenebis aRdgena moindomes, xolo irakli alasaniam – axali moqalaqeobis institutSi dabruneba.

Tundac imitom, rom kargad esmis (inglisuri enis kargad codnis gamo), ras eubnebian evro­peli da amerikeli politikosebi, romelTa naT­qvams am statiaSi SemoTavazebuli cnebebiT Tu vTargmniT, miviRebT, rom radikaluri opozi­cia unda dabrundes (an Sevides) im socialur institutSi, sadac politikuri institutebis maTTvis (evropelebisa da amerikelebisaTvis) nacnobi mniSvnelobebi moqmedebs. es erTmniS­vnelovnad sul ar niSnavs saakaSvilis mxardaWe­ras. magram swored imis gamo, rom `dasavleTi~ saakaSvilis SemoTavazebul axal socialur institutSi dabrunebas mouwodebs, radikalu­ri opoziciis adeptebis mier es saakaSvilis mxardaWerad aRiqmeba.

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marTalia, alasanias jerjerobiT arc Zvel insti­tutTan gauwyvetia urTierToba, magram Tuki Tavis gadawyvetilebebs ar Secvlis, adre Tu gvian am arCeva­nis gakeTeba mouwevs. orive es qmedeba mniSvnelovnad daasustebs Zvel instituts – alasania `wamoiRebs~ politikuri kamaTis SesaZleblobas erTi socialuri institutis safuZvelze, xolo sanikiZe da gamsaxur­dia kulturul­nacionalistur diskurss gamoaclian mas.

socialur institutebs politikuri partiebi­sagan ganasxvavebs is, rom maTi wevrebi erTmniS­vnelovnad ar arian Semofargluli wevrobis poli­tikuri valdebulebiT. amitom moqalaqeobis Zveli socialuri institutis warmomadgenlebi mravlad iyvnen saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi da, unda vivarau­doT, rom axlac arian. is, rom radikaluri opozici­is liderebis absoluturi umravlesoba saakaSvilis yofili TanamebrZolia, amis dasturia.

riT damTavrdeba es procesebi, jerjerobiT ucno­bia, Tumca cxadia, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqis Zveli socialurma institutma Tavis piks 2007 wlis 7 noem­bers da 2009 wlis 26 maiss miaRwia, magram es ar niSnavs, rom is gaqreba – rogorc zemoT aRwerilma procesebma dagvanaxa, misi aRdgena Zalian SemTxveviT faqtore­bzea damokidebuli da mcire droiT, magram mainc SeiZleba seriozuli, angariSgasawevi Zala gaxdes. aSkaraa, rom moqalaqeobis Zveli socialuri insti­tuti ukve meored marcxdeba, magram aranairi garan­tia ar aris, rom misi aRdgena ar moxdeba. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi ruseTis intervencia am institutis aRdgenas uciloblad gamoiwvevs. isic aSkaraa, rom am damarcxebis Semdeg Zalian bevri adamiani darCeba am axal instituts gareT. vfiqrob, xelisuflebis warmatebuli Zalisxmeva iqneba moqalaqis axali socialuri institutis gaZliereba da gamraval­

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ferovneba Tundac imisTvis, rom yvelam – Tundac rogorc radikalurma politikurma protestantma – ipovos am socialur sivrceSi Tavisi adgili.

cxadia, rom male isev minavldeba moqalaqeobis Zveli socialuri institutis Zala da kvlav xelisuf­lebisa da misi mxardamWerebis SemoTavazebuli moqa­laqeobis axali socialuri institutis amara davrCe­biT. magram es ar niSnavs, rom am instituts gareT ar darCebian `miumxroblebi~, rac momavalSi moqalaqis Zveli institutis gamovlenas SesaZlebels gaxdis. imisaTvis, rom moqalaqeobis axali socialuri insti­tuti kvlav sworxazovani (da amitom saeWvo) ar darCes, saWiroa mravalferovani politikuri institutebiT misi maqsimaluri Sevseba. rogorc sen­Jiusti ambobda, rac ufro bevri politikuri institutia, miT ufro Tavisufalia adamiani.

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warsulis ganviTarebis scenari: kanonieri qurdebis SemTxveva

erT­erTi borxesuli Teoriis mixedviT, romelmac am aTiode wlis winaT gazeT „pravdis“ mowinave sta­tiebis avtorTan dialogSi wamoyo Tavi, dro Tavis yovel wertilSi ori mimarTulebiT iSleba – warsu­lisaken da momavlisaken. istoriis mecniereba, dawerili istoria, romelic baZavs dros, mxolod im SemTxvevaSia Tavisi misabaZis adekvaturi, rodesac ori mimarTulebiT muSaobs: rodesac is warsulis aRweriT da warsulze azrovnebiT cvlis da formas aZlevs momavals. anu, Cven mier aRwerili warsuli, Tu es aRwera met­naklebad relevanturia, iwyebs Cveni momavlis da xandaxan (Sic!) awmyos gansazRvrasac ki. aseT istorias iqve „warsulis ganviTarebis scenare­bi“ davarqviT.

amave Teoriam iqve, dialogisas, Seqmna domini­kaneli ieronimusi, romelmac SeimuSava es swav­leba da romlisTvisac istoriis wera RmerTis baZvis saukeTeso saSualeba iyo: ieronimusis TeoriiT, droSi mizez­Sedegobrivi kavSiri gonebis iluziaa da SemTxveviTia. sinamdvileSi RmerTi yovel momentSi qmnis axal samyaros, romelsac Tavisi warsuli da momavali aqvs. Sesabamisad, istoriis wera qmnadobis umciresi SemTxvevis kopirebis miwieri analogia. isto­riis weriT Cven maqsimalurad vuaxlovdebiT

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saRvTo saqmes, – ambobda ieronimusi, – radganac vimeorebT [SeZlebisdagvarad] drois saRvTo qmnadobis process.

am TeoriiT, Zalian mniSvnelovania vweroT da viaz­rovnoT (rac xSirad erTi da igivea) Cvens uaxloes da arc Tu ise uaxloes warsulze: swored warsulze weris saSualebiT xdeba momavlis Secvla da ara momavlis gan­viTarebis proeqtebiT, rogorc es dRes bevrs hgonia. amitom, gveubneba es Teoria, istoriis wera da istori­aze azrovneba axal mniSvnelobas iZens, ara imitom, rom gviyveba Cveni identobisa da warsulis Sesaxeb, aramed imis gamo, rom gveubneba, rogorebi viqnebiT uaxloes momavalSi – im Sefasebebisa da gadafasebebis saSuale­biT, romelsac istoriaze dawerili teqstebi iwvevs.

es aTi wlis winandeli inteleqtualur­iumoris­tuli dialogi am bolo dros inteleqtualur, poli­tikur da maT gadakveTaze warmoSobil facebook­ur diskursebSi kanonieri qurdebis xSirma gamoyenebam gamaxsena. Cvens istoriul­koleqtiur mexsierebaSi ramdenime Temaa, romelzec azrovneba mniSvnelova­nia Cveni momavalis formirebisaTvis. vfiqrob, erT­erTi aseTi Tema kanonieri qurdebis sakiTxia. imde­nad, ramdenadac maqvs am sakiTxis, rogorc socialuri institutis, kvlevis mcire gamocdileba, gadavwyvite mokled gadmovce is, rac vici am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad, isic, rac ar vici.

kanonieri qurdebis socialuri institutis warmo­Sobis Sesaxeb sul ori Teoria arsebobs:

1. romantikuli: kanonieri qurdebis instituti ganviTarda sabWoTa banakebSi ruseTis imperiaSi manamde arsebuli bandituri saZmoebidan. anu, sabWoTa xelisuflebam daiWira yvela kriminali, xolo Semdeg, ukve banakebSi am kriminalebma Seqmnes kanonieri qur­debis instituti, rogorc ruseTis imperiisdroin­

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deli qurduli samyaros (`vorovskoi mir~) gagrZele­ba (James O. Fikenauer, Elin J. Waring, А. В. Роулинсон, А. В. Кучинский. aseve, ixile vikipediis rusuli da ingli­suri versiis resursebi);

2. genealogiuri (miSel fukos azriT): kanonieri qurdebis instituti Seiqmna sabWoTa specsamsaxu­rebis mier jer lagerebSi – politpatimrebis sakon­trolod, xolo Semdeg – kontrolis es meqanizmi gavrcelda mTel sazogadoebaze – kanonieri qurdebis lagerebidan gamosvlis Semdeg (Gigi Tevzadze. “Thieves in Law: New Facts for the History of Social Control,“ in: Die Idee der Freiheit in Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften, Benjamin Verlag, Amsterdam 2009 (forthcoming).;

pirveli, `romantikuli~ Teoria kanonier qur­debs, rogorc antisaxelmwifoebriv organizacias (romelsac sruli monopolia gaaCnda danaSaulis samyaroze), upirispirebs saxelmwifos (opozicia: saxelmwifo/qurdebi), da aRwers saxelmwifosa da kriminalebis dapirispirebis process aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. am Teoriis sisuste swored am dapirisp­irebis daSvebaSia: saeWvoa kanonieri qurdebis insti­tutis saxelmwifo organoebidan damoukidebeli arse­boba, miT umetes stalinis periodSi. aseve, am romanti­kuli Teoriis mixedviT gaugebaria, ra edo safuZvlad kanonieri qurdebis kodeqss, romelic sakmaod gan­sxvavdeba „vorovskoi miris“ kodeqsisgan. konkretu­lad, kanonieri qurdebis kodeqsis mixedviT, qurds ar unda hqondes qoneba, unda datovos ojaxi da ar daojaxdes, ar imuSaos, aiRos sxva qurdis danaSauli Tavis Tavze, moiTxovos krebis mowveva konfliqturi situaciis gasarCevad, ar daTvres, ar iTanamSrom­los xelisuflebasTan, ar miiRos monawileoba sajaro aqtivobebSi, ar gawevriandes sazogadoebriv orga­nizaciebSi, ar imsaxuros jarSi. saeWvoa, es kodeqsi `TavisTavad~ – `xalxurad~ Seqmniliyo lagerebSi.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonieri qurdebisa da saxelmwifos dapirispirebis Teoriis wyaro mxolod КГБ­is da НКВД­is yofili oficrebi, an saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, yofili sabWoTa kav­Siris qveynebis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros TanamSromlebi arian (magaliTad, aleqsandre gurovi, sabWoTa kavSiris organizebul dana­SaulTan mebrZoli ganyofilebebis [КГБ da Sin­agan saqmeTa saministro] ufrosi). mxolod maTi mowmeobiT xdeba kanonieri qurdebis, rogorc saxelmwifosadmi impliciturad dapirispire­buli institutis ganmarteba.

meore Teoriis mixedviT, es winaaRmdegoba advilad iWreba: am TeoriiT, kanonieri qurdebi Seqmna НКВД­m rogorc socialuri kontrolis meqanizmi da safuZvlad am instituts evropis Sua saukuneebis berebis qcevis kodeqsi daudo. amiT aixsneba kodeqsis is erTi SexedviT ucnauri adgilebi, romlebic ojaxis datovebas, qoneba­ze uaris Tqmas, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Caurevlobas, aseve – kanonieri qurdebis erTobis mxolod mamakacTa gaerTianebad dadgenas da a.S. gulisxmobs. mizanic gas­agebia – Sua saukuneebis evropaSi berebis ordenebi socialuri wesrigis erT­erTi mniSvnelovani nawili iyo: am gziT xdeboda socialuri stabilurobis miRweva da sazogadobidan aqtiuri xalxis `amoReba~ – maTTvis alternatiuli karieris SeTavazebiT.

am Teoriis mixedviT, kanonieri qurdi ganmar­tebulia rogorc kanonis (xelisuflebis) nebiT arsebuli qurdi (kanoniT qurdi vor v zakone, romelic upirispirdeba kanongareSes (kanonga­reSe qurdi vor vne zakona). anu, saxelisuflebo, kontrolirebadi qurdi „velur“, ukontrolo qurds. Tumca, pirveli Teoriis mixedviT ̀ kano­

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nieri qurdi~ ganmartebulia, rogorc qurdi, romelic qurdebs Soris aRiarebuli kanonebiT cxovrobs.

is, rac meore TeoriaSi eWvs iwvevs, aris im donis inteleqtualis arseboba sabWoTa kavSiris politikur istebliSmentSi, romelic moifiqrebda am sqemas da mere advilad danergavda – cnobilia, rom komunizmis ideologebi da damnergavebi (dawyebuli plexanoviT, damTavrebuli trockiT), arc kargi ganaTlebiT da arc inteleqtiT ar gamoirCeodnen (ix. Mikhail Vaiskopf. Pisatel Stalin. Mockva. 2002. rusul enaze). Sesabamisad, erTsa da imave dros es adamiani unda yofiliyo: 1. kar­gi ganaTlebis mqone inteleqtuali – im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es sqema am ukanasknelis mofiqrebuli ar iqne­boda, mas unda gaego da gaeziarebina is, rac araordi­nalur inteleqtualur Zalisxmevas moiTxovs; 2. unda yofiliyo sabWoTa mmarTvelebis, pirvel rigSi – imi­saTvis, rom mis proeqts ar Seqmnoda winaaRmdegoba da warmatebiT danergiliyo. aqedan gamomdinareobs am Teoriis meore naklic – kanonieri qurdebis insti­tutis `xelovnuroba~ saeWvoa swored imis gaTvalis­winebiT, ramdenad adekvaturad da srulyofilad xde­boda am institutis gamoyeneba wlebis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivi kontrolisaTvis.

am institutis saxelmwifo kontrolze iri­bad miuTiTebs Tundac is, rom sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi kanonieri qurdebi cxovrobdnen maT­Tvis gamoyofil adgilebSi. mag. saqarTveloSi kanonier qurdebs, manam sanam sabWoTa kavSiris policiuri manqana gamarTulad muSaobda, Sex­vdebodiT mag. quTaisSi da Tbilisis periferi­aze, magram arasodes – Tbilisis centrSi – sadac politikuri da policiuri elita cxovrobda.

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anu, kanonieri qurdebis instituti muSaobda iseve, rogorc berebis ordenis instituti Sua saukuneebis evropaSi: imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovreba zedmetad aramdgradi ar gamxdariyo, xdeboda `zedme­ti~ aqtivistebis kanonieri qurdebis samyaroSi gadas­rola da im sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis kultivi­reba, romelTa mixedviTac sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileoba da xelisuflebasTan TanamSromloba uRirsi saqcielia (`grexia~ – qurduli JargoniT).

yovel SemTxvevaSi, orive Teoria, romantikulic da genealogiuric, Tanxmdeba imas, rom sazogadoeb­riv sferoSi kanonieri qurdebis institutis gavle­na Zalian didi iyo. Zalian mniSvnelovani moqmedeba, romelsac kanonieri qurdebi awarmoebdnen, iyo e.w. `qurduli garCeva~, anu sasamarTlo. struqturulad es imave rols asrulebda, rasac – prokuroris ofisTan molaparakeba aSS­Si an dRevandel saqarTveloSi: imi­saTvis, rom sasamarTlo ar gadaitvirTos, saWiroa instituti, romelic mcire davebs swrafad gaarCevs ise, rom ar gamoiwvevs sasamarTlo manqanis Zvir da xist amoqmedebas. magram garda aseTi `Semsubuqebisa~, qurduli sasamarTlo `kanonier qurds~ RirebulebiT orientirad aqcevda: or mxares Soris arsebuli kon­fliqtis mosagvareblad sabWoTa moqalaqeebi qurdul sasamarTlos aniWebdnen upiratesobas da ara saxelm­wifo dawesebulebebs. sazogadoebrivad miRebuli iyo, rom qurdi mkacria, magram samarTliani, radgan saqmidan gamorCenas ar elodeba (rasac mosamarTle eloda – korumpirebuli sistemis gamo).

qurdic, Tuki saqme qurdebs ar exeboda, uflebamo­sili iyo martos gadaewyvita dava da ganaCeni gamoeta­na. saqmes ki, romelic qurdebs Soris iyo gasarCevi, an qurdis saqciels exeboda, qurdebis sabWo arCev­da. mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom sazoga­doebriv aRqmaSi qurdi ar iyo movale raime saqmis

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profesionali yofiliyo – mas hqonda `gageba~, anu, qurduli kanonebidan gamomdinare, samarTlianobis codna. orive mxaris mosmeniT da `gagebis~ gamoyenebiT is saqmes wyvetda ara romelime mxaris, aramed samar­Tlianobis sasargeblod. eklesiis upirobo pativis­cemac aseve Sedioda kanonieri qurdis paradigmaSi.

rom SevajamoT kanonieri qurdis paradigma, romelic Seiqmna politikuri (mizanmimarTuli) da socialuri (mizanmiumarTavi, arapirdapiri) meqnizmebis saSuale­biT, ase gamoiyureba: ar TanamSromlobs sazogadoe­briv organizaciebTan da xelisuflebasTan; upiro­bod aRiarebs eklesiis avtoritets [es nawilic albaT sabWoTa uSiSroebis mier ori kontrolirebadi insi­tutis koordinacias emsaxureboda.]; konfliqtSi ar uWiravs romlime mxare; aqvs `gageba~, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs, iyos samarTlianobis (da ara kon­fliqtis romelime monawilis) mxareze; ar zrunavs sazogadoebriv karieraze [Sida, qurduli kariera, ra Tqma unda, iyo zrunvis mizani]; ara aqvs qoneba; TavisTvis araferi unda.

dagegmili kampaniebis Tu TavisTavad momxdari SemTxvevebis wyalobiT, qurduli kodeqsi gaxda is, razec misi Semqmnelebi albaT verc iocnebebdnen: is nel­nela sazogadoebis wevrebis qcevis ganmsaz­Rvrel, erT­erT `farul~ idealad iqca. am gaideale­baSi lomis wili, ra Tqma unda, am institutis xelisuf­lebasTan afiSirebul dapirispirebaze modioda.

amave dros is dapirispirebis moxerxebuli forma iyo – Tuki disidentobis yvelaze susti formac (mag. samzareuloSi politikuri anegdotebis moyola) xelisuflebasTan pirdapir konfrontacias niSnav­da, da SeiZleboda dakavebiT damTavrebuliyo, qur­duli kodeqsis elementebis gaziareba am konfron­tacias gamoricxavda: ra Sedegi unda mohyoloda Tavmdablobas, karieraze arzrunvas, an politi­

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kur Tu sazogadoebriv procesebSi Caurevlobas. Tan es yvelaferi religiuri morCilebiT iyo Seferadebuli.

vfiqrob, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi cxovrebis sami para­digmuli konstruqcia arsebobda:

partiuli – elitaruli gza, romelic ZiriTadad memkvidreobiT gadadioda, Tumca deklarirebuli miznebis SesanarCuneblad uSvebda cxovrebis sxva strategiebis matarebeli individebis CarTvas;

disidenturi – es ZiriTadad inteleqtualebis strategia iyo da didi amplituda hqonda sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT ironiidan realur, saxel­mwifosadmi dapirispirebul politikur moZraobaSi CarTvamde;

qurduli – es struqtura moicavda sazogadoebis im nawilebs, romlebic yoveldRiur fizikur SromaSi an momsaxurebaSi iyvnen CarTulni). saintereso isaa, rom am sami paradigmuli konstruqciidan ors Soris saocari msgavseba iyo, da ra gasakviric unda iyos, es ori msgavsi – qurduli da elitaruli iyo.

am msgavsebas lageruli saxeldebebic aRniS­navs: lagerebis zedamxedvelebs disidentebisa da kriminalebis gasarCevad ori termini hqon­daT: SB (socialno blijnii), anu kriminalebi da SV (socialnii vrag), anu disidentebi. es garCeva saWiro iyo, radgan Zalian bevr disidents kriminal­uri muxliT hqonda ganaCeni gamotanili.

orive (qurduli da elitaruli) konstruqcia moicavda avtoritetebisadmi morCilebas, politi­kur msjelobaze uaris Tqmas, Sida, Caketil karieraze zrunvas da sazogadoebrivi procesebisadmi `zemo­dan yurebas~. am ors disidentur cxovrebiseul kari­erasTan mxolod eklesiisadmi loialoba Tu hqonda

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saerTo, isic, absoluturi ar iyo: disidenturi para­digmis nawili iyo eklesiis, rogorc uSiSroebis da komunisturi partiis agenturis, aRwera.

swored am msgavsebis gamo moxda daSlis piras misul sabWoTa kavSirSi am ori, qurduli da elitaruli para­digmuli tipebis gaerTianeba, ramac Sedegad ruseTis axali (dRevandelis CaTvliT) politikuri elitis struqturuli paradigma mogvca.

magram, qurdul idealur tips hqonda erTi mniS­vnelovani aspeqti, romelic ar gaaCnda arc disiden­turs da arc elitaruls: samarTlianobis gageba, romelic saSualebas aZlevda am gagebis matarebels, miukerZoebeli arbitri yofiliyo. es aspeqti qur­dul idealur tips Zalian momxibvlelad aqcevda: Tan ar gaiZulebda romelime mxare (disidenturi Tu saxelisuflebo) dageWira, Tan uzrunvelyofda angarebis ararsebobas, rac am poziciis matarebels erTsa da imave dros socialuri ierarqiis `gareT da zemoT~ ayenebda. miT umetes, rom meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi am arbitrobam mniSvnelovani materi­aluri sikeTe moutana kanonier qurdebs.

sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg saqarTveloSi garkveuli periodi axali paradigmis – cxovrebiseu­li strategiis axali tipis Seqmnas moxmarda. magram, vfiqrob, rom erTis mxriv, gamsaxurdias mier qveynis yoveldRiur marTvaSi sabWoTa biurokratiis zedme­tad gamoyenebam, xolo meore mxriv, SevardnaZis mier Catarebulma met­naklebad warmatebulma restavra­ciam isev daabruna sami dominanturi paradigma, rom­lebic cxovrebiseuli strategiis sam ZiriTad tips gansazRvravda.

calke sakiTxia, rogor ganviTarda da ra forma miiRo cxovrebiseulma strategiebma dRes. Tumca, es ukve warsulis sxva SesaZlebeli scenaria.

