vitoria-gasteiz - 4paisaiaren hiri foroa foro ......the interior green belt towards an urban green...

The Interior Green BeltTowards an Urban Green Infrastructure in Vitoria-Gasteiz

FORO URBANO DE PAISAJELANDSCAPE URBAN FORUMPAISAIAREN HIRI FOROA4

VITORIA-GASTEIZ 2012

THE INTERIOR GREEN BELTTowards an Urban Green Infrastructure in Vitoria-GasteizWORKING DOCUMENT · MARCH 2012

COVER ILLUSTRATION: Berula erecta , a plant “in danger of ex�nc�on” found in the municipality of Vitoria-Gasteiz and included in the Basque Catalogue of Threatened Species. Seeds Bank of the Olarizu Botanical Gardens.

Environmental Studies Centre

Casa de la Dehesa de Olárizu01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz+34 945 162696

www.vitoria-gasteiz.org/ceac

1City Hall of Vitoria-Gasteiz

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ..........................................................................................

Components ..........................................................................................................................................Typologies ..............................................................................................................................................Func�ons and benefits ..........................................................................................................................Planning at different spa�al scales ........................................................................................................Support of the European Commission ..................................................................................................Relevant planning and management case studies ................................................................................

MULTIFUNCTION URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN VITORIA-GASTEIZ ........................

Forms of Water: aquifer, rivers and streams, lakes and wetlands, sewage network .............................Network of Green Belt Parks ................................................................................................................Urban Green layout ...............................................................................................................................Agricultural Belt .....................................................................................................................................Public Use: urban pathways, paths along the Green Belt and ecological i�neraries .............................Mobility Infrastructures .........................................................................................................................Interior Green Belt ................................................................................................................................

THE INTERIOR GREEN BELT OF VITORIA-GASTEIZNEW DESIGNS FOR NEW FUNCTIONS ..........................................................................

NORTH-SOUTH AXIS <W> Avenue .........................................................................................................EAST-WEST AXIS <N> Boulevard ............................................................................................................NORTH-SOUTH AXIS <E> Los Herran .....................................................................................................EAST-WEST AXIS <S> Railway .................................................................................................................

FIRST PILOT AXIS OF IMPLEMENTATION: GASTEIZ AVENUE – RIVER BATAN .....................................

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................

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1.11.21.31.41.51.6

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2.12.22.32.42.52.62.7

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INDEX

2 Environmental Studies CentreSalburua Ramsar Wetlands, Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz01


1.0 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

“Green infrastructure refers to forests, rivers, coastal zones, parks, eco-corridors and other natural or semi-natural features which cons�tute key elements for the provision of ecosistema services. Developing green infrastructure is key to maintaining a sustainable environment in which our economy and society can prosper. In par�cular it helps to adapt to climate change and contributes to the crea�on and proper management of ecological Networks”.

COM(2011) 17 finalCOMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN

PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS“Regional policy contribu�ng to sustainable growth in Europe 2020”. Brussels, 26.01.2011

“Green Infrastructure is the interconnected network of natural areas including some agricultural land, such as greenways, wetlands, parks, forest preserves and na�ve plant communi�es, and marine areas that naturally regulate storm flows, temperatures, flooding risk, and water, air and ecosystem quality”.

COM (2009) 147 finalWHITE PAPER. “Adap�ng to climate change: Towards a European framework for ac�on”. Brussels, 01.04.2009

“Green infrastructure is a network of mul�-func�onal green spaces, both new and exis�ng, both rural and urban, which supports the natural and ecological processes and is integral to the health and quality of life of sustainable communi�es”.

PLANNING POLICY STATEMENT 12 (PPS12)“Crea�ng strong safe and prosperous communi�es througn Local Spa�al Planning”. England, 2008

“Green Infrastructure is the natural life-support system, an interconnected network of waterways, wetlands, and woodlands, that support a range of species of flora and fauna, maintain natural ecological processes, sustain air and water resources and contribute to the health and quality of life of our communi�es and people”.

The Conserva�on Fund & USDA Forest Service, 2001-2004

CONCEPT

Green City, Clean Waters Project, Philadelphia Water Department

Eco-duct over the A60, the Netherlands

La Bassée SBPA Area, ParisRiver Wye, Natura 2000 in rural area, United Kingdom

Agricultural matrix, the Netherlands

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4 Environmental Studies Centre

The leaflet en�tled “Green Infrastructure”, published in June 2010 by the European commission, indicates the following poten�al components of a green infrastructure:

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Protected areas, such as Natura 2000 sites.

Healthy ecosystems and areas of high nature value outside protected areas such as floodplain areas, wetlands, coastal areas, natural forests, etc.

Natural landscape features such small water courses, forest patches, hedgerows which can act as eco-corridors or stepping stones for wildlife.

Areas where measures are implemented to improve the general ecological quality and permeability of the landscape.

Urban elements such as green parks, green walls and green roofs, pos�ng biodiversity and allowing for ecosystems to func�on and deliver their services by connec�ng urban, peri-urban and rural areas;

Features for climate change adapta�on and mi�ga�on, such as marshes, floodplain forests and bogs (for flood preven�on, water storage and CO2 intake).

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8.

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Restored habitat patches that have been created with specific species in mind eg to help expand the size of a protected area, increase foraging areas, breeding or res�ng for these species and assist in their migra�on/dispersal.

Ar�ficial features such as eco-ducts or eco-bridges, that are designed to assist species movement across insurmountable landscape barriers.

Mul�func�onal zones where land uses that help maintain or restore healthy biodiverse ecosystems are favoured over other incompa�ble ac�vi�es; these might refer, for example, to spaces in which agricultural, forestry, recrea�onal and nature conserva�on ac�vi�es coexist.

4.

5.

6.

RURAL, NATURAL SPHEREAgro-forestry matrix, Zumeltzu, Vitoria-Gasteiz

PERI-URBAN SPHEREFloodwater channels in River Zadorra, Vitoria-Gasteiz Green Belt

URBAN SPHEREGreen areas and urban parks connec�ng with Montes de Vitoria mountain range

1.1 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURECOMPONENTS

07 08 09


OTHER POTENTIAL SPACES

Public transport infrastructurePedestrian and cycle pathsOpen squares and public areas“Green” buildings

NATURAL SPACES

WoodsMeadows and uncul�vated landWetland areasRiver connectors: rivers and streams (hydrological network)Hedgerows and riversides

SEMI-NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SPACES

Agricultural areas/crop fieldsGreenways, eco-ducts and eco-bridgesPeri-urban parks

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Urban forestPublic parks and green areasPrivate green areas and inner courtyardsGreen sports areasFlood ponds and lakesRivers, streams and urban drainage systemsCommunity gardens and vegetable plotsCemeteriesGreen roofs, walls and facades

Santa Isabel Cemetery, Vitoria-GasteizGreen Roof, Chicago City Hall

Eco-duct, Munich

Green facade in residen�al building, Barcelona

Natural 2000 Network Spaces, Salburua, Vitoria-Gasteiz

River Corridor in Arcaya, Vitoria-Gasteiz

Green City, Clean Waters Project, Philadelphia

“Emerald Necklace” parks system, Boston

Storm pond, Greenwich Millennium Village, London

In order to make progress in the planning, design and management of a green infrastructure it is advisable to identify as precisely and with as much detail as possible the different kinds of spaces and elements that can form part of this. In this way, the generic spaces indicated by the European Commission can be broken down in accordance with the following typological division:

1.2GREEN INFRASTRUCTURETYPOLOGIES

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The green infrastructure helps us to maintain the valuable services provided by ecosystems.

1.3 GREEN INFRASTRUCTUREFUNCTIONS AND BENEFITS

IMPROVING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

Improving aesthe�c values.Increasing resources for sports and leisure pursuits.Increasing resources for contempla�on and spiritual well-being.Genera�ng resources for training and educa�on.Genera�ng community resources (involving ci�zens).Increasing the feeling of belonging and iden�ty.Urban agriculture and locally produced food.

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Retaining and filtering rainwater, Portland

ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Flood preven�on, regula�ng rainwater run-off.Reducing risks deriving from flooding, floodwater regula�on.Increasing aquifer recharge water.Thermal regula�on and reduc�on of urban heat islands.Improving ecological permeability - movement and refuge of species - in the case of extreme weather condi�ons by crea�ng ecological networks.

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2.

3. 4.

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MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE

Increasing carbon sequestra�on (sink effect).Reducing carbon emissions from motor vehicles by increasing public transport infrastructures and sustainable mobility (pathways, bicycle lanes, etc.).Genera�ng renewable energy sources (“green buildings”).Reducing energy consump�on (clima�c hea�ng by means of urban forest, green facades, bioclima�c construc�on).

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IMPROVING BIODIVERSITY

Maintenance, protec�on and enhancement of natural habitats, wildlife and biodiversity.Increasing biocapacity.

IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Improving air quality.Improving water quality (water treatment).Reducing noise levels.Improving and maintaining agricultural land values (increasing soil fer�lity).Controlling soil erosion.

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Separa�on of floodwaters from the river Zadorra, Vitoria-Gasteiz

Floodwater channels in the river Zadorra, mul�func�on spaces, Vitoria-Gasteiz

Network of bicycle lanes and public transport, Vitoria-Gasteiz

Rain garden, Wissahickon Charter School, Philadelphia

Salburua Ramsar Wetland, Vitoria-Gasteiz

Urban paths and wooded walkways, Vitoria-Gasteiz

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CEA


27REGIONAL SCALEAt a regional scale, the network of protected spaces does not guarantee the necessary ecological connec�vity of the region as a whole. For this reason, the landscape scale is advocated more and more for the design of func�onal ecological networks.

At this scale, the Green infrastructure is conceived as a regional system that includes spaces with environmental, landscape and heritage values, as well as the necessary connec�ons to maintain the basic ecological processes of the region.

Natural Protected Spaces NetworkConnec�ng ecological corridorsProtected LandscapesMajor routes providing access to natural spacesNetworks of Greenways

Func�onal ecological network around the Upland Ring, Bioregion of Central Alava.

Structuring a Green Infrastructure system or network requires regional planning and management strategies at different spa�al scales.

1.4 GREEN INFRASTRUCTUREPLANNING AT DIFFERENT SPATIAL SCALES

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INTERNATIONAL SCALEA number of transna�onal strategies work in order to recover ecological connec�vity processes through the defini�on of large ecological corridors.

At a European level, the Pan-European Ecological Network a�empts to advance towards spa�al ecological connec�vity at different scales and in different ambits (not only terrestrial) in regional and sector planning policies.

Large Biodiversity Corridors Planning StrategiesEuropean Natura 2000 NetworkLarge mountain ranges Pan-European Ecological Network

“Basque Threshold” in the Great Mountain Corridor of the Cantabria - Pyrenees - French Massif Central - Western Alps, Mountain Corridors Ini�a�ve of IUCN.

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LOCAL SCALEThe local scale allows us to iden�fy all the natural elements of the landscape required to shape a stable, green infrastructure, both singular elements and any element that provides a landscape with a special and differen�ated nature. Rivers and streams, as ecological corridors par excellence, as well as any other form of water, represent an essen�al part of the green infrastructure. Agricultural landscapes are also of special relevance due to the complexity of their structure, defined by the diversity of the elements that make up their mosaic (hedgerows, stone walls, gallery forests, hedges, isolated trees, crop fields, etc.).

The local scale also allows us to iden�fy semi-natural and ar�ficial elements, closer to the urban and city district scale, with the poten�al of forming part of the green infrastructure. At this scale, urban green elements are of great importance and connec�ons between urban spaces are being promoted - streets, squares, parks and gardens-, and peri-urban, natural and cultural spaces, through so� connec�ons and non-motorised transport systems.

REGIONAL SPHEREProtected Landscapes and Natural SpacesEcological corridorsHydrological networksAgricultural-rural spacesGreenways

Network of Green I�neraries of Alava

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PERI-URBAN LEVEL SPHEREPeri-urban parksAccess tracks and pathwaysWoodsHedgerowsMeadowsPasturesAgricultural areasWetlandsRiversStreams

Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz

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URBAN LEVEL SPHEREParks and green areasUrban forestGreen sports areasPondsRivers and streamsCommunity vegetable plotsInner courtyardsCemeteriesGreen roofs and facadesWalkways and bicycle lanes

Ecological corridors connec�ng the city with the Montes de Vitoria mountain range

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*COM(2011) 244 finalCOMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS“Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020”Brussels, May 3, 2011

1.5 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURESUPPORT OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION

The biodiversity policy of the European Union, defined in the Biodiversity Strategy published in May 2011*, aims at “reversing biodiversity loss and speeding up the EU’s transi�on towards a resource efficient and green economy biodiversity.”

By 2020, the main object set out in the strategy is “hal�ng the loss of biodiversity and the degrada�on of ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, and restoring them in so far as feasible, while stepping up the EU contribu�on to aver�ng global biodiversity loss.”

In order to illustrate this main objec�ve, the strategy establishes 6 specific aims and 20 specific ac�ons, the most outstanding of which is its support for the crea�on of green infrastructures. These are the exact words of the strategy:

TARGET 2: By 2020, ecosystems and their services are maintained and enhanced by establishing green infrastructure and restoring at least 15 % of degraded ecosystems.

Ac�on 6: Set priori�es to restore and promote the use of green infrastructure.

6b) The Commission will develop a Green Infrastructure Strategy by 2012 to promotethe deployment of green infrastructure in the EU in urban and rural areas, includingthrough incen�ves to encourage up-front investments in green infrastructure projectsand the maintenance of ecosystem services, for example through be�er targeted useof EU funding streams and Public Private Partnerships.

Today, the European Commission is preparing a strategy for a green infrastructure in Europe. This will be ready by the end of 2012.


1.6GREEN INFRASTRUCTURERELEVANT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES

THE BLUE AND GREEN NETWORK OF BRUSSELS www.ibgebim.be

Brussels has a regional plan for the development of a green and blue network in its region. The Green Network project sets out to improve the spa�al distribu�on of the natural spaces and to protect and develop the con�nui�es between them in order to form a network of connected and func�onal green spaces both from the ecological and social point of view.

The Blue Network project aims to ensure the con�nuity of the surface hydrological network and the quality of the water in rivers, lakes and wetlands. It sets out to recover the hydrological heritage of the city and its hydrological, social and ecological func�on. For this purpose, they have carried out a large number of ac�ons aimed at restoring wetlands, the crea�on of walkways along rivers, the ac�ve ecological management of ponds and lakes, etc.

In prac�ce, many of the green and blue connec�ons already exist; among these, tree-lined avenues, railway corridors, riversides, etc. Others are being recovered gradually. The Green Network project includes the transforma�on of empty spaces into green areas, especially in the urban areas where these are par�cularly lacking, and establishes that new urban projects both in the public and private domain must incorporate naturalisa�on measures such as the plan�ng of woodlands next to roadways, the crea�on of new green spaces and gardens, the greening of roofs and facades, etc. The aim is to ensure that every inhabitant has a green space near his place of residence or workplace that responds to his needs for relaxa�on, enjoying nature, leisure, playing areas, walking areas, etc.

THE GREEN NETWORK OF HAMBURG www.hamburg.de/gruenesnetz/

Since 2004, Hamburg, the former European Green Capital, has had a Landscape Plan which defines the basis of a Green Network consis�ng of two Belts and known as “GrünesNetzHamburg”. The first Belt is located on the outskirts of the historic city, converted into parks and green corridors. Being the heart of this great system, it connects, in turn, the central lake with the second Belt via radial axes of city-countryside rela�on. The second Belt, with a perimeter of 90 km, consists of parks, woods, crop fields and public spaces with a high level of ecological and landscape quality, and acts as a buffer between the consolidated city and the new areas of urban expansion.


CHICAGO WILDERNESSGREEN INFRASTRUCTURE VISION: “FROM ROOFTOP TO REGION”h�p://www.chicagowilderness.org/GIV.php

The mosaic of natural areas in the Chicago region, including woodland, meadows, wetlands, lakes and rivers, make up the “greening” and contribute to cleaning the air and water, controlling flood waters and genera�ng opportuni�es for leisure and a knowledge of the natural milieu.

The future vision for the Chicago Green Infrastructure iden�fies and reserves a 1.8 million acre area for restora�on and protec�on, which represents approximately a third of the total surface area of the region. This does not only involve a land acquisi�on strategy, but also represents an appeal to the public to reflect upon the environmental, social and economic advantages and benefits involved in living in and between natural areas.

EAST LONDON GREEN GRID AND ALL LONDON GREEN GRID h�p://www.london.gov.uk/publica�on/all-london-green-grid-spg

The approach of the London Green Grid (All London) offers a strategic framework for the crea�on, maintenance, enhancement and management of a high quality Green Infrastructure.

The Green Grid will consist of a network of quality, mul�func�onal green spaces connected together and with a popula�on centres, public transport nodes, the countryside, the outskirts, the River Thames, and the main residen�al and ac�vity areas.

The aim of the ini�a�ve is to turn the capital into a more a�rac�ve city, sustainable and prosperous thanks to social, environmental and even economic services and benefits. These include adap�ng to climate change, reducing environmental hazards, improving the environmental quality of the city and promo�ng walking and cycling.

The East London Green Grid is being developed through six areas of ac�on, in accordance with administra�ve and natural divisions, each one of which coordinates the implementa�on of a series of projects that pay special a�en�on to the regenera�on of nature and adapta�on to climate change.


