vipattu nirvahana

VIVANA PUBLICATIONS# 1-7-510/E/4, Geminic Colony, Zamistanpur,

Hyderabad - 500047, Cell. 9177091268email. [email protected]

` ` ` ` ` 126

|. qsd+VQ\Tm+. n*y\T eT+>

MA, M.Ed

$|T sVD

Information contained this book has been obtained by Vivana Publications, from sources belived to be reliable. However, neither Vivana Publica-tions nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Publishers nor its authors shall beresponsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use this information. This book is published with the understanding that VivanaPublications and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services.

Vipatthu Nirvahana(Disaster Management)

Written by: P. Narasimhulu, M. Alivelu Manga

Copies: 2000

Price: Rs 126/-

Copy Right : Vivana Publications, Hyderabad

Publishers: Vivana Publications, Hyderabad

DTP & Cover Design: KALYANI GRAPHICS, Dilshukh Nagar,Hyderabad Cell: 9493386871

First Edition: 2012

Second Edition: January 2014

For Copies: Vivana Publications, Hyderabad(9177091268) andall leading bookshops in the state of Andhra Pradesh

Printing: Saitirumala Printers, Chikkadapally, Hyderabad

$wjT dI. $|T sVD |]o\q ........................................................................................5 - 441. $|T sVD ueq\T .................................................................................................................. 7 - 162. $|T\T` ||+# |]d ............................................................................................................ 17 - 223. us

VI. sTe\T, ub\T eT]jTT s $|T\T .............................................. 119 `1341. sTe\T ` sD\T, |uy\T ......................................................................................... 121 ` 125

2. +

I. $|T sVD ` |]o\q

1. $|T sVD ` ueq\T

2. $|T\T ` ||+# |]d

3. us

77777$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.1 |]#jT+$|T\T eqe C =MT + qT+&eqeC dVJeq+ #dTHsTT. u>[ ` yesD|]dT\T, n~ ksTT +& ke, ]

88888$eq |_wH $|T sVD

+

99999$eq |_wH $|T sVD

_. d+u $+# sD\qT { $|T \qTdV(Natural) eZ]+#sT.

1. dV $|T\T(Natural Disasters):

| y|+ sD+> d+u$+, |u$|\T m

1111111111$eq |_wH $|T sVD

es

1212121212$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|sesD y|\T1. |sesD \Tw +

2. n&e\ q]y

3. m&sD

4. >T

1313131313$eq |_wH $|T sVD

dTs+ b+\ ndsyk\T |\qT y|\ >T] #ksTT.u+|+

1414141414$eq |_wH $|T sVD

d+d

1515151515$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|uT+, |uTs d+d\T, CH dT, >TsT

1616161616$eq |_wH $|T sVD

nsTTq|{, deTse+yTq |XeTq, d+d eTT\ d+K >DjT+> Z+~. 969 eT+~eTsD+#sT.

1.6 de#s dsD d+u$+# |\T s\ $|T\

de#s d+d+ + n_e~#+ \_+#&+ VD,5. sh ksTT qw+, |qsyd de#s

b~#jT&+| $es\qT d]+#+

1717171717$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2. $|T\T ` ||+# |]d

2.1 |]#jT+$|T\T nq$ ||+#y|+> ds kTT+&+ +DjT+> |sT>T+~. 1994 qT+& 1998 eT d +es d > Tq 428 $| T \Td+u $+#sTT. sd$T >D+\ |s+

1992`2000 eTTq d+es

1818181818$eq |_wH $|T sVD

n|s $kH\T 1% VeT d+b\T 1% \ sY, usY s+q In the Line of Fire:

Trauma in the Emergency Services |d+ |s+>&q 10 d+es\ nq> 1995 qT+& 2005eT 200 T(2 _*jTqT)Tse&+ ]+~.

dV $|T\ sD+> ||+#y|+> |jT{60,000 eT+~ eTsDdTHsT.

+swq |&swH |t s&dt n+& s&d+{kd{dt(IFRC) |#T]+q ||+# $|T y~(World Disaster Report) 2010 |s+ 2000qT+& 2009 eT $|T\|uy >Tsq y] 85% dj, |d|b+ #+~q ys HsT.

sd$T $|T ~+|q n+srjT

ePV+(United Nations International Strategyfor Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR)) $&T nddtyT+{ ]bsY 2011 |s+||+# y|+> esTseTq y] 90X |> TseTHsTT.

||+#u+ $&T, | sTe\T # s#T>d+u $dT HsTT. sTe\T, es

1919191919$eq |_wH $|T sVD

b]X$T b{ksT. 1990`1999qT n+srjT$|T ~+| b{+#&+ ]+~.

|d| dTH$T y]+> d+sY(Pacific TsunamiWarning Center (PTWC)): BH n+srjTdTHMT V#]\ +

2020202020$eq |_wH $|T sVD

@sT 1999 &d+sY @sT #jT&+~.| es y T+ bH H y T{ #+C(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)): B 1988 ||+# yesDd+d (&Tm+z), sd$T |sesDs eT+(jTTmH|)\T \d @sT #XsTT.B | f+>( Acad-emy for Disaster Management Education, Planningand Training (ADEPT)):

~ #H q |uTs d+d. $|T sVDs+>+ D sT\T n+~+#&+ bT|D[\T sb+~dT+~.

yud{: http://www.adeptasia.org/

n+srjT $|T ~+|~He+: nsY 13

(International Day for Disaster Reduction (IDDR)):

| jT{ nsY 13q n+srjT $|T ~+|~He+> sT|+{sT. 2013 ~Hy$|T\T, n+>y\+ bs&TTqy] n++ #XsT.2009 es |jT{ nsY 2e T b{+# ysT. 2009 &d+sY 21q sd$Tk b{+#\ssTT++~.

CrjT $|T sVD ~He+:nsY 29

usdtCrjT $|T sVD d+d(mH&m+) dt(&m+d) 2006 qe+sY 29, 30 B\q& $CH ueH ]+~. B | bs+_+#sT.

s+&e +&j &CdsY yTHCyT+{ +>dt 2009qe+sY 4 qT+& 6e B es q& $CqueH H ]+~.

2121212121$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2222222222$eq |_wH $|T sVD

||+#+ d+u$+q ujT+s $|T\T` bD qw+

>&q X+ qy

2323232323$eq |_wH $|T sVD

3. us

2424242424$eq |_wH $|T sVD

>jT|&TTHsT. d+K > 10 d+es\T>|sT>T +~.

2001 qT+& 2011 eT

2525252525$eq |_wH $|T sVD

dV $|T\T us&q 35 d+es\ |uT,|yT dT\ | +> 30 _*jTH nyT]H&\s qw+ d+u$++~.

n+ eTT+sTT. 1996`2001 eT&q sTd+es\ ]q qc\T 13.8 _*jTH&\s $T+#sTT. >TsY u+|+ e\H491 qT+& 655 $T*jTH &\s qw +d+u$++~. nq+s+ eT& bT sh ]eed| 2.2 _*jTH &\s |L\ |ue+|&+~. u+|+ e\q dT\T, eT* edT\]q qc 4800 &\sT> n+#H yXsT.

||+# u+ y~ 2002 |s+ es e#, ee *q dV $|T\T re |ue+*dTHsTT. | +uew, TTT|eHe# u es\ e\q edTq esDjTyTqqc\ eT\sDeTeTHsTT. 2002 eTT+&q 6.6 _*jTH&\s qw+ s>, u+b\T dw+q $ qw+ d+u$++~.

$|T\T n|{ es k~+q n_e~ yTT+bT eqe&T @sT #dTq sjTd]V

2626262626$eq |_wH $|T sVD

vironmental degradation), Hu e~, |DsD,b]X$TsD, nXdjT |> $|T reqT, e |+#&+ |

2727272727$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|], = $|T\ T< \\T\#+(hydrological cycle), \ eqsT\T, sTe\T,esTsT, n&e\T, |sesD eed\T, deTT&q \T\T, o\ |eH\T,eT] es

2828282828$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|X d+|

2929292929$eq |_wH $|T sVD

b++| +& |eH\T eeT+ #+

3030303030$eq |_wH $|T sVD

qy~ \+ 49 d+es\T es, 30d+es\T sTe\T, 11 d+es\T TbqqTm

3131313131$eq |_wH $|T sVD

d++~+q V#]\qT n+~dT+~.

yud{: http://www.imd.ernet.in

+s \ e|+>, es,u $j>+, \eDjT, ne|sD, ujT+,{ n$q yTTT y{ de#sn+~dT+~.

yud{:www.nih.ernet.in

National Information Centre ofEarthquake Engineering, IIT Kanpur.

yud{: www.nicee.org

Amateur Seismic Centre: u+| $es\qT *jTCdT+~. + d+u$+q u+b\T, dTHMT\deT> $es\qT L& n+~dT+~.

yud{: www.asc-india.org

Natural Disater Management India: es

3232323232$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1980 qT+& 2010 eT

3333333333$eq |_wH $|T sVD

us 300,0003. TbqT 1864 , |eT u+> 60,0004. eTV

3434343434$eq |_wH $|T sVD

eT osY

Ve#|&

&

s|TsY eT

3535353535$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2013 us

3636363636$eq |_wH $|T sVD

es

3737373737$eq |_wH $|T sVD

4. +

3838383838$eq |_wH $|T sVD

4.2 |qse $|T\ |s ekq+k +

3939393939$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|sT>TTHsTT. 1977 qe+sY, 1990 yT, 1996 qe+sYdq d+ TbqT \+ d+u$+q|&T,n|{ |deD es\(torrential rains) q kb+\ deTTH d+u$+#sTT.

