vital signs and normal values * a constancy in the internal environment of the body * naturally...
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Vital Signs and normal values
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* A constancy in the internal environment of the body
* Naturally maintained by adaptive responses that promote healthy survival
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* Body Temperature
* Respiratory Rate
* Pulse / Heart Rate
* Blood Pressure
* Sensorium (mental alertness)
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*Oral*Rectal*Axillary*Tympanic*Temporal
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Hyperthermia*Fever, febrile
*Temperature higher than 99.5 °F
Hypothermia *below normal range of
97.7 °F
*Due to
*Environment
*Medically induced
*Damage to hypothalamus
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* Body Temperature
* Respiratory Rate
* Pulse / Heart Rate
* Blood Pressure
* Sensorium (mental alertness)
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* Adults: 12 – 20 bpm
* Children: 20 – 30 bpm
* Newborns: 30 – 60 bpm
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• Respiratory System
delivers
oxygen to the
body’s tissues
eliminates carbon
dioxide
• Pt will die without the
removal of CO2 and
addition of O2
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Ventilators
Nasal Cannula
Oxyhood
Masks
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*Tachypnea
*Greater than 20 breaths per minute (adult)
*Bradypnea – decrease is breathing
*Dyspnea- difficulty breathing
*Apnea- no breathing
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*Normal Pulse Oximeter = 95% to 100%
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* Body Temperature
* Respiratory Rate
* Pulse / Heart Rate
* Blood Pressure
* Sensorium (mental alertness)
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*Adult
*60 to 100 beats per minute
*Children under 10
*70 to 120 beats per minute
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*Radial artery
*Brachial
*Carotid artery
*Apical pulses
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* Body Temperature
* Respiratory Rate
* Pulse / Heart Rate
* Blood Pressure
* Sensorium (mental alertness)
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* Measure of the force exerted by blood on the arterial walls during contraction & relaxation.
* Measured pressure when the heart is relaxed: Diastolic
* Measured pressure when the heart is contracted: Systolic
* Measured with a Sphygmomanometer
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* Recorded in millimeters of mercury
(mm Hg) with systolic over diastolic
* Normal adult systolic: 95-140 mm Hg
* Normal adult diastolic: 60-90 mm Hg
* 120/80 mmHg considered normal
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*Hypertension
*Persistently elevation
*above 140/90 mmHg
*Hypotension
*Persistently less
*than 95/60 mmHg
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* Body Temperature
* Respiratory Rate
* Pulse / Heart Rate
* Blood Pressure
* Sensorium (mental alertness)
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State of conscious awareness:alert and engaged-walky-
talkyalert but not engagednot alert, sleepy, eyes
closedaltered states of
consciousness
Sensorium (mental alertness)Sensorium (mental alertness)
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Not common in x-ray department but always possible
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Dislocation of the C3 and C4 articular processes
Note that C7 is not well demonstrated
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Some studies of spinal trauma have recorded a missed injury rate as high as 33%.
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Seen much more frequently in the xray department
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*What a Radiologic technologist should know
*Common Radiology Emergencies
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1.Ensure an open airway (ABC’s)
2.Control Bleeding
3.Take Measures to Prevent shock
4. Attend to wounds or fractures
5.Provide emotional support
6. Continually reevaluate and follow up
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* Sudden change in medical status requiring immediate action.
*For RT’s medical emergencies are rare* Recognize emergencies
*Remain calm and confident
*Avoid additional harm to the patient
*Obtain appropriate medical assistance quickly
*Know where crash cart is, emergency phone and code blue buttons
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*Know where it is in your department
*Familiarize yourself with its contents*Have BLS with AED
training
*Have one in the room when an iodinated contrast media will be used
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1. ALOC2. Shock3. Anaphylactic shock4. Diabetic Crisis5. Respiratory Distress6. Cardiac Arrest7. Cerebrovascular accident
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Levels of consciousness1. Least severe
* Responsive
2. More serious* Can be roused, but drowsy
3. Even more serious* Responds to pinches or
pinpricks
4. Most serious* Comatose, non-responsive
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*Hypovolemic*Loss of blood or tissue
*Cardiogenic*Cardiac disorders
*Neurogenic*Spinal anesthesia or damage to spinal cord
*Vasogenic*Caused by sepsis, deep anesthesia or anaphylaxis
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*An allergic reaction to contrast media*Iodinated
*Can happen quickly or have a delayed reaction
*Requires prompt recognition and treatment from the technologist
*More severe usually have quick onset
*Less severe takes longer for reaction
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1. Hypoglycemia
2. Hyperglycemia
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*Excessive insulin- low blood sugar
* Can result from normal dose of insulin & no food
*Need carbohydrate
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*Excessive sugar- low insulin
*Usually seen in diabetics
* Pt. needs insulin
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1. Asthma
2. Choking
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1. Stressful situations
2. Inhaler or medical assistance
3. Remain calm and confident
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1.Cannot speak2.Universal distress signal3.Encourage to cough4.Heimlich Maneuver
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1. Crushing pain in chest
2. Pain down arm
3. Begin CPR and use AED
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1.Paralysis on one or both sides2.Slurred or loss of speech3.Dizziness4.Loss of vision5.Complete unconsciousness
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*Tell pt to breath deeply and slowly
*Turn on side if possible or turn head
*Get emesis basin and moist cloths
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*You never know when a medical emergency may occur.
*Helping your patients depends on your abilities to stay calm and perform you duties!