Virginia State History – Reconstruction to 1900

Student Name: _______________________________________ Date: ____________________

For each of the following questions, fill-in-the-blanks:

Questions/Statements1. In the aftermath of the American Civil War in Virginia, there was _____________(little/much) that needed rebuilding because of destruction caused by the conflict.

2. The railroad bridge(s) at Harper’s Ferry were destroyedand rebuilt 9 times - several times by the Union army andseveral times by the ______________________ army itself.

3. The ruins of the __________ bridges (i.e., piers) can stillbe seen at Harper’s Ferry.

4. Living in primitive camps and relying mostly on theirimmediate surroundings for survival, _____________ left a vast barren ___________ where theyhad camped and built defensive positions (e.g., at Centreville, VA).

5. Perhaps the most destruction of homes and buildings was done by a fire at _______________when the Confederates abandoned it in the Spring of 1865.

6. Everywhere that a battle was fought there was destruction of homes and property by thefighting armies. For example, homes were destroyed at _____________________ early in theWar and at __________________ during the siege outside of Richmond at the end of the War.

7. Homes and farms in Virginia were destroyed by Union armies to deny food and supplies thatthey would otherwise have given to _______________________(Confederate/Union) troops.

8. Sheridan’s Army of the Shenandoah – including Gen.Custer’s Division, ___________________ homes and farmsin the Valley as they pursued a “scorched-earth” policytoward civilians at the end of the War.

9. Property was destroyed during the War throughout thestate of Virginia (e.g., Lexington, Petersburg, Yorktown).Perhaps the greatest damage was done by fires set to destroy_____________________ records (e.g., real estate propertydeed books, marriage registers, etc.).

10. Jefferson Davis was imprisoned and ________________ for treason; but, he was set free onbail and never tried for this offense.

11. Judge John C. Underwood of the US District Court in Virginia thought he could “pack” ajury to indict and convict __________________ of Treason. But, Davis did not stand trial as thecase against him was “dropped” by President ________________.

12. Underwood’s “packed” jury that indicted JeffersonDavis included ________________(no/several) Negroes.

13. The “Lost Cause” of the Confederacy is a phrase thatcommonly refers to the literary and intellectual_______________ that white society used to reconcile itsloss of the War.

14. The main tenets of the Lost Cause movement included the thought that Confederate losseswere _________________________ due to Northern superiority in resources and manpower.

15. Southerners thought their secession was justified as their state’s ___________.

16. Northerners justified the War to preserve the Union and _____________slavery.

17. Negroes fought for ________________; and, Southerners fought Union ________________in defense of their “homeland”.

18. Early in the War, Secretary of War Cameron proposed ______________________________(Carving up the state of Virginia/Giving Virginia to the Spanish/Letting the British take Virginiaback)

19. In Sec. of War Cameron’s proposal, ___________________ would have included most of thestate of Virginia.

20. Senator Charles Sumner of MA thought Southern states had committed ________________via secession and deserved to be treated as conquered territories rather than former states.

21. As a city occupied by Union forces many times during the War, Negroes in____________________, VA_ celebrated Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.

22. Senator Charles Sumner of MA thought that the US Constitution should be amended to_______________________________ slavery every where in the Republic.

23. During Reconstruction, there were __________ different Governors of Virginia.

24. In order of their holding office, Virginia’s Reconstruction Governors were:

1 _____________________ 2 ________________________ 3 ____________________st nd rd

25. Governor ________________ was actually elected to office in Virginia toward the end ofReconstruction.

26. The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, provided for ___________ military districts togovern the Southern States. (Virginia was District I).

27. The first commander of Military District I was Maj. Gen. ________________________.

28. The Reconstruction Amendments to the US Constitution were: _______________________.

29. The 13 Amendment ______________________________slavery.th

30. The 14 Amendment defined ______________________________ and included the “Dueth

Process” and “________________________________________________” clauses.

31. Suffragettes thought that the 14 Amendment gave ______________ the right to vote; but,th

the US Supreme Court ruled against their interpretation of the Amendment.

32. Women got the right to vote by the 19 Amendment in 1920; but,th

Lila Meade Valentine (Virginia’s famous _____________________)was too ill to vote and died in 1921 without ever having voted.

31. Many white Virginians were against ratification of the 14th

Amendment and were still against it as late as 19___ when the USSupreme Court ruled against segregation on the basis of its “EqualProtection” Clause – i.e., “separate but equal” wasn’t equal.

32. The 15 Amendment provided for voting rights to all [men]th

regardless of “___________________, _________________ or________________________________________________ of servitude”.

33. In 1868, Virginia called a convention to revise its constitution as required by the Union inorder for Virginia’s representatives to be re-admitted to the Congress. This new constitution wascalled the “ _______________________ Constitution” because the convention was dominated bythis US District Court Judge.

34. The ratified Underwood Constitution did not include clauses that disenfranchised (i.e., tookaway voting and representing rights) former ______________________________ government officials.