PORTLAND, GREY TO GREEN INFRASTRUCTUREh�p://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=47203

The city of Portland began its “Grey to Green” ini�a�ve in 2008, using “green” techniques which simulate natural systems in order to manage storm waters, protect and restore aqua�c ecosystems and improve the situa�on of its hydrographical basins. Portland has also ini�ated a number of other projects that also reduce energy consump�on, improve air quality, habitability and health.

The investment in Green Infrastructure is improving the quality of the city’s districts, rivers and streams and is contribu�ng to efforts to adapt to climate change.

BERLINBIOTOPE AREA FACTOR h�p://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/landscha�splanung/bff/index_en.shtml

Berlin has developed a strategy to reduce the environmental impact arising from urban development (soil sealing, a reduc�on in the recharging of aquifers as a consequence of the rapid evacua�on of run-off water and sewage systems, a loss of humidity and excess heat and a reduc�on in fauna and flora habitats).

The so-called Biotope Area Factor (BAF) is a system that a�empts to offset the deficits and impacts associated with urban development and which forms part of and is supported by the strategic approach exis�ng in the city to maintain and improve the Berlin Green Infrastructure.

The BAF establishes regula�ons according to which all building projects must allocate a certain propor�on of the area or plot built on or developed to an “ecologically effec�ve” area, either by placing vegeta�on or by developing other ecosystem func�ons. In this way, it allows the specifica�on and standardisa�on of environmental aims to improve the quality of air, maintain the produc�vity of the land, improve and create habitats for flora and fauna and improve the residen�al environment.

It is applied to urban residen�al, commercial and infrastructure developments and is expressed as the propor�on of ecologically effec�ve land over the total area being developed. In this way, all new building or refurbishing work must include a propor�on of ecologically effec�ve land.

In order to comply with this requirement, several typologies of ecological land or elements are combined with different values in accordance with their effect on evapotranspira�on, permeability, possibility of storing rainwater, their func�onality as a habitat for flora and fauna, etc.


THE GREEN BELTS OF COLOGNE www.regio-gruen.dewww.regionale2010.dewww.koelner-gruen.de

The city of Cologne has two green belts: one urban green belt integrated within the city and another on its outskirts. There is a strategy to connect these belts with large natural systems at a regional level, crea�ng a func�onal network of green systems. This strategy has been developed through the Regionale 2010 programme, which is being developed at this �me.

THE ONTARIO GREENBELTh�p://www.greenbelt.ca/h�p://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page187.aspx

The Ontario Green Belt is one of the most recent and largest of its kind in the world. Launched in 2005 with the aim of preserving the highest quality agricultural land in Canada, it also includes the most valuable natural resources of the region and its most significant landscapes. The Green Belt houses a large number of rural communi�es commi�ed to a broad array of economic ac�vi�es linked to the natural milieu.

This form of legal protec�on represents one of the priority strategies of the government to control the growth of the extensive metropolitan area of Toronto and to control the heavy demand for urban development. The aim is to promote a sustainable, green economy based on the protec�on of the environment, on local produc�on and the crea�on of prosperous communi�es.

Today, there are a number of new proposals from local producers for expanding the Green Belt. Urban areas are, in turn, developing plans to connect the Green Belt with Lake Ontario in the form of radial corridors that favour the ecological restora�on of an important hydrological network and generate excellent opportuni�es for urban renova�on with environmental criteria.

THE OTTAWA GREENBELT h�p://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/planning/master-plans/greenbelt-master-plan

Jacques Gréber’s 1950 Plan for O�awa launched, for the first �me, a proposal for a green belt as the symbol of the Canadian capital. Since then, the Na�onal Capital Commission has been responsible for acquiring land with na�onal funds to preserve the major ecological reserves situated around the city, as well as to control its urban growth. This courageous promo�on of public management has remained in force over the years, but not without s�ff resistance.

Following the dra�ing of the Green Belt Master Plan in 1996, a review process began. This will allow the consolida�on of this protec�on policy, including procedures for its use and management for the next 50 years.


STOCKHOLM GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN h�p://www.tmr.sll.se/

The current Plan for the city of Stockholm envisages great efforts to strengthen an integrated urban green structure both in consolidated and new expanding areas. The loca�on of the la�er has been studied carefully in order to re-u�lise abandoned industrial areas on the outskirts of the city. The result of major restora�on work, the new districts have been designed to incorporate energy efficiency, biocapacity, biodiversity and resilience criteria.

The green structure of Stockholm began in the heart of the city, designated a Na�onal Urban Park, and extends at a regional level through a network of green corridors that integrate ecological, heritage, landscape and environmental values. This strategy is combined with other, more urban strategies such as the iden�fica�on of biotope and sociotope areas, with the aim of bringing the popula�on close to nature.

Other ci�es such as NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA and HELSINKI are drawing up plans and strategies for the development and implementa�on of an urban green infrastructure.

16 Environmental Studies CentreSalburua Ramsar Wetlands, Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz35


2.0 MULTIFUNCTION URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

IN VITORIA-GASTEIZ

FORMS OF WATER: AQUIFER, RIVERS AND STREAMS, LAKES AND WETLANDS, SEWAGE NETWORK NETWORK OF GREEN BELT PARKS

GREEN URBAN LAYOUTAGRICULTURE BELT

PUBLIC USE: URBAN PATHWAYS, WALKS ALONG THE GREEN BELT AND ECOLOGICAL ITINERARIESMOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURES

INTERIOR GREEN BELT

The city and the peri-urban environment of Vitoria-Gasteiz have a large number of spaces and elements of different types, which, adequately connected and interrelated, can ar�culate a veritable urban green infrastructure.

A detailed examina�on of the situa�on, conserva�on status and poten�ality of each one of the exis�ng spaces and elements will allow us to iden�fy the necessary ac�ons to improve their func�onality and to determine the advisability of incorpora�ng new elements in order to configure an authen�c green infrastructure.


restora�on of the river Zadorra, the environmental condi�oning of rivers within the urban environment or the construc�on of a storm tank to collect excess amounts of water, thereby preven�ng network overloads and the dumping of untreated wastewater into the river Zadorra, etc.

Other forms of water within the urban and peri-urban area are ponds and small lakes, lagoons and wetlands, which in addi�on to improving biodiversity and naturalis�c wealth, are of great relevance in the control of the hydrological cycle. In the specific case of the Salburua wetlands, there has also been a major improvement in the quality of the water from the aquifer on which they lie.

IMPROVEMENT ACTIONS �POTENTIALITY�Today, new ac�ons are being proposed to improve hydraulic opera�ons and to restore the natural dynamics of the river courses in the urban and peri-urban environment of Vitoria-Gasteiz. These include proposals to con�nue diver�ng the flows of the rivers situated to the south of the city to abandoned gravel pits and other degraded spaces, which would operate as flood separa�on surfaces and would, at the same �me, supply small streams. This ac�on would allow, on the one hand, a minimisa�on of the flow of river water into the sewage treatment network of the city, create new wetland areas in the green belt and restore natural river beds to some extent.

Within the urban environment, there are also plans to recover, improve and landscape a number of river courses with the aim of favouring their func�on as ecological corridors.

At the same �me, it would be advisable to install sustainable urban drainage systems to increase the permeability of the land and the water infiltra�on capacity as an aid to manage rainwater more efficiently and to reduce run-off through measures such as filter strips, drainage ditches, reten�on ponds or infiltra�on tanks.

2.1 MULTIFUNCTION URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN VITORIA-GASTEIZAQUIFER, RIVERS AND STREAMS, LAKES AND WETLANDS, SEWAGE NETWORK

SITUATION AND CONSERVATION STATUS�FUNCTIONALITY�A large part of the municipality lies over the Quaternary Aquifer of Vitoria, a large reserve of underground water of around 450 million litres, of great poten�ality as a supply source. Today, it is scarcely used except for agricultural use and for irriga�ng parks and gardens, and it is highly contaminated by nitrates from agricultural ac�vi�es.

The surface water system is formed by a dense grid of rivers and streams that flow into the river Zadorra, the main river of the area known as the Llanada Alavesa which crosses the city from east to west, forming its northern boundary. The situa�on of these rivers and streams is rather precarious due to the degrada�on of their banks and riversides due to agricultural prac�ces and urban occupa�ons and others.

Especially problema�c is the situa�on of the rivers to the south. Rivers such as the Santo Tomás, Errekaleor, Zapardiel, Batán, Esquibel, which, un�l just a few decades ago, connected the Montes de Vitoria mountain range with the river Zadorra, were embedded where they entered the city and became collectors of the sewage treatment network. In addi�on to the total loss of ecological and social func�onality, their transforma�on into collectors also generated addi�onal problems especially during �mes of heavy rainfall, such as flooding in the new urban areas adjacent to embedding points and the overloading of the network and sewage treatment plant, leading to the need to purify rela�vely clean water and dumping untreated wastewater with a high contaminant load directly into the river Zadorra.