+

4040404040$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. ||+# $|T\ |+|D u+b\T eT]jTTdTHMT\T m+ X+ es +{sTT? (3)1) 6% 2) 7%3) 8% 4) 9%

2. | $|T

4141414141$eq |_wH $|T sVD

20. +&j rs b++ m+ u>+ >*yq\T,TbqT\T eT]jTT dTHMT\ >TseT+~? (4)1) 3700 MTsT 2) 4700 MTsT3) 6700 MTsT 4) 5700 MTsT

21. $|T sVD n+s>\T (4)1) |q]yd+ 2) ysD3) |q]sD+ 4) |e

22. $|T sVD $u>\T (4)1) d+d

4242424242$eq |_wH $|T sVD

39. $|T\ s\T (4)1) Je d++

4343434343$eq |_wH $|T sVD

59. ||+#+ esTsjT Hu m+ X+

4444444444$eq |_wH $|T sVD

77. $|T ujT+syTq |]d, B k |

II. u+b\T

1. u+b\T` sD\T, |uy\T

2. us

4848484848$eq |_wH $|T sVD

u|\+ (crust) sbs(rocky layer). BeT+ +& Ve\jT|s\T @s&sTT.

|\\T u$T#T s+> s|+ |+|H\T @s& #ksTT. $ u+b\T @s&sTT.

u|\+ (earth's crust) $s|s |\\T (tec-tonic plates) > |\Te& n| |\Te& ns\qT b* +{sTT. M{H |wt

>jT sH (uyT)u+|+]sY d\T 6.6 re L&q Xe+yTq

u+|+ >jT sHqT 2003 &d+sY 26q +~.B re nbsyTq bD qw+ ]+~. u dT\T ,$

4949494949$eq |_wH $|T sVD

s+>\T n n+{sT. s+>\T yjTT, + \\qT { 5qT+& 13.8 .MT/dqT es +T+~. s+>\Tu+b\qT qy\T>esT #++ |jD+ #ksTT. $ bs+u kq+ qT+|jT+# ~X yqT eTT+\T ($s|D s+>\T) (S - Waves)

$ \qT b* \+eTT> |jT+#&+ e\q u$T|$|yTq qw+ y{\TT+~. s+>\ y>+ \dqT 3.2 .MT. qT+ 7.2 .MT es +T+~.n+s eT(Ground Water) \qT $| +>$j+#T e\q s+>\T # \T n L& |\TksT. s+>\T u$T |]\+ qT+& |d]ksTT. s+>\T u |] #s d] Bss+>\T> e]bsTT. M{ >Ds+>\T n L& n+{sT. s+>\T P s+>\

e Vd s+> \ HHeT~> |jDksTT.

L - s+>\T ( ` s+>\T)(L - Waves)$ | Tq, < e, yjTT | T+&

|jDksTT. $ u|\+ |jDksTT. M{ u\ s+>\T(Surface Waves)n+{sT.

M{ y>+ dqT 4 qT+ 4.3 .MT. es +T+~. P, S s+>\ esZ\T + sD\ |sesqeueq d\ nqT>TD+> +{sTT. s+>\dVjT+ u n+s> $Xc\qT \TdTe#T. Ls+>\T e\+ K+& b+\ |\+ >T+& |jDdu+b\ sDeTjT $\T bs+uyTq |\T H_ qT+ n y| un+s>+ #=#T= bsTT |sesq+ #+~,eu $+, ] u |] #ssTT. u n+s>+ bs\ \T HsT> s++>=+ es eyT |jTksTT. $ u+ edT

s+>\T (Surface wave' Body waves) (M{H PeT]jTT S s+>\T n L& n+{sT) e\qe# u\ +> +|+|CksTT.

u+| #j eT+&\+(Shadow Zone):

u+| H_ HsT> m(es ~X ) q uu>(~ yTT+ uu>+ dTesT d>u>++T+~) P, S s+>\T HsT> #s e. u>H u+|#j eT+&\+ n+{sT.

u+| H_(Focus):

u+b\T @s&q kH u+|q +

5050505050$eq |_wH $|T sVD

n~ X+ u+b\T d\ |+|q\TeyT. |qT u+b\T k q q|+|q\ yTT e] n+eTesTT.

1.3 s#q+k u+|+ n+f, u$T |]\+>

|\Te& u|\+(Crust) e# +|q+ #|e#T (a sud-den trembling or shaking movement of the earth's sur-face, called the crust).

u|\+ \ |s+|s\H u+|+>|s=qe#T. \\T d n+s \ e\q dkqu+X+ #+~q|&T X y\Te&TT+~. X s+>s|+(P, S, L) q\T ~X y|ksTT. $s+>\T y|+, |+|q\T \T>CksTT. M{Hu+|+ n+{sT.

u+b\qT >T]+ n, |sb+\ ub+(Land Slides) s>&+ e\q u+b\T @s&sTT.

u n+s\+ |ue+ >V\ | |\TL*be e\q L& u+b\T @s&sTT.

u>s+ nDd |\T sV+#&+ e\q,| +T+~.

u| ~>Teq @s& X\T

5151515151$eq |_wH $|T sVD

m. &+

_.

5252525252$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.6 u+| \D\T u+b\T d'd d+u$ksTT. n~ dV

\D+. u+b\T |>\T, s nH & +&,mTe+{ V#]\T +& d +>d+es+ m|&H d+u$ksTT.

es

5353535353$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.7 u+b\qT =\e&+u+b\qT y{ |]eD+, reqT { s+&T

$_qyTq =\\qTu |]\+| L& >eT+#e#T. edTe\T>* m>d|&sTT.

eTT+ n+#H yjT&+(Predictability)u+b\ sqT eTT+H >T]+#e# =+ }V+,eTT+H #|&+ |{ k

5454545454$eq |_wH $|T sVD

n+{sT. us\ b+\qT \T| ^ dqsK\qT kddeT sK\T n+{sT. kddeT sK\Tk &>T&T

5555555555$eq |_wH $|T sVD

u+b\T d+u$+# sH = b+|>\T u> y&> +&, sT u> #*> +{sTT.& qT nk\qT TH $eT+&\T, u ||\ T+{sT. Te+{ u+b\qT T e.

u qw+u+b\ e\ u+> nH $ qw+

sT>TT+~. eqe yk\T, ueH\T, sD\T, eT*edT\T, | +, _&\T, msTTq s&T, s {\T, {+\T, || qT, $ q sD\u+|+ nq+s+ e# |s|\T (Aftershocks) +|qT qw+ *ksTT.

~rjT |uy\T (Secondary effects)u+b\ e\q HsT> d+u$+# qc\ bT

|sekq |uy\T d+ +{sTT. n |e&+, q\T be&+, ub\T (land slides),| ] \ | > T d +u $+# & +, \es Z\Td +_+be&+, es< \T se&+ e+{$ L&sT>TsTT. skjTq $kH\T s>&+ e\q|e, 125_*jTH nyT]H &\s qw+ y{*+~. sd+u$+q e&> yq, eT *|+~. + eTsD+#sT. 10 _*jTH &\s |>qw+ y{*+~. ~ |*|H &| 5% +T+~. sK+& es

5656565656$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2.1 |]#jT+us |*\T e

5757575757$eq |_wH $|T sVD

q>s &\T u +b T H$ eeTBsD jT++>+ # \Vq+> +~.n+s\qT u+|+ |&q 15 d+es\ us re u+b\T d+u$+# reu+| |e |]>DksT. 53 d+es\n e ee~ b++ H\T>T |qT u+b\Td+u$+#sTT. n$ :

1. w +> |su$T 1897 8.7 re.2. Ve# | 1905 8.0 re,3. ;VsY ` Hb d]V |k$+#&+~.n+

5959595959$eq |_wH $|T sVD

dd C+> |t +&j |s+ ++&, >&q 30 d+es\ d\ u+b\qT qy\T s |e *q b++ y+&$s|s |\ s |+ s>&+ e\H u+b\Td+u$+ +&e#T. $jTq>s+ b++ L&Te+{ u +| d+| Tq\T e red+u$+#sTT.