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qarTveli eris dabadeba

Tuki meoce saukunis azrovnebis rukas gadavavlebT Tvals, vnaxavT, rom erebis warmoSobasTan dakavSire­biT arsebobs sami ZiriTadi Teoria, romlebic ekuTv­nis ernst gelners (Ernst Gehlner)4, benediqt andersons5 (benedict Anderson) da entoni smits6 (Antony Smith). am samma Teoriam, erTi mxriv, Seajama arsebuli diskusia7, meore mxriv, safuZveli Cauyara axal msjelobas erebisa da erovnuli cnobierebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb.

samive Teoriis Tanaxmad, nacionalizmi an, ufro zustad, naciis, eris idea, artefaqtia da misi warmo­Soba dakavSirebulia kacobriobis istoriaSi konkret­ul socialur­politikur da kulturul movlenebTan. am SeTanxmebaze mTavrdeba am Teoriebis erTgvarovneba da iwyeba gansxvavebebi:

gelneri gansazRvravs nacionalizms rogorc ̀ poli­tikur princips, romlis mixedviTac politikuri da nacionaluri unda daemTxves erTmaneTs~. es aris sru­liad axali principi, romlic modernulobas axasi­aTebs. manamde saxelmwifoebi ar iyvnen organizebulni erovnulis mixedviT8.

gelneri gamoyofs istoriis sam safexurs: mona­dire­Semgroveblurs, agro­damwerlurs da indus­triuls: nacionalizmi Cndeba agro­damwerluri kulturidan industriul safexurze gadasvlisas. agro­damwerlur safexurze elita sargebels naxu­lobs kulturul mravalferovnebaSi – am dros, aseT viTarebaSi, mis Zalauflebas araferi emuqreba.

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industriul sazogadoebaSi `maRali kultura xde­ba mTeli sazogadoebis ganmsazRvreli da saWiroebs politikis mier uzrunvelyofil mdgradobas~. indus­triul sazogadoebaSi samuSaos bunebis Secvla iTxovs kulturul homogenurobas, anu warmoiqmneba imper­sonaluri, konteqstidan Tavisufal komunikaciis saWiroeba.

garda amisa, industriuli sazogadoeba damokide­bulia moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis mizniT mud­miv zrdaze. mudmiv zrdas ki SesaZlebelia miaRwio mxolod samuSaoze ayvanis struqturaSi mudmivi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebiT. teqnikuri unarebis moTxovnili maRali done niSnavs, rom bevri adgili unda ganawildes meritokratulad. es ki aucilebels xdis garkveul egalitarizms da, amave dros, aucile­blad aqcevs zogad wvrTnas specialuri wvrTnis win, raTa samuSao adgilebs Soris gacvla da gadanacvleba iqnes uzrunvelyofili.

amdenad, ganaTleba mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. ganaTleba iwyebs individis statusis gansazRvras, iseve, rogorc amas manamde, agro­damwerlobiT sazogadoebaSi, naTesaoba akeTebda.

amitom, saxelmwifo aerTianebs saxelmwifosa da kulturas; warmoiSoba saWiroeba, rom gadaifaros kulturuli wvdomis yvela are, am gadafarvis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis erTaderTi gza ki nacio­nalizmia.

andersonis `warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi~ da gel­neris `erebi da nacionalizmi~ gamoqveynda erTsa da imave wels (1983). andersonis ZiriTadi daSveba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: religiis gavlenis daRmasv­lam gamoiwvia drois axali koncefciebi, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia eris warmosaxvis SesaZlebloba.

nacionalizmamde arsebobda `diadi, religiurad warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi~, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

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qristianuli, romelic eyrdnoboda saerTo enas (mag. laTinurs). gavrceleba/gafarToebasTan erTad evro­pelebma aRmoaCines, rom arsebobis maTeuli koncef­ciebi ar aris erTaderTi. aseve, laTinuris, rogorc saerTo enis faqtorma, Sesusteba da e.w. saero eneb­ma – aRorZineba daiwyo.

sanam evropa arsebobda, rogorc diadi religiuri warmosaxviTi sazogadoeba, drois cneba iyo is, rac aerTianebda da Tavs uyrida istorias. warsuli, awmyo da momavali mizez­Sedegobrivad ki ar ukavSirdeboda erTmaneTs, aramed RvTaebrivi nebis meSveobiT. drois aseT cnebaSi sityvas `amasobaSi~ ar hqonda azri. aseTi sazogadoebis daSlis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi mdgomareobis warmosaxva, sadac iyo ara `erTdrouli dro~, aramed `homogenuri, carieli dro~. am tipis drois moniSvna SesaZlebeli iyo saaTiTa da kalen­driT, da iyo `pasuxismgebeli~ Teoriulad SemTxveviT damTxvevebze.

`dadga~ beWdviTi kapitalizmis xana. laTinurma enam dakarga monopolia da daiwyo axali wignebis saero enebze gamoqveyneba. aq gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda protestantizms da mis koncefcias Sinagani gadarCenis Sesaxeb. dabeWdilma da gavrcelebulma wignebma, gazeTebma da moTxrobebma gauCines mkiTx­vels azri, rom erTdrulad arsebobs misi msgavsi mkiTxvelebis jgufi, romelic, iseve rogorc is, iyenebs kulturuli warmoebis produqtebs.

am warmoebam mkiTxvelebs erovnuli cnobierebis sami safuZveli Seuqmna:

1. laTinursa da saero enebs Soris mimocvlis erTiani veli;

2. enis dafiqsirebis axali saSualeba da amiT eris mudmivobis ideis safuZvlis gaCena;

3. Zalauflebis enebi, romlebic gansxvavdebodnen manamde arsebuli laTinuri enisagan.

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andersoni amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi aris seku­larizaciis, adamianuri mravalferovnebis, kapital­izmisa da beWdviTi teqnologiis ganviTarebis nazavis Sedegi.

smitis Teoria damyarebulia `eTno­simbolizmze~. smiti gelneris mowafe iyo da Seecada gadaelaxa is sirTuleebi, romlebic gelneris modernistul perspeqtivas hqonda. modernistuli perspeqtivis mTavari sisuste aris nacionalizmiT gamowveuli vnebebis axsnis SeuZlebloba: ratom ibrZvian da kvdebian sakuTari erisaTvis, Tuki nacionalizmi aris mxolod da mxolod iaraRi, romelsac elita qmnis ekonomikuri mogebis gazrdisaTvis da ekonomikuri SekavSirebisaTvis?

smiti amtkicebs, rom yoveli nacionalizmi eyrdnoba `konkretuli jgufis~ mcdelobas mianiWon istorias saerTo identobisa da saerTo istoriis azri. es ar niSnavs, rom es istoria akademiurad adekvaturi uda iyos – smiti ambobs, rom bevri nacionalizmi damyare­bulia istoriulad mcdar interpretaciebze da miis­wrafvis sakuTari istoriis garkveuli nawilebis mTliani miTologizaciisaken.

nacionalizmi, smitis mixedviT, ar moiTxovs, rom `eris~ wevrebi msgavsni iyvnen, aramed – mxolod imas, rom isini unda grZnobdnen solidarobas erTan da eris sxva wevrebTan. nacionalizmis grZnoba SeiZleba warmoiSvas nebismieri ideologiidan, romelic domi­nanturia mocemul adgilas. nacionalizmi amoizrdeba manamde arsebuli naTesaobidan, religiuri da rwmenis sistemebidan.

samive Teoria sami sxvadasxva perspeqtiviT – kon­struqcivistuli (gelneri), tradicionalisturi (smiti) da reduqcionistuli (andersoni) – ganixi­lavs nacionalizmsa da eris warmoSobas. magram samive Teorias aqvs mniSvnelovani nakli. smiti marTebulad

5�

SeniSnavs, rom verc erTi es Teoria ver xsnis, ratom “xocaven~ adamianebi erTmaneTs erisa da erovnuli ideis gamo; ratom aris nacionalizmi mniSvnelovani da zogjer Semzaravi vnebebis safuZveli. maT Soris verc smitis Teoria, romelic ambobs, rom erovnulo­ba Tavis arsSi adamianebis erTmaneTTan solidarobis grZnobaa da mxolod solidarobis grZnoba SeiZleba iyos adamianis Tavganwirvis mizezi.

* * *aq kidev erT miTologias unda SevexoT, romelic

saTaves XIX saukuneSi iRebs da aracnobieris cnebis gaCenas ukavSirdeba. XIX saukuneSi aracnobieris cne­ba gamoiyureboda, rogorc erTaderTi ram, riTac masebis aRSfoTebisa da ajanyebebis axsna SeiZleboda. froidi `totemi da tabuSi~ werda, rom erTaderTi, riTac SesaZlebelia masebis (xalxis) fsiqologiis axsna, aris masis fsiqikis arseboba da am fsiqikaSi gamocdilebis dagroveba.

qvemoT moyvanili germanuli dedani da ori – inglisuri da rusuli Targmani imiTaa sainte­reso, rom TargmanebSi am abzacis sakvanZo sit­yva gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan: rusuli Tar­gmani dednis adekvaturia, rodesac inglisuri avtorizebuli Targmani `erebis (xalxebis) fsiqologias~ mecnierebis dargiT, `socialu­ri fsiqologiiT~ anacvlebs. SesaZloa, es inglisuri enis konteqstSi froidis cudad gar­kveulobas mivaweroT, an – imas, rom `totemi da tabus~ germanuli gamocemidan xuTi wlis Sem­deg, froidi ufro mkacri gaxda Tavisi meTo­dis mimarT da is fsiqoanalitikosis kabinets gareT mxolod kulturaSi gamomuSavebuli midgomebis (mag. socialuri fsiqologiis)

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analizisaTvis gamosadegad miaCnda. Tumca, SeiZleba saqme ubralo uyuradRebobasTanac gvqondes. miT umetes, rom Semdegi winadadeba (If psychic processes of one generation...) ucvleladaa Targmnili.

`Allein eine weitere Erwägung zeigt, dass wir die Varaentwortlichkeit fuer solche Kuenheit nicht allein zu tragen haben. Ohne die Annahme einer Massenpsyche, einer Kontinuitaet in Gefühlsleben der Menschen, welche gestattet, sich ueber die Unterbrechnungen der seelischer Akte durch das Vergehen der Individen hinwegzusetzen, kann die Völkerpsychologie ueberhaupt nicht bestehen. Setzen sich durch die psychischen Prozesse der einen Gen-eration nicht auf nächste fort, müsste jede ihre Einstellung zum Leben neu erwerben, so gäbe es auf diesem Gebiet keinen Fortschritt und keine Entwicklung.~9

`But further consideration shows that we ourselves do not have to carry the whole responsibility for such daring. Without the assumption of a mass psyche, or a continu-ity in the emotional life of mankind which permits us to dis¬regard the interruptions of psychic acts through the transgression of individuals, social psychology could not exist at all. If psychic processes of one generation did not continue in the next, if each had to acquire its attitude towards life afresh! there would be no progress in this field and almost no development.~10.

`Однако, дальнейшие соображения показывают, что не нам одним приходится нести ответственность за подобную смелость. Без допущения массовой психики, непрерывности в жизни чувств людей, дающей возможность не обращать внимания на прерываемость душевных актов, вследствие гибели индивидов,

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психология народов вообще не может существовать. Если бы психические процессы одного поколения не находили бы своего продолжения в другом, если бы каждое поколение должно было заново приобретать свою направленность к жизни, то в этой области не было бы никакого прогресса и почти никакого развития~11.

imisaTvis, rom arsebobdes im viTarebebis axsna, rac, rom arsebobdes im viTarebebis axsna, racrom arsebobdes im viTarebebis axsna, rac arsebobdes im viTarebebis axsna, racarsebobdes im viTarebebis axsna, rac im viTarebebis axsna, racim viTarebebis axsna, rac viTarebebis axsna, racviTarebebis axsna, rac axsna, racaxsna, rac, racrac awuxebda XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisis XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisisXIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisis saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisissaukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisisbolos da XX saukunis dasawyisis da XX saukunis dasawyisisda XX saukunis dasawyisis XX saukunis dasawyisisXX saukunis dasawyisis saukunis dasawyisissaukunis dasawyisis dasawyisisdasawyisis inteleqtualebs, aucilebeli iyo erSi, xalxSi saerTo, aucilebeli iyo erSi, xalxSi saerToaucilebeli iyo erSi, xalxSi saerTo iyo erSi, xalxSi saerToiyo erSi, xalxSi saerTo erSi, xalxSi saerToerSi, xalxSi saerTo, xalxSi saerToxalxSi saerTo saerTosaerTo fsiqologiis, anu im raRac saerTosa da iracional­, anu im raRac saerTosa da iracional­anu im raRac saerTosa da iracional­ im raRac saerTosa da iracional­im raRac saerTosa da iracional­ raRac saerTosa da iracional­raRac saerTosa da iracional­ saerTosa da iracional­saerTosa da iracional­ da iracional­da iracional­ iracional­iracional­uris daSveba, romelic raRacnairad gadaecema mami­ daSveba, romelic raRacnairad gadaecema mami­daSveba, romelic raRacnairad gadaecema mami­, romelic raRacnairad gadaecema mami­romelic raRacnairad gadaecema mami­ raRacnairad gadaecema mami­raRacnairad gadaecema mami­ gadaecema mami­gadaecema mami­ mami­mami­dan (an dedidan) Semdgom Taobebs da Semdeg aiZulebs (an dedidan) Semdgom Taobebs da Semdeg aiZulebsan dedidan) Semdgom Taobebs da Semdeg aiZulebs dedidan) Semdgom Taobebs da Semdeg aiZulebsdedidan) Semdgom Taobebs da Semdeg aiZulebs) Semdgom Taobebs da Semdeg aiZulebsSemdgom Taobebs da Semdeg aiZulebs Taobebs da Semdeg aiZulebsTaobebs da Semdeg aiZulebs da Semdeg aiZulebsda Semdeg aiZulebs Semdeg aiZulebsSemdeg aiZulebs aiZulebsaiZulebs masebs, moiqcnen, rogorc organizmi. amitom, mecx­ moiqcnen, rogorc organizmi. amitom, mecx­moiqcnen, rogorc organizmi. amitom, mecx­, rogorc organizmi. amitom, mecx­rogorc organizmi. amitom, mecx­ organizmi. amitom, mecx­organizmi. amitom, mecx­. amitom, mecx­amitom, mecx­, mecx­mecx­ramete saukunis miTologia erebis Sesaxeb gveubneba, saukunis miTologia erebis Sesaxeb gveubneba,saukunis miTologia erebis Sesaxeb gveubneba, miTologia erebis Sesaxeb gveubneba,miTologia erebis Sesaxeb gveubneba, erebis Sesaxeb gveubneba,erebis Sesaxeb gveubneba, Sesaxeb gveubneba,Sesaxeb gveubneba, gveubneba,gveubneba,, rom arsebobs raRac saerTo, ris nawilebic adamianebSi arsebobs raRac saerTo, ris nawilebic adamianebSiarsebobs raRac saerTo, ris nawilebic adamianebSi raRac saerTo, ris nawilebic adamianebSiraRac saerTo, ris nawilebic adamianebSi saerTo, ris nawilebic adamianebSisaerTo, ris nawilebic adamianebSi, ris nawilebic adamianebSiris nawilebic adamianebSi nawilebic adamianebSinawilebic adamianebSi adamianebSiadamianebSi devs da romelic aqtualizdeba, rodesac isini ikribe­ da romelic aqtualizdeba, rodesac isini ikribe­da romelic aqtualizdeba, rodesac isini ikribe­ romelic aqtualizdeba, rodesac isini ikribe­romelic aqtualizdeba, rodesac isini ikribe­ aqtualizdeba, rodesac isini ikribe­aqtualizdeba, rodesac isini ikribe­, rodesac isini ikribe­rodesac isini ikribe­ isini ikribe­isini ikribe­ ikribe­ikribe­bian.. inteleqtualebma mecxramete saukuneSi daiwyes mecxramete saukuneSi daiwyesmecxramete saukuneSi daiwyes saukuneSi daiwyessaukuneSi daiwyes daiwyesdaiwyes SemCneva, rom konkretuli adamianebis garda, arsebobs, rom konkretuli adamianebis garda, arsebobsrom konkretuli adamianebis garda, arsebobs konkretuli adamianebis garda, arsebobskonkretuli adamianebis garda, arsebobs adamianebis garda, arsebobsadamianebis garda, arsebobs garda, arsebobsgarda, arsebobs, arsebobsarsebobs erTobebi, romelTa moqmedebebsac, garkveul viTre­, romelTa moqmedebebsac, garkveul viTre­romelTa moqmedebebsac, garkveul viTre­ moqmedebebsac, garkveul viTre­moqmedebebsac, garkveul viTre­, garkveul viTre­garkveul viTre­ viTre­viTre­bebSi, SesaZlebelia damangreveli Zalac ki �qondes. es, SesaZlebelia damangreveli Zalac ki �qondes. esSesaZlebelia damangreveli Zalac ki �qondes. es Zalac ki �qondes. esZalac ki �qondes. es ki �qondes. eski �qondes. es �qondes. es�qondes. es. eses maTTvis srulian axali socialuri faqti iyo. maT aqa­ srulian axali socialuri faqti iyo. maT aqa­srulian axali socialuri faqti iyo. maT aqa­ axali socialuri faqti iyo. maT aqa­axali socialuri faqti iyo. maT aqa­ socialuri faqti iyo. maT aqa­socialuri faqti iyo. maT aqa­ faqti iyo. maT aqa­faqti iyo. maT aqa­ iyo. maT aqa­iyo. maT aqa­. maT aqa­maT aqa­ aqa­aqa­mde – arc codniT da arc sakuTari gamocdilebiT – ar – arc codniT da arc sakuTari gamocdilebiT – ararc codniT da arc sakuTari gamocdilebiT – ar codniT da arc sakuTari gamocdilebiT – arcodniT da arc sakuTari gamocdilebiT – ar da arc sakuTari gamocdilebiT – arda arc sakuTari gamocdilebiT – ar arc sakuTari gamocdilebiT – ararc sakuTari gamocdilebiT – ar sakuTari gamocdilebiT – arsakuTari gamocdilebiT – ar gamocdilebiT – argamocdilebiT – ar – arar SexvedriaT am faqtis axsna. am faqtis axsna.am faqtis axsna. faqtis axsna.faqtis axsna. axsna.axsna.. amitom, sruliad logikuriamitom, sruliad logikuri, sruliad logikurisruliad logikuri logikurilogikuri iyo, `swrafi~ axsnis mosaZebnad, SeexedaT masisaTvis,, `swrafi~ axsnis mosaZebnad, SeexedaT masisaTvis,swrafi~ axsnis mosaZebnad, SeexedaT masisaTvis,~ axsnis mosaZebnad, SeexedaT masisaTvis,axsnis mosaZebnad, SeexedaT masisaTvis, mosaZebnad, SeexedaT masisaTvis,mosaZebnad, SeexedaT masisaTvis,, SeexedaT masisaTvis,SeexedaT masisaTvis, masisaTvis,masisaTvis,, xalxisaTvis, rogorc mTliani organizmisaTvis da,, rogorc mTliani organizmisaTvis da,rogorc mTliani organizmisaTvis da, mTliani organizmisaTvis da,organizmisaTvis da, da,da, sabolood, daeSvaT am organizmSi rogorc fsiqikuri daeSvaT am organizmSi rogorc fsiqikuridaeSvaT am organizmSi rogorc fsiqikuri am organizmSi rogorc fsiqikuriam organizmSi rogorc fsiqikuri organizmSi rogorc fsiqikuriorganizmSi rogorc fsiqikuri rogorc fsiqikurirogorc fsiqikuri fsiqikurifsiqikuri (cnobieri), aseve – aracnobieri. XIX da XX saukunee­cnobieri), aseve – aracnobieri. XIX da XX saukunee­), aseve – aracnobieri. XIX da XX saukunee­aseve – aracnobieri. XIX da XX saukunee­ – aracnobieri. XIX da XX saukunee­aracnobieri. XIX da XX saukunee­. XIX da XX saukunee­XIX da XX saukunee­ da XX saukunee­da XX saukunee­ XX saukunee­XX saukunee­ saukunee­saukunee­bis yvelaze gavlenianma moazrovneebma – froidma, yvelaze gavlenianma moazrovneebma – froidma,yvelaze gavlenianma moazrovneebma – froidma, gavlenianma moazrovneebma – froidma,gavlenianma moazrovneebma – froidma, moazrovneebma – froidma,moazrovneebma – froidma, – froidma,froidma,, vundtma, iungma – swored am sqemis gaazrebasa da aRw­, iungma – swored am sqemis gaazrebasa da aRw­iungma – swored am sqemis gaazrebasa da aRw­– swored am sqemis gaazrebasa da aRw­swored am sqemis gaazrebasa da aRw­ am sqemis gaazrebasa da aRw­am sqemis gaazrebasa da aRw­ sqemis gaazrebasa da aRw­sqemis gaazrebasa da aRw­ gaazrebasa da aRw­gaazrebasa da aRw­ da aRw­da aRw­ aRw­aRw­eras miuZRvnes Tavi. maTi popularoba imiTac SeiZleba miuZRvnes Tavi. maTi popularoba imiTac SeiZlebamiuZRvnes Tavi. maTi popularoba imiTac SeiZleba Tavi. maTi popularoba imiTac SeiZlebaTavi. maTi popularoba imiTac SeiZleba. maTi popularoba imiTac SeiZlebamaTi popularoba imiTac SeiZleba popularoba imiTac SeiZlebapopularoba imiTac SeiZleba imiTac SeiZlebaimiTac SeiZleba SeiZlebaSeiZleba aixsnas, rom es iyo gasagebi da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze,, rom es iyo gasagebi da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze,rom es iyo gasagebi da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze, es iyo gasagebi da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze,es iyo gasagebi da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze, iyo gasagebi da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze,iyo gasagebi da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze, gasagebi da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze,gasagebi da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze, da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze,da martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze, martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze,martivi pasuxi kiTxvaze, pasuxi kiTxvaze,pasuxi kiTxvaze, kiTxvaze,kiTxvaze, romelic am periodis (da Semdgomisac) inteleqtua­ am periodis (da Semdgomisac) inteleqtua­am periodis (da Semdgomisac) inteleqtua­ periodis (da Semdgomisac) inteleqtua­periodis (da Semdgomisac) inteleqtua­ (da Semdgomisac) inteleqtua­da Semdgomisac) inteleqtua­ Semdgomisac) inteleqtua­Semdgomisac) inteleqtua­) inteleqtua­inteleqtua­lebs awuxebdaT: ra aris is, rac masaSi moqceul adami­ awuxebdaT: ra aris is, rac masaSi moqceul adami­awuxebdaT: ra aris is, rac masaSi moqceul adami­: ra aris is, rac masaSi moqceul adami­ra aris is, rac masaSi moqceul adami­ aris is, rac masaSi moqceul adami­aris is, rac masaSi moqceul adami­ is, rac masaSi moqceul adami­is, rac masaSi moqceul adami­, rac masaSi moqceul adami­rac masaSi moqceul adami­ masaSi moqceul adami­adami­anebs aiZulebs, moiqcnen ase da ara sxvagvarad., moiqcnen ase da ara sxvagvarad.moiqcnen ase da ara sxvagvarad. ase da ara sxvagvarad.ase da ara sxvagvarad. da ara sxvagvarad.da ara sxvagvarad. ara sxvagvarad.ara sxvagvarad. sxvagvarad.sxvagvarad..