Over recent years, a number of ac�ons have been taken to avoid flooding, to improve the quality and quan�ty of the water resource and of aqua�c systems, and ac�ons to bring about overall improvements in the sewage treatment network. Among these, the diversion of the rivers Santo Tomás and Errekaleor, associated with the recovery of the natural wetlands of Salburua, the hydraulic improvement and environmental

Channelling of floodwaters from the river Zadorra

Salburua wetlands

Balsas wetlands River Zadorra

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AQUIFER

RESERVOIRS, LAKES AND WETLANDS

NEW LAKES

RIVERS AND STREAMS

NEW DEVIATIONS

SEWAGE NETWORK


With regard to the urban green system, the role of the Green Belt is of vital importance as it allows the natural milieu to permeate towards the city and from the city towards the countryside, establishing reciprocal rela�ons that give the en�re ecological system a sense of con�nuity.

In spite of the large number of ac�ons that are being carried out to improve the ecology and to promote the social use of the Green Belt, there are s�ll some degraded areas and the system of ecological connec�ons that link a number of spaces with others is s�ll to be completed.

IMPROVEMENT ACTIONS �POTENTIALITY�Improving the ecological connec�ons between parks, those associated with rivers, hedgerows and other elements of the peri-urban landscape, and improving the accessibility condi�ons from the city to a number of points of the Green Belt and with the mountainous areas nearby, will help us to reinforce the ecological connec�vity of the Green Belt and therefore its status as an ecological corridor.

The annexa�on of new spaces to the Green Belt, be these urban or rural, would be a good way of strengthening its importance and poten�ality as an ecological corridor.

Likewise, by avoiding non-compa�ble uses with the enhancement and conserva�on of biodiversity in the Green Belt and by controlling its use by the public, will prevent this from becoming just another municipal installa�on of the city, contribu�ng to its ecological func�onality.

SITUATION AND CONSERVATION STATUS �FUNCTIONALITY�The protec�on and improvement of biodiversity and landscape, flood preven�on within the city centre and its contribu�on to controlling the hydrological cycle, leisure and recrea�on in contact with nature or the promo�on of environmental educa�on are some of the many func�ons and ecosystem services provided by the Green Belt parks.

From the urban planning viewpoint, the crea�on and consolida�on of the Green Belt has represented, in addi�on to restric�ng the expansion of the city, a constraint for the urban design of the most sensi�ve areas of contact.

However, beyond these func�ons, the true poten�ality of the Green Belt lies in the fact that it is in itself a truly green infrastructure, of great importance in the ecological system of the territory, both at a local and supra-municipal scale. Its loca�on and circular shape and the fact that it is made up of a set of natural systems connected by means of eco-recrea�onal corridors, guarantee the ecological connec�on between two of the main natural spaces of the municipality: the Montes de Vitoria mountain range, to the south, and the river Zadorra to the north.

The Montes de Vitoria mountain range also forms part of a broader green system that con�nues towards the east through the Montes de Iturrieta and the Sierra de Entzia mountain ranges, where they enter the province of Navarre via the Urbasa and Andía mountain ranges. The river Zadorra is an important ecological corridor and link between the Llanada Alavesa plains and the Ebro Valley. In this context, the Green Belt therefore plays a relevant part within a green infrastructure system at a supra-municipal level.

2.2 MULTIFUNCTION URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN VITORIA-GASTEIZNETWORK OF GREEN BELT PARKS

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WOODLAND

SCRUBLAND

MEADOWS

CROP FIELDS

HORTICULTURAL GARDENS

PUBLIC FACILITIES

LAKES AND WETLANDS

RIVERS AND STREAMS

NEW DEVIATIONS


SITUATION AND CONSERVATION STATUS�FUNCTIONALITY�The urban green layout -consis�ng of the network of gardens, parks, other green areas (sports, cemeteries, inner courtyards), boulevards and tree-lined walkways- extends throughout the city and covers an area of some 400 ha, roughly 14 m2 per inhabitant, one of the highest rates in Spain.

The urban green spaces are of different shapes and sizes (in general, the crea�on of excessively large green areas has been avoided) and they are distributed evenly throughout the city. As a result, virtually 100% of the popula�on lives within 300 m of open public areas and green spaces.

These areas represent a unique and complex urban biodiversity resource, with more than 50,000 units that include up to 381 different species of trees and bushes and 12,160 shrubs. The streets of the city are lined with more than 130,000 trees of 150 different species.

In addi�on to their merely aesthe�c func�ons and those rela�ng to the recrea�onal use of the popula�on, our green urban spaces play a fundamental role in warming the urban climate and improving comfort, reducing contamina�on, preven�ng climate change (due to the sink effect), increasing the infiltra�on capacity of the soil and, as a consequence of all these factors, improving urban biocapacity.

IMPROVEMENT ACTIONS �POTENTIALITY�In order to maximise the aforemen�oned func�ons, when designing and managing these green areas it is necessary to take into account the local climate, the urban microclimate and the environmental and social condi�ons of the milieu -noise, atmospheric contamina�on, and so on- in order to incorporate species adapted to this environment and to reduce maintenance requirements and costs to a minimum, to bring about substan�al reduc�ons in water consump�on and reuse plant waste such as compost.

A combina�on of several elements such as gardens, parks and small, gardened squares, avenues and tree-lined streets, green facades and ver�cal gardens may be used, combining more conven�onal gardening techniques with others based on forestry criteria.

Likewise, a progressive naturalisa�on of urban green spaces is proposed (especially large parks) through the incorpora�on of na�ve plant species and the elimina�on of biocide and phytocide treatments.

The aim of the green urban layout is to create a balanced system of green spaces, of different sizes and typologies that introduces green networks at a scale of the city and its individual districts and incorporates plant elements in public spaces favouring access to our ci�zens, which connects the different green areas to each other and with the peri-urban green areas in an ecological manner, which promote biodiversity and a�ract birdlife.

In this sense, tree-lined streets act as poten�al corridors as they improve the connec�vity of the urban ecosystem. They maintain a high diversity of trees and an adequate density of treeplan�ng reinforces the poten�al connec�vity and contributes to improving the biodiversity of the city.

In addi�on to public parks and gardens, it is necessary to consider the large number of private green spaces which exist in the city and especially the building plots, areas of open land and unused industrial spaces, on which it is possible to act in order to restore their biological func�on. An alterna�ve to the spaces is to transform these into urban hor�cultural gardens or community gardens. These alterna�ves combine the naturalisa�on of these spaces with social use.

It is also possible to act even on the impermeable ground of streets, squares, roads and buildings. Terrace roofs covered with vegeta�on that allow rainwater to be collected, green walls, permeable pavements, and so on. These are some of the systems that allow the re-naturalisa�on of urban spaces.

2.3 MULTIFUNCTION URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN VITORIA-GASTEIZURBAN GREEN LAYOUT

Arriaga Park

Mediaeval alleyways, Mediaeval Quarter

Florida Park Santa Isabel Cemetery

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URBAN GREEN LAYOUT: Parks, Gardens, Cemeteries, Green Areas, etc

WOODLAND

SCRUBLAND

MEADOWS

CROP FIELDS


PUBLIC FACILITIES

LAKES AND WETLANDS

RIVERS AND STREAMS

NEW DEVIATIONS


SITUATION AND CONSERVATION STATUS�FUNCTIONALITY�The agricultural land that extends between the urban/peri-urban milieu and the mountainous areas, occupies 58% of the municipal surface area and in general is of high agrological value. It includes 64 small popula�on centres with a markedly rural nature.

The municipal rural landscape is extremely simplified due to the intense process of industrialisa�on which the agricultural sector has undergone in recent years and which has led to the virtual disappearance of hedgerows, riversides and a large part of the wooded areas of the Llanada Alavesa plains, leading to a substan�al reduc�on in the biodiversity associated with these ecological corridors, in addi�on to problems of river and aquifer contamina�on.

2.4 MULTIFUNCTION URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN VITORIA-GASTEIZAGRICULTURAL BELT

IMPROVEMENT ACTIONS �POTENTIALITY�The conserva�on, improvement and connec�on of small remnants of natural vegeta�on sca�ered throughout the agricultural matrix (including the valuable island woods, witnesses to the extensive oak woods that once covered the Llanada Alavesa plains) is essen�al in order to restore the ecological connec�vity between the Green Belt and the mountains and in order to ar�culate a stable green infrastructure by increasing biodiversity, improving the quality of the rural landscape and the fer�lity of agricultural land.

On the other hand, the availability of peri-urban agricultural land offers the chance to develop a local agriculture and to ini�ate organic, integrated and ecological agricultural prac�ces, more respec�ul of the aquifer, watercourses and remnants of natural vegeta�on. Olarizu Environmental Park

Crop fields in the Zabalgana area

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AGRICULTURAL BELT


WOODLAND

SCRUBLAND

MEADOWS

CROP FIELDS


PUBLIC FACILITIES

LAKES AND WETLANDS

RIVERS AND STREAMS

NEW DEVIATIONS


SITUATION AND CONSERVATION STATUS�FUNCTIONALITY�Over recent years, a large number of routes and paths have been prepared in order to facilitate access to our green areas for their enjoyment. In the city and in accordance with the Sustainable Mobility and Public Space Plan, work is currently being done to configure and prepare a network of urban walkways which will link the main socio-cultural services and parks of the city and connect these to the peri-urban parks.

