VitaminsVitamins

VITAMIN CVITAMIN C1.1. GUINEA PIGSGUINEA PIGS

2.2. healthy teeth and gums, healthy teeth and gums, helps in the absorption of helps in the absorption of iron, aids in the iron, aids in the maintenance of normal maintenance of normal connective tissue, and connective tissue, and promotes promotes wound wound healing. healing. It also helps the body's It also helps the body's immune system.immune system.

3.3. Pain or tenderness in Pain or tenderness in extremity or affected extremity or affected area area

Redness or swelling in Redness or swelling in

affected areaaffected area

4.4. peppers, broccoli, peppers, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, sweet Brussels sprouts, sweet potatoes, oranges and potatoes, oranges and

kiwi fruit.kiwi fruit.

5.5. Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) 500MG500MG

6.6. Water SolubleWater Soluble

Thiamine (B1)Thiamine (B1)• Animals with dietary source (cattle, sheep)• Increases growth and appetite • Regulates metabolism• Aids reproduction• Reproduction in appetite (anorexia) and

loss in weight.• Cardiovascular disturbances,

Lowered body temperature, and Hens: Lowered egg production.

Thiamine (B1)Thiamine (B1)

• Alpha-tocopherol Germ or germ oils of plants, Green plants, and Green hays.

• Water soluble

Vitamin AVitamin AInfo

• Also known as retinol

• fat-soluble vitamins • Used in keeping up

Vision, resistance to infectious disease, bone remodeling, reproduction

Vitamin A Deficiency• In cattle a vitamin A

deficiency is usually due to lack of green feed

• For example such as in animals coming off of dry summer pastures or those fed poor quality hay

Vitamin AVitamin AVitamin A Deficiency con..• Can cause:

– Blindness – Increased risk of

mortality from infectious disease

– Abnormal function of many epithelial cells,

– Abnormal bone growth• Animals are subjected to

periods of stressful conditions, such as low environmental temperature or exposure to infective bacteria

CobaltCobalt• Cobalt (Co) is a strategic and critical metal used

in many diverse commercial, industrial, and military applications.  The largest use of cobalt is in superalloys, which are used to make parts for gas turbine aircraft engines.   Cobalt is also used to make magnets; corrosion- and wear-resistant alloys; high-speed steels; cemented carbides (also called hardmetals) and diamond tools; catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries; drying agents for paints, varnishes, and inks; ground coats for porcelain enamels; pigments; battery electrodes; steel-belted radial tires; and magnetic recording media.

Good Sources for plants and Good Sources for plants and animalsanimals

• Needed by Rhizobium for nitrogen fixation; helps form vitamin B12; improves growth, water movement and photosynthesis; improves boll production in cotton; activates certain enzymes.

Vitamin KVitamin K

• Promotes blood clotting and• Prevents hemorrhaging

Water or Fat Soluble

• Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin

Disorders caused By Disorders caused By DeficienciesDeficiencies

• Eye hemorrhages• Gum Bleeding• Easy Bruising • Fractures• Nose Bleeds• Hematuria (blood in the urine)

Good Sources For AnimalsGood Sources For Animals

• Leafy green vegetables

• Tomatoes• Egg yolks• Cabbage• Cauliflower• Spinach• Cereals

Animals Most AffectedAnimals Most Affected

• Cats• Dogs

Vitamin EVitamin E All animals are affected by vitamin E Some deficiencies are…

white muscle disease cystic ovaries increased incidence of retained placenta Possibly increased risk of mastitis

Vitamin E ContinueVitamin E Continue Animals that are ruminates can make their

vitamin E. Animals also can get it from…

wheat germ Vegetable oils (peanut, soya, palm, corn,

safflower, sunflower, etc.) supplements

It is fat soluble vitamin

B 12B 12• Dairy CattleCobalt deficiency usually occurs after animals have

been on a cobalt deficient diet for a considerable time and as vitamin B12 stores in the liver and other tissues are depleted

• Beef CattleThe appearance of a cobalt deficient animal is similar to that of a starved one. An early symptom is loss of appetite, which is alleviated quickly following cobalt supplementation if the deficiency symptoms have not advanced too far and caused body organ damage.