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aRar gavagrZeleb am udavod saintereso Temas. gavagrZeleb am udavod saintereso Temas.gavagrZeleb am udavod saintereso Temas. am udavod saintereso Temas.am udavod saintereso Temas. udavod saintereso Temas.udavod saintereso Temas. saintereso Temas.saintereso Temas. Temas.Temas.. mxolod aRvniSnav, rom smitis Teoria, romelic sol­ aRvniSnav, rom smitis Teoria, romelic sol­aRvniSnav, rom smitis Teoria, romelic sol­, rom smitis Teoria, romelic sol­rom smitis Teoria, romelic sol­ smitis Teoria, romelic sol­smitis Teoria, romelic sol­ Teoria, romelic sol­Teoria, romelic sol­, romelic sol­romelic sol­ sol­sol­idarobaSi xedavs erovnulobisa da eris gagebis fes­ xedavs erovnulobisa da eris gagebis fes­xedavs erovnulobisa da eris gagebis fes­ erovnulobisa da eris gagebis fes­erovnulobisa da eris gagebis fes­ da eris gagebis fes­da eris gagebis fes­ eris gagebis fes­eris gagebis fes­ gagebis fes­gagebis fes­ fes­fes­vebs, am, mecxramete­meoce saukuneebSi gamogonil, axs­, am, mecxramete­meoce saukuneebSi gamogonil, axs­am, mecxramete­meoce saukuneebSi gamogonil, axs­, mecxramete­meoce saukuneebSi gamogonil, axs­mecxramete­meoce saukuneebSi gamogonil, axs­­meoce saukuneebSi gamogonil, axs­meoce saukuneebSi gamogonil, axs­ saukuneebSi gamogonil, axs­saukuneebSi gamogonil, axs­ gamogonil, axs­gamogonil, axs­, axs­axs­niT receptzea damyarebuli receptzea damyarebulireceptzea damyarebuli damyarebulidamyarebuli. solidaroba aris meocesolidaroba aris meoce aris meocearis meoce meocemeoce saukunis meore naxevris saxeli imisa, rasac froidi meore naxevris saxeli imisa, rasac froidimeore naxevris saxeli imisa, rasac froidi naxevris saxeli imisa, rasac froidinaxevris saxeli imisa, rasac froidi saxeli imisa, rasac froidisaxeli imisa, rasac froidi imisa, rasac froidiimisa, rasac froidi, rasac froidirasac froidi froidifroidi da iungi masebis fsiqologias uwodebdnen. iungi masebis fsiqologias uwodebdnen.iungi masebis fsiqologias uwodebdnen. masebis fsiqologias uwodebdnen.masebis fsiqologias uwodebdnen. fsiqologias uwodebdnen.fsiqologias uwodebdnen. uwodebdnen.uwodebdnen.. ukeT romukeT rom romrom ganvmartoT – solidarobis daSveba erisa da erovnuli – solidarobis daSveba erisa da erovnulisolidarobis daSveba erisa da erovnuli daSveba erisa da erovnulidaSveba erisa da erovnuli erisa da erovnulierisa da erovnuli da erovnulida erovnuli erovnulierovnuli cnobierebis safuZvlad niSnavs, rom yovel CvenganSi safuZvlad niSnavs, rom yovel CvenganSisafuZvlad niSnavs, rom yovel CvenganSi niSnavs, rom yovel CvenganSiniSnavs, rom yovel CvenganSi, rom yovel CvenganSirom yovel CvenganSi yovel CvenganSiyovel CvenganSi CvenganSiCvenganSi aris raRac, rac am solidarobas ganapirobebs da rac raRac, rac am solidarobas ganapirobebs da racraRac, rac am solidarobas ganapirobebs da rac, rac am solidarobas ganapirobebs da racrac am solidarobas ganapirobebs da rac am solidarobas ganapirobebs da racam solidarobas ganapirobebs da rac solidarobas ganapirobebs da racsolidarobas ganapirobebs da rac ganapirobebs da racganapirobebs da rac da racda rac racrac adamianebs gvaiZulebs, erTobebisaken miviswrafvo­ erTobebisaken miviswrafvo­erTobebisaken miviswrafvo­ miviswrafvo­miviswrafvo­deT. es fsiqikuri da fsiqologisturi axsnaa: isic gas­. es fsiqikuri da fsiqologisturi axsnaa: isic gas­es fsiqikuri da fsiqologisturi axsnaa: isic gas­ fsiqikuri da fsiqologisturi axsnaa: isic gas­fsiqikuri da fsiqologisturi axsnaa: isic gas­ da fsiqologisturi axsnaa: isic gas­da fsiqologisturi axsnaa: isic gas­ fsiqologisturi axsnaa: isic gas­fsiqologisturi axsnaa: isic gas­ axsnaa: isic gas­axsnaa: isic gas­: isic gas­isic gas­ gas­gas­aTvaliswinebelia, rom ar arsebobs aranairi eqsperi­, rom ar arsebobs aranairi eqsperi­rom ar arsebobs aranairi eqsperi­ ar arsebobs aranairi eqsperi­ar arsebobs aranairi eqsperi­ arsebobs aranairi eqsperi­arsebobs aranairi eqsperi­ aranairi eqsperi­aranairi eqsperi­ eqsperi­eqsperi­mentuli dadastureba, rom es Tviseba SesaZlebelia dadastureba, rom es Tviseba SesaZlebeliadadastureba, rom es Tviseba SesaZlebelia, rom es Tviseba SesaZlebeliarom es Tviseba SesaZlebelia es Tviseba SesaZlebeliaes Tviseba SesaZlebelia Tviseba SesaZlebeliaTviseba SesaZlebelia SesaZlebeliaSesaZlebelia calke, fsiqikurad an genetikurad gamoiyos adamianSi. fsiqikurad an genetikurad gamoiyos adamianSi.fsiqikurad an genetikurad gamoiyos adamianSi. an genetikurad gamoiyos adamianSi.an genetikurad gamoiyos adamianSi. genetikurad gamoiyos adamianSi.genetikurad gamoiyos adamianSi. adamianSi.adamianSi.. erTaderTi, rac zustad viciT adamianebis erTobebis, rac zustad viciT adamianebis erTobebisrac zustad viciT adamianebis erTobebis zustad viciT adamianebis erTobebiszustad viciT adamianebis erTobebis viciT adamianebis erTobebisviciT adamianebis erTobebis adamianebis erTobebisadamianebis erTobebis erTobebiserTobebis Sesaxeb, aris is, rom adamiani socialuri arsebaa da ver, aris is, rom adamiani socialuri arsebaa da veraris is, rom adamiani socialuri arsebaa da ver is, rom adamiani socialuri arsebaa da veris, rom adamiani socialuri arsebaa da ver, rom adamiani socialuri arsebaa da verrom adamiani socialuri arsebaa da ver adamiani socialuri arsebaa da veradamiani socialuri arsebaa da ver socialuri arsebaa da versocialuri arsebaa da ver arsebaa da verarsebaa da ver da verda ver verver arsebobs Tavis msgavsebTan interaqciis gareSe. soli­ Tavis msgavsebTan interaqciis gareSe. soli­Tavis msgavsebTan interaqciis gareSe. soli­ msgavsebTan interaqciis gareSe. soli­msgavsebTan interaqciis gareSe. soli­ interaqciis gareSe. soli­interaqciis gareSe. soli­ gareSe. soli­gareSe. soli­. soli­soli­daroba mniSvnelovani socialuri konstruqtia, magram mniSvnelovani socialuri konstruqtia, magrammniSvnelovani socialuri konstruqtia, magram socialuri konstruqtia, magramsocialuri konstruqtia, magram konstruqtia, magramkonstruqtia, magram, magrammagram is mTlianad inteligibeluri warmonaqmnia da cnobier mTlianad inteligibeluri warmonaqmnia da cnobiermTlianad inteligibeluri warmonaqmnia da cnobier inteligibeluri warmonaqmnia da cnobierinteligibeluri warmonaqmnia da cnobier warmonaqmnia da cnobierwarmonaqmnia da cnobier da cnobierda cnobier cnobiercnobier gadawyvetilebebs efuZneba. riCard rorti moqalaqee­ efuZneba. riCard rorti moqalaqee­efuZneba. riCard rorti moqalaqee­. riCard rorti moqalaqee­riCard rorti moqalaqee­ rorti moqalaqee­rorti moqalaqee­ moqalaqee­moqalaqee­bis urTierTsolidarobas demokratiuli da libe­ urTierTsolidarobas demokratiuli da libe­urTierTsolidarobas demokratiuli da libe­ demokratiuli da libe­demokratiuli da libe­ da libe­da libe­ libe­libe­laruli Rirebulebebis mTavar damcvels uwodebs Rirebulebebis mTavar damcvels uwodebsRirebulebebis mTavar damcvels uwodebs mTavar damcvels uwodebsmTavar damcvels uwodebs damcvels uwodebsdamcvels uwodebs uwodebsuwodebs12. amitom, saeWvoa, rom entoni smitis kiTxvaze marTe­, saeWvoa, rom entoni smitis kiTxvaze marTe­saeWvoa, rom entoni smitis kiTxvaze marTe­, rom entoni smitis kiTxvaze marTe­rom entoni smitis kiTxvaze marTe­ entoni smitis kiTxvaze marTe­entoni smitis kiTxvaze marTe­ smitis kiTxvaze marTe­smitis kiTxvaze marTe­ kiTxvaze marTe­kiTxvaze marTe­ marTe­marTe­buli pasuxi solidarobas daefuZnos: pasuxi solidarobas daefuZnos:pasuxi solidarobas daefuZnos: solidarobas daefuZnos:solidarobas daefuZnos: daefuZnos:daefuZnos:: is, rac cnobieri, rac cnobierirac cnobieri cnobiericnobieri gadawyvetilebaa, ver iqneba masiuri ajanyebebis da, ver iqneba masiuri ajanyebebis daver iqneba masiuri ajanyebebis da iqneba masiuri ajanyebebis daiqneba masiuri ajanyebebis da masiuri ajanyebebis damasiuri ajanyebebis da ajanyebebis daajanyebebis da dada Tavis gawirvis safuZveli. gawirvis safuZveli.gawirvis safuZveli. safuZveli.safuZveli.. es SesaZlebelia, oRondes SesaZlebelia, oRond SesaZlebelia, oRondSesaZlebelia, oRond, oRondoRond mcire raodenobis xalxSi, romelTac gadawyvetile­ raodenobis xalxSi, romelTac gadawyvetile­raodenobis xalxSi, romelTac gadawyvetile­ xalxSi, romelTac gadawyvetile­xalxSi, romelTac gadawyvetile­, romelTac gadawyvetile­romelTac gadawyvetile­ gadawyvetile­gadawyvetile­bebis miRebis seriozuli treningi eqnebaT gavlili. miRebis seriozuli treningi eqnebaT gavlili.miRebis seriozuli treningi eqnebaT gavlili. seriozuli treningi eqnebaT gavlili.seriozuli treningi eqnebaT gavlili. treningi eqnebaT gavlili.treningi eqnebaT gavlili. eqnebaT gavlili.eqnebaT gavlili. gavlili.gavlili.. imisaTvis, rom am xalxma eris masStabi miiRos, isini, rom am xalxma eris masStabi miiRos, isinirom am xalxma eris masStabi miiRos, isini am xalxma eris masStabi miiRos, isiniam xalxma eris masStabi miiRos, isini xalxma eris masStabi miiRos, isinixalxma eris masStabi miiRos, isini eris masStabi miiRos, isinieris masStabi miiRos, isini masStabi miiRos, isinimasStabi miiRos, isini miiRos, isinimiiRos, isini, isiniisini Zalian ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi da saxelmwifoSi ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi da saxelmwifoSiganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi da saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebaSi da saxelmwifoSisazogadoebaSi da saxelmwifoSi da saxelmwifoSida saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifoSisaxelmwifoSi unda cxovrobdnen – raTa am treningis miRebis saSu­ cxovrobdnen – raTa am treningis miRebis saSu­cxovrobdnen – raTa am treningis miRebis saSu­ – raTa am treningis miRebis saSu­raTa am treningis miRebis saSu­ am treningis miRebis saSu­am treningis miRebis saSu­ treningis miRebis saSu­treningis miRebis saSu­ miRebis saSu­miRebis saSu­ saSu­saSu­aleba umravlesobas hqondes. arada, nacionalisturi umravlesobas hqondes. arada, nacionalisturiumravlesobas hqondes. arada, nacionalisturi hqondes. arada, nacionalisturihqondes. arada, nacionalisturi. arada, nacionalisturiarada, nacionalisturi, nacionalisturinacionalisturi afeTqebebi, marTalia modernul, magram ZiriTadad, marTalia modernul, magram ZiriTadadmarTalia modernul, magram ZiriTadad modernul, magram ZiriTadadmodernul, magram ZiriTadad, magram ZiriTadadmagram ZiriTadad ZiriTadadZiriTadad ganviTarebad qveynebSic xdeba. qveynebSic xdeba.qveynebSic xdeba. xdeba.xdeba..

