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VIOLATION OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN DAVE PELZER’S TRILOGY:
A CHILD CALLED IT, THE LOST BOY, AND
A MAN NAMED DAVE
Submitted to the Department of Language Studies,
Graduate School of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Education
by:
DWI VIANITA ROSARI
S200140084
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE STUDIES
GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2017
i
APPROVAL
VIOLATION OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN DAVE PELZER’S TRILOGY:
A CHILD CALLED “IT”, THE LOST BOY, AND A MAN NAMED DAVE
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
by:
DWI VIANITA ROSARI
S200140084
Has been approved by:
Consultant I
Dr. M. Thoyibi, Drs., M.S
Consultant II
Dr.Phil. Dewi Chandraningrum, M. Ed
ii
APPROVAL OF PUBLICATION ARTICLE FOR SUBMISSION
VIOLATION OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN DAVE PELZER’S TRILOGY:
A CHILD CALLED “IT”, THE LOST BOY, AND A MAN NAMED DAVE
Submitted by:
DWI VIANITA ROSARI
S200140084
Has been examined for all revisions and correction recommended
by the board of examiners on February 6, 2017
and is certified to be accepted for submission
The Examiner Board:
1. Dr. M. Thoyibi, M. S (..............................)
(Examiner)
2. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M, Ed (..............................)
(Examiner II)
3. Dr. Anam Sutopo, M. Hum (..............................)
(Examiner III)
The Director of Graduate School
Prof. Dr. Khudzaifah Dimyati
iii
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
I hereby confirm that the article entitled VIOLATION OF CHILDREN’S
RIGHTS IN DAVE PELZER’S TRILOGY: A CHILD CALLED “IT”, THE
LOST BOY, AND A MAN NAMED DAVE is an original and authentic work
written by myself and it has satisfied the rules and regulations of Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta with respect to plagiarism. I certify that all quotations
and the sources of information have been fully referred and acknowledged
accordingly.
I confirm that this article has not been submitted for the award of any previous
degree in any tertiary institutions in Indonesia or abroad.
Name : Dwi Vianita Rosari
ID Number : S200140084
Department : Language Study
Field of study : Literature Approach
Date : January 24, 2017
Signed : Dwi Vianita Rosari
1
VIOLATION OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN DAVE PELZER’S TRILOGY:
A CHILD CALLED IT, THE LOST BOY, AND A MAN NAMED DAVE
Abstrak
Studi terhadap pelanggaran anak telah difokuskan pada eksploitasi dan
kekejaman kepada anak-anak yang melanggar konvensi hak anak dari Unicef.
Peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif dan trilogi yang ditulis oleh Dave Pelzer:
A Child Called "It", The Lost Boy, dan A Man Named Dave sebagai objek
penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah ada 10 jenis indikator yang ditemukan
dalam trilogy, yaitu makanan yang tidak cukup, tempat yang tidak layak,
keterbatasan sekolah, keterbatasan untuk bermain, terpisah dari orang tua, laranga
untuk melakukan kegiatan budaya, abusif, eksploitasi, mengabaikan pendapat, dan
tidak melindungi kelemahan anak. Penggambaran pelanggaran hak anak dalam
studi ini adalah tentang penulisan karakter dan karakterisasi, pengaturan waktu,
plot, point of view, dan gaya penulisan. Alasan Dave Pelzer menulis memoar
adalah untuk menginformasikan ke lain bahwa ia merupakan salah satu anak
yang telah mendapat kekerasan dari ibunya dan berharap untuk orangtua lain tidak
melakukan itu kepada anak mereka. Kemudian, ia ingin masyarakat sadar bahwa
pekerja sosial tidak semata untuk mendapatkan uang. Sebenarnya mereka bekerja
untuk merawat anak-anak yang memiliki masalah dengan keluarga mereka.
Kata kunci : pelanggaran, kekerasan, eksploitasi, hak anak
Abstract
Study on Violation of the Children has focused on abusive and exploitation to the
children that violate the children’s right convention by Unicef. The researcher
uses qualitative method and the trilogy by Dave Pelzer: A Child Called “It”, The
Lost Boy, and A Man named Dave as object. The results of this research are there
are 10 kinds of violation, they are inadequate food, inapropriate shelter, limited
access to school, limited acess to play, leisure and relax, separation from parent,
prohibition of cultural activities, abusive, exploitation, disregarding what he think,
unprotected weakness. The depiction of children’s right violation are creating
character and characterization, creating setting of place, creating plot, creating
point of view, and creating style. Then, the reason Dave Pelzer write the memoir
is to inform to other that he is one of the child that had abused his mother and
expect to other parent don’t do that to their child. Then, he wants public aware
that social workers is not just to earn money. Actually they work to care the
children that have problem with their family well.
Keywords: violation, abusive, exploitation, children’s right
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1. Introduction
The last of few years, news in electronic media like television and
radio or print media like Journal and periodical, lift on violence of the
children . The number of children abused in the world is increasing every
year. Child abuse can be defined any recent act or failure to act on the part of
a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional
harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents
an imminent risk of serious harm. The effects of child abuse on victims are
devastating and life-long, and its effects on our society are pervasive. Child
abuse is not just an individual or familial problem, but it is also social
problem.
One of the literary form of memoirs which displays the phenomenon
of violations of children's rights is a trilogy of Dave Pelzer. The first memoir
entitled A Child Called “It”(1995), the second is The Lost Boy (1997), the
last is A Man Named Dave (2001). The last of trilogy by Dave Pelzer includes
just enough flashback and summary material that the reader new to his work
has a complete grasp of the scope of his mother's abuse and his experiences in
foster care.
