virology
TRANSCRIPT
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Virology
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Virus
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Virus ✴Particle made of nucleic acid and a protein coat
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Virus ✴Particle made of nucleic acid and a protein coat
✴~100x smaller than our cells
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Virus ✴Particle made of nucleic acid and a protein coat
✴~100x smaller than our cells
✴Virology-the study of viruses (structure, classification, isolation, potential uses)
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Virus ✴Particle made of nucleic acid and a protein coat
✴~100x smaller than our cells
✴Virology-the study of viruses (structure, classification, isolation, potential uses)
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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The Great Debate
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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The Great Debate
✴Are viruses living organisms?
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You Be the Judge
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You Be the Judge
✴They have nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
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You Be the Judge
✴They have nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)✴No membrane bound organelles
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You Be the Judge
✴They have nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)✴No membrane bound organelles✴They cannot metabolize or divide
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You Be the Judge
✴They have nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)✴No membrane bound organelles✴They cannot metabolize or divide✴Must use a host to reproduce
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Structure
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Structure✴Nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
coat
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Structure✴Nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
coat✴4 types:
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Structure✴Nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
coat✴4 types: ✴helical
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Structure✴Nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
coat✴4 types: ✴helical✴icosahedral
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Structure✴Nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
coat✴4 types: ✴helical✴icosahedral✴enveloped
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Structure✴Nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
coat✴4 types: ✴helical✴icosahedral✴enveloped✴bacteriophage
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Helical Virus
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Helical Virus✴Spiral tube of protein (“stair case”)
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Helical Virus✴Spiral tube of protein (“stair case”)✴Tobacco mosaic virus, rabies
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Helical Virus✴Spiral tube of protein (“stair case”)✴Tobacco mosaic virus, rabies
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Helical Virus✴Spiral tube of protein (“stair case”)✴Tobacco mosaic virus, rabies
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Icosahedral Virus
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Icosahedral Virus✴Appear spherical at low mag.
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Icosahedral Virus✴Appear spherical at low mag.✴They actually have 20 triangular sides
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Icosahedral Virus✴Appear spherical at low mag.✴They actually have 20 triangular sides✴Hepatitis B
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Icosahedral Virus✴Appear spherical at low mag.✴They actually have 20 triangular sides✴Hepatitis B
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Icosahedral Virus✴Appear spherical at low mag.✴They actually have 20 triangular sides✴Hepatitis B
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Enveloped Virus
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Enveloped Virus✴Spherical shape
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Enveloped Virus✴Spherical shape✴These viruses highjack a host’s cell
membrane, forming an envelope
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Enveloped Virus✴Spherical shape✴These viruses highjack a host’s cell
membrane, forming an envelope✴Glycoproteins (“receptors”) on the surface
of the envelope allow the virus to appear “friendly”
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Enveloped Virus✴Spherical shape✴These viruses highjack a host’s cell
membrane, forming an envelope✴Glycoproteins (“receptors”) on the surface
of the envelope allow the virus to appear “friendly”
✴HIV, influenza
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Enveloped Virus
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Enveloped Virus
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Enveloped Virus
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Enveloped Virus
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Bacteriophage“Complex Viruses”
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Bacteriophage“Complex Viruses”
✴Hexagonal head bound to a helical tail
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Bacteriophage“Complex Viruses”
✴Hexagonal head bound to a helical tail✴Resemble a lunar landing pod
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Bacteriophage“Complex Viruses”
✴Hexagonal head bound to a helical tail✴Resemble a lunar landing pod✴Tail fibers act (“legs”) help to inject DNA
into the host cell
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Bacteriophage“Complex Viruses”
✴Hexagonal head bound to a helical tail✴Resemble a lunar landing pod✴Tail fibers act (“legs”) help to inject DNA
into the host cell✴T Phages (E.coli)
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Bacteriophage
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Bacteriophage
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Bacteriophage
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Bacteriophage
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Bacteriophage Replication
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Bacteriophage Replication
✴Lytic Cycle- during the lytic cycle a virus invades a host, produces new viruses, and destroys the host (lysis)
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Bacteriophage Replication
✴Lytic Cycle- during the lytic cycle a virus invades a host, produces new viruses, and destroys the host (lysis)
✴Viruses that replicate this way are known as virulent
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Bacteriophage Replication
✴Lytic Cycle- during the lytic cycle a virus invades a host, produces new viruses, and destroys the host (lysis)