s |t +&jTH k+&sY (Bureau of IndianStandards (BIS)) 2000 d+es+ C|]qus

6060606060$eq |_wH $|T sVD

d+u$+#>(B |]eD+ 5.7), s+&e~ $jTq>s+b++ 1917 @| 17(B |]eD+ 5.5)q e+~.eTs={ 1967 +>\T b++(5.4) d+u$++~.b++ B |]eD+ re+>\T` q|] 1800 nsY 18 4.3 VIH\sT ` =ePsT 1820 &d+sY 31 4.3 VsT 1822 qe] 01 5.0 V$XK|D+ 1927 qe] 6 4.3 VVT+sT ` H* 1859 >dT 2 3.7 V>T+sT ` H* 1859 >dT 9 3.7 V$XK|D+ 1859 >dT 24 4.3 VsT| 1860 |e] 2 4.3 Vc 1861 p 24 3.7 IVc 1862 qe] 13 3.7 IVq\|P& 1867 qe] 3 3.7 IV$qT=+& 1867 qe] 6 3.7 IV+>\T 1867 e] 11 3.7 IVH\sT 1869 d|+sY 1 4.3 VH& 1869 &d+sY 19 3.7 IV$XK|D+ 1870 &d+sY 19 3.7 IVds+# 1872 nsY 22 5.0 VId+s+ 1881 &d+sY 31 4.3 V$jTq>s+ 1917 @| 17 5.5 VII$XK|D+ 1927 4.3 V>+&+ 1954 qe] 5 4.3 V+>\T 1956 nsY 13 5.0 VI$jTq>s+ 1959 >dT 9 3.7 IV|>T+&sT 1959 >dT 21 3.7 IV+>\T 1959 nsY 12 5.0 VI$jTq>s+ 1959 &d+sY 23 4.3 V+>\T ` >T+sT 1960 nsY 8 4.3 V>T+sT 1963 &d+sY 5 3.7 IV+>\T 1967 e] 27 4.4 VII$qT=+& 1967 >dT 11 3.5 IVu\T Xq+ 1974 qe+sY 20 3.9 Mb5.3&| 1975 |e] 9 3.5 Mb5.3

+

6161616161$eq |_wH $|T sVD

+>\T 1976 nsY 25 3.5 Mb5.3\T 1977 yT 25 3.5 Mb5.3jT\+\ 1980 e] 31 3.9 Mb5.3s+|#&es+ 1980 e] 31 3.8 Mb5.3seT+& 1980 nsY 2 4.0 Mb5.3Ns\ 1981 qe+sY 2 3.5 Mb5.3yT& 1983 pH 30 4.0 Vu\+|* 1983 &d+sY 14 3.5 Vu\+|* 1984 @| 24 3.5 VyC> 1984 >dT 23 3.6 Ve+X\T b++ 1986 >dT 18 3.5 V+>\T 1986 >dT 19 3.5 V+>\T 1987 &d+sY 3 4.0 V+>\T b++ 1987 &d+sY 3 4.0 VH\sT 1988 e] 21 4.1 VeT+sT 1990 pH 9 3.5 VeTDT>sT 1990 pH 9 4.0 VeTDT>sT 1990 pH 9 4.0 Vus&>&+ 1990 p 24 3.6 VLqes+ 1990 p 30 3.6 V+>\T 1992 qe+sY 14 3.6 V>T+sT 1995 yT 24 4.0 V+>\T 1995 nsY 21 3.9 VndT 4 4.1 V>T+sT 1997 @| 14 3.8 VeT+

6262626262$eq |_wH $|T sVD

4. u+b\T ` |XeTq #s \T(Earthquakes - Mitigation Strategies)

4.1 |]#jT+$s| \ |yTq X nkT> $&Ts+ ]| nDT $kH\ e\ L&u+b\T eksTT. $ eqe |s| u+b\T.

bH eT]jTT +&Hwj e+{ s+s+u +b\qT m&q 15 d+es\ ee~ us

6363636363$eq |_wH $|T sVD

$ (earthquake resisatant) be&+ +\T \Vq+> +THsTT. {, q>s\qT @ esTT+~. nTe+{ $|T\qTy]+#& |XeTH = #s\T #|&+]+~.

4.2 u+| |XeTq #s \T4.2.1 sD |XeTq #s \T

+]+> sV ueH\qT s|\q #d,y{ u+b TH $ ]+#*. ueq+jTT s|\q eT]jTT sD |

6464646464$eq |_wH $|T sVD

u+| eTT| q Cq neT\T #ksT. bCd++~+q d$esyTq bC y~ (Detailed ProjectReport (DPR)) CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d(mH&m+m) d eq nH esT\T, ujT+syTq u+b\T,d|sY dqT e+{ nH dV $|T\ H|TDbs\ nq+s+ CrjT ueq sD &$T{ |]~ mH_d deT>+> dMT+# bCqT#|{sT. n dMT+#&q mH_d |dT+ usCrjT ueq sD & (National Building Code ofIndia) 2005> eeV]dTHsT. +

6565656565$eq |_wH $|T sVD

nsTT u+b q y] DyTdVjT+ n+~+#&+ m+ eTTK+. { n&eddTq | |

6666666666$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. H\ eD&+ (Ground shaking) H\ >T+& +|+#s+>\T y&+ e\q H\ yqT eTT+\T rs b+\u qc sDeTesTT.

4.9.1 ueH\| |ue+|+|q\T, s+>\T, u$T >T+& yTq|&T

u |]+\| q ueH\T L& #*ksTT. | ueq+q sD+| |d+~dT+~.s+>\T q|&T u$T L& n+ DyT u$T bT + =\T ds+> +T+~. $ uqe+k>TT+~. eT+> | u>\T L& n&T>T u>+\d be&+ e\q L*bsTT. eT sD+ e+be&+, |>T[e&+,k] sD+ L*be&+ sT>TT+~. |]q |&q+|s ekq+> |Tqd q eT q,>& eT

6767676767$eq |_wH $|T sVD

| ueH\ |]|wyTq +T |{\T(Relnforced Concrete bands In masonry buildings)

esD >&\+{ >{ |f >*d +& #|+&\ bT |*,y\T|* >&\+{ *| +# |{wyTq +T|{\qT @sT #j*. ueH ~>Teq |s=qy{ {

6868686868$eq |_wH $|T sVD

13. +&Hwj dTeT reyTq u+b\Td+u$++~ m|&T? (1)1) 11`4`2012 2) 15`4`20123) 18`4`2012 4) 22`4`2012

14. {e\ \+ u u+|+ d+u$+q b++1) uTC (2001) 2) #y* (1999) (4)3) |PsY (1997) 4) |e

15. u+|+ qT+ e

III.#y\T

1. #y\T ` sD\T, |uy\T

2. +

7171717171$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. #y\T ` sD\T, |uy\T(Cyclones - Causes and Effects)

1.1 |]#jT+#y+ nqTq~ deTow eT]jTT w n+X\

jTT y& |yV\ d+u$+# n\ yesD |&q+(A cyclone is a region of low atmospheric pressure, Whichoccurs in the hot oceans of tempreate and tropical lati-tudes). ~ es eT]d, eTV deTT+ n|de ~X,+ de~X M# Xe+yTq >\T\L&q (= ksT >* y>+ >+ 300 MTs|>H +T+~. dT&T\T ]> yesD n\& (It is aswirling atmospheric disturbance, accompanied by Pow-erful winds (exceeding the 300 km/h sometimes) blowingin a clockwise direction in the Northern hermispheres andanti clock wise direction in the southern hemisphere, bypouring rain, and enormous waves in the ocean).

dH (cyclone) nH |U+,ns_j deTTHnH nqT dqT nH |T]+q ne>Vq * +&+, d+d

7272727272$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.2 #y\T k

7373737373$eq |_wH $|T sVD

d>Tq #y+ J$ #+ (life cycle), nq>|q |s=q eT&T f|PH CH(John) qydT ,d|+sY\ Xq eT]jTT yjTTe |d| |]yVb++ @s& 31 sE\ bT +~.

1.3 #y+ @s&q|&T @$TsT>TT+~?

#y+ e\ d+u$+# eTTKyTq nbj\T :

1. |qT>\T\T, \yTq >\T\T:$ e\qT L{y dV |*+ yksTT.

f*b qT qqT, $ |]>deTTT]+#&+, V#]+#&+

#y\ sqT n+#H yd, V#]\T #duV+, 10 dH &fH |w\T, ye $u>\V#]\T C #ksT. #y n|eT (cyclonealert) qT 48 >+\, TbqT V#]qT 24 >+\C #ksT. dqT V#]qT HX{ |>V+

7474747474$eq |_wH $|T sVD

k uw\ |#s+ #d+ eeV]dT+~.

sh |uT n~sT\ TbqT V#]\qTH\T>T TT+~.

1. | dH y#Y: 72 >+\ eTT+ C #ksT.

2. dH n\sY: d+ 48 >+\ eTT++\ eTT++\ eTT+, n+#H\ d++~+ s&e|tqTjsT #d+~. #y\qT |jT+# esZ HX{|>V+ |q\T

8. | |q\T yTT

V#]\qT kTT+~.

1.6 eTT| q n+X\T\yTq >\T\T, $ksyTq es\T, y{ e\ e#

esCksTT. 1999]k eq d|sY dH 10 y\ eT+~ |>bD\qT V]++~. +HsT. bD qw+ bT eT{ {q , \VqyTq>&\ q |sq ueH\T, e+q\T, Tb+ +& nyd b+\T, s eT* edT\T e# |qT>\T\T eT*

edT\T, u qc \T>CksTT. y{ nq+s+e# u es\T, es\T T b+\qT eTT+yksTT. rs+ qT+& TT+~.

m. u qw+:\yTq >\T\T, es

7676767676$eq |_wH $|T sVD

usY, +>+C(+>T\T

1961 +>, +>TsY, +

7777777777$eq |_wH $|T sVD

]k d|sY dH&c rs 1999 nsY 29q >+ 250 MTsy>+ L&q d|sY #y TbqT +~. u$+#&TTq TbqT10 y\ bD\qT *>=+~. 12 15 $T*jTqeT+~| |ue+ #|+~. M] 3.5 $T*jTq eT+~|\\T HsT. \ ~ eT+~ sXjTT\qT #d+~.nbs d qc, |sesD |qT qc *++~.

yTT+ 10 sc\ dTesT 71 X+ uu>+TbqT u] b++> +~.

n+&eH, usY Be\T, \Be\T +Tbq >TseH +{sTT.

usU +, n s_jd+es\ @s& Tbq dTesT +T+~.