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meores mxriv, ra unda vuyoT Sua saukuneebidan mxriv, ra unda vuyoT Sua saukuneebidanmxriv, ra unda vuyoT Sua saukuneebidan, ra unda vuyoT Sua saukuneebidanra unda vuyoT Sua saukuneebidan unda vuyoT Sua saukuneebidanunda vuyoT Sua saukuneebidan vuyoT Sua saukuneebidanvuyoT Sua saukuneebidan Sua saukuneebidanSua saukuneebidan saukuneebidansaukuneebidan SemorCenil werilobiT wyaroebs, romlebic dRes werilobiT wyaroebs, romlebic dReswerilobiT wyaroebs, romlebic dRes wyaroebs, romlebic dReswyaroebs, romlebic dRes romlebic dResromlebic dRes dResdRes mkiTxvelebis mier erTmniSvnelovnad gaigeba, rogorc mier erTmniSvnelovnad gaigeba, rogorcmier erTmniSvnelovnad gaigeba, rogorc erTmniSvnelovnad gaigeba, rogorcerTmniSvnelovnad gaigeba, rogorc gaigeba, rogorcgaigeba, rogorc, rogorcrogorc eris ideisa da nacionalizmis Canasaxebi? am kiTx­ ideisa da nacionalizmis Canasaxebi? am kiTx­ideisa da nacionalizmis Canasaxebi? am kiTx­ da nacionalizmis Canasaxebi? am kiTx­da nacionalizmis Canasaxebi? am kiTx­ nacionalizmis Canasaxebi? am kiTx­nacionalizmis Canasaxebi? am kiTx­ Canasaxebi? am kiTx­Canasaxebi? am kiTx­? am kiTx­am kiTx­ kiTx­kiTx­vaze pasuxi Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis struqtu­ pasuxi Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis struqtu­pasuxi Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis struqtu­ Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis struqtu­Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis struqtu­ saukuneebis sazogadoebis struqtu­saukuneebis sazogadoebis struqtu­ sazogadoebis struqtu­sazogadoebis struqtu­ struqtu­struqtu­raSi unda veZeboT: procentulad rom gamovsaxoT, unda veZeboT: procentulad rom gamovsaxoT,unda veZeboT: procentulad rom gamovsaxoT, veZeboT: procentulad rom gamovsaxoT,veZeboT: procentulad rom gamovsaxoT,: procentulad rom gamovsaxoT,procentulad rom gamovsaxoT, rom gamovsaxoT,rom gamovsaxoT, gamovsaxoT,gamovsaxoT,, albaT, ganaTlebuli da SeZlebuli fena, romelmac, ganaTlebuli da SeZlebuli fena, romelmacganaTlebuli da SeZlebuli fena, romelmac da SeZlebuli fena, romelmacda SeZlebuli fena, romelmac SeZlebuli fena, romelmacSeZlebuli fena, romelmac fena, romelmacfena, romelmac, romelmacromelmac wera­kiTxva icoda da marto yoveldRiuri gadar­­kiTxva icoda da marto yoveldRiuri gadar­kiTxva icoda da marto yoveldRiuri gadar­ icoda da marto yoveldRiuri gadar­icoda da marto yoveldRiuri gadar­ da marto yoveldRiuri gadar­da marto yoveldRiuri gadar­ marto yoveldRiuri gadar­marto yoveldRiuri gadar­ yoveldRiuri gadar­yoveldRiuri gadar­ gadar­gadar­Cena ar hqonda miznad da safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­ ar hqonda miznad da safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­ar hqonda miznad da safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­ hqonda miznad da safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­hqonda miznad da safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­ miznad da safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­miznad da safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­ da safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­da safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­ safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­safiqrad, yoveli sazoga­, yoveli sazoga­yoveli sazoga­ sazoga­sazoga­doebis 5%­ze naklebs Seadgenda. ra Tqma unda, maT 5%­ze naklebs Seadgenda. ra Tqma unda, maTze naklebs Seadgenda. ra Tqma unda, maT naklebs Seadgenda. ra Tqma unda, maTnaklebs Seadgenda. ra Tqma unda, maT Seadgenda. ra Tqma unda, maTSeadgenda. ra Tqma unda, maT. ra Tqma unda, maTra Tqma unda, maT Tqma unda, maTTqma unda, maT unda, maTunda, maT, maTmaT hqondaT saerTo ideologia, romelic varirebda saerTo ideologia, romelic varirebdasaerTo ideologia, romelic varirebda ideologia, romelic varirebdaideologia, romelic varirebda, romelic varirebdaromelic varirebda varirebdavarirebda jgufidan jgufSi da samTavrodan samTavromde, jgufSi da samTavrodan samTavromde,jgufSi da samTavrodan samTavromde, da samTavrodan samTavromde,da samTavrodan samTavromde, samTavrodan samTavromde,samTavrodan samTavromde, samTavromde,samTavromde,, magram yovelTvis brunavda politikuri erTeulis yovelTvis brunavda politikuri erTeulisyovelTvis brunavda politikuri erTeulis brunavda politikuri erTeulisbrunavda politikuri erTeulis politikuri erTeulispolitikuri erTeulis erTeuliserTeulis damoukideblobis garSemo. amitom, marTalia, saka­ garSemo. amitom, marTalia, saka­garSemo. amitom, marTalia, saka­. amitom, marTalia, saka­amitom, marTalia, saka­, marTalia, saka­marTalia, saka­, saka­saka­maToa, vipoviT Tu ara imdroindel wyaroebSi eris, vipoviT Tu ara imdroindel wyaroebSi erisvipoviT Tu ara imdroindel wyaroebSi eris Tu ara imdroindel wyaroebSi erisTu ara imdroindel wyaroebSi eris ara imdroindel wyaroebSi erisara imdroindel wyaroebSi eris imdroindel wyaroebSi erisimdroindel wyaroebSi eris wyaroebSi eriswyaroebSi eris eriseris Tanamedrove cnebas, magram, samagierod, uxvad gvxvde­ cnebas, magram, samagierod, uxvad gvxvde­cnebas, magram, samagierod, uxvad gvxvde­, magram, samagierod, uxvad gvxvde­magram, samagierod, uxvad gvxvde­, samagierod, uxvad gvxvde­samagierod, uxvad gvxvde­, uxvad gvxvde­uxvad gvxvde­ gvxvde­gvxvde­ba saxelmwifos cneba da erTiani saxelmwifos ideo­ saxelmwifos cneba da erTiani saxelmwifos ideo­saxelmwifos cneba da erTiani saxelmwifos ideo­ cneba da erTiani saxelmwifos ideo­cneba da erTiani saxelmwifos ideo­ da erTiani saxelmwifos ideo­da erTiani saxelmwifos ideo­ erTiani saxelmwifos ideo­erTiani saxelmwifos ideo­ saxelmwifos ideo­saxelmwifos ideo­ ideo­ideo­logia. es ideologia, aqedac gamomdinare sargeblis. es ideologia, aqedac gamomdinare sargeblises ideologia, aqedac gamomdinare sargeblis ideologia, aqedac gamomdinare sargeblisideologia, aqedac gamomdinare sargeblis, aqedac gamomdinare sargeblisaqedac gamomdinare sargeblis gamomdinare sargeblisgamomdinare sargeblis sargeblissargeblis da piradi warmatebis perspeqtivis gamo, warmoSobda piradi warmatebis perspeqtivis gamo, warmoSobdapiradi warmatebis perspeqtivis gamo, warmoSobda warmatebis perspeqtivis gamo, warmoSobdawarmatebis perspeqtivis gamo, warmoSobda perspeqtivis gamo, warmoSobdaperspeqtivis gamo, warmoSobda gamo, warmoSobdagamo, warmoSobda, warmoSobdawarmoSobda solidarobas am miznis garSemo. Tumca, es solida­ am miznis garSemo. Tumca, es solida­am miznis garSemo. Tumca, es solida­ miznis garSemo. Tumca, es solida­miznis garSemo. Tumca, es solida­ garSemo. Tumca, es solida­garSemo. Tumca, es solida­. Tumca, es solida­Tumca, es solida­, es solida­es solida­ solida­solida­roba advilad irRveoda, Tuki sxva, ufro momgebian advilad irRveoda, Tuki sxva, ufro momgebianadvilad irRveoda, Tuki sxva, ufro momgebian irRveoda, Tuki sxva, ufro momgebianirRveoda, Tuki sxva, ufro momgebian Tuki sxva, ufro momgebianTuki sxva, ufro momgebian sxva, ufro momgebiansxva, ufro momgebian, ufro momgebianufro momgebian momgebianmomgebian solidarobaSi gawevrianebis Sansi Cndeboda. gawevrianebis Sansi Cndeboda.gawevrianebis Sansi Cndeboda. Sansi Cndeboda.Sansi Cndeboda. Cndeboda.Cndeboda.. aseTi solidaroba iqneboda im didgvarovnebsa da samefo iqneboda im didgvarovnebsa da samefoiqneboda im didgvarovnebsa da samefo im didgvarovnebsa da samefoim didgvarovnebsa da samefo didgvarovnebsa da samefodidgvarovnebsa da samefo da samefoda samefo samefosamefo ojaxebSi, romlebic aviTarebdnen ideologias, rac, romlebic aviTarebdnen ideologias, racromlebic aviTarebdnen ideologias, rac aviTarebdnen ideologias, racaviTarebdnen ideologias, rac ideologias, racideologias, rac, racrac dRes erovnuli cnobierebis pirvel versiad aRiqmeba. erovnuli cnobierebis pirvel versiad aRiqmeba.erovnuli cnobierebis pirvel versiad aRiqmeba. cnobierebis pirvel versiad aRiqmeba.cnobierebis pirvel versiad aRiqmeba. pirvel versiad aRiqmeba.pirvel versiad aRiqmeba. versiad aRiqmeba.versiad aRiqmeba. aRiqmeba.aRiqmeba.. Tumca, am ideologias politikuri (da ara poeturi, am ideologias politikuri (da ara poeturiam ideologias politikuri (da ara poeturi ideologias politikuri (da ara poeturiideologias politikuri (da ara poeturi politikuri (da ara poeturipolitikuri (da ara poeturi (da ara poeturida ara poeturi ara poeturiara poeturi poeturipoeturi TvalTaxedviT) Tu gavaanalizebT, miviRebT, rom es Tu gavaanalizebT, miviRebT, rom esTu gavaanalizebT, miviRebT, rom es gavaanalizebT, miviRebT, rom esgavaanalizebT, miviRebT, rom es, miviRebT, rom esmiviRebT, rom es, rom esrom es eses ideologia maT eqspansiuri politikis gasamarTle­ maT eqspansiuri politikis gasamarTle­maT eqspansiuri politikis gasamarTle­ eqspansiuri politikis gasamarTle­eqspansiuri politikis gasamarTle­ politikis gasamarTle­politikis gasamarTle­ gasamarTle­gasamarTle­blad da/an arsebuli centrebidan meti avtonomiis da/an arsebuli centrebidan meti avtonomiisda/an arsebuli centrebidan meti avtonomiis/an arsebuli centrebidan meti avtonomiisan arsebuli centrebidan meti avtonomiis arsebuli centrebidan meti avtonomiisarsebuli centrebidan meti avtonomiis centrebidan meti avtonomiiscentrebidan meti avtonomiis meti avtonomiismeti avtonomiis avtonomiisavtonomiis misaRebad sWirdebodaT: cnobili fraza `grigol sWirdebodaT: cnobili fraza `grigolsWirdebodaT: cnobili fraza `grigol: cnobili fraza `grigolcnobili fraza `grigol fraza `grigolfraza `grigol `grigolgrigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~, romelic xSirad erovnuli cxovrebidan~, romelic xSirad erovnulicxovrebidan~, romelic xSirad erovnuli~, romelic xSirad erovnuliromelic xSirad erovnuli xSirad erovnulixSirad erovnuli erovnulierovnuli cnobierebis dabadebis sabuTad mohyavT (Tanamedrove dabadebis sabuTad mohyavT (Tanamedrovedabadebis sabuTad mohyavT (Tanamedrove sabuTad mohyavT (TanamedrovesabuTad mohyavT (Tanamedrove mohyavT (TanamedrovemohyavT (Tanamedrove (TanamedroveTanamedrove qarTul enaze Tu vTargmniT, iq, sadac qarTuli wirva­ enaze Tu vTargmniT, iq, sadac qarTuli wirva­enaze Tu vTargmniT, iq, sadac qarTuli wirva­ Tu vTargmniT, iq, sadac qarTuli wirva­Tu vTargmniT, iq, sadac qarTuli wirva­ vTargmniT, iq, sadac qarTuli wirva­vTargmniT, iq, sadac qarTuli wirva­, iq, sadac qarTuli wirva­iq, sadac qarTuli wirva­, sadac qarTuli wirva­sadac qarTuli wirva­ qarTuli wirva­qarTuli wirva­ wirva­wirva­­locva warmoebs, yvelgan saqarTveloa), sxva araferia, warmoebs, yvelgan saqarTveloa), sxva araferia,warmoebs, yvelgan saqarTveloa), sxva araferia,, yvelgan saqarTveloa), sxva araferia,yvelgan saqarTveloa), sxva araferia, saqarTveloa), sxva araferia,saqarTveloa), sxva araferia,), sxva araferia,sxva araferia, araferia,araferia,, Tu ara saxelmwifos ideologebis mier momavali eqs­ ara saxelmwifos ideologebis mier momavali eqs­ara saxelmwifos ideologebis mier momavali eqs­ saxelmwifos ideologebis mier momavali eqs­saxelmwifos ideologebis mier momavali eqs­ ideologebis mier momavali eqs­ideologebis mier momavali eqs­ mier momavali eqs­mier momavali eqs­ momavali eqs­momavali eqs­ eqs­eqs­

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pansiuri politikis gamarTleba. amis iribi dasturi politikis gamarTleba. amis iribi dasturipolitikis gamarTleba. amis iribi dasturi gamarTleba. amis iribi dasturigamarTleba. amis iribi dasturi. amis iribi dasturiamis iribi dasturi iribi dasturiiribi dasturi dasturidasturi Tundac isaa, rom qarTvelebi axlo aRmosavleTSi isaa, rom qarTvelebi axlo aRmosavleTSiisaa, rom qarTvelebi axlo aRmosavleTSi, rom qarTvelebi axlo aRmosavleTSirom qarTvelebi axlo aRmosavleTSi qarTvelebi axlo aRmosavleTSiqarTvelebi axlo aRmosavleTSi axlo aRmosavleTSiaxlo aRmosavleTSi aRmosavleTSiaRmosavleTSi da aRmosavleT evropaSi Sua saukuneebSi aqtiurad aRmosavleT evropaSi Sua saukuneebSi aqtiuradaRmosavleT evropaSi Sua saukuneebSi aqtiurad evropaSi Sua saukuneebSi aqtiuradevropaSi Sua saukuneebSi aqtiurad Sua saukuneebSi aqtiuradSua saukuneebSi aqtiurad saukuneebSi aqtiuradsaukuneebSi aqtiurad aqtiuradaqtiurad aSenebdnen eklesia­monastrebs. Znelia am aqtivobis eklesia­monastrebs. Znelia am aqtivobiseklesia­monastrebs. Znelia am aqtivobis­monastrebs. Znelia am aqtivobismonastrebs. Znelia am aqtivobis. Znelia am aqtivobisZnelia am aqtivobis am aqtivobisam aqtivobis aqtivobisaqtivobis sxva mizezi ivaraudo, Tu ara momavali eqspansiisaT­ mizezi ivaraudo, Tu ara momavali eqspansiisaT­mizezi ivaraudo, Tu ara momavali eqspansiisaT­ ivaraudo, Tu ara momavali eqspansiisaT­ivaraudo, Tu ara momavali eqspansiisaT­, Tu ara momavali eqspansiisaT­Tu ara momavali eqspansiisaT­ ara momavali eqspansiisaT­ara momavali eqspansiisaT­ momavali eqspansiisaT­momavali eqspansiisaT­ eqspansiisaT­eqspansiisaT­vis fizikuri da moraluri dasayrdenis Seqmna. igive fizikuri da moraluri dasayrdenis Seqmna. igivefizikuri da moraluri dasayrdenis Seqmna. igive da moraluri dasayrdenis Seqmna. igiveda moraluri dasayrdenis Seqmna. igive moraluri dasayrdenis Seqmna. igivemoraluri dasayrdenis Seqmna. igive dasayrdenis Seqmna. igivedasayrdenis Seqmna. igive Seqmna. igiveSeqmna. igive. igiveigive xdeboda protestantuli ideebis gavrcelebisas cen­ protestantuli ideebis gavrcelebisas cen­protestantuli ideebis gavrcelebisas cen­ ideebis gavrcelebisas cen­ideebis gavrcelebisas cen­ gavrcelebisas cen­gavrcelebisas cen­ cen­cen­tralur da CrdiloeT evropaSi: protestantizmi iyo da CrdiloeT evropaSi: protestantizmi iyoda CrdiloeT evropaSi: protestantizmi iyo CrdiloeT evropaSi: protestantizmi iyoCrdiloeT evropaSi: protestantizmi iyo evropaSi: protestantizmi iyoevropaSi: protestantizmi iyo: protestantizmi iyoprotestantizmi iyo iyoiyo ideologia, riTac adgilobrivi feodalebi da samefo, riTac adgilobrivi feodalebi da sameforiTac adgilobrivi feodalebi da samefo adgilobrivi feodalebi da samefoadgilobrivi feodalebi da samefo feodalebi da samefofeodalebi da samefo da samefoda samefo samefosamefo sagvareuloebi meti damoukideblobisa da avtonomi­ meti damoukideblobisa da avtonomi­meti damoukideblobisa da avtonomi­ damoukideblobisa da avtonomi­damoukideblobisa da avtonomi­ da avtonomi­da avtonomi­ avtonomi­avtonomi­is mosapoveblad iyenebdnen. mxolod amiT SeiZleba mosapoveblad iyenebdnen. mxolod amiT SeiZlebamosapoveblad iyenebdnen. mxolod amiT SeiZleba iyenebdnen. mxolod amiT SeiZlebaiyenebdnen. mxolod amiT SeiZleba. mxolod amiT SeiZlebamxolod amiT SeiZleba amiT SeiZlebaamiT SeiZleba SeiZlebaSeiZleba axsna germaneli mTavrebis mier luTeris politi­ germaneli mTavrebis mier luTeris politi­germaneli mTavrebis mier luTeris politi­ mTavrebis mier luTeris politi­mTavrebis mier luTeris politi­ mier luTeris politi­mier luTeris politi­ luTeris politi­luTeris politi­ politi­politi­kuri mxardaWera da protestantizmis warmateba: sxva mxardaWera da protestantizmis warmateba: sxvamxardaWera da protestantizmis warmateba: sxva da protestantizmis warmateba: sxvada protestantizmis warmateba: sxva protestantizmis warmateba: sxvaprotestantizmis warmateba: sxva warmateba: sxvawarmateba: sxva: sxvasxva mxriv, `ubralo xalxSi~ arc mxardaWeris da arc axali, `ubralo xalxSi~ arc mxardaWeris da arc axaliubralo xalxSi~ arc mxardaWeris da arc axali xalxSi~ arc mxardaWeris da arc axalixalxSi~ arc mxardaWeris da arc axali~ arc mxardaWeris da arc axaliarc mxardaWeris da arc axali mxardaWeris da arc axalimxardaWeris da arc axali da arc axalida arc axali arc axaliarc axali axaliaxali moZRvrebis gagebis potenciali ar unda yofiliyo, gagebis potenciali ar unda yofiliyo,gagebis potenciali ar unda yofiliyo, potenciali ar unda yofiliyo,potenciali ar unda yofiliyo, ar unda yofiliyo,ar unda yofiliyo, unda yofiliyo,unda yofiliyo, yofiliyo,yofiliyo,, imdenad yoveldRiur cxovrebaze orientirebuli da yoveldRiur cxovrebaze orientirebuli dayoveldRiur cxovrebaze orientirebuli da cxovrebaze orientirebuli dacxovrebaze orientirebuli da orientirebuli daorientirebuli da dada wera­kiTxvis ucodinari iyo Sua saukuneebis evropis­kiTxvis ucodinari iyo Sua saukuneebis evropiskiTxvis ucodinari iyo Sua saukuneebis evropis ucodinari iyo Sua saukuneebis evropisucodinari iyo Sua saukuneebis evropis iyo Sua saukuneebis evropisiyo Sua saukuneebis evropis Sua saukuneebis evropisSua saukuneebis evropis saukuneebis evropissaukuneebis evropis evropisevropis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba. mosaxleoba.mosaxleoba..

am zedapiruli ganxilviTac Cans, rom Sua saukunee­ zedapiruli ganxilviTac Cans, rom Sua saukunee­zedapiruli ganxilviTac Cans, rom Sua saukunee­ ganxilviTac Cans, rom Sua saukunee­ganxilviTac Cans, rom Sua saukunee­ Cans, rom Sua saukunee­Cans, rom Sua saukunee­, rom Sua saukunee­rom Sua saukunee­ Sua saukunee­Sua saukunee­ saukunee­saukunee­bSi erisa da erovnulobis cnebebi (rac ar unda erqvas erisa da erovnulobis cnebebi (rac ar unda erqvaserisa da erovnulobis cnebebi (rac ar unda erqvas da erovnulobis cnebebi (rac ar unda erqvasda erovnulobis cnebebi (rac ar unda erqvas erovnulobis cnebebi (rac ar unda erqvaserovnulobis cnebebi (rac ar unda erqvas cnebebi (rac ar unda erqvascnebebi (rac ar unda erqvas (rac ar unda erqvasrac ar unda erqvas ar unda erqvasar unda erqvas unda erqvasunda erqvas erqvaserqvas am konstruqts sxvadasxva enis SemTxvevaSi) gamoiye­ konstruqts sxvadasxva enis SemTxvevaSi) gamoiye­konstruqts sxvadasxva enis SemTxvevaSi) gamoiye­ sxvadasxva enis SemTxvevaSi) gamoiye­sxvadasxva enis SemTxvevaSi) gamoiye­ enis SemTxvevaSi) gamoiye­enis SemTxvevaSi) gamoiye­ SemTxvevaSi) gamoiye­SemTxvevaSi) gamoiye­) gamoiye­gamoiye­neba, rogorc ideologia: anu, marqsis gansazRvrebiT, rogorc ideologia: anu, marqsis gansazRvrebiTrogorc ideologia: anu, marqsis gansazRvrebiT ideologia: anu, marqsis gansazRvrebiTideologia: anu, marqsis gansazRvrebiT: anu, marqsis gansazRvrebiTanu, marqsis gansazRvrebiT, marqsis gansazRvrebiTmarqsis gansazRvrebiT gansazRvrebiTgansazRvrebiT rom vTqvaT – socialuri realobis amotrialebuli vTqvaT – socialuri realobis amotrialebulivTqvaT – socialuri realobis amotrialebuli – socialuri realobis amotrialebulisocialuri realobis amotrialebuli realobis amotrialebulirealobis amotrialebuli amotrialebuliamotrialebuli asaxva13. socialuri realoba ki Sua saukuneebSi marT­socialuri realoba ki Sua saukuneebSi marT­ realoba ki Sua saukuneebSi marT­realoba ki Sua saukuneebSi marT­ ki Sua saukuneebSi marT­ki Sua saukuneebSi marT­ Sua saukuneebSi marT­Sua saukuneebSi marT­ saukuneebSi marT­saukuneebSi marT­ marT­marT­lac amotrialebulia erovnul ideasTan mimarTebaSi: amotrialebulia erovnul ideasTan mimarTebaSi:amotrialebulia erovnul ideasTan mimarTebaSi: erovnul ideasTan mimarTebaSi:erovnul ideasTan mimarTebaSi: ideasTan mimarTebaSi:ideasTan mimarTebaSi: mimarTebaSi:mimarTebaSi:: im xalxis umravlesobas, vinc saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs, xalxis umravlesobas, vinc saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs,xalxis umravlesobas, vinc saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs, umravlesobas, vinc saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs,umravlesobas, vinc saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs,, vinc saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs,vinc saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs, saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs,saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs, cxovrobs,cxovrobs,, araferi ar aerTianebs, sakuTari cxovrebis adgilze ar aerTianebs, sakuTari cxovrebis adgilzear aerTianebs, sakuTari cxovrebis adgilze aerTianebs, sakuTari cxovrebis adgilzeaerTianebs, sakuTari cxovrebis adgilze sakuTari cxovrebis adgilzesakuTari cxovrebis adgilze cxovrebis adgilzecxovrebis adgilze adgilzeadgilze mijaWvulobis garda. aseTi erTianobis SegrZneba ki garda. aseTi erTianobis SegrZneba kigarda. aseTi erTianobis SegrZneba ki. aseTi erTianobis SegrZneba kiaseTi erTianobis SegrZneba ki erTianobis SegrZneba kierTianobis SegrZneba ki SegrZneba kiSegrZneba ki kiki aSkarad aqvs elitas. metic – elitis wevrebis aRzr­ aqvs elitas. metic – elitis wevrebis aRzr­aqvs elitas. metic – elitis wevrebis aRzr­ elitas. metic – elitis wevrebis aRzr­elitas. metic – elitis wevrebis aRzr­. metic – elitis wevrebis aRzr­metic – elitis wevrebis aRzr­ – elitis wevrebis aRzr­elitis wevrebis aRzr­ wevrebis aRzr­wevrebis aRzr­ aRzr­aRzr­dac – met­naklebad stabilur (da albaT arastabi­ – met­naklebad stabilur (da albaT arastabi­met­naklebad stabilur (da albaT arastabi­ stabilur (da albaT arastabi­stabilur (da albaT arastabi­ (da albaT arastabi­da albaT arastabi­ albaT arastabi­albaT arastabi­ arastabi­arastabi­lur) saxelwifoebSi Tu samTavroebSi – am ideolo­) saxelwifoebSi Tu samTavroebSi – am ideolo­saxelwifoebSi Tu samTavroebSi – am ideolo­ Tu samTavroebSi – am ideolo­Tu samTavroebSi – am ideolo­ samTavroebSi – am ideolo­samTavroebSi – am ideolo­ – am ideolo­am ideolo­ ideolo­ideolo­giiT xdeboda. xdeboda.xdeboda..

