vitamins, minerals, and water by jennifer turley and joan thompson © 2013 cengage
TRANSCRIPT
Vitamins,Minerals,and Water
By Jennifer Turley and Joan ThompsonBy Jennifer Turley and Joan Thompson
© 2013 Cengage© 2013 Cengage
Presentation Overview
• Vitamins: Chemistry, functions & categories
• Minerals: Chemistry, functions & categories
• Water: Functions, intake & excretion
The VitaminsThe Vitamins• Some vitamins are essential.
• Without an intake of, nutritional deficiencies occur.
• Vitamins are organic compounds.
• They contain the element carbon.
• All vitamins are non-caloric.
The VitaminsThe Vitamins• All vitamins are needed in tiny
amounts for cell metabolism
• microgram (µg, mcg, ug) or
As compared to gram amounts for carbohydrates, proteins and fats
• milligram (mg) amounts
Functions of VitaminsFunctions of Vitamins• In cell chemistry or metabolism.
• Enzymes are protein based molecules that catalyze chemical reactions (drive metabolism).
• Many enzymes require a partner called a cofactor or coenzyme to function.
• Vitamins & minerals can function as specific cofactors for specific enzymes.
Enzymes & CofactorsEnzymes & Cofactorsin Metabolismin Metabolism
Examples: The vitamin folate is a cofactor for the enzyme homocysteine transmethylase. The mineral selenium is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase.
Categories of VitaminsCategories of VitaminsFat vs Water Soluble
Chemical structures are in appendix A
Categories of VitaminsCategories of VitaminsFat vs Water Soluble
The Water Soluble Vitamins
Chemical structures are in appendix A
VitaminsVitamins• Other compounds have vitamin activity in
animals, but deficiencies have not been shown in humans.
• The aforementioned vitamins are essential in human nutrition.
MineralsMinerals
• Some minerals are essential. • Without an intake of, nutritional
deficiencies occur.• All minerals are elements. • All minerals are inorganic substances.
» this is because minerals are unique elements and are not compounds containing carbon.
MineralsMinerals
• All minerals are non-caloric
• All minerals are needed in tiny amounts for cellular metabolism and structure
– Microgram (µg)
– Milligram (mg) amounts
As compared to gram amounts for carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
The Periodic Table of ElementsThe Periodic Table of Elements
• Shows all the elements that are naturally found in the earth.
• Each element has unique physical properties such as melting point, crystalline structure, boiling point, and molecular weight.
• Some of the elements naturally found in earth are essential for the human body to function and are called minerals.
Periodic Table of the ElementsPeriodic Table of the ElementsNutritional Application for Essential Minerals
Major Minerals: Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Sulfur (S)Trace Minerals: Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Iodine (I), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Fluoride (F), Cobalt (Co).
Functions of MineralsFunctions of Minerals
• The majority of minerals in the human body play a structural role.
• Also as cofactors of enzymes in metabolism.
• Structural such as calcium in bone structure and as integral components of proteins such as iron & hemoglobin or iodine & thyroxin.
Water & Body fluid regulation by the electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride
O- -H+H+
Na+Cl-
Na+
O- -H+H+
O-
-H+
H+
O- - H
+H
+
O- -H+H+
Cl-O
- - H+
H+ O- -
H+H+
O- - H +
H +
O- -
H+
H+
O- -H+H+
O- -
H+
H+
O- -H+H+ O - -
H +H +
O- - H
+H
+
O- -
H+
H+
K+
K+
O- -H+
H+
O- - H
+H+
O - -H +
H +
O- -H+
H+
O- -H+H+
O- -
H+
H+
O- - H
+H
+
O- - H
+H
+
O- -H+H+
O- -
H+
H+
O - -H +
H +
Water Follows ElectrolytesWater Follows Electrolytes
pH ScalepH Scale
Some minerals help maintain acid-base balance
14131211109876543210
Neutral
Acidic
Basic
8
7.457.35
7
Death
Alkalosis
Normal
Acidosis
Death
Water
Lye
Baking SodaPancreatic JuiceBlood
Urine
Ammonia
CoffeeOrange Juice
VinegarLemon JuiceStomach Acid
Battery Acid
The Chemistry of BuffersThe Chemistry of Buffers
The bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system starts with sodium bicarbonate dissociated in water:
-
When acid such as hydrochloric acid is added:
+
-+
The sodium & chloride electrically balance each other:
+ -
The Chemistry of BuffersThe Chemistry of Buffers
The bicarbonate combines with the hydrogen to yield carbonic acid:
Being unstable, carbonic acid releases carbon dioxide, which is expelled in the breath. Water remains.
-+
Categories of MineralsCategories of Minerals
• There are 17 minerals essential for proper growth & function of the human body.
• Minerals are categorized as Major & Trace.• The category is based on the amount of
mineral present in the human body.
Major MineralsMajor Minerals
• Found in the adult reference male body in quantities greater than 5 grams.
• Bone: Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg)
• Water: Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Potassium (K)
• Lean Body Mass (LBM): Sulfur (S)
Trace MineralsTrace Minerals
• Found in the adult reference male body in quantities less than or equal to 5 grams
• Include: Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Iodine (I), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Fluoride (F), and Cobalt (Co)
Major Major andand
TraceTraceMineralsMinerals
Trace Trace MineralsMinerals
need need >100>100
mg/daymg/day
Other MineralsOther Minerals• Other minerals are found in the
human body but are not recognized as essential. For example:
» Nickel is a structural requirement for some metalloenzymes.
» Boron has recently been shown to function in calcium metabolism.
» Silicon, tin, vanadium and cadmium are found in the human body but no metabolic role has been identified.
WaterWater• Non-Energy Yield: Water
provides 0 Calories/gram. • Functions: Water is the medium
for metabolism & nutrient transport.
• It is the fluid of life. • Without water intake, dysfunction
to death will occur faster than the limitation of any other of the essential nutrients in human nutrition.
H20Inorganic Compound
Water:Water:Recommended Intake
• There is no “one-size-fits-all” water intake recommend. – Needs vary depending on activity &
environmental conditions. • For water balance:
– Consume 1 ml water/Calorie expended.
– This is not an optimal level of water intake.
• DRI for water for those >19 years:– Men: 3.7 L/day (approx. 15 cups)– Women: 2.7 L/day (approx. 11 cups)
H20Inorganic Compound
Water: ExcretionWater: Excretion
• Most body waste is excreted in the urine.
• Kidneys excrete more efficiently into dilute urine.
• Drinking fluid promotes the excretion of toxic metabolic waste products.
• Strive to consume enough fluids to produce clear urine every few hours.
H20Inorganic Compound
WaterWater
• Thirst mechanisms do not provide motivation to drink until an individual is 2% dehydrated.
• At this point, the function of the cardiovascular system is decreased.
• Thus, individuals need to learn to drink when they are not thirsty.
H20Inorganic Compound
Summary
• The Non-Caloric nutrients are vitamins, minerals and water.
• Vitamins & minerals are micronutrients.• Vitamins are categorized as fat & water
soluble.• Minerals are categorized as major & trace.• Water is the fluid of life.
References for this presentation are the same as those for this topic found in module 1 of the textbook