+>U+, ns_j deTT+ 65 qT+& 117 MTs

|eq y>+ d+u$d, \yTq #y TbqT>+ 119 qT+& 164 MTs |eq y>+nsY ` &d+sY ek\ eT

7878787878$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2. +

7979797979$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2. rs+ y+& T +& b+\T nkbe&+

5. deT> rs b+ eT+&\, & sVD be&+.

#y\ |uy\T1977 qe+sY d+u$+q TbqT n +

u j T+ s y T q Tb qT> +< | < X # ] *bsTT+~. 9941 eT+~ eTsD+#>, 900 eT+~| > > \ + j s T . 34 \ \ eT+~ | >sXjTT\jsT. 2.5 \\ |Xe\T #bjsTT.33,36,000 ms |+ qw+ ]+~. 10,14,800 Te $eZ]+#e#T. bD qw+, >j\T, n+Ty deTd \T yk\qT e&+ |X d+| Tbq bT s#T> e# esTT+~.reyTq #y Tbq 90 X |> eTsD\TeTTbe&+ e\H d+u$ksTT. TbqT n\&T\T+& #y| Tbq eTsD\T # e>

+{sTT.y H { eTT+| bT ueH\T L*

be&+ e+{ y{ s+&+{ e\ eTsD\T d+u$ksTT.eTsD bT {e\ e# &jT]j, nks+,f bsTT&, y s V|f {dt e+{ n+Ty

8080808080$eq |_wH $|T sVD

3. #y\T ` |XeTq ePV\T(Cyclones Mitigation Strategies)

3.1 |]#jT+#y\T, $ksyTq |]~, |qT>\T\ L&,

n\|&q + $+ 50 MTs y>+ \+\ eTT+\T>TsT.#y\T u$T m|&T, m& jTq~ +>#|&+ # w+.

us\T\ d++~+qV#]\qT us yesDXK C #dT+~. TbqTV#]\qT X{ { eTT\T, Vs+> |q\T, | |q\ \_+# keTH ]ksT. n+ Te |s=q eT+ sD |* TbqT rs b+\qT eTT+#

TsTT. {, ueH\qT msTTq ~H\T

8181818181$eq |_wH $|T sVD

qT >*, es +& e\T e#+ > | #d, es*, { n&TH $ +&*. Vs ds|s\qT \ #d ueH\T >\T\T, {

qT+& s+|& $ +&*. qB q\qT d+s+#*. eTwH qqT

u>s+ yj*. $|T

|j>|&+, ~X\ d++~+q yesD]sT\T b++ >\T\ d+ueqT *jTCksTT.# $q +T+~. > ]sT\T, n$

|jD+q esZ\T ]wyTq yjTT y>\T d+u$+qrsTqT *jTCksTT. y| e| s# #y\>TsjT b+\qT dw+> *jTCksTT. ~ #yreqT, b++ |\T s\ qw re\qT n+#HyjT& |j>|&TT+~. y| e|qT >+yesD ]sT\T, yjTT y> #], es+| jT+D:

+& $ u $j> jT+DqTsb+~+#&+ ]+~. eseTB]+#& $T]+#&+, V#]+#&+:

#y\qT deT+> n+#H yd, |\s>, d\+ V#]+#&+ e\ ysT $|TqTm

8282828282$eq |_wH $|T sVD

bC eTTU+X\T: eT{ dMTsD, D TbqT w\sT, s&T sD+, q\ ]|sT e+{

TbqT eTT| |XeTq eT* edT\ sD+ $|T eTT| sVD| keTs sD

k+ dVs+ n+~+#&+ bC sVD, neT\T dVs+ bT

keTs sD+, $Cq de#s dw+#&+.neT\T #jT& sc\T :

yTT

8383838383$eq |_wH $|T sVD

b{ sD\T, | +, [bsTTq \|, \VqyTq>&\T * qTe+{ b ueH\T #y\n + ]+q L& +{sTT. ~>Teb+ Be +& |D, >MTD eT{\T, Trs b+ |\T +| + L&q >\T\

|sekq+> k ~>Te |s=q&q qc\T\T>TsTT. e\T L*bsTT syD, dVjT #s \

++ *+#&+ dHbdT\T, $ {\T, { #{\ qw+

y{\&+ | |\ qw+ s>&+ deT+> |>&\T L*be&+ |\T s\ |V >&\T L*be&+ n~ e& sD+> >&\ bT | |\T

L*be&+ * b{ | |\T *, b&yq >&\T q

u b]X$T ueH\T |*, y\T|* >* sD+> L*be&+

dtukdt s\T |dTus&+ qT| d+u\| | |> ydq qT| s\T

m]be&+

3.6.3 ueH\ qw+ y{\+& rdTe\dqsD #s \T1. d\ m+|

#y >* TbqT\T (cyclonic windstorms)k dw+# TbqT s+>\T rs b+eTT+yksTT. #y |u$ b+\, rs b+dMT|+ eTT+| ksTT m>Teq +& $ d m+#Ty*. dV d&\T TdTbjT &\T +&msTTq d +u\T (stilt) MT +T+~.

3. |HTe e&q

bs$TT\qT |+& |]>Dq rdTe\dqneds+ +T+~.

m. TbqT n\& Hj? m. >{> _+ +&*.

5. >dT bH*+> (Glass Panelling)m. Tbq d++ L&q >* |&q+

* ms edTe\ e\ >E {\T,>y\T |*bT+{sTT. >E >y\T (panes)# dq> +&+ e\ >* |&H\ *>|*bsTT.

_. n+E |\ |]eD Z+#*.

8484848484$eq |_wH $|T sVD

y{| bd | E | \ y\T|\ yT{* b_/yTwtqT

neTs*.&. ws dsq \T @sT #j*. >&\

#{\qT >{> neTs*.6. || sD+ (Roof Architecture)

m. y\T *q || (Pitched roof) L&queH\T, wyTq |* |uy +& $ #&*.

_. | | MT* &T\qT Z+#&+ d+@y\T sV | | (gable type roof) +f|s$T& qc |q |s=q f\J\T,

| Z+, qc~+#& rs b+\T, n |\T

1. s&j

8585858585$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1970 qT+& 2005 eT

8686868686$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. d&sY (SIDR) nqT TbqT +>\ rsb+eTT (1)1) 5700 MTsT 2) 4700 MTsT3) 3700 MTsT 4) 2700 MTsT

11. @ sEq reyTq TbqT ]k rs

IV. dTHMT

1. dTHMT` sD\T, |uy\T

2. dTHMT` |XeTq ePV\T

9090909090$eq |_wH $|T sVD

#|e#T. $ |+ +fn~y>+ #sTT+~.

dTHMT\T

9191919191$eq |_wH $|T sVD

qeT+#++|jDksTT. >+ 100 MTsT +& k y>+ b\T+f, eTVdeTT >+ 800 MTs y>+ |jDdT+~. n>+ |jD+q|{, dTHMT\T { mTqT 30qT+& 45 d+{MTs mT eyT |+#>\T>TsTT.n+]w mT |sT>TT+~.

+|PsY qeTH\T dTH$T d+u$+# deTj=~ $Tc\ eTT+\T>TsTT.

dTHMT\T $ #ksTT. rs b++e CT\qT $q+ #ksTT. q X y +T+~. |&e\T,s es\ bT qT\ sTe +& sd+ dTHMT s+>\ bT T b+=T eksTT. , s sD\T #*d, |\qT >jT|s#&+bT k] bD\T L& rksTT.

1.4

9292929292$eq |_wH $|T sVD

u qw+ s>&+ bT |Cs> eed| re|ue+ |&TT+~. sT #=s&+ e\q |\T{ eTTbsTT eTsD\T d+u$ksTT. ujT+ss+>\ TsT, es\T #] \TweTesTT. esTT+~. |&e\T, e\\T =T bsTTJeHb~ bT+~. |sesD+ DdT+~.