• SheepCobalt deficiency causes lack of appetite, lack of thrift, severe emaciation, weakness, anemia, decreased fertility, and decreased milk and wool production (155). Sheep are more susceptible to cobalt deficiency than cattle and the accumulation of fat in the liver of B12 deficient sheep, but not cattle, may be related to a methyl-group deficiency affecting liver lipid metabolism (252).

• GoatsCobalt deficiency symptoms include a loss of appetite, emaciation, weakness, anemia, and decreased production. The 1981 NRC committee on Nutrient Requirements of Goats assumes that a level of 0.1 ppm cobalt in the diet is adequate for goats since it is adequate for sheep (100).

• Non-Ruminants

B 12B 12• Sheep Cobalt deficiency causes lack of appetite,

lack of thrift, severe emaciation, weakness, anemia, decreased fertility, and decreased milk and wool production (155). Sheep are more susceptible to cobalt deficiency than cattle and the accumulation of fat in the liver of B12 deficient sheep, but not cattle, may be related to a methyl-group deficiency affecting liver lipid metabolism (252).

• Goats Cobalt deficiency symptoms include a loss of appetite, emaciation, weakness, anemia, and decreased production. The 1981 NRC committee on Nutrient Requirements of Goats assumes that a level of 0.1 ppm cobalt in the diet is adequate for goats since it is adequate for sheep (100).

• Non-Ruminants

Riboflavin (B2)Riboflavin (B2)• Riboflavin is a water soluble vitamin that's essential for

releasing energy from carbohydrates, and to convert the carbohydrates into energy. Essential for growth and production of red blood cells and controlling hormones.

• Deficiency symptoms are found in different species of poultry, swine, and horses.

• There are a variety of symptoms such as retarded growth, moon blindness, slow growth, diarrhea and much much more.

• Good sources for animals are green pastures, leafy hays, grass silage, milk and milk products, meat scraps and fish meat.

• Grains are a poor source of riboflavin, many common rations are on the border line or deficient in riboflavin, especially swine and poultry.

What is Folate?What is Folate?

• Folate and folic acid are forms of a water-soluble B vitamin.

Folic AcidFolic Acid• researchers say, folic acid may help prevent

stomach cancer• Folic acid helps prevent seizures in animals• If your animal ever does have a seizure, I'd

encourage you to take it very seriously.  • If there's more than one, or if a single one lasts

more than a couple of minutes, definitely treat it as a major emergency and call a vet right away.

• A seizure of 10 minutes or more can cause severe brain damage.

Pantothenic AcidPantothenic Acid• The animals that are most affected are: • Poultry-primary signs involve nervous

system, adrenal cortex, and skin.• Swine- anorexia, poor growth, diarrhea,

goose stepping (sciatic nerve damage).• Humans- fatigue, headaches, muscle

weakness, depression, impaired motor coordination.

Pantothenic Acid (cont.)Pantothenic Acid (cont.)

• Is essential for reproduction, growth, and normal physiological functions.

• Great sources for animals are, Calcium pantothenate and fish solubles.

• It is most likely to be deficient under drylot conditions.

• Water Soluble.

PyridoxinePyridoxine• Animals most affected are the dog, chicken,

rat, human, and pig. • Is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an

important role as a coenzyme in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It’s involved in red blood cell formation. Is important in endocrine system.

• Pigs show anorexia and poor growth. Chickens show retarded growth and abnormal feathering. Hens show lowered egg laying and hatch-ability.

Pyridoxine cont.Pyridoxine cont.

• Cereal grains,rice bran and polished rice, green pastures, well-cured alfalfa hay, yeast.

• It is synthesized in the rumen of cattle and sheep and perhaps in the cecum of the horse. Also known as B6.

• Water Soluble.

BiotinBiotin• Is a Vitamin

• A B-Vitamin

• Water soluble

• Biotin is also essential for the breakdown of carbohydrates

• Effects, egg shells, embryo health, pregnancy, litter size, Litter weight, hair

coat and finger nails

• Effects hoof health Including foot pads in poultry, Hooves in cattle, hair coat

and finger nails.

