virtual surrounding face geocasting in wireless and adhoc sensor networks
DESCRIPTION
describes a geocasting technique in wireless adhoc sensor networks. an ieee paper of 2009.TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AN IMPROVED FACE TRAVERSAL FOR GEOCASTING IN WIRESS
ADHOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS
ByN.A.P.Sivasubramaniyan,
ME-CSE, IInd Year
Guided ByDr. E.Baburaj
![Page 2: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Problem Definition
• GEOCASTING– a task to deliver a message from a source node to all
nodes within a given geographic region.
• It requires ensured message delivery with low transmission cost.
• Limited energy of sensors requires geocasting to consume a little energy
as possible.
![Page 3: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Location Based Routing
• Face Routing
• Greedy Face Greedy Routing
• Geocasting Algorithms
• Broadcasting Algorithms
Existing Approaches for Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 3
![Page 4: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Location Based Routing
• Face Routing
• Greedy Face Greedy Routing
• Geocasting Algorithms
• Broadcasting Algorithms
Existing Approaches for Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 4
![Page 5: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Location Based Routing
• Every node in network knows its location and its neighbors.
• Routing made based on destination location and location of neighbors.
• Nodes don’t maintain routing tables.
![Page 6: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Greedy LBR• Each node choses the neighbor closest to the destination as next forwarding node.
t
s
![Page 7: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Greedy LBR• Fails when a message gets stuck in a
dead end.
t
?s
![Page 8: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Location Based Routing
• Face Routing
• Greedy Face Greedy Routing
• Geocasting Algorithms
• Broadcasting Algorithms
Existing Approaches for Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 8
![Page 9: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Location Based Routing
• Face Routing
• Greedy Face Greedy Routing
• Geocasting Algorithms
• Broadcasting Algorithms
Existing Approaches for Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 9
![Page 10: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Face RoutingDerive a planar graph from the network topology
![Page 11: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Face RoutingPartition into set of faces……..
![Page 12: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ts
Face Routing
![Page 13: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
s t
Face Routing
![Page 14: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
s t
Face Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 14
![Page 15: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
s t
Face Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 15
![Page 16: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
t
Face Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 16
![Page 17: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
s t
Face Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 17
![Page 18: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
t
Face Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 18
![Page 19: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Disadvantage:
High transmission cost
Face Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 19
![Page 20: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Location Based Routing
• Face Routing
• Greedy Face Greedy Routing
• Geocasting Algorithms
• Broadcasting Algorithms
Existing Approaches for Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 20
![Page 21: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Location Based Routing
• Face Routing
• Greedy Face Greedy Routing
• Geocasting Algorithms
• Broadcasting Algorithms
Existing Approaches for Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 21
![Page 22: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Greedy Face Routing
• Combines greedy LBR and Face Routing.
• Generally uses greedy routing.
• When a void is reached, uses Face Routing.
![Page 23: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Drawback in existing Face Routing
![Page 24: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Though x is a direct neighbor of v, message is sent from v to w and then to x, introducing an extra transmission.
In dense networks, this may be significant compared with the total number of transmissions for face traversal.
Solution: We propose a SKIP method to allow skipping of such nodes.
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 24
![Page 25: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Location Based Routing
• Face Routing
• Greedy Face Greedy Routing
• Geocasting Algorithms
• Broadcasting Algorithms
Existing Approaches for Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 25
![Page 26: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Location Based Routing
• Face Routing
• Greedy Face Greedy Routing
• Geocasting Algorithms
• Broadcasting Algorithms
Existing Approaches for Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 26
![Page 27: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Geocasting
• can be easily achieved by flooding the network.
• Problem: Not energy efficient.
Requires atleast ‘N’ transmissions.
• Three classes of geocasting algorithms exist.
![Page 28: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
GeocastingClass I: limits the scope of flooding by creating a restricted forwarding zone.
minimum rectangle containing source and geocasting region is chosen as forwarding zone.
restricted flooding is performed.
Drawback:forwarding zone larger than geocasting region.
Flooding cost don’t go down.
message delivery not guaranteed.Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 28
![Page 29: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Geocasting
Class II: reduces flooding costs.
restricted forwarding zone is intelligently flooded.
Drawback:message delivery not guaranteed.
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 29
![Page 30: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
GeocastingClass III:
phase 1: message sent from source node to a node in geocasting region.
phase 2: performs restricted flooding.
Reduces transmission cost.
Drawback:message delivery not guaranteed.