1.5 dTHMT\qT |d>&+||+#+ s+&T s\ dTHMT V#]\ (tsu-

nami warning) eed\T HsTT.1. n+srjT dTHMT V#]\T2. b+rjT V#] eed\TdTHMT\T n eTVdeTT

9393939393$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|d| b++ dTHMT V#] deTqjT>|(International Coordination Group for theTsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICG-ITSU)): B 1968 jTTHk |esyT+ zwH>|$TwH(zd) sT. V+|&TsT+#Ty*. m+V\T n+~+q&{qT bddt #jT& +\T |{ +~.nsTTq|{, u$wT dTH$T V#]\T C#jT&+ n+] |]o\q\T | b bw+#neX\T b V \ k+ | ]C H|j+#T, dTH$T s u+b\ d++~+qD V#]\qT C #jT&+ k

9494949494$eq |_wH $|T sVD

4. eT+dT 27 {y 2.0 MT1941 pH 26 n+&eH ``1945 qe+sY 27 eTH 12.0 MT2004 &d+sY 26 dTeT 10.0 MT

1.6.4 dTH$T eTT| n+#Hus+ d+u$+q dTHMT\T eTT|qT n+#H yksT. us

9696969696$eq |_wH $|T sVD

=ks T s V $| T | s ekq|uy(cascading) >=\TdT T e# |\T s\$|T\qT eTT+ n+#H yd, y{ m |t n+#H |s+ $|T sD+> >VsD+ eT* edT\ s+> 5 qT+& 10 {*jTHjTH\ qw+ y{*+~. nsTT yTT+ qw+ 15 {*jTHjTqT (183.7 _*jTH &\sT)

9797979797$eq |_wH $|T sVD

>T]L& b\Ls, b\T, sTT sT yTTTy{ nDTDjT+> |]qT qT>=HsT.n+

9898989898$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2. dTHMT ` |XeTq ePV\T(Tsunami - Mitigation Strategies)

2.1 |]#jT+2004 &d+sY 26q d+u $+q dTH$T

$TH&T, s, +

9999999999$eq |_wH $|T sVD

Vs+> se\ (open- Space Uses) u$T $j+#&+| +\T $~+#&+ k |D[#s \qT |j+#*. y| b+\ ]>n_e~ sV |j>\qT ePV+>jT++#&+, k sD\T : n~ X+ eTTsT\yk\T rs b+\H +{sTT. qTmTe+{ +]+> < \qT$j+#+& *b{ sTe +& keT]ksT. n+

100100100100100$eq |_wH $|T sVD

+{ qT+& jT y*. dTsyTq msTTq,dTsyTq b+ y*.

2.4 dTHMT\qT |d>&+| > V k+ | ]C H (satellite

techonology) |j+#T dTHMT q (tsuna-migenic) u+b\ >T]+ D V#]\qT C#jTe#T. V#] deTjT+ u+| n~+

101101101101101$eq |_wH $|T sVD

>jT|&q y], bsTTq e\ dVjT+n+~+#& eTT+j\jj

102102102102102$eq |_wH $|T sVD

11. deTTs+ u+b @eT+{sT? (4)1) TbH 2) sTeTT3) yTsT| 4) dTHMT

12. dTH$T s+>\T/n\\T d+u$+# sD\T (4)1) deTTjT dj s u +|+ |eT+&Hwj d+u$+, V+

105105105105105$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. esT] H\ eTT+|q

>T]e&

106106106106106$eq |_wH $|T sVD

L&Tq k V#] |s y+#& ysY dt H{esY,f*b H HqqT |jksT. nsTT, d es

107107107107107$eq |_wH $|T sVD

eTT|qT m

108108108108108$eq |_wH $|T sVD

4. +

109109109109109$eq |_wH $|T sVD

floods) $TqVsTTd , $T> esT |s yD, V#] es

110110110110110$eq |_wH $|T sVD

us

111111111111111$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2.1 |]#jT+qB |yV+ dV d

112112112112112$eq |_wH $|T sVD

eT{ dsq

113113113113113$eq |_wH $|T sVD

3. es\T\T, #y\T, TbqT

n\&T\T, rs+ y+& dTH$T, VeTb+ &+

114114114114114$eq |_wH $|T sVD

. es

115115115115115$eq |_wH $|T sVD

(|]yV b++) jTT H\ yX\+, s+, y\T,bs>eT (Permeability), eTTsT>T{ bsT

116116116116116$eq |_wH $|T sVD

&HJ eedqT ]+#Ty*.4. ueH\ |H~ eT{ eseT+

d\T\T , +&*. b& yesDdeTjT+ U> q H\ #T +# yd, |Xe\T, >=s\T, |+|

117117117117117$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. us

VI. sTe\T, ub\TeT]jTT s $|T\T

1. sTe\T ` sD\T, |uy\T

2. +

121121121121121$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. sTe\T ` sD\T, |uy\T(Drought - Causes and Effect)

1.1 |]#jT+ s#H\Tus sTe |uy>Tse+~. u+b\T, #y\T, es d+u$+# | $|T\ d+~+qT|\T y+H sTe d~+#sT. m+, sTe|]dT\T \ ee~ n_e~ #+ {,Vs, |X>k eT]jTT b~ reyTq =s@s& |]d sTe> s+#e#T(drought is aconditon of acute scarcity of water, food, fodder and em-ployment due to scanty rainfall in an area). sTe e\d+u$+# re |s ekq+ |+\T esb+ be&+ & +|&d]b& nedsyTq eT H\ q+

122122122122122$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.2 sTe \D\T ~ d+u$+# $|T. sTe m|&T

yTTsyTq { jTT =s eT sTeqTm nedseTjT |+\qT k>T #jT&+ u>s C\qT n~+> y&Te&+ eT jT+ (Soil erosion) Hu e~ eT]jTT |DsD b]X$TsD (Industrialization) u|+ (Global warming)

1.3.1 sTe

123123123123123$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.4 sTe\T ` s\TsTe |s+|sqT>+> eTT+TT+~. Te |s=q $$\| $d]ksTT.m. yesD sTe (Meteorological drought)

yesD sTe kT esb+, es\ $T e\ d+u$dT+~. sTe ~ e re *q sTe. B y& yesD+, + m+& eT]|+# sE\ T]+#e#T._. \ d++

124124124124124$eq |_wH $|T sVD

re+> T{ $|yTq =s@s&+~.

1.6 sTe Cs&+, kenX+ e\d\T |s>&+ e+{ y{ sTe|sekH\T HeT~> ke sD+ L&|yksTT.

1.6.1 us

125125125125125$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|+ @s&TT+~. sTe y]| | us |+#TT+~.L* |qT\ d+, >TsT e&+, |X>d+, e+#s d+ m+ k, { reyTq =s @s&+, #Tn+]+ be&+ e\q = b+\ |\T dVs+d+ ys b+\| +&+,eT+{ eed\T \Tw+ e&+, +T CT\Tn+]+be&+ e+{ |sesD |uy\T d+d+u $ksTT. s Te\T d+u $+ d+es\d++~+q $es\qT |{ #&e#T.

sTe d+es\T, sTe b++ X+d+es+ d\sTe re sTe yTT+

d+u$+q d+u$+q sTe equu>+(%) uu>+(%) uu>+

1 1877 30.6 28.9 59.5

2. 1891 22.4 0.3 22.7

3. 1899 44.1 24.3 68.4

4. 1901 19.3 10.7 30.0

5. 1904 17.5 16.9 34.4

6. 1905 25.2 12.0 37.2

7. 1907 27.9 1.2 29.1

8. 1911 13.0 15.4 28.4

9. 1913 24.5 0.0 24.5

10. 1915 18.8 3.4 22.2

11. 1918 44.3 25.7 70.0

12. 1920 35.7 2.3 38.0

13. 1925 21.1 0.0 21.0

14. 1939 17.8 10.7 28.5

15. 1941 35.5 0.0 35.5

16. 1951 35.1 0.0 35.1

17. 1965 38.3 0.0 38.3

18. 1966 35.4 0.0 35.4

19. 1968 21.9 0.0 21.9

20. 1972 36.6 3.8 40.4

21. 1974 27.1 6.9 34.0

22. 1979 33.0 1.8 34.8

23. 1982 29.1 0.0 29.1

24. 1985 25.6 16.7 42.3

25. 1987 29.8 17.9 47.7

26. 2002 19.0 10.0 29.0

27. 2009 32.5 13.5 46.0

126126126126126$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2. +s \eT{\T >DjT+>|&bsTT, b& dqT ue\T m+&be&sDeTe+~. yT b+ esMTD |\| B |ue+n ~+> +{+~. |D +&q eT&T s \ ue\T 8\\ qT+& 22 \\ |]>sTT. u>s \ T #d |+\ b\ $ds+ L& 10 \\ VsqT+& 26 \\ Vs #sT+~. ~ sh+ u>s\ y& 16% qT+& 43% X |]+~.nsTTq|{ |{ sh+ |j+#T=q u>s\ keTs + sh+ >DjT+> +~. yTT+ MTqT s]eTe+~. = b+ u>s \y&+ 100 X $T++~. |]\ \ jTfsb+\ u>s .\ n_e~ ,|]\ \ jTT b+\ 16% eyT +~. jTT b++ yTT+ +eTHs+.

yTT+ 23 \ >qT y] d>T esb+

sh d>T y] esb+ +f e. q 8 \qTes#j \T (rain Shadow) n+{sT. $T>b+\ +f m$T~ \T sTe eT]+ |Ts+>|u$eTesTT. \ $es\T :sjT\deT b++ H\T>T \T: nq+|s+,

sT, &|, s\T.\+>D b++ eT&T \T: s+>s& ,

eTVuq>sY, qZ+&k +sY, yTs&, qZ+& 40 d+es\ ee~ 20 ksT sTe. 20

d+es\ ee~ 20 ksT sTe. 10 d+es\ &q +>q u $T (degraded land) +~. + e&+ Tu$T| Hu e&Z+#yT +&, n&e\T, |jT dTs+>+#&sTT.