• Greater milk production in high producing cow: large amounts of food being

taken in, causes a greater need for more Biotin creating a great amount of

milk

mineralsminerals

ZincZinc• Animals most affected

• Beef Cattle A severe deficiency of zinc in young calves results in parakeratosis a condition that resembles mange. Many recent studies have

shown zinc to be essential to maximum immune function in stressed feedlot cattle.

• Dairy Cattle The cattle grow slower due to a decreased feed intake and less efficient feed

utilization. • SwineThe symptoms of zinc deficiency are

reduced appetite and growth rate, skin lesions (parakeratosis) that look like

mange, diarrhea, vomiting, and death in severe cases

• Horses horses show reduced tissue and blood zinc levels and reduced blood alkaline

phosphatase (154).

zinczinc• Sheep Zinc deficiency in lambs results in a lack

of appetite, reduced growth, slipping of wool, swelling around the eyes and hooves, excess salivation, general listlessness, impaired growth of testes and cessation of spermatogenesis

• Goats Zinc deficiency in goats includes reduced feed intake, weight loss, parakeratosis (mange-like condition), stiffness of joints, excessive salivation, swelling of the feet and horny overgrowth, small testicles and low libido (120).

• Poultry Zinc deficiency causes growth retardation and abnormal feather development in poultry. Feather fraying occurs near the end of the feather. The severity of the fraying varies from almost no feathers on the wings and tail to only slight defects in the development of some of the barbules and barbicels.

PHOPHORUSPHOPHORUS1.1. Macro mineralMacro mineral

2.2. energy functioning of every living cell. It is also involved energy functioning of every living cell. It is also involved in RNA, DNA and cell wall synthesis. The acid-alkaline in RNA, DNA and cell wall synthesis. The acid-alkaline balance of the blood is controlled by phosphorus. About balance of the blood is controlled by phosphorus. About 80% of the body's Phosphorus is contained in the 80% of the body's Phosphorus is contained in the bones,10% in muscles, and 1% in the nervous system bones,10% in muscles, and 1% in the nervous system

the remaining 9% is distributed throughout the body.the remaining 9% is distributed throughout the body. 3.3. Appetite loss, bone pain, fatigue, irregular breathing, Appetite loss, bone pain, fatigue, irregular breathing,

nervous disorders; Bone and tooth problems, heart and nervous disorders; Bone and tooth problems, heart and kidney problems.kidney problems.

4.4. MILKMILK

5.5. are minerals required by the body in the greatest are minerals required by the body in the greatest

amounts since they make our bony skeleton and teeth.amounts since they make our bony skeleton and teeth.

CalciumCalciumInfo

• A Macro mineral• Sorces of Calcium

– Legumes and grasses. • Calcium requirements need

to be balanced for the complete lactation cycle.

• It is important to monitor the calcium in levels during the late dry period (last four weeks) to reduce the incidence of milk fever.

• Calcium requirement during the dry period is .39 percent of ration dry matter,

• Feeding calcium levels above .39 percent may substantially increase the incidence of milk fever in your herd.

• For high-producing cows, dietary calcium levels of .80 percent

• Sorces– Alfalfa

IodineIodine• Iodine is a macro mineral that is needed by the

thyroxin gland for making thyroxin, which is a hormone which controls the rate of body metabolism or heat production.

• Disorders caused by iodine deficiency is Goiter (big neck) in calves, lambs and kids. Stillbirths and weak young, hairlessness.

• There is no treatment for animals that have developed an iodine deficiency symptoms.

• Good sources of iodine is stabilized iodized salt and calcium iodate.

• Enlargement of the thyroid gland is natures way to making enough thyroxin when there is insufficient in the feed.

CopperCopper

• Micro• Essential in enzyme systems, hair

development and pigmentation, bone development, reproduction, and lactation.

• Fading hair coat: light wool growth and straight, hair-like fibers, ataxia,lameness, swelling of joints, fragility of bones, and nutritional anemia.

Copper cont.Copper cont.

• Trace mineralized salt containing copper sulfate or copper carbonate.

