vitamin b12 and depression
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Katie Cole HLSC 415 Lab December 3 rd , 2008. Vitamin B12 and Depression . ???Pop Quiz??? . Which of the following foods contain Vitamin B12? Breakfast cereals Tuna Milk Eggs Carrots . Overview of Presentation. 1. Background information of Vitamin B12 2. Brief overview of depression - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Vitamin B12 and Depression
Katie ColeHLSC 415 LabDecember 3rd, 2008
???Pop Quiz???
Which of the following foods contain Vitamin B12?
Breakfast cereals Tuna Milk Eggs Carrots
Overview of Presentation1. Background information of Vitamin B122. Brief overview of depression3. Physiological Mechanism4. Two primary research articles in relation to
vitamin B12 and depression #1: Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine in
depression: The Rotterdam Study #2: Association between lifestyle factors and
mental health measures among community –dwelling older women
5. Concluding remarks
What is Vitamin B12?
Referred to as cobalamin (or Cyanocobalamin)
Synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and algae
Cows and sheep (rumen of stomach)
Closely related to Folate and Homocysteine levels in the body
Food and B12
Vitamin B12 comes from foods found in animals, they include the following:
Fish Beef Poultry Eggs Milk Milk products
RDA and UL B12RDA FOR ADULTS AND CHILDREN
Age (years)
Male and Female (µg)
Pregnancy
1-3 .9 n/a
4-8 1.2 n/a
9-13 1.8 n/a
14-18 2.4 2.6
19 and older
2.4 2.6
UL FOR ADULTS AND CHILDREN
No toxicity associated with B12
No Upper level
Most children and Adults (U.S.) consume the recommended amounts of Vitamin B12
Functions of Vitamin B12
Helps to maintain nerve cells and red blood cells in human bodies.
Essential for DNA production, the genetic material found in all cells
Biochemical Processes
• B12 enters the stomach• HCL and Pepsin
Free B12 binds to R-Protein
Common Causes of B12 Deficiency Absorption –
Defective R- Protein Defect in binding of Intrinsic factor Absence of stomach or ileum Bacterial overgrowth of small intestine Tapeworm infestation Chronic malabsorption (AIDs)
Research Question
What is the Relationship between vitamin B12 and depression?
Depression
Very common yet serious illness
Affects men, women, and children of all ages around the world
Causes: combination of genetic, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors.
Types of Depression
Major depressive disorder Dysthymic disorder (dysthymia)
Most common Psychotic depression Postpartum depression Seasonal effective disorder Bipolar disorder
Biochemical causes:
Inability to regulate uptake of neurotransmitters: Dopamine Serotonine Epinephrine Nor-epinephrine
These neurotransmitters are mood elevators
Physiological Mechanism
Vitamin B12 – One carbon metabolism
3 enzymes directly involved in Metabolism Methionine synthase Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase
One- Carbon Metabolism
http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514270703/html/x305.html
Article #1 “Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine in depression: The Rotterdam Study
Participants age 55 and older Series of three surveys Addition of depression assessments in 3rd
survey Subjects who visited the research center
had blood taken. Of these subjects 278 had positive screening
results (symptoms)112 participants fulfilled the diagnostic criteria
for depression416 participants that had negative results
Article #1 “Design”
Case-control Study
278 people with depressive symptoms (case)
112 people with depressive disorder (case)
416 people with no signs or symptoms of depression (control)
Characteristic of interest: Vitamin b12, folate, and homocystein levels
statistics
DESCRIPTIVE
Mean Standard deviation
INFERENTIAL
Analysis of the variance (ANOVA)
Logistic regression Odds ratio 95% confidence
interval
Article #1
Article #1
STRENGTHS
Incorporation of diagnostic criteria
No selection bias Accounted for
confounding variables
WEAKNESSES
Subject bias (self reporting)
Population size
Results
Elderly people with vitamin B12 deficiency were more likely to have depressive disorders
Study suggests that vitamin B12 deficiency is independent of any confounding variables when being compared to participants with depressive disorders
Article #2 “Association between lifestyle factors and mental health measures among community-dwelling older women”
Women age 70 and older
Lifestyle variables assessed: Smoking, alcohol consumption, physical
activity, nutrition, and education. Depression, anxiety, quality of life,
cognitive function
Article #2 “Design”
Cross-sectional study
A group of people examined at one point in time
Women 70 years and older examined once, observing an association between lifestyle factors and cognitive abilities/depressive symptoms.
Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE
Mean Standard Deviation
(SD)
INFERENTIAL
t- test Pearson’s Spearman’s rho Logistic regression 95% Confidence
Intervals
Article #2
Article #2
STRENGTHS
In vivo Selection bias Confounding variables
WEAKNESSES
Interviewer bias Subject bias Population size
Results
B12 deficiency did not show any relation to depression
The results were most likely not accurate due to the population sample and a small percentage of participants having a b12 deficiency
B12 was also paired with folate levels
Conclusion
Article #1 was more accurate Other studies have shown similar
results
Future recommendations- Studies should include larger
population size More studies conducted on younger
population Focused on vitamin B12 and
depression
ReferencesCassidy, K., Kotynia-English, R., Acres, J., Flicker, L., Lautenschlager, N.T., & Almeida, O.P.
(2004). Association between lifestyle factors and mental health measures among community dwelling older women. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 38,940-947. Retrieved September 15, 2008 from Ebscohost database.
Penninx, B.W.J.H., Guralnik, J.M., Ferrucci, L., Fried, L.P., Allen, R.H., & Stabler, S.P. (2000). Vitamin deficiency and depression in physically disabled older women: epidemiologic from the women’s health and aging study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 157(5),715-721. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from Ebscohost.
Pinel, J.P.J. (2006) Biopsychology. (6th ed.). Toronto: Allyn and Bacon.
Tiemeier, H., Ruud van Tuijl, H., Hofman, A., Kiliaan, J.A., Breteler, M.M.B. (2002). Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine in depression: The Rotterdam Study. American Journal of Psychiatry,159(12), 2099-2101. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from Ebscohost database.
National Institutes of Health (2006). Dietary supplement fact sheet: vitamin B12. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12.asp#h1
Questions