{ >T]+ MT \Tk? dTesT 80 X+ u |]\+ { |&

q|{ n+T{> |j+#T>\+.

u$T| \_+# yTT+ { dTesT 2.7 X+

(Drought in Andhra Pradesh)

127127127127127$eq |_wH $|T sVD

>TsT, nsTT n+, eTs 22.6X+ u>s \T> +&bsTT+~. $T>~dsdT\T, q

128128128128128$eq |_wH $|T sVD

3. sTe ` |XeTq ePV\T(Drought - Mitigation Strategies)

3.1 |XeTq #s \T :sTe, nbj\qT

129129129129129$eq |_wH $|T sVD

8. |+;e: { ds|s =s e\q |+\TsTTq sT\ # ;e, deT> |+\ ;e|

130130130130130$eq |_wH $|T sVD

for semi- arid Tropics (ICRISAT)), u s yesD XK (India Meteorological Department(IMDO)), Hwq ]y{ d+> (NationalRemote Sensing Centre (NRSC)), +&jTH |sY n\s dsY (Indian Council forAgricultural Research (ICAR)) e+{ eekjTd++~ s+>\ w #dTq d+d\T ]|qn w #jT&+.

3. ]w|s#&+, nq>... kyD |+\T, |+& \ &|t, d+sTk>T{ $T

131131131131131$eq |_wH $|T sVD

4. ub\T ` s $|T\T

4.1 ub+ +|&q |qT L& ub\T@s&sTT. u+b\T, es @s& ub+ =~ ee~ bT qB |yVn&T+T+~. q~ k] $qyTq|&T|yV ~>Teq q yk\ eTT| @s&TT+~.

4.2 ub+ s#H\T1. ub y| + (((((Landslide Hazard))))): ]w

b++ qw+ *+# ub+ d+u$+#&ub y| + n+{sT. bD qw+ s>&+,>j\T e&+, d qw+ s>&+, keeT]jTT ] n+sjT+ \>&+ TsTT.

2. ub

132132132132132$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|+|q\ e\q ub\T @s&sTT. s|&be&+, eT Cs&+, q y\T\ qT+&\\T C]|&+ e+{$ ] u b\Td+u $ksTT. re u +b\ d+ |\T#> +& $qH\\T Ve\j\T, Xq |s b+\T,|eT qTeT d+u$dTHsTT.

6. n |s $kq+: y>e+yTq eTjT+sD+> |s bs\ e +& n|s ud+ |sTbT+~. nq+s+ reesb+ sD+> s#T> Ts

133133133133133$eq |_wH $|T sVD

pH ed+ es =qk>TT+~. yjTe us\T\e\ d+u$+# eTsD\T >DjT+> |sT>TTHsTT.2002 @| nk\T qyqy |>{ c>XD(Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR)) n+s+Zbe&+ eTsD\ d+K |s>& \T re+> |sT>TT+&+ yesD#\&{ nqT>TD+> s|P c >\T >Z&+\T\ |ue+ n~+> +{+~.e&TT+&+ B L&| >T]+#\H &e+& ek +~.

4.8 o\ >\T\T, b>eT+#Tnk\ bT s ~

qT+& us |K+&+ b& o>\T\T |y+#&o\ |eH\T> |s=+{sT. us+eTTK+>, |s b+\T, y{ |H q yTTsesTT. o\ |eH\T=ksT eTVsh, s b+\ L&

qy* HDDdT+&+ {e\ \+ o\ |eH\ e\d+u$+# eTsD\ d+K >DjT+> +{+~. o\|eH\ e\ d+u$dTq eTsD\ s|kq+ HsTT.

4.9 |&T>T\T, e&>, dT TbqTo\+ eTTd, yd$ \+ |y+#|&T

=\T us\T |]|&T>TbT\T me> sT>TsTT.

134134134134134$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. ub\T TsTT? (4)1) esb+ re2) @y\T\T3) H\ eT]jTT me>, $ks+> d+u$+# Hd]Z | $#TT] njTb+\qT >T]+#& y&TTq |2) +& &e\|tyT+{ p$T+>3) +& ]yTwH p$T+>

4) +& &CdsY e|+>11. +&j ub\T me qT+& n + me>

+& b+\T (1)1) Ve\j\T

2) sT qTeT\T (|{)3) $+\ sDeTT (4)1) CXjTeTT esT

2) u>s \+ + eT]jTT +|H\T

4) |$ n

m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T

VII. eqe s $|T\T `ysD ePV\T

1. e|e s $|T\T

137137137137137$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. eqe s $|T\T(Manmade Disasters)

1.1 |]#jT+s\T, s&T

138138138138138$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|j+# HTu+T\T (crude bombs) (Enola Gay) nH _`29 u+sY *{ ujYT (LittleBoy)n |\Te&TTq 8,900 b+& sTy qnDTu+TqT s+&T y\ n&T>T\ mT qT+& Vsweq>s+| Cs$&+~. n Cs$&q DyT $kq+#+~ T&|TbsTT, &s+ eT] b+\qTn VQ #XsTT. 66,000 eT+~ eTsD+#>,69,000 eT+~ >jT|&sT.

>dT 9q eTs= $eq+ b{eH (Fat Man)nH &HyT *q eTs |k|D+ MT[ |]dT\T Vsweq>s+ H>k |D+ |P]> T&|T b+&b&sTT. nsTT q>s+ eT&e+T u>+~\yTbsTT+~. 39,000 eT+~ eTsD+#>, 25,000eT+~ >j\ b\jsT.

Vswe| nDTu+T TT+T | yT|\T |>=&T>Ts + e] X + m]bjsTT.s>L&

139139139139139$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.2.3 sD\TnDT n eds |]d (Nuclear emergency) ~>Te

|s=q |]dT @s&e#T. n$:1. jTT nDjTT< \qT

|j+#&+: nDT

140140140140140$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.2.4 nDT s&j n eds |]dT\ysD esZk\||j+q nDTu+T ujT+syTq $

141141141141141$eq |_wH $|T sVD

T~yTq n+srjT |+

142142142142142$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.3.1 s#H\Tm. b]X$T $|T

b]X$T jT{ |e skjTq, j+, k

143143143143143$eq |_wH $|T sVD

jT+D #s \| skjTq+ m+ |ue+ #|T+ +T+~.

eqe |

144144144144144$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.4 b]X$T/skjTq $|T\T|]XeT

145145145145145$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2. u $j> |D[: q deTs+ n~+>+& yd b+\qT b]X$T |

146146146146146$eq |_wH $|T sVD

(aerosols) sD+> kb (small pox), q\T\T,>esT, m\T\ sD+> f| dt, |>T y

147147147147147$eq |_wH $|T sVD

sdtudt(Rice Blast), s dyTsdt (Rye stem Rust) yTTT|+\ k y

148148148148148$eq |_wH $|T sVD

>dt J d+ ujT+ |sT>T\T rjT&+Vs+. n

149149149149149$eq |_wH $|T sVD

H s& d| (Global status Report on Road saftey) 2009|s+ ||+# y|+> | d+es+ s&T |e, 5 eT+~>jT|&TTHsT. 90 X |> eTsD\T n\ eT]jTTeT essT. s&T |eeTHs+.

+

VIII. $|T |XeTq ePV\T/#s \T

1. $|T sVD eT{ |D[

2. $|T sVD ` d+k> @sT

3. k, sh ksTT d+d\ b

4. |\ =s, |\ # |D[

5. $|T deTj |ejT eTwH eed\T

6. new H|D\T

153153153153153$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. $|T sVD eT{ |D[(Community Planning for Disaster Management)

1.1 |]#jT+us qw bjsT.$TH&T q >eTyTq k$Tjs|sTTe+ s+#&+~. k$Tjs |sTT >e Zs>q >e >e +f

154154154154154$eq |_wH $|T sVD

4. d |jq+ djT+ dVjT+ : $|T\ e+{d+T\T rdqT ys\T e#sTT.

2008 yT 12q #H d+u$+q u+|+L& 900 eT+~ |> Vd\T $, sDs+> L&dTsyTq bsX\\T +&e\dq neds >TsT#dTHsTT. b

155155155155155$eq |_wH $|T sVD

3. y| >T]+, n+#H yjT&+: bsX\\T$|T >TsjT neX+ +

156156156156156$eq |_wH $|T sVD

7. jT y esZ\ @

157157157157157$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1.5.4 n+srjT dV $|T ~+|

158158158158158$eq |_wH $|T sVD

159159159159159$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2. $|T sVD` d+k> @sT

2.1 us

161161161161161$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|D[\qT sb+~+#Te\d +T+~. #+$|T |d+\T> k djT+ |]b\Hd+d\T ne]+#sTT. B $|T sVD kd+d\ b \+> e]+~. {, $|T sVD#+ 2005 $| T sV D k d +d \Ts]+#e\dq ]wyTq u |s=+~.

#|syTq ` d+k> #+ (((((Legal - Institu-tional Frame work) :) :) :) :) : s+>+ ~+q |d+ |s y+#+, +~ qT+& |, | qT+& ~>Te $|TsVD #+ 2005 + #{ n_e~ #jT&+ ]+~.

2.4.2 CrjT ksTT $|T sVD d+d\T1. CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d(((((National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA))))))

CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+dqT =\T2005 yT 30q |

162162162162162$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|s+ 12 eT+~ duT\ 2007 d\V $T{L& @sT #XsT.2. CrjT s sV $T{(((((National Executive Committee (NEC))))))

CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d (mH&m+)$

163163163163163$eq |_wH $|T sVD

=

164164164164164$eq |_wH $|T sVD

n

165165165165165$eq |_wH $|T sVD

|D[ neT\TqT deTqjT |s#&+, |s y+#&+ e+{u

166166166166166$eq |_wH $|T sVD

3. k sh ksTT d+d\ b

3.1 |]#jT+$|T deTjT+ deC d+dsT\T, bs s

167167167167167$eq |_wH $|T sVD

H| dVjT, |qsyd #s \ ]|t MTwqsYH#sY> +{sT. |\T sc\ syqXK s eeV]ksT. sc\e |\TksT. $|T |]dT\sVD sh +{+C |D[ esZsXq+ #dT+~.