• A variable store of copper is located in the liver and spleen. Milk is low in Copper young animals raised almost exclusively on milk may develop anemia.

CholineCholine(Water soluble)

Animals Affected:• Swine• Rats (not found in

man)• Poultry

Sources:• nuts• lettuce• milk• eggs• wheat• oats

Functions:• Controls fat/cholesterol buildup• Prevents fat accumulation in

liver• Controls fat movement in cells• Regulate kidneys, liver, bladder• Nerve transmission• Helps improve memory

Deficiency Symptoms:

• Cirrhosis of liver• Hardening of arteries• Heart problems / High blood

pressure• Hemorrhaging kidneys

MolybdenumMolybdenum

Functions:• Iron usage• Converting food into energy• Prevention of anemia

Sources for animals:

• Dark leafy greens• Beans• Peas• Nuts• Whole grains

(Micro/ Trace mineral)

Disorders:• Reduces Cu absorption

PotassiumPotassium Potassium is a micro mineral Potassium is an extremely important electrolyte that functions in

the maintenance of: Water balance and distribution Acid-base balance Muscle and nerve cell function Heart function Kidney and adrenal function

Potassium ContinuePotassium Continue Deficiency Signs and Symptoms are…

muscle weakness Fatigue mental confusion Irritability Weakness heart disturbances problems in nerve conduction and muscle contraction

Good sources for potassium are… Alfalfa Meats Fruits Leafy vegetables

Facts about SeleniumFacts about Selenium

• Selenium can be added to diets of all food animals. Either sodium selenite or sodium selenate can be used. Selenium is added to feed as follows:

• Up to 0.1 ppm in complete feed for swine, beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, poultry, rabbits, dairy goats, etc.

• Turkeys may be fed 0.2 ppm and small pigs up to 50 pounds, may be fed up to 0.3 ppm.

• Horses and other non-food animals (game birds, zoo animals, laboratory animals, etc.) can be fed up to 0.1 ppm selenium in the total diet.

Facts about SeleniumFacts about Selenium• Excess selenium in animal diets must be

avoided. However, selenium is no more toxic than some of the other trace minerals.

• This margin of safety for selenium is greater than for copper, zinc, iron and possibly manganese for the pig.

• Therefore, selenium can be used if proper precautions are taken in its addition to animal diets.

Selenium and Folic AcidSelenium and Folic Acid

Macro or Micro MineralMacro or Micro Mineral

Sulfur is one of seven Macro-Minerals:• Sulfur

• Calcium• Phosphorous• Magnesium• Potassium

• Sodium• Chlorine

ManganeseManganese• Mineral

• Micronutrient

• Effects all Animals reproductive system. It is required for

synthesis of estrogen, testerone, cholesterol. These

chemicals are essential to reproduction and health.

• It effects digestion in animals. High dietary levels of calcium,

iron, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus may reduce the

availability of manganese.

• Disorders include reproductive and digestive problems.

SulfurSulfur

• A pale yellow nonmetallic element occurring widely in nature in several free and combined allotropic forms

What Dose it do?What Dose it do?

• Sulfur is necessary for collagen synthesis. Collagen is an insoluble fibrous protein found in vertebrates.

• Sulfur operates as a synthesizer and activator with the B vitamins, thiamin, Vitamin C, biotin, and pantothenic acid, all of which are needed for metabolism and healthy nerves.

DisordersDisorders• Slow wound healing • Scar tissue • Brittle nails • Brittle hair • Gastrointestinal challenges • Lung dysfunctions due to inflammation • Immune dysfunction • Arthritis • Acne • Rashes • Depression • Memory loss

Source of SulfurSource of Sulfur• Garlic• Red hot peppers • Cabbage (when spicy) • Brussels sprouts • Horseradish • Onions • Radish • Mustard leaves • Mustard, radish flowers• Domesticated

cruciferous vegetables

Iron• Iron is a micro mineral• Iron helps the blood and muscles

deliver oxygen, thus energy, to every body cell, and it removes carbon dioxide from them.

• Iron is important to many immune system functions.

• Benefits include a strong immune system, provision of energy, and mental sharpness.