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 30
![Page 31: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Some algorithms combine location based unicasting and restricted flooding with face traversal to guarantee message delivery.
• Depth First Face Tree Traversal
• Restricted Flooding with Intersected Face Traversal
• Entrance Zone Multicasting based Geocasting
Drawbacks :
Complex, longer delivery time, high message cost, potentially series contention.
![Page 32: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
RFIFT: Restricted Flooding with Intersected Face Traversal
Phase 1: Uses GFG to deliver a geocasting message to a node in geocasting region R.
Phase 2: Performs restricted flooding within R and traverses all the faces intersecting R. Each face traversal determined by two nodes:
an internal border node
an external border node
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 32
![Page 33: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
s
Some concerns:• Cost• Potential collision• Delivery speed
RFIFT Basic
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 33
![Page 34: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Another Problem in RFIFT
• In some cases, RFIFT needs to be modified to guarantee message delivery
s
Region
uy
y
z
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 34
![Page 35: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Location Based Routing
• Face Routing
• Greedy Face Greedy Routing
• Geocasting Algorithms
• Broadcasting Algorithms
Existing Approaches for Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 35
![Page 36: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Location Based Routing
• Face Routing
• Greedy Face Greedy Routing
• Geocasting Algorithms
• Broadcasting Algorithms
Existing Approaches for Routing
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 36
![Page 37: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Broadcasting
• It is a process to send a message to all nodes in a network.
• Efficient broadcasting can be modified to reduce the cost of restricted flooding in geocasting.
• Drawbacks:
high cost, contention, message collision.
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 37
![Page 38: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Broadcasting
• based on domain set based algorithms.
• a connected domain set(CDS) is defined, such that for every node in the network, the node either belongs to CDS or has a direct neighbor in CDS.
• flooding performed only by the nodes belonging to the CDS.
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 38
![Page 39: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 39
Dominating Set - Example
![Page 40: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Our Goals
• Guaranteed message delivery
• Short delivery time
• Low transmission cost
• Avoid potential message collisions
• Reducing message complexity of RFIFT
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 40
![Page 41: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Proposed Scheme……
Virtual Surrounding Face Geocasting (VSFG)
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 41
![Page 42: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 42
Basic Idea of VSF: Virtual Surrounding Face
For any two faces that share an edge, if the shared edge is ignored, the two faces can be merged into one face with a larger area.
![Page 43: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 43
Virtual Surround Face (VSF)
u
v
![Page 44: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Overview of VSFG
• VSFG algorithm based on VSF acheives geocasting with guaranteed message delivery.
• SKIP algorithm let nodes skip some intermediate nodes during face traversal.
• DS based restricted flooding reduces the number of transmissions.
• RFIFT reduces the transmission cost.
• We assume that all nodes donot change their locations during the geocasting task.
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 44
![Page 45: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
VSFG• composed of three tasks.
VSF Forwarding
VSF Traversal
VSF Restricted Flooding
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 45
![Page 46: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
VSFG• composed of three tasks.
VSF Forwarding
VSF Traversal
VSF Restricted Flooding
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 46
![Page 47: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
VSF Forwarding:
A source node transmits a geocasting message containing the specification of the region to a node on the boundary of the VSF by LBR or GFG.
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 47
![Page 48: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
VSFG• composed of three tasks.
VSF Forwarding
VSF Traversal
VSF Restricted Flooding
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 48
![Page 49: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
VSFG• composed of three tasks.
VSF Forwarding
VSF Traversal
VSF Restricted Flooding
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 49
![Page 50: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
VSF Traversal:
Node which received the message starts double directional face traversal.
Thus messages will never collide.
Traversal is also aided by SKIP algorithm to reduce the number of transmissions.
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 50
![Page 51: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
VSFG• composed of three tasks.
VSF Forwarding
VSF Traversal
VSF Restricted Flooding
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 51
![Page 52: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
VSFG• composed of three tasks.
VSF Forwarding
VSF Traversal
VSF Restricted Flooding
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 52
![Page 53: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
VSF Restricted Flooding:
Every node on the boundary of VSF performs DS based Restricted flooding.
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 53
![Page 54: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting 54
Example of VSF Geocasting
su
w
![Page 55: VIRTUAL SURROUNDING FACE GEOCASTING IN WIRELESS AND ADHOC SENSOR NETWORKS](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070303/54b565b04a7959a2638b4596/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
QUERIES…???
Vitrual Surrounding Face Geocasting