es verbalurad SeiZleba gamoixatos ase: es verbalurad SeiZleba gamoixatos ase: esverbalurad SeiZleba gamoixatos ase: es SeiZleba gamoixatos ase: esSeiZleba gamoixatos ase: es gamoixatos ase: esgamoixatos ase: es ase: esase: es: eses saxelmwifo Seni samSobloa, adgili, sadac Seni Seni samSobloa, adgili, sadac SeniSeni samSobloa, adgili, sadac Seni samSobloa, adgili, sadac SenisamSobloa, adgili, sadac Seni, adgili, sadac Seniadgili, sadac Seni, sadac Senisadac Seni SeniSeni

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winaprebi cxovrobdnen da Seni STamomavlebi cxovrobdnen da Seni STamomavlebicxovrobdnen da Seni STamomavlebi da Seni STamomavlebida Seni STamomavlebi Seni STamomavlebiSeni STamomavlebi STamomavlebiSTamomavlebi icxovreben, es aris Seni xalxi, vinc aq cxov­, es aris Seni xalxi, vinc aq cxov­es aris Seni xalxi, vinc aq cxov­ aris Seni xalxi, vinc aq cxov­aris Seni xalxi, vinc aq cxov­ Seni xalxi, vinc aq cxov­Seni xalxi, vinc aq cxov­ xalxi, vinc aq cxov­xalxi, vinc aq cxov­, vinc aq cxov­vinc aq cxov­ aq cxov­aq cxov­ cxov­cxov­robs, an, is adgili (sxva saxelmwifo/samTavro) an, is adgili (sxva saxelmwifo/samTavro)an, is adgili (sxva saxelmwifo/samTavro), is adgili (sxva saxelmwifo/samTavro)is adgili (sxva saxelmwifo/samTavro) adgili (sxva saxelmwifo/samTavro)adgili (sxva saxelmwifo/samTavro) (sxva saxelmwifo/samTavro)sxva saxelmwifo/samTavro) saxelmwifo/samTavro)saxelmwifo/samTavro)/samTavro)samTavro) aris sivrce, romelic Sen gekuTvnoda, imitom, sivrce, romelic Sen gekuTvnoda, imitom,sivrce, romelic Sen gekuTvnoda, imitom,, romelic Sen gekuTvnoda, imitom,romelic Sen gekuTvnoda, imitom, Sen gekuTvnoda, imitom,Sen gekuTvnoda, imitom, gekuTvnoda, imitom,gekuTvnoda, imitom,, imitom,imitom,, rom iq Seni winaprebi cxovrobdnen da a.S. iq Seni winaprebi cxovrobdnen da a.S.iq Seni winaprebi cxovrobdnen da a.S. Seni winaprebi cxovrobdnen da a.S.Seni winaprebi cxovrobdnen da a.S. winaprebi cxovrobdnen da a.S.winaprebi cxovrobdnen da a.S. cxovrobdnen da a.S.cxovrobdnen da a.S. da a.S.da a.S. a.S.a.S..S.S..

am SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa, rom is, rac Sua saukunee­ SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa, rom is, rac Sua saukunee­SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa, rom is, rac Sua saukunee­, aSkaraa, rom is, rac Sua saukunee­aSkaraa, rom is, rac Sua saukunee­, rom is, rac Sua saukunee­rom is, rac Sua saukunee­ is, rac Sua saukunee­is, rac Sua saukunee­, rac Sua saukunee­rac Sua saukunee­ Sua saukunee­Sua saukunee­ saukunee­saukunee­bis elitis aRzrdisa da azrovnebis qvakuTxedi iyo, elitis aRzrdisa da azrovnebis qvakuTxedi iyo,elitis aRzrdisa da azrovnebis qvakuTxedi iyo, aRzrdisa da azrovnebis qvakuTxedi iyo,aRzrdisa da azrovnebis qvakuTxedi iyo, da azrovnebis qvakuTxedi iyo,da azrovnebis qvakuTxedi iyo, azrovnebis qvakuTxedi iyo,azrovnebis qvakuTxedi iyo, qvakuTxedi iyo,qvakuTxedi iyo, iyo,iyo,, socialur realobas amotrialebulad asaxavda: is, realobas amotrialebulad asaxavda: is,realobas amotrialebulad asaxavda: is, amotrialebulad asaxavda: is,amotrialebulad asaxavda: is, asaxavda: is,asaxavda: is,: is,is,, rac iyo zednaSeni iyo zednaSeniiyo zednaSeni zednaSenizednaSeni (superstructure)superstructure)) – tyeebze, velebzetyeebze, velebze, velebzevelebze da ubralo xalxze konkretuli mmarTvelobis niS­ ubralo xalxze konkretuli mmarTvelobis niS­ubralo xalxze konkretuli mmarTvelobis niS­ xalxze konkretuli mmarTvelobis niS­xalxze konkretuli mmarTvelobis niS­ konkretuli mmarTvelobis niS­konkretuli mmarTvelobis niS­ mmarTvelobis niS­mmarTvelobis niS­ niS­niS­nis miwera da maTi am niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­ miwera da maTi am niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­miwera da maTi am niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­ da maTi am niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­da maTi am niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­ maTi am niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­maTi am niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­ am niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­am niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­ niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­niSniT dabeWdva – ganixile­ dabeWdva – ganixile­dabeWdva – ganixile­ – ganixile­ganixile­boda, rogorc am yvelafris safuZveli: rogorc, rogorc am yvelafris safuZveli: rogorcrogorc am yvelafris safuZveli: rogorc am yvelafris safuZveli: rogorcam yvelafris safuZveli: rogorc yvelafris safuZveli: rogorcyvelafris safuZveli: rogorc safuZveli: rogorcsafuZveli: rogorc: rogorcrogorc wesi, am safuZvels religiuri argumentic – RvTis, am safuZvels religiuri argumentic – RvTisam safuZvels religiuri argumentic – RvTis safuZvels religiuri argumentic – RvTissafuZvels religiuri argumentic – RvTis religiuri argumentic – RvTisreligiuri argumentic – RvTis argumentic – RvTisargumentic – RvTis – RvTisRvTis mier kurTxeulobac emateboda. kurTxeulobac emateboda.kurTxeulobac emateboda. emateboda.emateboda.. amitom, sruliad, sruliadsruliad SesaZlebelia, Sua saukuneebSi eri­saxelmwifos ide­, Sua saukuneebSi eri­saxelmwifos ide­Sua saukuneebSi eri­saxelmwifos ide­ saukuneebSi eri­saxelmwifos ide­saukuneebSi eri­saxelmwifos ide­ eri­saxelmwifos ide­eri­saxelmwifos ide­­saxelmwifos ide­saxelmwifos ide­ ide­ide­ologiuri cnebac gaCeniliyo, magram, am cnebis adgi­ cnebac gaCeniliyo, magram, am cnebis adgi­cnebac gaCeniliyo, magram, am cnebis adgi­ gaCeniliyo, magram, am cnebis adgi­gaCeniliyo, magram, am cnebis adgi­, magram, am cnebis adgi­magram, am cnebis adgi­, am cnebis adgi­am cnebis adgi­ cnebis adgi­cnebis adgi­ adgi­adgi­li – TviTon elitaSive misi gavrcelebis ara­insti­ – TviTon elitaSive misi gavrcelebis ara­insti­TviTon elitaSive misi gavrcelebis ara­insti­ elitaSive misi gavrcelebis ara­insti­elitaSive misi gavrcelebis ara­insti­ misi gavrcelebis ara­insti­misi gavrcelebis ara­insti­ gavrcelebis ara­insti­gavrcelebis ara­insti­ ara­insti­ara­insti­­insti­insti­tucionalizaciis gamo – elitis warmomadgenlis gamo – elitis warmomadgenlisgamo – elitis warmomadgenlis – elitis warmomadgenliselitis warmomadgenlis warmomadgenliswarmomadgenlis cnobierebaSi SemTxveviTi iyo: SemTxveviTi iyo:SemTxveviTi iyo: iyo:iyo:: SesaZlebeli iyo misi, iyo misi,iyo misi, misi,misi,, rogorc elitis wevris pirovnulobis makonstruireb­ elitis wevris pirovnulobis makonstruireb­elitis wevris pirovnulobis makonstruireb­ wevris pirovnulobis makonstruireb­wevris pirovnulobis makonstruireb­ pirovnulobis makonstruireb­pirovnulobis makonstruireb­ makonstruireb­makonstruireb­lis muSaoba (Tuki konkretul sasaxlis karze aRzr­ muSaoba (Tuki konkretul sasaxlis karze aRzr­muSaoba (Tuki konkretul sasaxlis karze aRzr­ (Tuki konkretul sasaxlis karze aRzr­Tuki konkretul sasaxlis karze aRzr­ konkretul sasaxlis karze aRzr­konkretul sasaxlis karze aRzr­ sasaxlis karze aRzr­sasaxlis karze aRzr­ karze aRzr­karze aRzr­ aRzr­aRzr­dis/ideologiis gadacemis Camoyalibebuli sistema/ideologiis gadacemis Camoyalibebuli sistemaideologiis gadacemis Camoyalibebuli sistema gadacemis Camoyalibebuli sistemagadacemis Camoyalibebuli sistema Camoyalibebuli sistemaCamoyalibebuli sistema sistemasistema arsebobda) da aseve, SesaZlebeli iyo mas emuSava,) da aseve, SesaZlebeli iyo mas emuSava,da aseve, SesaZlebeli iyo mas emuSava, aseve, SesaZlebeli iyo mas emuSava,aseve, SesaZlebeli iyo mas emuSava,, SesaZlebeli iyo mas emuSava,SesaZlebeli iyo mas emuSava, iyo mas emuSava,iyo mas emuSava, mas emuSava,mas emuSava, emuSava,emuSava,, rogorc solidarobis safuZvels: qceuliyo im kon­ solidarobis safuZvels: qceuliyo im kon­solidarobis safuZvels: qceuliyo im kon­ safuZvels: qceuliyo im kon­safuZvels: qceuliyo im kon­: qceuliyo im kon­qceuliyo im kon­ im kon­im kon­ kon­kon­struqtad, romelic ganapirobebda elitis wevrebs, romelic ganapirobebda elitis wevrebsromelic ganapirobebda elitis wevrebs ganapirobebda elitis wevrebsganapirobebda elitis wevrebs elitis wevrebselitis wevrebs wevrebswevrebs Soris saerTo politikuri enis arsebobas da saerTo saerTo politikuri enis arsebobas da saerTosaerTo politikuri enis arsebobas da saerTo politikuri enis arsebobas da saerTopolitikuri enis arsebobas da saerTo enis arsebobas da saerToenis arsebobas da saerTo arsebobas da saerToarsebobas da saerTo da saerToda saerTo saerTosaerTo miznebs. savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom es ori, erTmaneTisa­. savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom es ori, erTmaneTisa­savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom es ori, erTmaneTisa­ dasaSvebia, rom es ori, erTmaneTisa­dasaSvebia, rom es ori, erTmaneTisa­, rom es ori, erTmaneTisa­rom es ori, erTmaneTisa­ es ori, erTmaneTisa­es ori, erTmaneTisa­ ori, erTmaneTisa­ori, erTmaneTisa­, erTmaneTisa­erTmaneTisa­gan gansxvavebuli viTareba erT elitarul sistemaSi gansxvavebuli viTareba erT elitarul sistemaSigansxvavebuli viTareba erT elitarul sistemaSi viTareba erT elitarul sistemaSiviTareba erT elitarul sistemaSi erT elitarul sistemaSierT elitarul sistemaSi elitarul sistemaSielitarul sistemaSi sistemaSisistemaSi arsebobda: anu, elita Sedgeboda im adamianebisagan,: anu, elita Sedgeboda im adamianebisagan,anu, elita Sedgeboda im adamianebisagan,, elita Sedgeboda im adamianebisagan,elita Sedgeboda im adamianebisagan, Sedgeboda im adamianebisagan,Sedgeboda im adamianebisagan, im adamianebisagan,im adamianebisagan, adamianebisagan,adamianebisagan,, visTvisac eri­saxelmwifos idea misi pirovnebis kon­ eri­saxelmwifos idea misi pirovnebis kon­eri­saxelmwifos idea misi pirovnebis kon­­saxelmwifos idea misi pirovnebis kon­saxelmwifos idea misi pirovnebis kon­ idea misi pirovnebis kon­idea misi pirovnebis kon­ misi pirovnebis kon­misi pirovnebis kon­ pirovnebis kon­pirovnebis kon­ kon­kon­struirebaSi monawileobda, da aseve, im adamianebi­ monawileobda, da aseve, im adamianebi­monawileobda, da aseve, im adamianebi­, da aseve, im adamianebi­da aseve, im adamianebi­ aseve, im adamianebi­aseve, im adamianebi­, im adamianebi­im adamianebi­ adamianebi­adamianebi­sagan, romlebisTvisac es idea mxolod solidarobis, romlebisTvisac es idea mxolod solidarobisromlebisTvisac es idea mxolod solidarobis es idea mxolod solidarobises idea mxolod solidarobis idea mxolod solidarobisidea mxolod solidarobis mxolod solidarobismxolod solidarobis solidarobissolidarobis safuZveli iyo. iyo.iyo.. imdenad, ramdenadac Sua saukuneebSi, ramdenadac Sua saukuneebSiramdenadac Sua saukuneebSi Sua saukuneebSiSua saukuneebSi saukuneebSisaukuneebSi ar arsebobda aRzrdis mwyobri sistema, romelic am arsebobda aRzrdis mwyobri sistema, romelic amarsebobda aRzrdis mwyobri sistema, romelic am aRzrdis mwyobri sistema, romelic amaRzrdis mwyobri sistema, romelic am mwyobri sistema, romelic ammwyobri sistema, romelic am sistema, romelic amsistema, romelic am, romelic amromelic am amam

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ideis pirovnebis makonstruirebel instituciona­ pirovnebis makonstruirebel instituciona­pirovnebis makonstruirebel instituciona­ makonstruirebel instituciona­makonstruirebel instituciona­ instituciona­instituciona­lizebul elementad gadaqcevas moaxerxebda, � elementad gadaqcevas moaxerxebda, �elementad gadaqcevas moaxerxebda, � gadaqcevas moaxerxebda, �gadaqcevas moaxerxebda, � moaxerxebda, �moaxerxebda, �, �anu,, ar arsebobda elitis aRmzrdelebis/maswavleblebis arsebobda elitis aRmzrdelebis/maswavleblebisarsebobda elitis aRmzrdelebis/maswavleblebis elitis aRmzrdelebis/maswavleblebiselitis aRmzrdelebis/maswavleblebis aRmzrdelebis/maswavleblebisaRmzrdelebis/maswavleblebis/maswavleblebismaswavleblebis mwarmoebeli instituti] instituti]instituti]] savaraudoa, rom elitaSisavaraudoa, rom elitaSi, rom elitaSirom elitaSi elitaSielitaSi maTi ricxvi, visTvisac eri�saxelmwifos idea mxolod ricxvi, visTvisac eri�saxelmwifos idea mxolodricxvi, visTvisac eri�saxelmwifos idea mxolod, visTvisac eri�saxelmwifos idea mxolodvisTvisac eri�saxelmwifos idea mxolod eri�saxelmwifos idea mxoloderi�saxelmwifos idea mxolod�saxelmwifos idea mxolodsaxelmwifos idea mxolod idea mxolodidea mxolod mxolodmxolod solidarobis safuZveli iyo, ufro meti iyo, vidre safuZveli iyo, ufro meti iyo, vidresafuZveli iyo, ufro meti iyo, vidre iyo, ufro meti iyo, vidreiyo, ufro meti iyo, vidre, ufro meti iyo, vidreufro meti iyo, vidre meti iyo, vidremeti iyo, vidre iyo, vidreiyo, vidre, vidrevidre maTi, visac saxelmwifo�eris ideis gareSe sakuTari, visac saxelmwifo�eris ideis gareSe sakuTarivisac saxelmwifo�eris ideis gareSe sakuTari saxelmwifo�eris ideis gareSe sakuTarisaxelmwifo�eris ideis gareSe sakuTari�eris ideis gareSe sakuTarieris ideis gareSe sakuTari ideis gareSe sakuTariideis gareSe sakuTari gareSe sakuTarigareSe sakuTari sakuTarisakuTari Tavi ver warmoedgina. ver warmoedgina.ver warmoedgina. warmoedgina.warmoedgina.. amitomac, elitis wevrebs Soris, elitis wevrebs Soriselitis wevrebs Soris wevrebs Soriswevrebs Soris SorisSoris Sua saukuneebSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo solidaro­ saukuneebSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo solidaro­saukuneebSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo solidaro­ Cveulebrivi movlena iyo solidaro­Cveulebrivi movlena iyo solidaro­ movlena iyo solidaro­movlena iyo solidaro­ iyo solidaro­iyo solidaro­ solidaro­solidaro­bis safuZvlis Secvla, anu, Tanamedrove SefasebiT, safuZvlis Secvla, anu, Tanamedrove SefasebiT,safuZvlis Secvla, anu, Tanamedrove SefasebiT, Secvla, anu, Tanamedrove SefasebiT,Secvla, anu, Tanamedrove SefasebiT,, anu, Tanamedrove SefasebiT,anu, Tanamedrove SefasebiT,, Tanamedrove SefasebiT,Tanamedrove SefasebiT, SefasebiT,SefasebiT,, Ralati..