Iron• Possible Benefits

• Prevents and treats anemia. • Provides energy and prevents fatigue. • Enhances immune system and promotes

resistance to disease. • Promotes protein metabolism. • Improves respiratory action. • Improves mental acuity. • Brings back good skin tone • Aids growth

Iron

• Deficiency symptoms (anemia)• Lack of energy (weakness)• Low blood pressure• Loss of appetite• Good sources for animals is alpha

and grasses.

Flourine• Micro• Protects against tooth decay in children

and possibly other animals.• Excess of fluorine are of more concern

than deficiencies in livestock production.• There’s no need to supplement livestock

but if necessary put 1 ppm in the drinking water.

• Fluorine is used in the synthesis of organic fluorine compounds.

Niacin• Is a member of the B complex vitamins,

and is water-soluble.  As a co-enzyme, niacin assists enzymes with the breakdown and utilization of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.  It is known to be necessary for the synthesis of sex hormones in animals and the proper activity of the nervous system.

Major Functions of the mineral• Niacin can reduce lipids in your blood,

including lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol) and triglycerides, and raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol). Studies show that niacin can also slow the progression of atherosclerosis when used with other cholesterol-lowering drugs, diet and exercise. However, in the doses typically needed for these effects (usually greater than 1,000 mg/day), niacin is being used as a medication, not as a vitamin. So take increased doses only with your doctor's advice.

Disorders Caused by Niacin Deficiency

• rare liver problems have occurred at amounts in excess of 1,000 mg per day.

• in amounts as low as 50–100 mg, may cause flushing, headache, and stomachache in some people.

Resources for Selenium

http://www.saltinstitute.org/47t.html

Folic Acid Resources* http://web.ask.com/redir?bpg=http%3a%2f%2fweb.ask.com%2fweb%3fq%3dhow%2bdoes%2bfolic%2bacid%2bhelp%2banimals%253f%26o%3d0%26page%3d1&q=how+does+folic+acid+help+animals%3f&u=http%3a%2f%2ftm.wc.ask.com%2fr%3ft%3dan%26s%3da%26uid%3d2cdd5dc64cdd5dc64%26sid%3d3cdd5dc64cdd5dc64%26qid%3d46DC4FEDD5D9CC4A80368A113BFC07B5%26io%3d1%26sv%3dza5cb0dbb%26o%3d0%26ask%3dhow%2bdoes%2bfolic%2bacid%2bhelp%2banimals%253f%26uip%3dcdd5dc64%26en%3dte%26eo%3d-100%26pt%3dSeizures%2bin%2bAnimals%2b-%2bHelp!%26ac%3d7%26qs%3d0%26pg%3d1%26ep%3d1%26te_par%3d103%26te_id%3d%26u%3dhttp%3a%2f%2fwww.alternativepethealth.com%2fseizures.html&s=a&bu=http%3a%2f%2fwww.alternativepethealth.com%2fseizures.html&o=0*http://web.ask.com/redir?bpg=http%3a%2f%2fweb.ask.com%2fweb%3fq%3dInformation%2bOn%2bFolic%2bAcid%26o%3d0%26page%3d1&q=Information+On+Folic+Acid&u=http%3a%2f%2ftm.wc.ask.com%2fr%3ft%3dan%26s%3da%26uid%3d049601128322ECBF3%26sid%3d13EC61128322ECBF3%26qid%3d0BC6347A14A7ED4B8F2BCAF23F28A795%26io%3d3%26sv%3dza5cb0dc0%26o%3d0%26ask%3dInformation%2bOn%2bFolic%2bAcid%26uip%3dcdd5dc64%26en%3dte%26eo%3d-100%26pt%3dFacts%2bAbout%2bFolate%26ac%3d7%26qs%3d69%26pg%3d1%26ep%3d1%26te_par%3d102%26te_id%3d%26u%3dhttp%3a%2f%2fwww.cc.nih.gov%2fccc%2fsupplements%2ffolate.html&s=a&bu=http%3a%2f%2fwww.cc.nih.gov%2fccc%2fsupplements%2ffolate.html&o=0