About 90 km of pedestrian and cyclist i�neraries have been prepared in the Green Belt. Nevertheless, there s�ll remain a number of sec�ons to complete the i�nerary around the city (the Route around the Green Belt), and there are also a number of conflic�ng points where several road arteries cross.

The agricultural area also has a number of i�neraries such as old railway lines and routes used by shepherds and cowherds, which provide access to the rural and natural milieu from the city. Examples include the greenways to Es�baliz and Arlabán and the Peña Betoño shepherds route.

IMPROVEMENT ACTIONS �POTENTIALITY�The set of paths and routes make up a network of i�neraries of great poten�al for the knowledge and enjoyment of the municipal green infrastructure.

The network of urban walkways and cycle paths offer great poten�al to form part of an urban green infrastructure due to their contribu�on to improving the environmental quality of the city. In order to improve their physical and “ecological” func�onality, it is necessary to ensure their connec�vity, road safety and introduce naturalisa�on and green promo�onal measures.

With a view to the future, the idea is to prepare a 30 km Green Route around the urban centre, the “Route around the Green Belt”, resolve the exis�ng discon�nui�es in some routes such as the Es�baliz greenway where it passes through Vitoria, and to integrate the en�re network in a broader system of ecological i�neraries for the province of Alava as a whole.

2.5 MULTIFUNCTION URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN VITORIA-GASTEIZPUBLIC USE: URBAN WALKWAYS, PATHS ALONG THE GREEN BELT AND ECOLOGICAL ITINERARIES

La Senda walkway

Green Belt walkway

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GREEN BELT

LAKES AND WETLANDS

RIVERS AND STREAMS

NEW DEVIATIONS

AGRICULTURAL BELT


URBAN WALKWAYS AND ECOLOGICAL ITINERARIES

ROUTE AROUND THE GREEN BELT


CURRENT SITUATION AND FUNCTIONALITYThe Sustainable Mobility and Public Space Plan of Vitoria-Gasteiz seeks to promote sustainable mobility modes in detriment of private vehicles and through a number of different measures such as the restructuring of the urban bus network in coordina�on with the tram, the extension of pedestrian areas and the crea�on of a safe, func�onal network of cycle paths.

One of the most ambi�ous proposals of the plan is to reorganise the network of private vehicles through a network based on superblocks in which pedestrians and cyclists will have preference. This measure will involve freeing the streets of the city centre from traffic and recovering a more accessible, comfortable, con�nuous and safe public space in which it is possible to apply new urban designs in harmony with “green” proposals to help create a func�onal urban green infrastructure. It is planned to establish 77 superblocks.

On the other hand, both the Cyclist Mobility Master Plan and the Pedestrian Mobility Master Plan, which is being dra�ed at this �me, provide for major changes to the streets and thoroughfares of the city. In the first of these, the inten�on is to extend the current 91 km network of streets with bicycle ways to 148 km, and in the second, in order to prepare a network of urban walkways of approximately 60 km. These plans must also take into considera�on the needs and opportuni�es offered by the crea�on of a green infrastructure in the city.

In the same way that it is desirable to redesign the city’s thoroughfares in accordance with the measures set out in the Sustainable Mobility Plan and make changes in the public spaces freed up as a result, the future arrival in Vitoria-Gasteiz of the high-speed train offers a large number of opportuni�es for the crea�on of new urban axes which could be integrated within the same urban green infrastructure philosophy.

IMPROVEMENT ACTIONS AND POTENTIALITYWith regard to the current route of the railway, its conversion into a train-tram with at least eight stops throughout Vitoria-Gasteiz is being considered. This possibility would respond to the need highlighted in the Mobility Plan to design a high-capacity East-West line to join the new districts of Salburua and Zabalgana and would also enable the introduc�on of a func�onal suburban train, much more accessible from the different areas of the city, increasing its viability.

These projects could convert this tram corridor into a green corridor crossing the city, connec�ng the rivers Ali and Errekaleor. The river Batán would be brought close to this new green infrastructure thanks to the El Prado woods.

The prolonga�on of the corridor by means of planta�ons along the sides of the railway where it passes close to the Mercedes plant would facilitate a be�er interconnec�on with the river Zadorra.

2.6 MULTIFUNCTION URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN VITORIA-GASTEIZMOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURES

Public transport connec�ng the city centre and suburbs

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CURRENT RAILWAY ROUTE AND FUTURE HIGH-SPEED TRAIN

TRAM

BICYCLE PATH NETWORK

GREEN BELT

LAKES AND WETLANDS

RIVERS AND STREAMS

NEW DEVIATIONS

AGRICULTURAL BELT


URBAN WALKWAYS AND ECOLOGICAL ITINERARIES

ROUTE AROUND THE GREEN RING


2.7 MULTIFUNCTION URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN VITORIA-GASTEIZINTERIOR GREEN BELT

The superimposi�on of different spaces and elements iden�fied as forming part of the future urban green infrastructure of Vitoria-Gasteiz forms a grid or network that becomes more concentrated towards the centre of the city, defining an Interior Belt.

The Interior Green Belt may be considered to be the embryo of the urban green infrastructure of Vitoria-Gasteiz, based on which the green extends and branches out. In the same way as the configura�on of the region is concentric, the green infrastructure would also follow a concentric arrangement, formed by several main spaces in the form of a belt -Interior Green Belt, Peri-urban Green Belt, Agricultural Belt and the Upland Ring- linked by means of radial axes that would act as ecological corridors.

The work on the main spaces and on the connec�ng axes, through naturalisa�on ac�ons and environmental enhancement of different kinds both in the urban space and in the region, will contribute to the consolida�on of a stable ecological system that will increase the ecological resilience of the municipality, improve the environmental quality of the city and, in short, improve the health and welfare of our ci�zens.


ANILLO VERDE

BALSAS Y HUMEDALES

RÍOS Y ARROYOS

NUEVAS DERIVACIONES

ANILLO AGRÍCOLA

TRAMA VERDE URBANA: Parques, Jardines, Cementerios, Zonas Verdes...

SENDAS URBANAS E ITINERARIOS ECOLÓGICOS

VUELTA AL ANILLO VERDE

ANILLO VERDE INTERIOR


53 Urban ecological corridors connec�ng the city with the Montes de Vitoria mountain range


KEY COMPONENT AND CATALYST FOR THE MULTIFUNCTION GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE OF VITORIA GASTEIZ

3.0THE INTERIOR GREEN BELT OF VITORIA-GASTEIZ

NEW DESIGNS FOR NEW FUNCTIONS

RENOVATION AND REFURBISHMENT OF BUILDINGSWATER MANAGEMENT

URBAN GREEN DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT RENOVATION OF THE PUBLIC SPACE

MOBILITY IN THE CITY


PRIORITY MOBILITY AXIS (PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS)RAINWATER/SEWAGE SEPARATION SYSTEM

NORTH-SOUTH AXIS <W> AVENUE

+ sustainable building + energy efficiency + renewable energies + biodiversity+ urban landscape + materials+ automa�c home systems + water purifica�on ponds+ leisure+ walking + bicycling

LA CONSTITUCIÓN SQUAREAND EL PILAR CIVIC CENTRE

RIVER BATAN

EUROPA CONFERENCE CENTRE

EL PRADO PARK

GERARDO ARMESTO SQUAREAND ABENDAÑO PATHWAY

ARRIAGA PARK

GAZALBIDE PARK

AMERICA LATINA SQUARE

ROSALEDA BOLIVIA PARK


Gasteiz Avenue (Google Street View)

Gasteiz Avenue (Google Street View)

Gasteiz Avenue, Europa Conference Centre (Google Street View)


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RENOVATION AND REFURBISHMENT OF BUILDINGS

URBAN GREEN DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

WATER MANAGEMENT

RENOVATION OF THE PUBLIC SPACE


THE INTERIOR GREEN BELT NEW DESIGNS FOR NEW FUNCTIONS

Introduc�on of green building criteria and techniques that favour efficiency and savings in the consump�on of energy, water and materials; the genera�on of renewable energy and an increase in biocapacity and biodiversity.

Restora�on of degraded river courses and recovery of their ecological, landscape and hydrological func�onality. Chinbrook, United Kingdom.

Transforma�on of conven�onal rainwater treatment systems into urban sustainable drainage systems, reducing the introduc�on of rainwater into the sewer system. Green City, Clean Waters Project, Philadelphia.

Mul�func�on mee�ng spaces, genera�on of power and sale of local products. Figueras market.