Sesabamisad, Cven gagviWirdeba vipovoT Sua sau­, Cven gagviWirdeba vipovoT Sua sau­Cven gagviWirdeba vipovoT Sua sau­ gagviWirdeba vipovoT Sua sau­gagviWirdeba vipovoT Sua sau­ vipovoT Sua sau­vipovoT Sua sau­ Sua sau­Sua sau­ sau­sau­kuneebSi politikuri elita, romelsac ar eqneboda politikuri elita, romelsac ar eqnebodapolitikuri elita, romelsac ar eqneboda elita, romelsac ar eqnebodaelita, romelsac ar eqneboda, romelsac ar eqnebodaromelsac ar eqneboda ar eqnebodaar eqneboda eqnebodaeqneboda raime ideologia, romelic saxelmwifo/eris da erTi ideologia, romelic saxelmwifo/eris da erTiideologia, romelic saxelmwifo/eris da erTi, romelic saxelmwifo/eris da erTiromelic saxelmwifo/eris da erTi saxelmwifo/eris da erTisaxelmwifo/eris da erTi/eris da erTieris da erTi da erTida erTi erTierTi xalxis cnebebis sxvadasxva versias gvTavazobs. amaT­ cnebebis sxvadasxva versias gvTavazobs. amaT­cnebebis sxvadasxva versias gvTavazobs. amaT­ sxvadasxva versias gvTavazobs. amaT­sxvadasxva versias gvTavazobs. amaT­ versias gvTavazobs. amaT­versias gvTavazobs. amaT­ gvTavazobs. amaT­gvTavazobs. amaT­. amaT­amaT­gan zogi Zalian axlos dgas eris Tanamedrove cne­ zogi Zalian axlos dgas eris Tanamedrove cne­zogi Zalian axlos dgas eris Tanamedrove cne­ Zalian axlos dgas eris Tanamedrove cne­Zalian axlos dgas eris Tanamedrove cne­ axlos dgas eris Tanamedrove cne­axlos dgas eris Tanamedrove cne­ dgas eris Tanamedrove cne­dgas eris Tanamedrove cne­ eris Tanamedrove cne­eris Tanamedrove cne­ Tanamedrove cne­Tanamedrove cne­ cne­cne­basTan, zogi ki – Zalian Sors. magram, es siaxlove da, zogi ki – Zalian Sors. magram, es siaxlove dazogi ki – Zalian Sors. magram, es siaxlove da ki – Zalian Sors. magram, es siaxlove daki – Zalian Sors. magram, es siaxlove da – Zalian Sors. magram, es siaxlove daZalian Sors. magram, es siaxlove da Sors. magram, es siaxlove daSors. magram, es siaxlove da. magram, es siaxlove damagram, es siaxlove da, es siaxlove daes siaxlove da siaxlove dasiaxlove da dada siSore sxva araferia, Tu ara sxvadasxva istoriuli sxva araferia, Tu ara sxvadasxva istoriulisxva araferia, Tu ara sxvadasxva istoriuli araferia, Tu ara sxvadasxva istoriuliaraferia, Tu ara sxvadasxva istoriuli, Tu ara sxvadasxva istoriuliTu ara sxvadasxva istoriuli ara sxvadasxva istoriuliara sxvadasxva istoriuli sxvadasxva istoriulisxvadasxva istoriuli istoriuliistoriuli pirobebiT gamowveuli konstruqciebi. ra Tqma unda, gamowveuli konstruqciebi. ra Tqma unda,gamowveuli konstruqciebi. ra Tqma unda, konstruqciebi. ra Tqma unda,konstruqciebi. ra Tqma unda,. ra Tqma unda,ra Tqma unda, Tqma unda,Tqma unda, unda,unda,, yovel am konstruqtSi religia centralur rols am konstruqtSi religia centralur rolsam konstruqtSi religia centralur rols konstruqtSi religia centralur rolskonstruqtSi religia centralur rols religia centralur rolsreligia centralur rols centralur rolscentralur rols rolsrols asrulebs – gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac – gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesacgansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac im SemTxvevebSi, rodesacim SemTxvevebSi, rodesac SemTxvevebSi, rodesacSemTxvevebSi, rodesac, rodesacrodesac qveyanaSi arsebuli religiuri praqtika gansxvavebu­ arsebuli religiuri praqtika gansxvavebu­arsebuli religiuri praqtika gansxvavebu­ religiuri praqtika gansxvavebu­religiuri praqtika gansxvavebu­ praqtika gansxvavebu­praqtika gansxvavebu­ gansxvavebu­gansxvavebu­lobis safuZvels iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba safuZvels iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelobasafuZvels iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelobaiZleva. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelobaam SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelobaSemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba mniSvnelobamniSvneloba aqvs ara imas, Tu ra tipis religiaa es, aramed imas, Tuimas, Tu ra tipis religiaa es, aramed imas, Tu, Tu ra tipis religiaa es, aramed imas, TuTu ra tipis religiaa es, aramed imas, Tu ra tipis religiaa es, aramed imas, Tura tipis religiaa es, aramed imas, Tu tipis religiaa es, aramed imas, Tutipis religiaa es, aramed imas, Tu religiaa es, aramed imas, Tureligiaa es, aramed imas, Tu es, aramed imas, Tues, aramed imas, Tu, aramed imas, Tuaramed imas, Tu imas, Tuimas, Tu, TuTu ramdenad aris socialur garemoSi potenciali, esa aris socialur garemoSi potenciali, esaaris socialur garemoSi potenciali, esa socialur garemoSi potenciali, esasocialur garemoSi potenciali, esa garemoSi potenciali, esagaremoSi potenciali, esa potenciali, esapotenciali, esa esaesa Tu is religia elitam sakuTari eqskluziurobis da is religia elitam sakuTari eqskluziurobis dais religia elitam sakuTari eqskluziurobis da religia elitam sakuTari eqskluziurobis dareligia elitam sakuTari eqskluziurobis da elitam sakuTari eqskluziurobis daelitam sakuTari eqskluziurobis da eqskluziurobis daeqskluziurobis da dada pretenziebis safuZvlad gamoiyenos. erTi SexedviT, safuZvlad gamoiyenos. erTi SexedviT,safuZvlad gamoiyenos. erTi SexedviT, gamoiyenos. erTi SexedviT,gamoiyenos. erTi SexedviT,. erTi SexedviT,erTi SexedviT, SexedviT,SexedviT,, aseTi eqskluziurobis safuZveli ufro marTlma­ eqskluziurobis safuZveli ufro marTlma­eqskluziurobis safuZveli ufro marTlma­ safuZveli ufro marTlma­safuZveli ufro marTlma­ ufro marTlma­ufro marTlma­ marTlma­marTlma­didebluri da protestantuli religiebi unda iyos, da protestantuli religiebi unda iyos,da protestantuli religiebi unda iyos, protestantuli religiebi unda iyos,protestantuli religiebi unda iyos, religiebi unda iyos,religiebi unda iyos, unda iyos,unda iyos, iyos,iyos,, magram irlandiis magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi ide­ irlandiis magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi ide­irlandiis magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi ide­ magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi ide­magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi ide­ gviCvenebs, rom aseTi ide­gviCvenebs, rom aseTi ide­, rom aseTi ide­rom aseTi ide­ aseTi ide­aseTi ide­ ide­ide­ologiis safuZveli elitisaTvis SeiZleba kaToli­ safuZveli elitisaTvis SeiZleba kaToli­safuZveli elitisaTvis SeiZleba kaToli­ elitisaTvis SeiZleba kaToli­elitisaTvis SeiZleba kaToli­ SeiZleba kaToli­SeiZleba kaToli­ kaToli­kaToli­cizmi da protestantizmic iyos. da protestantizmic iyos.da protestantizmic iyos. protestantizmic iyos.protestantizmic iyos. iyos.iyos..

Tanamedrove warmodgeniT, ers ori Semadgeneli warmodgeniT, ers ori SemadgeneliwarmodgeniT, ers ori Semadgeneli ers ori Semadgeneliers ori Semadgeneli ori Semadgeneliori Semadgeneli SemadgeneliSemadgeneli aqvs: Tavad eris cneba, ideis konstruqcia da adami­: Tavad eris cneba, ideis konstruqcia da adami­Tavad eris cneba, ideis konstruqcia da adami­ eris cneba, ideis konstruqcia da adami­eris cneba, ideis konstruqcia da adami­ cneba, ideis konstruqcia da adami­cneba, ideis konstruqcia da adami­, ideis konstruqcia da adami­ideis konstruqcia da adami­ konstruqcia da adami­konstruqcia da adami­ da adami­da adami­ adami­adami­anebis erToblioba, romelic Tavs am eris nawilad erToblioba, romelic Tavs am eris nawiladerToblioba, romelic Tavs am eris nawilad, romelic Tavs am eris nawiladromelic Tavs am eris nawilad Tavs am eris nawiladTavs am eris nawilad am eris nawiladam eris nawilad eris nawiladeris nawilad nawiladnawilad

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miiCnevs. aseve, igulisxmeba, rom am ers misi wevrebi,. aseve, igulisxmeba, rom am ers misi wevrebi,aseve, igulisxmeba, rom am ers misi wevrebi,, igulisxmeba, rom am ers misi wevrebi,igulisxmeba, rom am ers misi wevrebi,, rom am ers misi wevrebi,rom am ers misi wevrebi, am ers misi wevrebi,am ers misi wevrebi, ers misi wevrebi,ers misi wevrebi, misi wevrebi,misi wevrebi, wevrebi,wevrebi,, rogorc wesi, dabadebiT unda ekuTvnodnen da wevrebis wesi, dabadebiT unda ekuTvnodnen da wevrebiswesi, dabadebiT unda ekuTvnodnen da wevrebis, dabadebiT unda ekuTvnodnen da wevrebisdabadebiT unda ekuTvnodnen da wevrebis unda ekuTvnodnen da wevrebisunda ekuTvnodnen da wevrebis ekuTvnodnen da wevrebisekuTvnodnen da wevrebis da wevrebisda wevrebis wevrebiswevrebis raodenoba unda aRematebodes erTi ojaxis an naTe­ unda aRematebodes erTi ojaxis an naTe­unda aRematebodes erTi ojaxis an naTe­ aRematebodes erTi ojaxis an naTe­aRematebodes erTi ojaxis an naTe­ erTi ojaxis an naTe­erTi ojaxis an naTe­ ojaxis an naTe­ojaxis an naTe­ an naTe­an naTe­ naTe­naTe­sauri kavSirebiT dakavSirebuli adamianebis raode­ kavSirebiT dakavSirebuli adamianebis raode­kavSirebiT dakavSirebuli adamianebis raode­ dakavSirebuli adamianebis raode­dakavSirebuli adamianebis raode­ adamianebis raode­adamianebis raode­ raode­raode­nobas. kidev ufro rom gavaRrmavoT eris meore niSani,. kidev ufro rom gavaRrmavoT eris meore niSani,kidev ufro rom gavaRrmavoT eris meore niSani, ufro rom gavaRrmavoT eris meore niSani,ufro rom gavaRrmavoT eris meore niSani, rom gavaRrmavoT eris meore niSani,rom gavaRrmavoT eris meore niSani, gavaRrmavoT eris meore niSani,gavaRrmavoT eris meore niSani, eris meore niSani,eris meore niSani, meore niSani,meore niSani, niSani,niSani,, unda vTqvaT, rom adamiani, romelic Tavs romelime vTqvaT, rom adamiani, romelic Tavs romelimevTqvaT, rom adamiani, romelic Tavs romelime, rom adamiani, romelic Tavs romelimerom adamiani, romelic Tavs romelime adamiani, romelic Tavs romelimeadamiani, romelic Tavs romelime, romelic Tavs romelimeromelic Tavs romelime Tavs romelimeTavs romelime romelimeromelime ers akuTvnebs, amave dros eris saSualebiT sakuTar akuTvnebs, amave dros eris saSualebiT sakuTarakuTvnebs, amave dros eris saSualebiT sakuTar, amave dros eris saSualebiT sakuTaramave dros eris saSualebiT sakuTar dros eris saSualebiT sakuTardros eris saSualebiT sakuTar eris saSualebiT sakuTareris saSualebiT sakuTar saSualebiT sakuTarsaSualebiT sakuTar sakuTarsakuTar Tavs gansazRvravs, anu, axdens sakuTar identifici­ gansazRvravs, anu, axdens sakuTar identifici­sazRvravs, anu, axdens sakuTar identifici­, anu, axdens sakuTar identifici­anu, axdens sakuTar identifici­, axdens sakuTar identifici­axdens sakuTar identifici­ sakuTar identifici­sakuTar identifici­ identifici­identifici­rebas konkretul ideasTan da istoriasTan. amave konkretul ideasTan da istoriasTan. amavekonkretul ideasTan da istoriasTan. amave ideasTan da istoriasTan. amaveideasTan da istoriasTan. amave da istoriasTan. amaveda istoriasTan. amave istoriasTan. amaveistoriasTan. amave. amaveamave dros, sakuTar Tavs ganasxvavebs im adamianebisagan,, sakuTar Tavs ganasxvavebs im adamianebisagan,sakuTar Tavs ganasxvavebs im adamianebisagan, Tavs ganasxvavebs im adamianebisagan,Tavs ganasxvavebs im adamianebisagan, ganasxvavebs im adamianebisagan,ganasxvavebs im adamianebisagan, im adamianebisagan,im adamianebisagan, adamianebisagan,adamianebisagan,, visi identobac sxva ideasTan da istoriasTanaa daka­ identobac sxva ideasTan da istoriasTanaa daka­identobac sxva ideasTan da istoriasTanaa daka­ sxva ideasTan da istoriasTanaa daka­sxva ideasTan da istoriasTanaa daka­ ideasTan da istoriasTanaa daka­ideasTan da istoriasTanaa daka­ da istoriasTanaa daka­da istoriasTanaa daka­ istoriasTanaa daka­istoriasTanaa daka­ daka­daka­vSirebuli..

* * *Sesabamisad, rodesac eris warmoSobaze vlapara­

kobT, am orive nawilis warmoSobas cal­calke unda SevxedoT: 1) eris ideologiis warmoSoba da 2) eris, rogorc identobis, warmoSoba.

istoriulad, eris, rogorc ideologiis warmoSoba, win uswrebs eris, rogorc identobis warmoSobas. anu, imisaTvis, rom raRac ideologia identoba gaxdes, is damuSavebuli unda iyos rogorc ideologia.

eris warmoSobis ideologiis da identobis warmo­Sobebad gayofa maSin iqneba gasagebi, rodesac ganvixi­lavT socialuri cxovrebis process, romelsac iden­tobebis Seqmna da konkretuli adamianis mier iden­tobis miReba hqvia: samwuxarod, identobis erTiani Teoria, romelic identobas, rogorc socialur mocemulobas da process, ganixilavs, socialur mecnierebaSi ar aris damuSavebuli, amitom qvemoT mocemuli Teoriuli mosazrebebi amis pirveli mcd­elobaa: adamiani identobebis kompleqss warmoadgens. am identobidan zogi pirveladia da masSi Sedis pirve­ladi socialuri institutebis saSualebiT (ojaxi), zogic – meoradi da adamianis mier misi gaTaviseba

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sxvadasxva tipis socialur institutSi monawileobiT xdeba. arsebobs identobebi, romelTa miRebac konkre­tul socialur struqturaSi gardauvalia (ojaxis, naTesaobis, sqesis) da identobebi, romelTa miRebac SemTxveviTia (profesiuli, partiuli da isini, romle­bic konkretul sazogadoebaSi midrekilebebis insti­tucionalizaciazea damokidebuli – mag. seqsualuri umciresobebis identoba).

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, konkretuli identoba Cveni sakuTreba sxvadasxvanairad xdeba: imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT, ras niSnavs identobis miReba, umjobe­sia identobebis miRebis (akrefis) procesi Cveni civi­lizaciisa da kulturis magaliTze ganvixiloT: Cveni identoba ojaxTan, an iq, sadac pirvel cnobier moZ­raobebs vakeTebT, aucilebelia: am identobis miReba, anu imis gacnobiereba, rom Sen konkretuli ojaxis wevri xar da Seni Tavi SenTvis da sxvebisTvis ase unda gansazRvro, iwyeba dabadebidan – anu, pirveladi socializaciidan. Semdegi identoba, romelic CvenSi Semodis, aris damyarebuli garemoze, romelSic Cemi ojaxi cxovrobs – anu, miviReb naTesaobiT identobas, anu sakuTar igiveobas ̀ gadavWimav~ ojaxis naTesavebze Tu ara, es konkretul socialur garemozea damokide­buli. Tumca, rogorc wesi, `ojaxis Semdgomi~ iden­toba naTesauria. paralelurad, im informaciis da socialuri kavSirebis saSualebiT, romlebsac viReb, miCndeba socio­biologiuri identobebi (socio­biologiuri identoba [bavSvi] da sqesobrivi iden­toba). Semdegi identobebis miReba dakavSirebulia im socialur institutebTan, romelTa saSualebiT me verTvebi socialur garemoSi: Cvens kulturaSi es socialuri institutebi ganaTlebisa da masmediis (anu informaciisa da codnis gavrcelebis/gadace­mis) institutebia. am dros CemSi erovnuli identoba Semodis. es SesaZlebelia skolaSi siarulis dawye­

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bamde moxdes, SeiZleba daemTxves skolaSi siaru­lis dawyebas. TavisTavad cxadia, eris cneba CemSi SemTxveviTad ar Semodis – is Semodis im principebze dayrdnobiT, romelzec dgas ganaTlebis sistema da informaciis gavrceleba. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, es principebi cnobieradaa SemuSavebuli – mag. rogori unda iyos erovnuli saswavlo gegma, an konkretuli gamomcemlobis an eleqtronuli mediis politika. am identobis Semosvlis da sakuTari Tavis gansaz­Rvrebad gadaqcevis Semdeg, an paralelurad, midgeba profesiuli, partiuli Tu sxva (midrekilebiTi) iden­tobebis arCevis periodi, romelsac virCev, virgeb, Tu ar momergo, vicvli da a.S. is, rac CemSi rCeba mudmivad da rac Cemi gadawyvetilebis miRmaa Semosuli, ojax­uri, naTesauri, socio­biologiuri da erovnuli iden­tobebia. ra Tqma unda, amaTi Secvlac SeiZleba, Tuki adamini gadawyvets. gansxvaveba isaa, rom am oTxi iden­tobis miReba ar aris damokidebuli gadawyvetilebaze. Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi erovnuli identobis adg­ili SeiZleba aRweris mixedviT eTnikurma identobam daikavos, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, Tuki saqme gvaqvs eTnikurad aramonoliTur saxelmwifoebTan. am SemTxvevaSi, Cemi pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi erovnuli identoba iqneba eTnikuri identobis Semdgomi, zemo struqtura.

am xuTi (ojaxuri, naTesauri, socio­biologiuri eTnikuri da erovnuli) identobidan oris (eTnikurisa da erovnulis) miRebis wesi da Sinaarsi ufro metad damokidebulia konkretul politikur gadawyvetile­bebsa da strategiul xedvebze, romlebic sazogadoe­baSi arsebobs, xolo samis (ojaxuri, naTesauri da socio­biologiuri) – im socialur struqturebze, romlebic arsebobs konkretul sazogadoebaSi.

Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom SesaZlebelia konkre­tul sazogadoebaSi ufro metad socialur struq­

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turebze damokidebuli identobebis wyaroebi sulac ar atarebdes igiveobriv enobriv dasaxelebebs. mag­aliTad, ojaxis ekvivalents SeiZleba eklesia, klani an raime sxva, CvenTvis radikalurad gansxvavebuli Sinaarsobrivi konotaciis matarebeli saxeli erq­vas.

Sesabamisad, Cveni ZiriTadi identobebi, anu is iden­tobebi, romelTa arCeva an romlebze uaris Tqmac ar Sedis socialuri cxovrebis yoveldRiur wesSi, SeiZleba gavyoT orad – socialursa da politikurze metad damokidebulebebad – da maT societaluri da politetaluri identobebi davarqvaT.

Tuki identobebis Camoyalibebas istoriulad SevxedavT, unda vTqvaT, rom societaluri iden­tobebis Camoyalibeba `bunebrivad~ xdeba – maTi CamoyaliebebisaTvis adamianebis ubralo erTobebi sakmarisia. politetaluri identobebis, maT arsebobi­sa da miRebis safuZvels ki politikuri gadawyvetile­bebi Tu formaluri da araformaluri ganaTlebisa da masmediis institucionaluri struqturebi warmoad­gens: eTnikuri identobebis CaTvliT, radgan eTnikuri identobis misaRebad saWiroa SeTanxmeba sazogadoebis konkretul jgufebs Soris da am Tanxmobis gamyareba misi wlebis ganmavlobaSi dacviT, rasac, Tundac ara­formaluri ganaTlebis sistema sWirdeba.

politetaluri identobis gaCenis Semdeg ideolo­gia iqceva identobad, anu trialdeba da isev `dgeba fexze~: erovnul ideologiaSi Cadebuli princi­pebis gaziarebisas didi socialuri jgufebis mier, ideuri konstruqti ukve aRar aris amotrialebuli asaxva socialuri realobisa (anu mxolod elitebis mcire jgufebSi arsebuli ideebis didi socialuri jgufebis sakuTrebad gamocxadeba), aramed arsebu­li socialuri realobis Sesabamisi asaxvaa: rodesac didi socialuri jgufebi marTlac arian erovnuli

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identobis matareblebi. xolo elitebis ideolo­gia – romelic efuZneba erovnul identobas, SeiZleba `masebSi arsebuli viTarebis~ piperbolizacias war­moadgendes (mag. faSisturi an teroristuli ideo­logia), magram mainc realur da ara amotrialebul amosavalze – mosaxleobaSi erovnuli identobis arse­bobis faqtze dgas.