3.2.3 ksTTn |uT |D[\T, s b\ neT\T

b\H jT++>+ + >T]+#sTT. eTT+

168168168168168$eq |_wH $|T sVD

2. usrjT d

169169169169169$eq |_wH $|T sVD

7. yT>sT (HOME GUARD)|C+

171171171171171$eq |_wH $|T sVD

4. |\ =s, |\ # |D[(Planning for the people, by the people)

4.1 eT{ b+>eT{ |D[ nH~ n+ #dT+~.

V#] T ysT,eT{ T]dT+~.

4.1.1 eT{ |D[ nedsyTq$k

172172172172172$eq |_wH $|T sVD

4.2.1 D |D[ y{ +&*? eqe s b\qT, neds\qT |u$+ #d

dV $|T eTVe] yq|{ , n$ |D[ s| \q | jT |jq]>H +{sTT. n+

173173173173173$eq |_wH $|T sVD

m+ eTTK+. |\ ne>Vq *+# esZ\T : Vs+> du\T k+d s b\T M~ H{\T VH |#s+ e\ |\ |D[qTsb+~+#*q neds >T]+# #dT+~.2. >eT $|T sVD $T{ @sT(Formation of a Village disaster managementcommittee (VDMC))

| >eT+q >eT $|T sVD $T{(Village Disaster management Committee (VDMC)) @sT #j*. +&*. $|TsVD |D[ j eT{ dMT]+# uT&d\T yTTT y{ $es\T)

|+\T, eT\ $es\T4. > $|T\ dMT eT]jTT $XwD

$|T\qT y{ e beT+ ejeTDbs\qT >eTdT\T$Xw+#Ty*. M{+{ eT~+| eT{duT\ #s \qT n|+#*.5. $|T \ +&sY(seasonality Calendar forDisasters)

$$qTuy\qT $Xw+# deTjT+ $|T d+u$+q\+ j eT{\T sTTe\ y +&sYqT jsT #j*.6. e|+> dsT(Mapping Exercise)

>eT ksTT $|T sVD |D[qT jsT#d s b\ d++~+ n + eTTKyTq y{ >e d++~+q eTT|, TksTT de#s dsD eT{ n++ #dT+~. k+> \_+#s, b&sT yTTT y{ |j+ $_q n+X\T,dN\ d++~+q e|\T ^ d $ >eTdT\qT,eT{ duT\qT bV+#*.

174174174174174$eq |_wH $|T sVD

7. $|T sVD +

175175175175175$eq |_wH $|T sVD

5. |ejT eTwH eed\T(Alternative Communication Systems during Disasters)

5.1 |]#jT+@

176176176176176$eq |_wH $|T sVD

5.2 meTs eTwH |

177177177177177$eq |_wH $|T sVD

{Hb+&sqT * +T+~. &{, f*$H, yTC,= f*bH {H$TwqT eTwH X{ {Hb+&s X{ { (Indian Remote sensing satellite(IRS)) | #dTHsTT.

eTwH X{ T n+]+ +&, u$T|d+u$+# dV $|T\ >T]e. # q, bsT ,*q keT X{ { @+fH\qT @sT #dTe&++{sTT.

us |uT+ VQ $|T\ eTT| q \T/sc\ $|T/ n eds |]dT\ sV\ bsT X{ { b qqT n+~k +~. T, |dtT, {sY e+{ke yudT L& eT e+Tb bwdTHsTT.2011 e] bH d+u$+q dTHMT nq+s+>>T dsY +H >>T |_ n\sY nH H HddTqT bs+_++~. 2013 d|+sY {sYke yud{ n eds |]dT, $|T qy]

178178178178178$eq |_wH $|T sVD

6. new H|D\T(Survival Skills)

6.1 |]#jT+1999 eq ]k d|sY dqT $|T

sVD d++~+ nH >TDbs\T H]+~. ]kqT#y+ q|&T |eT ]k b++ n|{ sTe>T|{ +~. d|sY dqT nsY 29q >+ 270qT+& 300 MTs yjTTy>+ bsB|t rs+ e

179179179179179$eq |_wH $|T sVD

#bsTTq y] eT

180180180180180$eq |_wH $|T sVD

rdTe\dq neds+ +T+~.ueq+ |y+#& eTT+\qT

|]o*+#*. >&\ @ +& sD\ e\ d+u $+#

|e> +&*. yL&TdTbsTTq \T|\qT

&+ \+{ s+T

|eVdTq ysT>H |]>D+#*. +&*. | > +&*. L*bsTTq u>\ qT+& s

181181181181181$eq |_wH $|T sVD

dd #Ls&+, b*.

>T+& HqT ydT s |d]+|Cj*.

2. eT] >j\T +& + eT]+D+#+& b&+.

3. u~T |qsTJe+ e&+, k\TH $ #jT&+.

6.3.2 s#sD |D[u~T bD eTT| *> |]dT\T @yTH

Hj? eT]jTT D |

182182182182182$eq |_wH $|T sVD

eTT+ |e +

183183183183183$eq |_wH $|T sVD

#jTe\dq$: e +TT y#>

+& #j*. u~T d ]sT #j*.

#jTL&$ |w+T q&, >& @MT eL& d V e# es |

ejTs +f, u~T #T H

>T$TL& qwyT

\&+, |, n \\T, { $], y& +T+~

1. yTT+): e\+ #s| | bsqTeyT sTT. #s+ msu], b&> +T+~. *q >jT+ H=|> +T+~. *qu>+ e#T. *q >j n ~ X+yTTj\T u> H=|> +&,*q u>+ TT+~.

3. eT&e &^ (|P]> re+) : +&s\T, meTT\T,s |\\T, H&T\ dV #s+ s+&Tbs\qT $j\T >T |ksTT. =ksT |\ qDC\T ]bsTT \> |ksTT.

*q >j\ | jTrj*

eT+\T ]bjTu~TD |P]> |+#*

*q >jT+ eTq edTe\qT

=\+#*

*q b+ q\Tek\T +& s

*q ek\T

184184184184184$eq |_wH $|T sVD

*q >j q|&T #jTe\dq$ *q u> y+H #\{ { eTT+#*

185185185185185$eq |_wH $|T sVD

e\q ske+ *bsTT, >j jT+ @T#T +f, >j @jT+ *q |

186186186186186$eq |_wH $|T sVD

6.3.9 $w |j>+@DksT. n+sZVD $c\T $w|P]yTq|TT+~.e&&\T +#*. |w+T >>*q+

187187187187187$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. $|T sVD| +~ y @~ D s e\qTsVdT+~? (4)1) Hwq d{ |t bsdT yTHCyT+{2) Hwq d{ |t q{wH3) Hwq d{ |t ss &e\|tyT+{4) Hwq bdt n&$T

2. bsX\ $|T sVD |D[ n+s>\T1) |eT]+| eT]jTT n+#H (4)2) nTqT? (2)1) es\T 2) c >3) >* ~X 4) eT

4. CrjT $|T sVD $

188188188188188$eq |_wH $|T sVD

15. 1990

189189189189189$eq |_wH $|T sVD

29. Hwq b{bsY H &CdsY ]dt ]&H df]jT{q d\+ (1)1) q& 2) =H3) nV

190190190190190$eq |_wH $|T sVD

43. $|T sVD #+, 2005 +\T/sD\T (4)(4)(4)(4)(4)1) CrjT $|T sVD n~s d+d2) sw $|T sVD n~s d+d3) $|T sVD n~s d+d4) |e

44. n | y|\ d++~+q $|T sVDsb\qT deTqjT+ #jT{ +&j+

191191191191191$eq |_wH $|T sVD

58. @ $

59. Hwq d{ |t &CdsY yTHCyT+{ q#T1) q& 2) \ (1)3) 4) =H

60. @ sw |uT+ sd$T n_e~ s eT+dVs+ &CdsY ]dt yTHCyT+{ b>+bs+_++~? (4)1) ]k 2) $TH&T3) >TsY 4) s

61. +~ y &CdsY yTHCyT+{ {+ @~?1) nysYHdt CqswH {+ (4)2) |dt msTT& {+3) dsY n+& sd {+4) |e

62. +MTD n_e~ eT+XK (2)2) >V eT+ XK3) eekjT eT+ XK4) |ks\ eT+ XK

63. neTTsY s&j (Amateur Radio) eTs |sT1) dTHMT s&j 2) $|T s&j (4)3) b{ s&j 4) V+ s&j

64. T+ $|T ke |d]> +&e\d+~1) |

192192192192192$eq |_wH $|T sVD

ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness CentreADRC Asian Disaster Reduction CentreAERB Atomic Energy Regulatory BoardAICTE All India Council for Technical

EducationAMCDRR Asian Ministerial Conference on

Disaster Risk ReductionAMR-APARD AMR-Andhra Pradesh Academy of

Rural DevelopmentASAR Advance Search & RescueBARC Bhabha Atomic Research CentreBIDR Border Security Force Institute of

Disaster ResponseBIS Bureau of Indian StandardBMPTC Building Material & Technology