Recovery of urban river ecosystems; spaces designed to favour an understanding of water. Chaumont-Sur-Loire.

Retaining ponds and natural rainwater purifica�on. Seguin Island Gardens, Paris.

Urban hor�cultural gardens for environmental educa�on and the produc�on of locally produced foods. Community hor�cultural gardens in Bordeaux.

Encouragement of accessibility and autonomy in the most vulnerable popula�on groups. Infants School in the Vauban District, free of cars, Freiburg.

Improvement in the efficiency of public transport services. Roads given over to Rapid Transit Bus, Nantes.

Integra�on of func�onal urban designs and the genera�on of habitats for insects, small birds and pollinators. Chaumont-Sur-Loire.

Crea�on of mul�func�on urban elements as mee�ng spaces with efficiency criteria and the genera�on of power, the use of recycled materials. Ecobulevar de Vallecas.Na�onal Gallery, London.

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PRIORITY MOBILITY AXIS (High-Speed Train, Rapid Transit Bus, Bicycles, Urban Pathway)

EAST-WEST AXIS <N> BOULEVARD

+ biocapacity

+ urban green

+ soil permeability

+ landscape

+ energy efficiency

+ industrial rehabilita�on

AGUIRRELANDABIODIVERSITY

GARDEN

BETOÑOBUSINESS PARK

BOULEVARDSHOPPING CENTRE

ARRIAGAPARK

SANTA ISABEL CEMETERY

VASCO NAVARRORAILWAY

GREENWAY


Zaramaga Street (Google Street View)





WATER MANAGEMENT



Conver�ng railway infrastructures into green corridors associated with pedestrian mobility. Promenade Plantèe, Paris.

Placing underground of metropolitan railway infrastructures and the genera�on of green corridors and community spaces on the surface, favouring social cohesion and iden�ty and increasing quality of life. South West Corridor, Boston.

Improving biodiversity and biocapacity in public green spaces. Cemetery on Boston Common.

Design of community green spaces for the produc�on of local food on the roofs of buildings, favour leisure and educa�on ac�vi�es and promote social cohesion. Eagle Street Roo�op Farm, Brooklyn.

Drainage of run-off water facilita�ng the infiltra�on of rainwater. Glencoe School, Dwr Cymru Welsh Water, Cardiff.

Planted façade which favours heat installa�on, raises temperatures due to evapotranspira�on, filters and retains contaminants and generates an a�rac�ve visual element. Musée du quai Branly, Paris.

Solar and wind power microgenera�on systems on green roofs. United Kingdom.

Integra�on of art, culture and educa�on that facilitates a greater knowledge of and rela�onship with nature. Na�onal Gallery, London.

Ver�cal gardens that increase the green space surface area and the bio�c index of the soil. London.

Integra�on of playing and biodiversity spaces in small spaces. Gardens and ver�cal walls in Bordeaux.

Crea�on of green areas in sta�ons and intermodal public transport spaces. Plan�ng at the main train sta�on in central Boston.

Increasing spaces for play, learning and discovery through landscape and contact with nature. School courtyard in Philadelphia.

Rain gardens act as run-off water filters, reducing the contaminants that enter the sewage systems.

Rainwater recep�on systems. Portland.

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PRIORITY MOBILITY AXIS (PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS)RAINWATER/SEWAGE SEPARATION SYSTEM

NORTH-SOUTH AXIS <E> LOS HERRAN

+ ver�cal landscape

+ urban refurbishmentand renova�on

+ urban green

+ mee�ng placesand squares

VASCON NAVARRORAILWAY GREENWAY

IPARRALDE CIVIC CENTRE

BUS STATION

BULL RING

EL ALAS PARK

ARANBIZKARRA PARK

JUDIMENDI PARK


Portal de Legu�ano (Google Street View)

Las Trianas Street (Google Street View)

Jose Mardones Street (Google Street View)




WATER MANAGEMENT




Designs of green spaces based on floral composi�ons of a seasonal nature, with therapeu�c purposes to encourage the public to re-connect to natural cycles. Chaumont-Sur-Loire.

Reu�lisa�on of linear infrastructures for pedestrian mobility spaces and integra�on in the urban grid as natural axes for mee�ng, leisure and sports. High Line, New York.

Design strategies for reducing traffic speed in residen�al areas, giving preference to pedestrians and cyclists and favouring a peaceful, safe and harmonious coexistence. Applica�on of the Woonerf concept in the Netherlands.

Infiltra�on tanks that act as surface impoundment areas where the water is stored un�l infiltra�on occurs. Portland.

Design of gardened inner courtyards with high bio�c levels that favour their use as mee�ng places and leisure spaces. Berlin.

Plant cover which reduces the “heat island” effect, reduces run-off water volumes retained by the vegeta�on and evapotranspira�on, filters, retains and eliminates contaminants, increases the service life of the roof, dampens noise, creates micro-habitats for small mammals and birds, and offers a visual a�rac�on and an extra recrea�onal area. Office complex in the centre of O�awa.

Conserva�on of biodiversity micro-spaces during urban refurbishment processes. London.

Use of permeable paving that allows infiltra�on and evapotranspira�on. Bicycle stands on the campus of New York State University in Syracuse.

Introduc�on of vegeta�on in small spaces through the crea�on of green free standing walls. Historical Quarter of Bordeaux.

Naturalised canals that allow rainwater to be collected and transported. Portland.

Urban drainage system. Vancouver Greenway.

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EAST-WEST AXIS <S> RAILWAY PRIORITY MOBILITY AXIS (TRAIN-TRAM)

+ longitudinal and transverseecologicalconnec�vity


Railway Corridor, Meditarraneo Avenue (Google Street View)

Railway Corridor, Pedro Asua Street (Google Street View)

UNIVERSITYWALKWAY

SAN MARTINPARK

EL PRADOPARK

BULLRING

LA SENDAWALKWAY

JUDIMENDIPARK

RIVERBATAN




WATER MANAGEMENT




Free standing green walls that increase sound insula�on and generate microclimates through evapotranspira�on. Chaurmont-Sur-Loire.

Securing of an embankment by means of plan�ng. Residen�al district of O�awa.

Photovoltaic systems on roofs for energy self-sufficiency. Ecodistrict of Vauban, Freiburg.

Connec�ng urban spaces by means of the crea�on and fostering of green axes. Accesses to Promenade Plantèe, Paris.

Promo�on of light public transport networks and a reduc�on in the use of private vehicles. Tram-train in Saarbrücken, Germany.

Designs that favour the introduc�on of vegeta�on in spaces and areas without land. Chaurmont-Sur-Loire. Maintenance and crea�on of long,

urban tree-lined walkways with species that favour CO2 fixing and contaminant fluctua�on. Berlin. Increase in biocapacity and biodiversity

in spaces associated with mobility. Tram-train simula�on in Lérida.

Electric urban car models with zero atmospheric contamina�ng emissions. Hiriko prototype, manufactured in the Basque Country.

Photovoltaic canopies in bus stops.

Plant elements for demonstra�on purposes during renova�on work. Brussels.

Designs that favour an increase in vegeta�on and a reduc�on of the “heat island” effect in ci�es. Barcelona.

Recovery of the Industrial Heritage of the Ruhr Valley. Emscher-Duisburg Park, Germany.

Use of natural materials, crea�on of “secret” spaces for adventures and developing the imagina�on, social interac�on, exercise and fun. Berlin.

Rainwater reten�on and purifica�on ponds. Toronto.

Permeable paving that allows water to pass through and infiltrate in the earth. Bayonne.

Use of water as a cultural and iden�ty element in public spaces. Millennium Park, Chicago.

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DAYLIGHTING AND RESTORATION OF THE NATURAL RIVERBED OF RIVER BATANSEPARATIVE SYSTEM FOR INFILTRATION AND PURIFICATION OF STORMWATERS DIVERSION OF THE RIVERS IN THE SOUTH OF THE CITYCOLLECTORS OF THE SEWAGE SYSTEM


4.0FIRST PILOT AXIS OF IMPLEMENTATION

GASTEIZ AVENUE - RIVER BATAN

Within the ac�on proposed for the crea�on of an Inner Green Belt, the Gasteiz Avenue would be the first pilot project. This is one of the main arteries of the city and possibly its broadest street. Designed in accordance with the urban development models of the 70s and 80s, it has room for several lanes of traffic and parking, a large central reserva�on in the form of a tree lined walkway, a bicycle lane, tramways and tree-lined sidewalks. It has several open spaces and squares such as the Cons�tución Square, and several socio-cultural installa�ons such as the Europa Conference Centre and the El Pilar Civic Centre.

The transforma�on of the Gasteiz Avenue and the surrounding area into a green infrastructure will resolve some of the most pressing problems at this �me (especially those rela�ng to the large surface area given over to private vehicles) and will also be used to increase the environmental quality and general level of coexistence in this part of the city. The ac�ons proposed intend to improve the following aspects: mobility, biodiversity, water management, energy management and the quality of public spaces; all these aspects relate to the efficient opera�on of the urban system.