Tuki identobebis warmoSobis istoriul process SevxedavT, SeiZleba SevimuSaoT hipoTeza, rom im war­sulis perspeqtivaSi, sadac Cveni kulturis istoriis Tvali swvdeba, societaluri identobebi mudmivia, politetaluri ki – SeZenili. amis safuZveli ki is saSualebebia, romlebiTac es identobebi mtkicdeba da dgindeba: ojaxur, socio­biologiur da klanur identobebs damatebiTi istoriuli instituciona­luri sxeulebi ar sWirdeba: am identobebis dadgena da miReba xdeba adamianTa mcire raodenobis erTma­neTTan urTierTobiT. maSin, rodesac erovnuli da eTnikuri identobebis dadgenas da didi jgufebis mier mis gaziarebas rTuli (rogorc insituciuri, aseve teqnologiuri) sistemebi sWirdeba. benediqt andersonma da gelnerma am sistemebis ori modusi aRweres: ganaTlebis sistema da masmedia. mxolod am oris saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli, erovnuli da eTni­kuri ideologia identobad – anu, farTo mosaxle­obisTvis TviTgansazRvris da TviTdadgenis, aseve sakuTari Tavisa da erTobis sxvebisagan gansxvavebis saSualebad da instrumentad iqces.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kacobriobis istoria societaluri da politetal­uri identobebis, anu identobaTa fenebis dagrovebis procesia da pirovnebis ganviTareba istoriul gan­viTarebasac asaxavs: identobebis dagroveba iwyeba ojaxis identobidan, da Cvens garemoSi mTavrdeba erovnuli identobis miRebiT. Tuki politetaluri

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identobis dadgena da gavrceleba damokidebulia formalur da araformalur ganaTlebis sistemaSi Cadebul Sinaarsze da sainformacio saSualebebze, Semdgomi, momavlis identobebi regionuli, glo­baluri da albaT msoflio identobebia. Tumca, am ukanasknelis dadgenisaTvis, Sesabamisi sainformacio sistemis arsebobis miuxedavad, ucxoebis arsebobis damtkiceba iqneba saWiro.

amdenad, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT identoba, rogorc Cveni, Cveni warsulis, kulturisa da momavlis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis kompleqsi, romlis Sexebis�dafarvis areals iqiT moxvedrili adamiani�movlena�artefaqti CvenTvis upirobod warmoadgens ucxos.

rogorc vnaxeT, erovnuli identobis warmoSo­ba SemTxveviTia – anu, mas TviTon ki ar moaqvs misi gavrcelebis saSualebebi, aramed politikuri da teqnologiuri procesebis Sedegad warmoSobil gavrcelebis saSualebebs iyenebs ideologiis iden­tobad qcevisaTvis.

aseve, cxadia, rom am gavrcelebis saSualebebis gaCenamde didi, anu politetaluri identoba, ar arse­bobda. ufro zustad, arsebobda mxolod misi Sinaarsi, elitis ideologiis saxiT.

amitom, sanam am hipoTezis Camoyalibebas davas­rulebT, kidev erTi kiTxva unda davsvaT: ramdenad aucilebeli da Seuqcevadia, rogorc istoriulad, aseve – faqtobrivad, Cvens garemoSi mxolod erovnu­lobis, rogorc politetaluri identobis dadgena? xom ar aris kidev raime Cvens garemoSi, rac SeiZleba gaxdes [an gaxda da ver vamCnevT] didi identoba? an xom ar aqvs raime konstruqts did politetalur idento­bad qcevis Tundac Teoriuli Sansi?

am kiTxvaze pasuxi zedapirze devs: Cven vlaparako­bdiT erovnulobaze, rogorc Sua saukuneebis eli­tis SesaZlebel ideologiaze. magram, Sua saukuneebSi

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iyo ideologia, romelic upirobod warmoadgenda yvela elitis ideologias (gansakuTrebiT Sua sau­kuneebis evropaSi). Sua saukuneebis erovnulobis ideologia mxolod am ideologiis kerZo SemTxvevad SeiZleba ganvixiloT. es ideologia aris religia. is, rom religia elitis ideologia iyo, ueWvelia da amas mravali istoriuli wyaro adasturebs. magram xom ar iyo amave dros religiuroba da religia didi iden­tobac?

im hipoTezidan gamomdinare, romlis Camoyali­bebasac axla vcdilob, Sua saukuneebSi didi iden­tobis arsebobis pirobebi ar iyo. anu, ar iyo arc formalizebuli, an Tundac araformaluri, magram institucionizebuli ganaTlebis sistema, romelic adamianTa did jgufebs moicavda da arc – masmedia, romelic erTianobisa da erTSi mTlianobis SegrZnebas gaaCenda. eklesiebis da sasuliero dawesebulebebis qseli emsaxureboda elitis gafarToebasa da mdgra­dobas, da ara didi identobis Seqmnas: anu, Sua sauku­neebSi eklesiis socialur­politikuri roli elitaSi ideologiis gavrceleba iyo da ara didi identobis Seqmna.

* * *meoce saukunis 70­iani wlebidan, mas Semdeg, rac

piter bergerma uari Tqva Tavis Tezaze kacobriobaSi da, gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebul qveynebSi religi­urobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb14, mkvlevrebma meti yur­adReba miaqcies Sua saukuneebis Seswavlas da gansa­kuTrebiT – am periodSi religiurobis rols15. daskv­na, romelic maTi kvlevidan gamomdinareobs, cxadad aCvenebs, rom mkvlevarTa da filosofosTa lamis orsaukunovani azri imis Sesaxeb, rom Sua saukuneebi iyo religiuri epoqa, sadac adamianebis identobas totalurad religia adgenda, iyo Secdoma da Cveni

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realobis parametrebis Sua saukuneebze gadatana16. Secdomis fesvebis kvleva, rac albaT volteramde da hegelamde migviyvans – im konstruqtebamde, romlebic maT daadgines (pirvelma – rwmenis epoqis damTavrebisa da gonebis epoqis dadgomis moTxovniT, xolo meorem – gonis safexurebis aRweriT da am safexurebis prin­cipuli erTgvarobis dadgeniT). am Secdomis yvelaze mkafio msxverpli benediqt andersonia, romelmac sakuTari Teoriis swori daskvna araswor safuZvel­ze – Sua saukuneebSi didi religiuri identobis arse­bobasac daayrdno17.

Tumca, es ukve sxva teqstis Temaa. CvenTvis am msj­elobidan saintereso isaa, rom religiis did idento­bad qceva emTxveva im periods, rodesac erovnuloba iqceva did identobad. sxva SesaZlebloba – gamxdari­yo politetaluri identoba – religias ubralod arasodes hqonda. sxvadasxva empiriuli kvlevebic18 adasturebs, rom msjeloba religiaze, rogorc politetalur identobaze, mxolod Cvens garemoSia SesaZlebeli da ara – warsulis romelime epoqaSi.

maSasadame, ganaTlebis institucionalizebuli sistemisa da globaluri sainformacio saSualebebis epoqis dadgomasTan erTad, Cven ori politetaluri identobis SesaZlebloba miviReT: erovnulisa da religiurisa. ratom es ori da ara sxva? – am kiTxvaze pasuxi martivia: is, rac SeiZleboda ganaTlebis siste­miT gavrcelebuliyo da masmediaSi mieRwia formali­zebisaTvis – anu, saxlmwifo ideologia am droisaTvis da dResac sul ori iyo – erovnuli da religiuri. anu, sul ori ideologia warmoadgenda elitebis poten­ciur da aqtualur identobebs. Sesabamisad, mxolod ori ideologia SeiZleboda qceuliyo politetalur, did identobad. zogierTi qveynis SemTxvevaSi es ori erTmaneTs emTxveoda, zogierTis SemTxvevaSi ki erT­maneTs ewinaamRdegeboda da elitas cnobieri an gauc­

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nobierebeli arCevanis winaSe ayenebda. aseve, unda aRiniSnos, rom Sua saukuneebSi SeiZleba

arsebuliyo elitis ideologia erovnulis gareSe, magram ar arsebobda da SeuZlebeli iyo yofiliyo erovnuli ideologia religiuris gareSe.

Sesabamisad, rodesac didi identobebis dro dadga, politikosebma daiwyes sakuTari ideolo­giis instalireba ganaTlebis sistemasa da masmedi­aSi. rTuli socialuri sistemebis (mag. imperiebis) SemTxvevaSi, paralelurad ramdenime ideologia SeiZleba gavrcelebuliyo. am SemTxvevaSi viRebdiT ideologiebis konkurencias, romlis mizanic iden­tobad qceva iyo. amitom, sruliad da gardauvlad istoriuladaa ganpirobebuli is, rom zog qveyanSi politetalur identobas religia warmoadgens, zogSi ki – erovnuloba. amitomacaa, rom bevrgan – magali­Tad, aRmosavleTis qveynebSi – religiis politeta­lur identobad qceva nacionalizmadaa aRqmuli. sinamdvileSi ki, es sxva araferia, Tu ara am sazoga­doebis struqturaSi – globalizaciis Tu raime sxva mizezis gamo – ganaTlebis formalizebuli sistemisa da masmediis instalaciis Sedegad – politetaluri identobis warmoSoba.

amitom, rogorc globalurad, aseve, lokalurad, politetaluri identobis epoqis dadgoma ar niS­navs avtomaturad nacionalizmis epoqis dadgomas. Zalian xSirad inteleqtualTa wreebSi nacional­izmi gamocxadebulia ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis produqtad, religiuloba ki – e.w. wina safexurze mdgomi sazogadoebis Sedegad. rogorc Cven mier Catarebuli kvleva da Camoyalibebuli hipoTeza aCvenebs, es kavSiri SemTxveviTia, da metic – far­dobiTad Zalian mokle xanSi nacionalizmi SeiZleba Seicvalos religiurobiT, da piriqiT – Tuki Sesabamisi politikuri gadwyvetileba miiReba da moi­

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Zebneba amisaTvis saWiro adamianuri da materialuri resursebi.

metic – religiurobis, erTi SexedviT, auxsneli zrda Tanamedrove ganviTarebul sazogadoebeb­Si19 swored politetaluri identobis cvlilebas miuTiTebs da am cvlilebis safuZveli am sazogadoe­bebis sainformacio saSualebebSi da formalur da araformalur ganaTlebis sistemebSi unda veZeboT. Tumca, esec kvlevis Temaa: SeiZleba religiurobis saxiT saqme ufro did politetalur identobasTan gvqondes, romelic qmnis ufro farTo identobas, vidre erovnulia. am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia momava­li regionuli da msoflio identobebis kerZo versiad religiuri identobac ganvixiloT. Tumca, vimeoreb, es calke kvlevis Temaa, da SesaZlebelia `ubralod~ erovnuli identobis religiuriT CanacvlebasTan gvqondes saqme. aseve, SesaZlebelia religiuroba societaluri identobis axal, aqamde ucnob moduss warmoadgendes.

* * *yovelive zemoTqmulis fonze cxadia, rodis moxda

qarTuli didi identobis warmoSoba. Cven SeiZleba sak­maod maRali xarisxis istoriuli sizustiT vTqvaT, rodis daiwyo did identobad qceva im ideologiam, romelic sakmaod ganviTarebuli da Camoyalibebuli iyo qarTul elitaSi. vfiqrob, am identobis gaCenis dasawyisi istoriul rukaze unda movxazoT mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi – pirveli qarTuli gazeTebis gamocemis periodSi. xolo ideologiis identobad gardaqmna pirdapir unda davukavSiroT wera­kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis daarsebasa da gaaqti­urebas. amdenad, wera­kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga­doeba marTlac iyo `qarTveli eris skola~20, oRond ara im azriT, rom qarTveli eris umravlesoba swavlob­

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da masSi, aramed im azriT, rom am skolidan gamovida qarTveli eri, anu, qarTveli eri daibada da aRizarda wera­kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi.

* * *magram kiTxva, romelic axla unda davsvaT, swored

am didi identobis Sinaarss exeba. ruseTis imperiis da sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi masmediiTa da ganaTlebis sistemis saSualebiT erovnuloba, rogorc didi politetaluri identoba, vrceldeboda da dgindebo­da, albaT, rogorc specifikuri eTnikuri identoba – sabWoTa erovnuli identobis gavrcelebis mouxeSav mcdelobebTan erTad. sabWoTa kavSiramde, ruseTis imperiis sasargeblod unda iTqvas – qarTuli war­moqmnadi identoba principSi harmoniaSi iyo rusul imperiul identobasTan – qarTuli elita mSvidad aRiqvamda ruseTis imperiis wevrobas – da sakuTari ideologiis eTnikur­politetalur identobad gardaqmnas cdilobda. sabWoTa kavSiris ganaTlebis sistema cdilobda igive gaemeorebina, rasac ruseTis imperia akeTebda, magram, sxvadasxva politikuri Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo, sabWoTa kavSiris ganmav­lobaSi qarTveli ganmanaTleblebis mier dawyebuli eTnikuri politetaluri identobis Seqmna gadaiqca erovnuli identobis Seqmnis procesad – sakuTari, erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis moTxovniT. amis mizezi iyo rogorc sabWoTa kavSirTan qarTuli inteleq­tualuri elitis kulturuli dapirispireba, aseve – ganaTlebis sistemaSi literaturisa da istoriis saswavlo gegmebis saxelmwifo kontrolis uneblie an ganzrax sisuste.

es moTxovna jer elitis ideologiad, xolo Semdeg – ganaTlebis sistemisa da masmediis gavliT, XX saukunis daaxloebiT 70­iani wlebis dasawyisi­dan – politetalur identobad gaformda. SeiZleba

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iTqvas, rom 80­iani wlebis bolos saqarTveloSi sab­olood damarcxda sabWoTa politetaluri identoba. amave dros, erovnuli identobis konstruqtSi nel­nela daiwyo Sesvla danaSaulebrivi samyaros kon­struqtebma, romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganviTa­rebul kanonieri qurdebis kults ukavSirdeboda da misgan gamomdinareobda.

dReisaTvis sakmaod Znelia, rame vTqvaT 80­iani wlebis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli erovnuli iden­tobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, imdroindeli presis da sxva beWdviTi gamocemebis analizis saSualebiT garkveuli rekonstruqcia mainc SesaZlebelia. erTi ram cxadia: 80­iani wlebis bolos qarTul nacionalur ideologi­aSi religiuri mTlianad eqvemdebareboda erovnuls: erTi mxriv, saeklesio ierarqebis sabWoTa uSiSroe­basTan aSkara kavSiris, xolo meore mxriv, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxridan religiisa da eklesiis Zlieri kontrolis gamo. amasTan, sabWoTa religiuri poli­tika struqturulad ekumenuri iyo da principulad uars ambobda, romelime religiis politetalur iden­tobad qcevisaTvis Seewyo xeli.

Semdegi sakiTxi, romelic unda davsvaT, exeba Cvens Tanamedrove politetalur identobas: sabWoTa kav­Siris dangrevis Semdeg politetaluri identobis danergvis teqnologia principulad xelmisawvdomi gaxda. es niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi religiur ideo­logiasac iseTive saSualebebi mieca gasavrcele­blad da identobad qcevisaTvis, rogoric es manamde erovnul ideologias hqonda. 2006 wels Catarebulma saqarTvelos sazogadoebis Rirebulebebis kvle­vam21 aCvena, rom gamokvleuli 39 Rirebulebidan da institutidan 2/3­is warmosaxviT konstruirebaSi saxelmwifosa da tradiciebis Rirebulebebis gver­diT Tanabrad monawileobs marTlmadideblobisa da religiurobis Rirebulebebi.

7�

es Rirebulebebi/institutebia: mTavroba, naTesaoba, ojaxi, parlamenti, patriotizmi, pi­rovnuli Tavisufleba, politikuri partiebi, policia, religiuroba, samarTlianoba, samSob­losaTvis Tavganwirva, sasamarTlo sistema, sasjelaRsrulebiTi sistema, saxelmwifo, skola, tradiciebi, universiteti, qaliSvilobis insti­tuti, qvelmoqmedeba, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, Sem­wynarebloba, adamianis uflebebi, aramarTl­madidebluri eklesiebi, axali teqnologiebi, bunebis dacva, ganaTlebis sistema, dasvenebis/garTobis SesaZlebloba, ekonomikuri sistema, Tavisufali asociaciebi/gaerTianebebi, Tavisu­fali seqsi, samuSao, kanonmdebloba, kanonmor­Cileba, kerZo biznesi, kerZo sakuTreba, koleq­tivizmi, kulturuli mravalferovneba, marTl­madidebeli eklesia, megobroba.

Sesabamisad, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qarTve­lebis politetalurma identobam cvlileba daiwyo 90­iani wlebis dasawyisSi da albaT am axali formis konstruireba damTavrebuli ar aris. gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ideologiis instalirebis da identobad qcevis ra instrumentebi gaaCnia saxelmwifos da ra – eklesias, Zneli ar iqneba davaskvnaT, rom dResdReo­biT eklesia igebs am konkurenciaSi da erovnulobas religiurobas uqvemdebarebs. Cvens garemoSi amis xuTi niSani arsebobs:

1. eklesiis SigniT umravlesobas Soris ideologiis Sesaxeb Tanxmoba;

2. xelisuflebaSi erovnuli ideologiis Camouya­libebloba;

3. eklesiis mier ideologiis identobad qcevis instrumetebis siZliere (eklesiebis maRali avto­riteti, eklesiebis mier warmoebuli araformaluri

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ganaTleba, saeklesio gamocemebi);4. saxelmwifos mier erovnuli ideologiis idento­

bad qcevis instrumentebis sisuste (skolebis dabali avtoriteti da saxelmZRvaneloebis Sinaarsi) da masSi monawile subieqtebis (maswavleblebis) upiratesad eklesiis institutebSi monawileoba;

5. sainformacio saSualebebis warmomadgenlebis (Jurnalistebis) umravlesobisa da eklesiebis princi­puli mokavSireoba, da saxelmwifos ideasTan dapiris­pirebuloba.

Cven Cveni politetaluri identobis istoriis sain­tereso safexurze vimyofebiT: jerjerobiT, cxadia, rom didi politetaluri identobisaTvis gamarTul konkurenciaSi religiuroba imarjvebs da iqvemde­barebs erovnuls. ra moxdeba uaxloes momavalSi, SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu ara erovnuli da religiuri ideologiebis dabalanseba, an kvlav erovnulis primati, amas momavali gviCvenebs: es bevr ramezea damokidebuli, upirveles yovlisa ki saxelmwifos mier warmarTul socialur da ganaTlebis politi­kaze.

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„saqarTvelo – aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis gzagasayarze“:

dRevandeli qarTvelebis TviTwarmodgenis da TviTprezentaciis istoria

is, rom saqarTvelo evropisa da aziis, gnebavT, evropuli da aziuri kulturebis gadakveTaze arse­bobs da amis gamo misi warsuli, awmyo da momavali gamorCeulia, dRes qarTul sazogadoebaSi (da ara marto) miRebuli da gavrcelebuli, eWvSeutaneli azria. am Temas eZRvneboda konferenciebi – ara marto saqarTveloSi (mag. 2009 wlis aprilSi – kolumbiis universitetSi), mzaddeba telegadacamebi (amas winaT Tvali movkari reklamaSi – laSa buRaZes, rati amaR­lobels da Tu ar vcdebi – gio axvledians moumza­debiaT e.w. „winandlis gadacema“ am Temaze), am Temas xSirad iyeneben ucxoeli „qarTvelologebi“. ram­denime xnis winaT swored zemoT xsenebuli kolum­biis universitetis konferenciisaTvis moxsenebis momzadeba momiwia. erTi xanoba vapirebdi, evropisa da aziis gadakveTis fenomenologias SevWidebodi, da saxeldaxelo Teoriac ki movamzade, romlis mixedvi­Tac evropa­aziis gadakveTa politikur­kulturuli cnebaa da ara geopolitikuri; rom am cnebis miyenebis areali, dasavleTis politikuri Rirebulebebisa da kulturis politikis gavrcelebasTan erTad, inacv­lebs aRmosavleTisaken. am miniTeoriis mixedviT, aRwera – „evropisa da aziis gadakveTaze yofna“ (an, gnebavT, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis) politikur­

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kulturuli indikatorebis kompleqsia da moZravia. XIX saukuneSi da XX­s dasawyisSi is saqarTvelosTvis adekvaturi aRwera iyo, manamde ki – axla rom evro­pis centralur nawils rom uwodeben, im qveynebis Sesabamisi. amjerad is azerbaijanis kuTvnili aRweraa da mosalodnelia, rom ramdenime xanSi isev gaiwios aRmosavleTisaken.

is iyo am Teoriis xorcSesxmas Sevudeqi, nacio­nal­socialistebis mxardamWeri erTi filosofo­sis rCeva/wesi gamaxsenda, yvelaze meti kiTxva imis mimarT unda daisvas, rac zedapirzea da viciT, rom TavisTavad cxadia.

pirveli kiTxva swored am aRweris, rogorc evro­pisa da aziis Tu evropuli da aziuri kulturebisa da cxovrebis wesebis gadakveTis mimarT gamiCnda: Tu es aRwera Sua saukuneebSic relevanturi iyo saqa­rTvelosaTvis, vinmes – ucxoel mogzaurs an saqa­rTvelos mkvidrs mainc – unda gamoeyenebina. Cemma xangrZlivma Ziebam saintereso Sedegi gamoiRo: arc erT ucxoel mogzaurs, arc erT qarTvel inteleq­tuals, arc Sua saukuneebSi da arc mere, XIX saukunis bolomde, es aRwera saqarTvelosaTvis ar miuyenebia. arc Sardens, arc kastels, arc lamberts, arc de grai de fuas, arc avitables, arc monperes, arc giulden­Stedts, arc marko polos da, bolos da bolos, arc aleqsandre diumas. mokled, arc erT ucxoel mogza­urs, romelic adreuli Sua saukuneebidan axal drom­de saqarTveloSi mogzaurobda, arc saqarTvelo da arc misi romelime kuTxe ar aRuweria „evropisa da aziis gadakveTis“ gamoyenebiT.

magram xom SeiZleba es aRwera yofiliyo ara mog­zaurebis, aramed, evropeli, aramogzauri inteleq­tualebis mier gamoyenebuli? im adamianebis, rom­lebic geografiiT iyvnen dainteresebulni da mog­zaurebis Canawerebze da maT mier Sedgenil rukeb­

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ze azrovnebdnen? am mimarTulebiTac igive Sedegi miviRe: magaliTad, imanuel kanti, romelic kioniqs­bergis universitetSi fizikur geografiaSi kiTxu­lobda leqciebs, saqarTvelos Sesaxeb wers qveTavSi, romelsac „TurqeTis azia“ (anu, CvenTvis ufro nac­nobi „wina azia“) hqvia22. ase rom, Tuki vlaparakobT warmoasaxviT saqarTveloze, rogori iyo is Sua sau­kuneebSi da axali drois dasawyisSi evropelebisa da qarTvelebis TvalSi, is aranairad ar iyo evropis da aziis gadakveTa da arc am gadakveTaze warmoSo­bili cxovrebis wesi da saxelmwifo. ra Tqma unda, jer kidev adreuli Sua saukuneebidan qarTuli saxelmwifos ideologia metyvelebda sakuTar Tavze, rogorc karibWeze da qristianobis bolo sayrdenze aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. magram, dameTanxmebiT, „sayrden­karibWidan“ „gadakveTaze warmoSobilamde“ sakmaod grZeli gzaa, spekulaciebiTa da aradamajere­blobiT aRsavse.

evropelebisaTvis saqarTvelo Sua saukuneebis da Semdgom periodSic iyo aRmosavleTi, an, ufro xSirad – wina azia. es ar aris gasakviri: Sua sauku­neebis evropis rukebi ucnaurad emTxveva civi omis­droindel centraluri evropis rukas da ar Seicavs ungrul, serbul da polonur teritoriebs23. isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom meore msoflio omis Semdeg germaneli inteleqtualebi germaniis Sesaxeb svamdnen misi evropisadmi Tu aziisadmi mikuTvnebu­lobis Sesaxeb kiTxvas da masze, rogorc evropisa da aziis gadakveTaze myof saxelmwifoze da aqedan gamom­dinare politikur Sedegebze saubrobdnen24.

bunebrivia, amis Semdeg marTebuli iqneba vikiTxoT rodis warmoiSva saqarTvelos, rogorc aRmosavle­Tisa da dasavleTis, anda – evropisa da aziis [kul­turebis] gzagasayarze/gadakveTaze mdgomis aRwera?

zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT pasuxis sami versia

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SeiZleba arsebobdes:1. es aRwera SeimuSaves qarTvelma inteleqtu­

alebma XIX­XX saukuneebis mijnaze. gansakuTrebiT – damoukideblobis mokle (1917­1921) periodSi. isini miznad isaxavdnen Zlieri saxelmwifo­eris identobis Seqmnas.