✴Viruses that replicate this way are known as virulent
✴T phages are virulentTuesday, January 26, 2010
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Bacteriophage Replication
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Bacteriophage Replication
wLysogenic Cycle- sometimes a virus may infect a host cell and remain dormant
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Bacteriophage Replication
wLysogenic Cycle- sometimes a virus may infect a host cell and remain dormant
wThis type of virus is known as a temperate virus
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Bacteriophage Replication
wLysogenic Cycle- sometimes a virus may infect a host cell and remain dormant
wThis type of virus is known as a temperate virus
wTemperate virus DNA will combine with host DNA creating a prophage
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Bacteriophage Replication
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Bacteriophage Replication
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Viral Replication
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Viral Replication
✴Infection begins when a virus recognizes and attaches to or enters a host cell
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Viral Replication
✴Infection begins when a virus recognizes and attaches to or enters a host cell
✴The viral genome takes over the cell, making it a factory for more viruses
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Viral Replication
✴Infection begins when a virus recognizes and attaches to or enters a host cell
✴The viral genome takes over the cell, making it a factory for more viruses
✴Because they can only replicate with the help of a host, viruses are known as obligate intracellular parasites
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✴DNA Viruses:
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✴DNA Viruses:✴Some DNA enters a host and makes mRNA
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✴DNA Viruses:✴Some DNA enters a host and makes mRNA✴Other DNA may actually insert into a host
cell’s chromosome (provirus)
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✴DNA Viruses:✴Some DNA enters a host and makes mRNA✴Other DNA may actually insert into a host
cell’s chromosome (provirus)✴RNA Viruses:
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✴DNA Viruses:✴Some DNA enters a host and makes mRNA✴Other DNA may actually insert into a host
cell’s chromosome (provirus)✴RNA Viruses:✴Some RNA enters the host and serves
directly as RNA
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✴DNA Viruses:✴Some DNA enters a host and makes mRNA✴Other DNA may actually insert into a host
cell’s chromosome (provirus)✴RNA Viruses:✴Some RNA enters the host and serves
directly as RNA ✴Other RNA may be transcribed and serve
as a template for more viral DNA
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✴Some RNA viruses (retroviruses) contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase
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✴Some RNA viruses (retroviruses) contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase
✴This enzyme is used to transcribe viral RNA into DNA (reversing the normal process of transcription)
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✴Some RNA viruses (retroviruses) contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase
✴This enzyme is used to transcribe viral RNA into DNA (reversing the normal process of transcription)
✴This viral DNA is used to make more viruses
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✴Some RNA viruses (retroviruses) contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase
✴This enzyme is used to transcribe viral RNA into DNA (reversing the normal process of transcription)
✴This viral DNA is used to make more viruses
✴HIV is a retrovirus
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Virology
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VirologyPart Deux
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Human Viral Diseases
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Human Viral Diseases✴Because viruses aren’t “alive” they must
be spread by an intermediate host (vector)
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Human Viral Diseases✴Because viruses aren’t “alive” they must
be spread by an intermediate host (vector)
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Human Viral Diseases✴Because viruses aren’t “alive” they must
be spread by an intermediate host (vector)
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Human Viral Diseases✴Because viruses aren’t “alive” they must
be spread by an intermediate host (vector)
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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Chicken Pox/Shingles:
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Chicken Pox/Shingles:✴Caused by vericella-zoster herpesvirus
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Chicken Pox/Shingles:✴Caused by vericella-zoster herpesvirus✴Spread through the air and contact
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Chicken Pox/Shingles:✴Caused by vericella-zoster herpesvirus✴Spread through the air and contact✴May remain dormant as a provirus and
become shingles
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Viral Hepatitis
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Viral Hepatitis✴Inflammation of the liver caused
by 5 different viruses
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Viral Hepatitis✴Inflammation of the liver caused
by 5 different viruses✴A and E spread by fecal matter
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Viral Hepatitis✴Inflammation of the liver caused
by 5 different viruses✴A and E spread by fecal matter✴B,C and D spread by sexual
contact or blood transfusion
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AIDS
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AIDS✴Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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AIDS✴Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome✴Caused by the HIV virus
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AIDS✴Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome✴Caused by the HIV virus✴Glycoproteins on the surface of the virus
bind to receptor sites of immune cells (macrophages)
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AIDS✴Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome✴Caused by the HIV virus✴Glycoproteins on the surface of the virus
bind to receptor sites of immune cells (macrophages)
✴Retrovirus, Provirus
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AIDS✴Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome✴Caused by the HIV virus✴Glycoproteins on the surface of the virus
bind to receptor sites of immune cells (macrophages)
✴Retrovirus, Provirus✴Genetically diverse
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Is there a cure ?