With regard to MOBILITY, measures are proposed in order to reduce traffic volumes and promote sustainable mobility. These include cover�ng the service lane between Beato Tomás de Zumárraga and Basoa streets into a pedestrian precinct, elimina�ng lanes used for parking and the construc�on of underground car parks, the introduc�on of a 5 meters wide urban pathway and a bicycle path between pedestrians and motorcars.

As regards to BIODIVERSITY, the aim is to create a biodiversity corridor that facilitates the ecological connec�on between the Montes de Vitoria mountain range and the river Zadorra. The re-crea�on of a new, wooded river ecosystem associated with the diversion of the river Batán and the plan�ng of new trees is proposed. Other measures that aim to increase biodiversity and create new habitats include the installa�on of green roofs and facades associated with the refurbishment of the Europa Conference Centre and the introduc�on of vegeta�on to cover the central reserva�on.

In the field of WATER MANAGEMENT, it is planned to carry out a number of ac�ons intended to improve sewage treatment (avoiding problems of overflows and flooding) and to restore the ecological and hydrological func�onality of the river network. On the one hand, it is proposed to divert the clean waters of the river Batán to the river Zadorra along the Gasteiz Avenue and, on the other hand, an a�empt will be made to limit the introduc�on of rainwater into the sewage network through the installa�on of sustainable urban drainage systems associated with the natural purifica�on of stormwaters.

With regard to ENERGY, the installa�on of photovoltaic plates as part of the “green” refurbishment of the Europa Conference Centre and the new installa�ons on the Cons�tución Square, the introduc�on of a new ligh�ng system according to Starlight criteria, will improve efficiency and energy saving.

The ac�ons to improve the PUBLIC SPACE, such as the remodelling of the Cons�tución Square which includes ini�a�ves like the crea�on of community gardens, biological purifica�on ponds, playing areas, etc., seek to recover the street for our ci�zens through new more ecological and more crea�ve designs.

Good urban planning adapted to the standards of the �me

A transforma�on with new criteria that offer new opportuni�es


B PROPOSAL113


FIRST PILOT AXIS OF IMPLEMENTATIONGASTEIZ AVENUE - RIVER BATAN

A TODAY A TODAY114 115

DAYLIGHTING AND RESTORATION OF RIVER BATAN AS AN URBAN ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORSEPARATIVE SYSTEM FOR INFILTRATION AND PURIFICATION OF STORMWATERS


B PROPOSAL116

DAYLIGHTING AND RESTORATION OF RIVER BATAN AS AN URBAN ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORSEPARATIVE SYSTEM FOR INFILTRATION AND PURIFICATION OF STORMWATERS COLLECTOR OF THE SEWAGE SYSTEM


B PROPOSED CROSSED-SECTION

A CURRENT CROSSED-SECTION

PEDESTRIAN GREEN AREA LINES OF TREESPERMEABLE

A

B PARKING LANESTRAFFIC LANESTRAMBIKE LANES

117



118

119


GREEN REFURBISHMENT OF

THE EUROPA CONFERENCE CENTRE

INCORPORATION OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

THROUGHOUT THE LENGTH OF THE GASTEIZ AVENUE

Esta tabla identifica algunos beneficios que las distintas intervenciones planteadas en la transformación de la Avenida Gasteiz en una Infraestructura Verde pueden generar. Profundizar en la cuantificación de los principales beneficios sociales, ambientales y económicos podría permitir la valoración de diferentes escenarios de actuación.

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1. Prevention of floods/management of run-off water 2. Reduction in the need for the conventional purification of water 3. Increase in the recharging of aquifers 4. Heat regulation and a reduction of urban heat islands 5. The improvement in ecological permeability (movement and refuge of species) in

the case of extreme weather conditions through the creation of ecological networks

6. Increase in carbon sequestration (sink effect) 7. Reduction in carbon emissions from motor vehicles as a result of the increase in

public transport infrastructures and sustainable mobility (walkways, bicycle lanes, etc.)

8. Generation of renewable energy sources ("green buildings") 9. Reduction in the consumption of energy (due to the climactic heating from trees,

green facades, bioclimatic building)

10. Maintenance, protection and improvement of natural habitats, wildlife and biodiversity

11. Increase in biocapacity 12. Improvements in air quality 13. Improvement in water quality (waterproof occasion) 14. Reduction in noise levels 15. Improvement in aesthetic values 16. Increase in resources for the practice of sports and leisure pursuits 17. Increase in resources for contemplation and spiritual well-being 18. Generation of resources for training and education 19. Generation of community resources (involvement of our citizens) 20. Increase in the feeling of belonging and identity 21. Urban agriculture and production of local products

FUNCTIONS AND BENEFITS OF THE PLANNED ACTIONS

This table iden�fies a number of benefits that the proposed ac�ons for the transforma�on of the Gasteiz Avenue into a Green Infrastructure may generate. By quan�fying in detail the main social, environmental and economic benefits, it may be possible to assess the different ac�on scenarios.


CEA


5.0REFERENCESPUBLICATIONS, DOCUMENTS AND LINKS

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY

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2011, Green infrastructure and territorial cohesion. The concept of green infrastructure and its integra�on into policies using monitoring systems, EEA Technical Report, No 18, Publicacions Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

AGMA � ASSOCIATION OF GREATER MANCHESTER AUTHORITIES

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AHERN, JACK

2007, “Green Infrastructure for Ci�es: The Spa�al Dimension”, en NOVOTNY, V. & BROWN, P., Ci�es of the Future: Towards integrated sustainable water and landscape management, IWA Publishing, London, pp. 267-283.

AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION

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BENEDICT, MARK A. & MCMAHON, EDWARD T.

2006, Green Infrastructure: linking landscapes and communi�es, Island Press, Washington.

2002, Green Infrastructure: Smart Conserva�on for the 21st Century, The Conserva�on Fund, Washington.

BERLIN � DEPARTMENT FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT

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1990, The Biotope Area Factor as an Ecological Parameter, Berlin.

CABE � COMMISSION FOR ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, REINO UNIDO

h�p://www.cabe.org.uk/home

2009, Grey to Green: How we shi funding and skills to green our ci�es, London.

CHICAGO WILDERNESS – GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

h�p://www.chicagowilderness.org/GIV.php

CITY OF PORTLAND – BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

h�p://www.portlandonline.com/bes/

2010, Portland’s Green Infrastructure: Quan�fying the Health, Energy, and Community Livability Benefits, Portland.

CIWEM � THE CHARTERED INSTITUTION OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

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2010, Mul�-func�onal Urban Green Infrastructure, CIWEM Briefing Report, London.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION – ENVIRONMENT

h�p://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/index_en.htm

h�p://www.green-infrastructure-europe.org/

2007, Towards a Green Infrastructure for Europe: Developing new concepts for integra�on of Natura 2000 network into a broader countryside, EC study ENV.B.2/SER/2007/0076.

2009, “Towards a green infrastructure for Europe”, in Natura 2000, Nº 27, pp. 3-7.

2009, Towards a green infrastructure for Europe: Integra�ng Natura 2000 sites into the wider countryside, Proceedings of the European Commission workshop, Belgium.

2010, LIFE building up Europe´s green infrastructure: Addressing connec�vity and enhancing ecosystem func�ons, Publicacions Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

2010, Green Infrastructure, Publicacions Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

COM(2009), 147 final, White Paper .Adap�ng to climate change: Towards a European framework for ac�on, Communica�on from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Commi�ee and the Commi�ee of the Regions, Brussels.

COM(2011) 17 final, Regional policy contribu�ng to sustainable growth in Europe 2020, Communica�on from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Commi�ee and the Commi�ee of the Regions, Brussels.

COM(2011) 244 final, Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020, Communica�on from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Commi�ee and the Commi�ee of the Regions, Brussels.


NATURAL ENGLAND

www.naturalengland.org.uk

2009, Green Infrastructure and the Urban Fringe: Learning lessons from the Countryside In and Around Towns programme.

2009, Green Infrastructure Guidance.

2009, Green Infrastructure strategies: An introduc�on for local authori�es and their partners.

2009, Green Growth for Green Communi�es: A selec�on of regional case studies, ParkCity Conference.

NEW YORK CITY – ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

h�p://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/stormwater/nyc_green_infrastructure_plan.shtml

h�p://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/home/home.shtml

2010, NYC Green Infrastructure Plan: A Sustainable Strategy for Clean Waterways, New York.

NORTH WEST GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

h�p://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk

2008, North West Green Infrastructure Guide.

ONTARIO GREENBELT � MINISTRY OF MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS AND HOUSING

h�p://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page187.aspx

PHILADELPHIA WATER DEPARTMENT

h�p://www.phillywatersheds.org/

2009, Green City, Clean Waters. The City of Philadelphia’s Program for Combined Sewer Overflow Control. A Long Term Control Plan Update, Philadelphia.