Promotion CouncilBRGF Backward Regions Grant FundBSF Border Security ForceBTC Basic Training CentreCADRE Community Action for Disaster

ResponseCBRN Chemical, Biological Radiological and

NuclearCDM Centre for Disaster ManagementCERTI Central Emergency Relief Training

InstituteCISF Central Industrial Security ForceCMG Crisis Management GroupCMIP Crisis Management PlanCRED Centre for Research on the

Epidemiology of DisastersCRIDA Central Research Institute for Dry Land

AgricultureCRPF Central Reserve Police ForceCSSR Collapsed Structure Search & RescueCTC Central Training CollegeCWC Central Water CommissionCWDS Cyclone Warning Dissemination SystemDDMA District Disaster Management Authority

DDP Desert Development ProgrammeDDWS Digital Disaster Warning SystemDM Disaster ManagementDMC Disaster Management CommunityDMD Disaster Management DepartmentDMI Disaster Management InstituteDMS Disaster Management SupportDMSAR Airborne SAR for Disaster ManagementDMT Disaster Management TeamDPAP Drought Prone Area ProgrammeDRDE Defence Research & Development

EstablishmentDRDO Defence Research & Development

OrganizationDRM Disaster Risk ManagementDRR Disaster Risk ReductionEM-DAT Emergency DatabaseERRP Earthquake Risk Reduction and

Recovery PreparednessEWS Early Warning SystemFAO Food and Agriculture organisationFMP Flood Management PlanningGAW Global Atmosphere Watch StationsGFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Risk

ReductionGIDM Gujarat Institute of Disaster

ManagementGIS Geographic Information SystemsGLIDE Global Unique Disaster Identifier

NumberGSI Geological Survey of IndiaHOPE Hospital Preparedness for EmergenciesICRISAT International Crop Research for Semi-

arid TropicsICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management

ProjectIDMC India Disaster Management CongressIDNDR International Decade for Natural

Disaster Reduction

ABBREVIATIONS

193193193193193$eq |_wH $|T sVD

IMD Indian Meteorological DepartmentINCOIS Indian National Centre for Oceanic

Information SystemINSARAG International Search and Rescue

advisory GroupISDR International Strategy for Disaster

ReductionITBP Indo-Tibetan Border PoliceMIC Methyl Iso CynateMPC Mitigation Plan CommitteeMSK Medvedev-Sponheuer-KarnikNARL National Atmospheric Research

LaboratoryNBC National Building Code of IndiaNCC National Cadet CorpsNCCF National Calamity Contingency FundNCDC National Civil Defence CollegeNCMC Natural Crisis Management CommitteeNCRMP National Cyclone Risk Mitigation

ProjectNDEM National Database for Emergency

ManagementNDMA National Disaster Management

AuthorityNDMF National Disaster Mitigation FundNDRF National Disaster Response FundNDRF National Disaster Response ForceNEC National Executive CommitteeNEOC National Emergency Operation CentreNERMP National Earthquake Risk Mitigation

ProjectNFRMP National Flood Risk Mitigation ProjectNFSC National Fire Service CollegeNIDM National Institute of Disaster

ManagementNIOT National Institute of Ocean TechnologyNISA National Industrial Security AcademyNITSRDR National Institute for Training in Search,

Rescue and Disaster ResponseNLRMP National Landslide Risk Mitigation

ProjectNPDM National Policy on Disaster

Management

NPP Nuclear Power Plan

NREGS National Rural Employment GuaranteeScheme

NSS National Service Scheme

OASTC Ocean and Atmospheric Science &Technology Cells

OFDA Office of U.S. Foreign DisasterAssistance

PEER Programme for Enhancement ofEmergency Response

RDD Radiological Dispersal Device

RNBC Radiological, Nuclear, Biological &Chemical disasters

RSMC Regional Specialized MeteorologicalCentre

SASE Snow and Avalanche StudyEstablishment

SCMG State Crisis Management Group

SCZMC SAARC Coastal Zone ManagementCentre

SDMA State Disaster Management Authority

SDMC SAARC Disaster Management Centre

SDRF State Disaster Response Force

SDRF State Disaster Response Fund

SEC State Executive Committee

SFAC Standing Fire Advisory Council

SMRC SAARC Metrological Research Centre

TDPSI TOT in Disaster psycho-socialIntervention

TEWS Tsunami Early Warning System

TRP Tsunami Reconstruction Programme

UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment andCoordination

UNISDR United Nations for InternationalStrategy for Disaster Reduction

URR Urban Risk Reduction

USAR Urban Search & Rescue

VPN Virtual Private Network

WFP World Food Programme

WHO World Health Organisation

WMO World Metrological Organisation

194194194194194$eq |_wH $|T sVD

1. +~ y{ #y+ se& neX+ |SsT3. neTdsY 4. |P]

2. +~ y{ dsq y + @~?1. o\+ >\T\T u$T qT+& eTVdeTT\T\T u $T| qT+&eTVdeTTyTq>\T\ L&q #y+ q #T qTsT>TqT4. us

195195195195195$eq |_wH $|T sVD

15. 68 X+ s k>T $ds+

196196196196196$eq |_wH $|T sVD

35. | +> u+b\ d++~+q Xd+1. j| 2. C>|3. j\J 4. dk>|

36. u+|+ $&T\T 4. @B 1. reyTq u+|+2. eTV y s+>+3. n q u+|+4. n eT y s+>+

44. u+| H_ HsT> u |]\+| +& _+

197197197197197$eq |_wH $|T sVD

52. $|T sVD 9 n+X\T HsTT. nsTT +~y{ { $TqV $T>e n+ deTd \T, s*+|&q e\T e+{~rjT ke deTd \qT n+#H yjT&+2. +=Tq y], >jT|&qy] z

198198198198198$eq |_wH $|T sVD

66. +~ y{ | |sZ+q~1. V&H u+T 2. nDT u+T3. JyjTT

199199199199199$eq |_wH $|T sVD

82. { =s sD+1. reyTq n~ c >2. y>e+yTq |DsD3. Hu e~4. 2 3

83. u+|+ e\ ]> qc $ ~+#e#T?1. ueH\qT +T ]+#&+

200200200200200$eq |_wH $|T sVD

97. md u+& d\ rsTqT $e]+#TqT3. u+b\ $sy $e]+#TqT4. |yM \T \T3. q |]s+>\T4. $s|D edT s+>\T

100. u+b >T]+#+

201201201201201$eq |_wH $|T sVD

112. dk>|t ]sT\ $XwD M{ de#sn+~+#

202202202202202$eq |_wH $|T sVD

128. d>Tq 5,500 MTs T q |d| eTVdeTT+|jD+# n>

203203203203203$eq |_wH $|T sVD

140. dTHMT\T @ X qT?1. s $|T\ +f >=| X2. u+> n|eT+ #d3. ||+#+ eTVdeTT

204204204204204$eq |_wH $|T sVD

152. u +|+# #jT&q s+&T y ssTn|\T1. P eT]jTT S s+>\ eT

205205205205205$eq |_wH $|T sVD

165. k dTHMT qT+& nTeT sD esZ+1. deTT&

206206206206206$eq |_wH $|T sVD

179.

207207207207207$eq |_wH $|T sVD

190. u bys+ jTT uV u>+1. u|\+ 2. @dHdjTsY3. yVA 4. *=q&+ |snjTk++ m+

208208208208208$eq |_wH $|T sVD

ANSWERS1.4 2.1 3.2 4.4 5.2 6.4 7.2 8.4 9.2 10.1

11.1 12.3 13.2 14.2 15.2 16.3 17.4 18.4 19.1 20.2

21.4 22.3 23.1 24.4 25.4 26.3 27.3 28.4 29.2 30.3

31.3 32.4 33.1 34.4 35.4 36.3 37.2 38.2 39.1 40.2

41.1 42.2 43.2 44.2 45.4 46.3 47.4 48.5 49.3 50.4

51.1 52.2 53.3 54.5 55.4 56.2 57.2 58.3 59.3 60.3

61.3 62.4 63.1 64.4 65.2 66.3 67.4 68.3 69.2 70.2

71.3 72.1 73.2 74.2 75.3 76.4 77.3 78.2 79.4 80.4

81.2 82.4 83.2 84.2 85.2 86.1 87.4 88.4 89.2 90.3

91.4 92.2 93.3 94.2 95.4 96.2 97.3 98.4 99.2 100.3

101.2 102.3 103.1 104.3 105.1 106.2 107.4 108.1 109.1 110.3

111.3 112.3 113.4 114.1 115.4 116.1 117.1 118.4 119.1 120.4

121.4 122.4 123.4 124.4 125.4 126.4 127.3 128.3 129.1 130.3

131.1 132.4 133.1 134.2 135.1 136.1 137.2 138.3 139.1 140.4

141.4 142.3 143.4 144.1 145.2 146.3 147.4 148.4 149.4 150.3

151.2 152.1 153.3 154.4 155.2 156.2 157.4 158.4 159.3 160.1

161.2 162.3 163.2 164.1 165.3 166.4 167.2 168.2 169.3 170.1

171.3 172.2 173.4 174.3 175.1 176.4 177.3 178.3 179.4 180.2

181.2 182.1 183.2 184.3 185.2 186.2 187.1 188.3 189.2 190.2

191.3 192.3 193.3 194.4 195.3 196.4 197.4 198.1 199.2 200.2

201.2 202.1

vipattu nirvahana

Documents