35. Rebuilding Virginia’s _________________________ was the key to Virginia’s Post-WarGrowth and Development.

36. Before the War, the Richmond, Fredericksburg andPotomac railroad stopped at_______________________Creek where passengerswent on to Washington by river boat. After the War, thisRR was extended North to the Potomac Yard outsideAlexandria, VA.

37. The RR Bridge over the __________________________ River was destroyed atthe battle of Fredericksburg in 1862 and rebuilt in 1863.

38. The Virginia and _______________ RR went South-west into other Southern States before 1860.

39. After the War, Mahone fought to consolidate histhree railroads – especially including the profitableVirginia and _______________ RR which brought cargofrom the South thru Lynchburg to Norfolk, VA.

40. As a leader of the ___________________ Party,Mahone was elected to represent Virginia in the USSenate.

41. The ________________________ and Danville RR was extended South to_______________________________ as the principal North-South RR of the South-EasternUnited States.

42. The phrase “40 ac and a _____________” refers to what Sherman gave to freedmen on hisMarch to the Sea from Atlanta.

43. The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was called the“______________________ Bureau”.

44. This historically Black College in Washington, DC was named _________________ Univ.after the Commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

45. One of the main goals of the Freedmen’s Bureau was to: _____________

a. keep Negroes in bondage;b. protect destitute whites in the South;c. ensure justice for the freedmen;d. set low wages for the work of freedmen and women.

46. The traditional _________________ ceremony was not allowed for Southern Negroes beforethe War.

47. The Freedmen’s Bureau office in Richmond was located ______________________ (faroutside town/in the center of town/on the James River).

48. President __________________ vetoed the extension of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

49. One of the most widely recognized achievements of the Freedmen’s Bureau was its work toprovide ___________________________ for freed Negroes in the South.

50. Howard University __________________ School was established during Reconstructionand continued after 1923 when most other such Reconstruction schools were no longer operating.

51. The Freedmen’s Bureau had established its own ___________________ and ____________Company to aid Freedmen in their financial transition from slaveryto freedom.

52. Robert E. Lee’s estate in Arlington, VA was confiscated andturned into a cemetery for Union soldiers and a____________________________ Village.

53. President Johnson appointed state governments in the Southand they passed laws to deny blacks the right to purchase or rent land or travel freely. Such lawswere called “ ______________Codes”.

54. The US Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of ____________ to combat the “codes”.

55. Of the Carpetbaggers, Scalawags and Redeemers, the ______________________ sought torestore Southern institutions as they were before the War.

56. ___________________________ was the system that trapped former slaves and poor whitefarmers into a system of economic exploitation where they couldn’t get ahead of their costs ofliving.

57. Sharecropping in Virginia was prevalent in the Piedmont part of the state where________________ was the dominant crop.

58. Major plantation crops in the South were: ___________a. Cotton, tobacco, and riceb. Cotton, tobacco, rice and sugar canec. Sugar cane, rice, and tobaccod. Sugar cane, cotton, and rice

59. President _________________ (Lincoln/Johnson/Grant) signed a bill that endedReconstruction in Virginia in 1870.

60. As a result of the “Compromise of ________”,President Hayes ended Reconstruction throughout theSouth and pulled federal troops out of LA and SCwithin 2 months of taking office.

61. After Reconstruction ended,______________________ governments in the Southrolled back advances in civil/legal rights for Negroesthrough ____________________ Laws.

62. The Virginia State Constitution of __________________ used poll taxes and literacy tests todisenfranchise Negro voters.

63. The ____________________________ used violence and intimidation to oppress AfricanAmericans, jews, and other minorities.

64. After Reconstruction, Virginia’s ________________ and timber were exploited byNorthern financiers who rebuilt the railroads and used them to remove these natural resourcesfrom Virginia.

65. Virginia’s coal and _______________ were taken from South-western Virginia.

66. Before the War, Virginia’s hot springs/resorts were very popular retreats for wealthy classesthroughout the South. After the War and the rebuilding of Virginia’s transportationinfrastructure, Virginia’s spas and resorts became popular again (e.g.,________________________________ on the Greenbriar River in present-day West Virginia.)

67. The financier J. P. Morgan bought and profited from development of the___________________________ Railway in the 1890s.

68. The USS Maine was stationed at ________________________________, Virginia beforebeing ordered to Key West and Havana, Cuba in 1898.

69. The USS Main blew up in _____________________ harbor and theUnited States blamed _________________________ for its sinking.

70. _______________Virginians were killed or missing in action from theUSS Main’s sinking.

71. _______________ Virginians survived the sinking of the USS Maine.

72. In the Spanish-American War, Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders fought their way up______________________________________ Hill and defeated the Spanish there.

73. As a result of the 4-month long Spanish-American War, the United States annexed:_________________________________, Guam, and the Philippine Islands.