SAN MATEO COUNTYWIDE – WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION PROGRAM

h�p://www.flowstobay.org/

2009, San Mateo County Sustainable Green Streets and Parking Lots.Design Guide Book.

STADT HAMBURG � GRÜNES NETZ

h�p://www.hamburg.de/gruenesnetz/75180/start.html

WIKI – GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

h�p://www.greeninfrastructurewiki.com/

CONSERVATION FUND – GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

h�p://www.conserva�onfund.org/green_infrastructure

COST � EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

h�p://www.cost.eu/domains_ac�ons/tud/Ac�ons/C11

2005, Green structure and urban planning. Final report, Publicacions Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

ENGLAND´S COMMUNITY FOREST

www.communityforest.org.uk

2008, The Green Infrastructure of sustainable communi�es, Telford.

GENERALITAT VALENCIANA � CONSELLERIA D´INFRAESTRUCTURES, TERRITORI I MEDI AMBIENT

h�p://www.cma.gva.es/web/indice.aspx?nodo=3473&idioma=C

2011, Plan de Acción Territorial de Infraestructura Verde y Paisaje.

LANDSCAPE INSTITUTE

h�p://www.landscapeins�tute.org/policy/GreenInfrastructure.php

2009, Green Infrastructure: connected and mul�func�onal landscapes, London.

2011, Local Green Infrastructure: Helping communi�es make the most of their landscape, London.

LIVERPOOL CITY COUNCIL � PLANNING SERVICE

h�p://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/liverpool/

2010, Liverpool Green Infrastructure Strategy, Technical Report.

2010, Liverpool Green Infrastructure. Ac�on Plan.

NATIONAL CAPITAL COMMISSION � GREENBELT � OTTAWA

h�p://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/planning/master-plans/greenbelt-master-plan

NATURAL ECONOMY NORTH WEST

h�p://www.naturaleconomynorthwest.co.uk/

2009, Pung the green in the grey. Crea�ng Sustainable Green Infrastructure: A Guide for Developers, Planners and Project Managers.


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Salburua, Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Eco-duct, the Netherlands. h�p://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/nat2000newsl/nat27_es.pdf

Agricultural matrix, the Netherlands. h�p://www.green-infrastructure-europe.org/

River Wyne, United Kingdom. h�p://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/nat2000newsl/nat27_es.pdf

La Bassée, Paris. h�p://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/nat2000newsl/nat27_es.pdf

Philadelphia. h�p://www.phillywatersheds.org/ltcpu/LTCPU_Contents.pdf

Zumeltzu, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

River Zadora, Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Environmental Studies Centre.

El Prado Park, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.


Arcaya, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Greenwhich Millenium Village, London.Timothy Beatley.

Eco-duct, Munich. Environmental Studies Centre.

Back Bay, Boston. Environmental Studies Centre.

Chicago City Hall. Morris K. Udall Founda�on (Flickr).


Santa Isabel Cemetery, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Barcelona. Environmental Studies Centre.

Portland. h�p://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=44407

Gamarra, Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Environmental Studies Centre.

Lakua, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Gamarra, Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.


Wissahickon Charter School, Philadelphia. h�p://www.phillywatersheds.org/ltcpu/LTCPU_Contents.pdf

Fray Francisco walkway, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Mountain Corridors Ini�a�ve. IUCN.

h�p://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/resources/GI_for_the_Liverpool_&_Manchester_city-regions.pdf

Bioregion of Central Alava. Environmental Studies Centre - Provin�al Council of Alava


Greenways Network of Alava. Environmental Studies Centre.


Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Environmental Studies Centre.


Mountains of Vitoria. Quintas Fotógrafos.



River Zadorra, Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Environmental Studies Centre.

River Zadorra, Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Environmental Studies Centre.


River Zadorra, Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.


Arriaga Park, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Mediaeval alleyways, Mediaeval Quarter of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

La Florida Park, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Santa Isabel Cemetery, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Zabalgana, Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Olarizu Environmental Park , Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Olarizu Environmental Park , Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

La Senda walkway, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Green Belt pathway, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

General Loma square, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

Lakua, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Quintas Fotógrafos.

El Prado Park - Mountains of Vitoria. Quintas Fotógrafos

Green building systems. h�p://asia.stanford.edu/us-atmc/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/100930-Caldwell-pt4.pdf

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REFERENCESPICTURE INDEX: SOURCES


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Na�onal Gallery, Londres. Environmental Studies Centre.


Chinbrook, United Kingdom. Quaggy Waterways Ac�on Group: h�p://qwag.org.uk/quaggy/q_parks.php

Seguin Island Gardens, Paris. A+T Magazine, 35-36, Strategy Public.

Chaumont-Sur-Loire. Environmental Studies Centre.



Figueras Market. Xavier de Cáceres: h�p://www.caceresarquitectes.com/

Community Gardens, Bordeaux. Environmental Studies Centre.

Vallecas Ecoboulevar. Ecosistema urbano: h�p://ecosistemaurbano.org/

Bus Rapid Transit, Nantes. h�p://www.thetransportpoli�c.com/2011/05/25/the-silly-argument-over-brt-and-rail/

Infants School, Vauban, Freiburg. Timothy Beatley

Quai Brandly Museum, Paris. Patrick Blanc: h�p://www.ver�calgardenpatrickblanc.com/#/en/projects/typological/museums/13

United Kingdom. Natural England: h�p://naturalengland.etraderstores.com/NaturalEnglandShop/NE176

Eagle Street Roo�op Farm, Brooklyn. h�p://roo�opfarms.org/about/

Dwr Cymru Welsh Water, Cardiff. CIWEM-CMS Conference: h�p://www.coastms.co.uk/resources/c6c87f2d-6b95-43c2-b54f-f7803bcbb9e5.pdf

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Stormwater garden. Washington State University: h�p://www.pierce.wsu.edu/Water_Quality/LID/Raingarden_handbook.pdf

Na�onal Gallery, London. Environmental Studies Centre.

London. Environmental Studies Centre.

Boston Common. Environmental Studies Centre.

Piladelphia. h�p://www.phillywatersheds.org/ltcpu/LTCPU_Contents.pdf

Historical Quarter, Bordeaux. Environmental Studies Centre.

Promenade Plantèe, Paris. Environmental Studies Centre.

South West Corridor, Boston. Environmental Studies Centre.

Central Sta�on, Boston. Environmental Studies Centre.

Financial Centrer, O�awa. Environmental Studies Centre.

Historical Quarter, Bordeaux. Environmental Studies Centre.

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Vancouver. Environmental Studies Centre.

Portland. h�p://mayorsinnova�on.org/pdf/briefing_book_0110/4SanMateoGuidebook.pdf

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London. Environmental Studies Centre.

The Netherlands. h�p://www.greeninfrastructurewiki.com/page/Woonerf

Berlin. Environmental Studies Centre.


High Line, New York. h�p://www.thehighline.org/

High Line, New York. h�p://www.thehighline.org/

State University of New York, Syracuse. Environmental Studies Centre.

Vauban, Freiburg. Pixelio.de Dirk Schmidt: h�p://www.cpsl.cam.ac.uk/Collaboratories/Ci�es-and-Urbanisa�on.aspx

Barcelona. Environmental Studies Centre.

Brussels. Environmental Studies Centre.

Ruhr Valley, Germany. h�p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landscha�spark_Duisburg_Nord.jpg

Toronto. h�p://watercanada.net/2011/pond-tunnel-and-pipe/

Bayona. Environmental Studies Centre.

Millenium Park, Chicago. h�p://www.flickr.com/groups/75173354@N00/



O�awa. Environmental Studies Centre.



Promenade Plantèe, Paris. Environmental Studies Centre.

Saarbrücken tram-train, Germany. h�p://www.ciccp.es/ImgWeb/Sede%20Nacional/5_EDIFICACION/TranvitrenT6.pdf

Tram-train Manresa-Lleida-La Pobla, proposal for Balaguer. Ifercat, Infraestructuras Ferroviarias de Catalunya.

Hiriko prototype, Basque Country. h�p://www.hiriko.com/

h�p://www.unep.org/CLIMATENEUTRAL/Default.aspx?tabid=273

Simula�on of the Interior Green Belt, Gasteiz Avenue. Tecnalia.

Gasteiz Avenue. Quintas Fotógrafos.


Simula�on of the Interior Green Belt, Gasteiz Avenue. Tecnalia.


Gasteiz Avenue. Theórica de la Pintura.

Simula�on of the Interior Green Belt, Gasteiz Avenue. Théorica de la Pintura.

The Interior Green BeltTowards an Urban Green Infrastructure in Vitoria-Gasteiz

MARCH 2012

vitoria-gasteiz - 4paisaiaren hiri foroa foro ......the interior green belt towards an urban green...

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