2. es aRwera SemoiRes sabWoTa kavSirSi, rogorc sabWoTa xelisuflebis proeqtis nawili, romelic amtkicebda sabWoTa kavSiris gansakuTrebulobas da gamorCeulobas yvelasgan da yvelafrisgan.

3. es aRwera warmoiSva sabWoTa saqarTveloSi, 70­ian wlebSi, Tanamedrove qarTuli erovnuli identobis Seqmnis procesSi.

ganvixiloT samive versia:

1. 1917-23 wlis versia:qarTvel inteleqtualebs Soris kamaTi qarTuli

identobis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi XIX­XX saukuneebis mijnaze daiwyo. am kamaTis dasawyisi emTxveva ruse­Tis imperiis Sidapolitikur da sagareo dasustebas. kamaTis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi saqarTvelos, rogorc konkretuli kulturisa da cnobierebis matarebeli xalxis erTobis mikuTvneblobis Sesaxeb iyo. es gasage­bicaa: ruseTis dasustebamde da misi daSlis safrTx­is realurad qcevamde ruseTisadmi politikuri da kulturuli kuTvnileba eWvs ar iwvevda. mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis imperiam rRveva daiwyo, qarTvelma moaz­rovneebma logikurad dasves SekiTxva, Tu „awi“ visTan mikuTvnebulad unda warmoedginaT sakuTari Tavi da qveyana.

isic unda iTqvas, rom es kamaTi ufro saqarTvelos momavlis, ganviTarebis gzis Sesaxeb mimdinareobda, vidre imis Sesaxeb, Tu warsulSi rani iyvnen da dRes ras warmoadgenen qarTvelebi. am diskusiaSi mTavari kiTxva iyo momavali ganviTarebis mamarTulebis

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Sesaxeb: saiT unda wasuliyo saqarTvelo – evropi­saken Tu aziisaken. evropis gzis „lideri“ geronti qiqoZe iyo, xolo aziis – vaxtang kotetiSvili. Zalian cota xma (maT Soris grigol robaqiZec) aRwerda saqa­rTvelos, rogorc kulturebis gadakveTas, am gada­kveTaze mdgoms da cdilobda amiT saqarTvelos gan­sakuTrebulobis dasabuTebas (ix. „evropa Tu azia“. gamomcemloba „literaturis matiane“. Tbilisi 1997). vfiqrob, am dros „gadakveTaze dgoma“ imitomac ar iyo popularuli idea, rom sakamaTo sakiTxi metad prag­matulad gamoiyureboda: ruseTis imperia qreboda da saqarTvelos identobis axali sayrdeni sWirdeboda. Semdeg, rodesac ruseTis imperia marTlac daiSala, saWiro iyo axali adgilis povna Tanamedrove samyaro­Si, romelic momavali identobis amosaval wertilad iqceoda. „gadakveTaze dgoma“ ki sul mcire momavlis gaurkveevlobas da or samyaros Soris mudmiv qanqars niSnavda, Tanac zedmetad iyo warsulze da warmoSo­baze orientirebuli da pragmatulad ver pasuxobda konkretul kiTxvas konkretuli momavlis Sesaxeb. maSin, rodesac evropisa da aziis mimarTulebebis momxreebs pragmatuli pasuxebic hqondaT da momav­lis met­naklebad Camoyalibebuli xedvac.

2. sabWoTa kavSiris gansakuTrebulobis Teoriis versia:

sabWoTa kavSiris gansakuTrebulobis Teoria Ziri­Tadad Seiqmna stalinis dros da misi mxardaWeriT. am Teoriis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo qarTuli renesan­sis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac evropuli renesansi saqarTveloSi daiwyo.

aranaklebi mniSvneloba sabWoTa gansakuTrebu­lobis TeoriaSi eniWeboda `evraziistvos“, romelic aRwerda ruseTs, rogorc orarsian qveyanas – sadac evropa da azia erTiandeboda. es erTianoba ki orive

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mxareze batonobis legitimacia iyo. es Teoria XIX sau­kuneSi Seiqmna rusi nacionalistebis mier da aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda sabWoTa ideologiaSi.

magram, „gadakveTaze myofoba“ arc erT – arc rene­sansis da arc „evraziistvos“ TeoriaSi ar iyo gamo­yenebuli. me amis kvali didi sabWoTa encikloediis verc erT gamocemaSi (sami gamocema – 30­ian, 50­ian da 70­ian wlebSi) ver vipove.

saqarTveloSi, gasabWoebamde da gasabWoebis Sem­degac, mxolod oriode qarTveli inteleqtuali (mag. nikolo miwiSvili, akaki papava) cdilobda „evra­ziistvo“ saqarTvelos aRweraSi gamoeyenebina, magram, rogorc Cans, maT verc amis adekvaturi gamoyeneba da verc mimdevrebis povna ver moaxerxes25.

3. wina saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi war-moSobis versia:

gasuli saukunis 70­ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris represiuli da ideologiuri meqanizmebis muSaoba mTeli rigi Sida Tu gare faqtorebis muSaobis gamo Sesustda. aman ki saSualeba misca qarTvel sabWoTa inteligencias daewyo fiqri qarTul kulturul identobaze (warsulze orientirebiT) da es nafiq­ri saskolo wignebsa da sauniversiteto leqciebSi gamoexata. mxolod am droidan xdeba „gadakveTisa“ da „gzagasayaris“ Teoria dominanturi saqarTvelos aRwerebSi. amas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli grigol robaqiZis Tavidan aRmoCenam qarTvel mkiTxvelebSi: am droisaTvis robaqiZis nawerebi (romelTa RerZic „gadakveTis“, „gzagasayaris“ „ori dapirispirebulis (evropisa da aziis) aq SeerTebis“ Teoria iyo) aqtiu­rad gavrcelda qarTvel sazogadoebaSi e.w. „samiz­datis“ meSveobiT. grigol robaqiZe upirobod miiRes da aRiqves, rogorc Zalian mniSvnelovani evropeli mwerali, da Sesabamisad, erT­erTi (Tu yvelaze ara)

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saukeTeso qarTveli mwerali. amitom, misi erT dros marginaluri Teoria „gzagasayaris/gzajvaredinis“ Sesaxeb qarTveli sabWoTa inteligenciis mier (Zalian mcire gamonaklisebiT) aseve upirobod iqna miRebuli, rogorc saqarTvelos „sulis“ erTaderTi WeSmariti aRwera. es aRwera imdenad gavrcelda, rom ukritikod SeaRwia qarTvelologebSic ki26.

Sesabamisad, es idea axali kulturuli nacional­izmis nawili gaxda da qarTvelebis gansakuTrebulo­bas daedo safuZvlad: saqarTvelo evropisa da aziis gadakveTis Sedegad warmoiSva – an zogi, radikaluri versiiT – es adgili safuZvlad udevs orives – evro­pasac da aziasac. am Teoriam Zalian male moipova pop­ularoba da TavisTavadi sicxade. Sedegad, saqarT­velos legitimuri kulturuli aRwera Camoyalibda, rogorc evropisa da aziis gzagasayarze warmoqmnili da amitom – gansakuTrebuli, mniSvnelovani da a.S. Sedegad, dRemde kiTxva „saqarTvelo – evropa Tu azia?“ ritorikulia da pasuxi cxadia – arc evropa da arc azia, aramed orive erTad da kidev raRac....

post-sabWoTa ganviTareba90­iani wlebis Semdeg qarTuli erovnuli identobis

am nawilma – „evropisa da aziis gzagasayarze da gada­kveTaze yofnam“ – nel­nela geopolitikur faqtorad daiwyo gardaqmna. am gardaqmnaSi mTavari roli edu­ard SevardnaZem Seasrula: mis winaSe sakmaod rTuli amocana iyo, sakuTari politikuri stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad erTsa da imave dros unda daemyare­bina kargi (an normaluri) urTierToba ruseTTan, aSS­sTan, qarTul sazogadoebasTan (yofil sabWoTa inteligenciasTan mainc). es yvelaferi unda ekeTebina romelime mxares aSkara gadaxris gareSe.

ar vici, ramdenad acnobierebda eduard SevardnaZe mis mier qarTuli identurobis kontrquciis gamoye­

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nebas (romelic, sxvaTa Soris, misi kompartiis cen­traluri mdivnobis periodSi Seiqmna), magram faqtia, rom swored misi miTiTebebiT moxda saqarTvelos, rogorc abreSumis gzis (warsuli) da navTobsadenebis gzis (momavali) prezentacia msoflio politikur scenaze.

am prezentaciam saqarTvelo gasagebi da misaRe­bi gaxada msoflio politikisaTvis, da SevardnaZis moklevadiani mizani – uzrunveleyo sakuTari poli­tikuri stabiluroba – Tundac teritoriebis dakar­gvis xarjze – Seasrula. SevardnaZis proeqti – eqcia gzagasayari­derefani­gzajvaredini geopolitikur mudmivad – warmatebiT ganxorcielda. gzagasayris, gzajvaredinis identoba uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeebis TviTwarmodgenas da warmodgenas sakuTari qveynis Sesaxeb, rogorc arc erT mxareze (arc evropa, arc azia) mdgaris, magram raRac Zalian mniSvnelovnis. amas SevardnaZem geopolitikuri aRwerac daumata, romelic identobis am Sinaarsis ekonomikur­poli­tikur ganzomilebas uzrunvelyofda. Sedegad, SevardnaZem, rogorc am sqemis avtorma da erTaderTma mcodnem, Tu rogor unda uzrunveleyo misi warmate­buloba, sakuTari politikuri stabiluroba karga xniT gainaRda.

marTalia, am identoba­geopolitikurma konstruq­ciam saqarTvelos teritoriebic daakargvina da demokratiisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzidanac aacdina, magram es qarTveli inteleqtualebisaTvis SeumCneveli darCa. piriqiT – SevardnaZis „gegma“ zus­tad „Cajda“ 70­ian wlebSi Seqmnil erovnuli iden­tobis SinaarsSi da amis Semdeg saqarTvelos poli­tikuri midrekileba derefnebis, milsadenebisa da gzagasayarebisaken Seuqcevadad iqca.

SevardnaZem moaxerxa, rom identobis konstruqcia geopolitikur mudmivad eqcia da amiT kidev ufro

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gaamyara 70­80­ian wlebSi Seqmnili gzagasayris, gze­bisa da kulturebis gadakveTis erovnuli identuro­bis Sinaarsi.

SevardnaZis Semdegmiuxedavad imisa, rom 2003 wlis Semdeg axalma admi­

nistraciam daiwyo SevardnaZis memkvidreobis uaryo­fa/cvlileba, misi mTavari memkvidreoba SeumCneveli darCa: gzisgadakveTis, kulturagadakveTis, gzajva­redinisa da kulturajvaredinis Teoria, rogorc qarTuli identurobisa da saqarTvelos geopoli­tikuri RerZi. es SeumCnevloba bunebrivicaa, radgan axlandeli xelisuflebis politikosebi swored im skolaSi dadiodnen, sadac qarTulma sabWoTa inteli­genciam da qarTvelma maswavleblebma am identoba­ze damyarebuli ganaTlebis Setana daiwyes. amitom, bunebrivia, rom isini aRiqvamen am identobas, rogorc erTaderT SesaZlebels.

axalma xelisuflebam moaxerxa SevardnaZis mem­kvidreobis zedapirze myofi problemebisagan mniS­vnelovanwilad ganTavisufleba (korufcia, ara­sistemuri ganviTareba da a.S.), magram politikuri moqmedebis RerZi isev SevardnaZiseuli geopoliti­kuri mudmivi da 80­iani wlebis identobis Sinaarsi darCa: saqarTvelos prezentacia adgilad, romelic idealuria ucxo biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis, imitom, rom aq iseTi xelisSemwyobi kanonebia, rogorc arsad, isev im identobis kultivirebaa, romelic SevardnaZis dros warmoiqmna: iseve, rogorc gazsadenisa da gza­gasayaris SemTxvevaSi, aqac orientacia ucxouri investiciisaTvis karg pirobebzea gakeTebuli. Tuki gazsadenebis SemTxvevaSi es piroba geografiulia, axali administraciis SemTxvevaSi amas sakanonmde­blo baza daemata. imis Tqma, rom am midgomas aranairi Sedegi ar aqvs, Sors aris rogorc saRi azrisagan,

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aseve saqmis realuri viTarebisagan. iseve, rogorc SevardnaZis baqo­jeihanis navTobsadenis SemTxvevaSi, sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebamac ekonomikuri zrda gamoiwvia. magram ekonomikuri zrdis es orive meTodi moklevadiania – orientirebulia drois mokle monakveTSi ekonomikuri zrdis miRebaze: orive SemTxvevaSi aqcenti amowurvad da fardobiT (politi­kurad da fizikurad) resursebzea gakeTebuli.

me ar vambob, rom romelime am meTodze uari unda iTqvas, magram eWvi mepareba am ori mimarTulebis RerZad dasaxvaSi. rogorc gazsadeni, aseve sainves­ticio garemo kargia, rogorc politikuri (es ukve vnaxeT) iaraRi da moklevadian perspeqtivaSi ekonomi­kis zrdis meTodi.

magram mgonia, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi erovnu­li identoba ufro codnisa da unarebis ganviTarebaze unda iyos damyarebuli, vidre garedan politikuri da ekonomikuri Cadinebebis molodinze. arada, cod­nisa da unarebis ganviTarebaze qveynis orientirebas, rogorc Cans, Cveni erovnuli identoba da geopoli­tikuri warmosaxva ewinaamRdegeba.

amitom vfiqrob, rom dRes Cveni mTavari problema Cveni erovnuli identobis Sinaarsisa da agebulebis gansazRvraa. Tuki davrCebiT maspinZlis, gziris, gzis momvlelis sqemaSi, saeWvoa, rom raime Rirseuli ganviTarebis molodini gvqondes. arada – es samwux­aro iqneba, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es identoba, romelic Cvens awmyos da momavals gansazRvravs, da romlis tyveobaSic varT, ara uxsovar dros, aramed sul raRac 20­30 wlis winaT Camogviyalibda. Tanac, imdroindeli sabWoTa xelsuflebis aqtiuri mona­wileobiT.

imdenad, ramdenadac qarTuli saxelmwifos Tanamed­rove profili axla yalibdeba, saxelmwifos moqmede­bebs mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena kidev SeuZliaT

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erovnuli identobis rekonstruirebaze. am bolo dromde Cveni ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo poli­tika kvlav Zveli identobis farglebSi trialebda. ara marto ucxouri investiciebisaTvis xelsayreli sainvesticio garemos Seqmna, aramed sazRvargareT swavlebazec mkafio biujeturi aqcentis gakeTebac isev da isev maspinZlobis, molodinisa da garemos Seqmnis, gzagasayarze yofnis identobis konstruq­ciaSi jdeba.

Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom am bolo dros xelisu­flebis sabiujeto aqcentis cvlileba da misi dain­tereseba Sida ekonomikuri procesebiTa da codnis ganviTarebiT imeds iZleva, rom sabolood mivalT im poziciamde, rom ekonomikis grZelvadiani ganvi­Tarebis piroba, Tundac saukeTeso da mdgradi sain­vesticio garemo, aris ganaTlebuli moqalaqeebi da maTi codnaze damyarebuli unarebi. xolo imisaTvis, rom es garemo Seiqmnas ramdenime wlis Semdeg, dRes unda daviwyoT zrunva. es ki aucileblad moaxdens Cveni identobis Sinaarsze Sesabamis gavlenas da Tavs davaRwevT im komikur, Zalian SemTxveviT faqtorebze damyarebul identobas, romlis tyveobaSic varT.

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SeniSvnebi:

1. am SemTxvevaSi `kodis~ cneba gamoiyeneba moqmede-bis an metyvelebis algoriTmis, winaswar mocemuli struquturis mniSvnelobiT.

2. am midgomis reprezentarorebi: giga zedania, levan RambaSiZe, gia nodia, gigi TevzaZe.

3. opozicia: `ruseTTan keTilmezobluri urTier-Tobis aRdgena~, `ganaTlebis sistemis damyareba erovnul tradiciebze~. xelisufleba: `natoSi gawev-rianeba~, `dasavleTSi integracia~, `investiciebis mozidva~. struqturulad es ufro msoflmxedvelo-bis safuZvlebia, vidre partiuli programebi.

4. ernst gelneri. erebi da nacionalizmi. Tbilisi. nekeri. 2004

5. benediqt andersoni. warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi. Tbilisi. ena da kultura. 2005.

6. entoni smiti. nacionalizmi. Teoria, ideologia, istoria. Tbilisi. qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso cen-tri. 2006

7. renani (Renan), keduri (Kedourie), seton-uotsoni (Seton-Watson) da sxvebi.

8. aq ar ganvixilav hobsbaumis Teorias (Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Combridge university Press. 1992), romelic principulad gelneris Teoriis dazustebaa.

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9. Sigmund Freud. Gesammelte Werke. Neunter Band. Totem und tabu. Fischer Tachenbuch Verlag. p. 190.

10. Sirmund Freud. Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics. Contributors: Sigmund Freud – author, A. A. Brill – transltr. Publisher: Moffat, Yard. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1918. Page Number: 260.

11. http://www.pseudology.org/Psyhology/Freid_TotemTaboo/index.htm. перевод М. Вульфа.

12. Richard Rorty. Solidarity, Contingency, Irony. Chicago University Press. 1995.

13. marqsi. ludvig foierbaxi da germanuli ideolo-gia. Tbilisi 1995.

14. Rodney Stark, “Secularization. R.I.P. – rest in pease~, in: Sociology of Religion. Fall 1999. p.13

15 David Martin, “Toward eliminating the concept of secu-larization~, in: G.Harmondworth (ed.), Penguin survey of the social sciences. Penguin Books. 1965.

16. William Swatos, Secularization theory: the course of a consept, in: Sociology of Religion. Fall 1999. p.2.

17. benediqt andersoni. warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi. Tbilisi. ena da kultura. 2005

18. William H. Swatos, Jr. and Loftur Reimar Gissurarson. Icelandic spiritualism. Mediumship and Modernity in Iceland. New brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 1997.

19. ibid: Swatos, `Secularization theory~; Martin,

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“Toward eliminating the concept of secularization`; Stark, Secularization~.

20. Oliver Reisner: Die Schule der Georgischen Nation: Eine sozialhistorische Untersuchung der nationalen Bewegung in Georgien am Beispiel der `Gesellschaft zur Verbreitung der Lese- und Schreibkunde unter den Georgiern~ (1850 – 1917). Reichert, Wiesbaden 2004.

21. qarTuli sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi. fondi `Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelo~. 2006 weli.

22. Kants Werke. Band IX. Physishe Geographie. Pp. 405-406. Leipzig. 1923

23. George H.T. Kimble “Geography in the middle ages~ London 1937

24. Jakob Kaiser und der zusammenbruch der Deutschen brueckenfunktion zwischen ost und west. in: Christian Hacke. Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutchland. Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, Berlin. 1997.

25. „evropa Tu azia“. gamomcemloba „literaturis matiane“. Tbilisi 1997.

26. Luigi Magarotto – „Georgia as a bridge between Europe and Asia. L’avanguardia a Tifliss~. Venice. 1982.

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