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Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?

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Page 1: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Viruses to Cancer

What is cancer?

Page 2: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Loss of Normal Growth Control

Cancer cell division

Fourth orlater mutation

Third mutation

Second mutation

First mutation

Uncontrolled growth

Cell Suicide or Apoptosis

Cell damage—no repair

Normal cell division

Page 3: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Example of Normal Growth

Cell migration

Dermis

Dividing cells in basal layer

Dead cells shed from

outer surface

Epidermis

Page 4: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

The Beginning of Cancerous Growth

Underlying tissue

Page 5: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Tumors (Neoplasms)

Underlying tissue

Page 6: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Invasion and Metastasis

3Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location

1Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels

2Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites

Page 7: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Malignant versus Benign Tumors

Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites

Time

Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis

Page 8: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Microscopic Appearance of Cancer Cells

Page 9: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

What Causes Cancer?Some viruses or bacteria

HeredityDiet

Hormones

RadiationSome chemicals

Page 10: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Viruses

Virus inserts and changes genes forcell growth

Cancer-linked virus

Page 11: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Examples of Human Cancer VirusesSome Viruses Associated with Human Cancers

Page 12: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Figure 3.3 The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)

Replication & Variety of DNA Viruses

SV40 Virion

HPV 16 Virion

Page 13: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

AIDS and Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Withoutdisease

Depressedimmunesystem

HIV infection

KSHV infection

Page 14: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Genes and Cancer

Chromosomes are DNA molecules

Heredity

RadiationChemicals

Viruses

Page 15: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Proto-Oncogenes and Normal Cell Growth

Receptor

Normal Growth-Control Pathway

DNA

Cell proliferation

Cell nucleus

Transcriptionfactors

Signaling enzymes

Growth factor

Page 16: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Oncogenes areMutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes

Cell proliferation driven by internal oncogene signaling

Transcription

Activated gene regulatory protein

Inactive intracellular signaling protein

Signaling protein from active oncogene

Inactive growth factor receptor

Page 17: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Normal genes prevent cancer

Remove or inactivate tumor suppressor genes

Mutated/inactivated tumor suppressor genes

Damage to both genes leads to cancer

Cancer cell

Normal cell

Page 18: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Tumor Suppressor GenesAct Like a Brake Pedal

Tumor Suppressor Gene Proteins

DNACell nucleus

Signalingenzymes

Growth factor

Receptor

Transcriptionfactors

Cell proliferation

Page 19: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Figure 3.2 The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)

RNA Tumor Viruses – The Rous Sarcoma Virus Story

Page 20: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Figure 3.22 The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)

Page 21: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Virus OncogeneRous sarcoma virus v-srcSimian sarcoma virus v-sisAvian erythroblastosis v-erbA/BKirsten murine sarcoma v-kRasMoloney murine sarcoma v-mosMC29 avian myelocytoma v-myc

Viruses and Their Oncogenes

Page 22: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Figure 3.23b The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)

Retroviral Insertion Has the Potential to Transform by Activation of Oncogenes

Page 23: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Many Types of HPVs

Different HPVs–Different Infections

Harmless

No warts or cancer

Warts-Linked

Genital warts

Cancer-Linked

Most clear up

Some persist, but no abnormalities in cervix

Some persist, some abnormalities in cervix

A few persist and progress to cervical cancer

Page 24: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Common Infection

Infected with HPV

Page 25: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Virus Penetrates Cervix

Uterus

HPVinfection

Vagina

Cervix

Layers of epithelial cells

Papillomavirus

Page 26: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Virus Uncoats

Virus “uncoats”

Nucleus

Epithelial cell interior

mRNAs for viral proteins E6 and E7

Viral DNA enters nucleus

Page 27: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Virus Disables Suppressors

Cancerous epithelial cells

Suppressor protein 2

E7 viral protein

Degraded suppressors

Healthy cellsMucus

E6 viral protein

Suppressor protein 1

Page 28: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

The Vaccination

Page 29: Viruses to Cancer What is cancer?. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation

Antibodies Prevent Infection

Papillomavirus

No DNA strands can escape the capsid= Antibodies


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