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Is there a cure ?✴Azydothymidine- inhibits reverse
transcriptase
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Is there a cure ?✴Azydothymidine- inhibits reverse
transcriptase ✴Protease inibitors- blocks synthesis of
new capsids
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Is there a cure ?✴Azydothymidine- inhibits reverse
transcriptase ✴Protease inibitors- blocks synthesis of
new capsids✴These drugs can only slow the
progression to full-blown AIDS
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Emerging Diseases
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Emerging Diseases ✴Caused by infections in animal
populations
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Emerging Diseases ✴Caused by infections in animal
populations✴Rainforest animals-> Ebola
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Emerging Diseases ✴Caused by infections in animal
populations✴Rainforest animals-> Ebola✴Hanta virus (pneumonia)-> mice
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Emerging Diseases ✴Caused by infections in animal
populations✴Rainforest animals-> Ebola✴Hanta virus (pneumonia)-> mice✴SARS-> civet cats
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✴Epidemic- quickly spreading infectious disease
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✴Epidemic- quickly spreading infectious disease
✴Pandemic- disease spreads over large regions
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✴Epidemic- quickly spreading infectious disease
✴Pandemic- disease spreads over large regions
✴Bubonic plague, Small pox
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Treatment
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Treatment✴Vaccine- harmless version of a virus used to
build an immune response (microevolution)
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Treatment✴Vaccine- harmless version of a virus used to
build an immune response (microevolution)✴Inactivated virus- not able to replicate
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Treatment✴Vaccine- harmless version of a virus used to
build an immune response (microevolution)✴Inactivated virus- not able to replicate✴Attenuated virus- weakened form of a virus; no
ability to cause disease
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Treatment✴Vaccine- harmless version of a virus used to
build an immune response (microevolution)✴Inactivated virus- not able to replicate✴Attenuated virus- weakened form of a virus; no
ability to cause disease✴Vector control
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Treatment✴Vaccine- harmless version of a virus used to
build an immune response (microevolution)✴Inactivated virus- not able to replicate✴Attenuated virus- weakened form of a virus; no
ability to cause disease✴Vector control✴Drug therapy- interfere with DNA/RNA
synthesis
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Treatment✴Vaccine- harmless version of a virus used to
build an immune response (microevolution)✴Inactivated virus- not able to replicate✴Attenuated virus- weakened form of a virus; no
ability to cause disease✴Vector control✴Drug therapy- interfere with DNA/RNA
synthesis✴Acyclovir- blocks DNA polymerase
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Viroids vs. Prions
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Viroids vs. Prions
✴Viroids
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Viroids vs. Prions
✴Viroids✴Single-stranded
RNA
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Viroids vs. Prions
✴Viroids✴Single-stranded
RNA ✴Disrupt plant
metabolism
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Viroids vs. Prions
✴Viroids✴Single-stranded
RNA ✴Disrupt plant
metabolism✴Coconuts,
oranges, potatoes
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Viroids vs. Prions
✴Viroids✴Single-stranded
RNA ✴Disrupt plant
metabolism✴Coconuts,
oranges, potatoes
✴Prions✴Infectious
protein particles
✴Clump in brain; cause cell death
✴Mad cow, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
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