The present researcher is interesting to analyze Daves memoir,
because this is a true story from childhood to adulthood, this memoir told
about Dave’s struggle for survival in the cruelty of his mother and make the
researcher dissolved in the story. Dave endeavor to get better even though he
lived in foster homes and has passion in realizing the ideals goals.
There are related previous studies which lead the research on Dave
Pelzer’s memoir.The present study found twelve previous studies that also
analyze Dave Pelzer’s memoir. During all this time, the previous studies of
Dave Pelzer’s memoir that the present study found, it used three approach
to analyze their study. They are psychological approach, sociological
aproach, and biographycal approach.
In psychological approach, there are seven previous sudies that used
psychoanalysis, two previous study used behaviorism, and one previous
study used humanistic approach. The seventh of previous study that used
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psychoanalysis are The first, Susilowati (Ngudi Waluyo University, 2013)
entitled “Psychological Structural Analysis to “A Child Called It” by Dave
Pelzer”. The result, by analyzing the structural point of the literature along
with psychological development approach, it can be seen that David gets
from the first to the last stages of the child abuse. The sign of the first
stage is that he didn‘t get food from his mother and the sign of the last
stage is physical abuse such as slap in his face, pinch etc. The primary
reason of the abuse that David received is disciplinary. The effect of the
abuse was that David became scared of his mother.
The second is Handayani (Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2005) entitled “A Psychological Analysis on Dave in A Child Called It”.
She concluded that there is some changing in Dave's character. Dave had
two different psychological developments; there was normal and abnormal
development.
The third is Wahyuningtyas (Diponegoro University, 2014) entitled
“An Analysis of Defense Mechanisms of the Main Character in Dave
Pelzer’s A Child Called “It”. The result is David has many wishes in his
life such as food, happy family, freedom, and emotion.these are all the
grees he really needs most. However David is also living in a world full of
rules; no television, no food, no leisure, no freesom, only obedience
toward what his mother orders him.
The fourth previous study that used psychoanalisis is Lucy
(Gunadarma University, 2011) the title is “Alcoholism on Roerva in
Pelzer’s A Child Called It.“ The result is the causes of alcoholism on
Roerva can be divided into severa psychological factors, including a need
to relief anxiety, ongoing depression, unresolved problem and low self
esteem, and social factor including : social acceptance of alcohol,
availability of alcohol, and stressful lifestyle.
The fifth previous study is Fenny (Bina Nusantara University,
2005), entitled The Behavior of Child Abuse Victim in Living with His
Foster Parents in The Lost Boy by Dave Pelzer”. The researcher describes
about the psychological impacts for the victim of child abuse to adjust in
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the new circumstances where they will live as reflected in the novel The
Lost Boy. A main character in The Lost Boy is the author himself whom
became the victim of child abuse.
The sixth previous study was conducted by Drilandoyo
(Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, 2014) entitled “Struggle For
Life Reflected in Dave Pelzer’s Autobiography A Child Called “It” : One
Child‟S Courage to Survive (1999): An Individual Psychological
Approach”. The result of his study, based on the structural analysis it can
be found that in the novel, Dave delivers message that struggle for life is
important in everyone’s life, because it is absolutely required to reach a
good life and based on individual psychological approach, the most
influential aspect in the struggle for life is being adaptable person.
The last previous study that used psychoanalysis is Rumengan
(Sanata Dharma University, 2010) entitled “A Study on Premature
Adulthood of the Main Character in Dave Pelzer’s A Child Called ‘It”. the
result of her study is show that Dave’s mother bad and mean treatments to
him have turned him into a child who has premature adulthood. This is
because Dave must be responsible for all ‘new tasks’ that are not suited for
a child at his age.
Two previous studies that used behaviorism, they are Tambunan
(North Sumatera Unversity, 2007), entitled The Analysis of Child Abuse in
Dave Pelzer’s A Child Called “It” : One Child Courage to Survive. The
researcher analyzed kind of treatments of psychological, neglect,
education, and the relation between alcohol with abuse the children and
David (North Sumatera Unversity, 2010), entitled An Analysis of Moral
Values Found in Major Character of A Man Named Dave Novel. The
researcher analyze this novel to know the moral values of mayor character
in A Man Named Dave and to know the mayor character’s life based on
their moral.
One previous study used humanistic approach was conducted by
Kholifah (Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, 2011) entitled “A
Child Struggle to Survive in A Child Called It Novel by Dave Pelzer
5
(1995):A Humanistic Psychology”. The result is the humanistic
psychological analysis shows that people will do everything to achieve
their goal. Dave pelzer as the main character describes and shows his
struggle to fulfill the needs whish are evaluated in Humanistic
psychological approach.
In sociological approach, the present study found one previous
study that used structural analysis. It was conducted by Sumiati (UMS,
2011) the title is Child abuse in dave palzer’s a Child Called It: A
Sociological Approach and the result based on the structural analysis, it is
evident that in this memoir A Child Called It, Dave Pelzer conveys a moral
message that some children are not brought up properly because of
unstable parents. They become the victim of abusive parents. In order to
deliver the message. Dave Pelzer uses his own life to be the sample of
such victim. Secondly, based on the sociological analysis it is clear that in
this memoir Dave Pelzer not only portrays the social phenomena in which
a child becomes the victim of abusive parents, but also the society that
ignores the right of the children to be brought up properly.
The last is in Biographycal Approach, there are one previous study
that used biography analysis. It was conducted by Zahra (North Sumatera
University, 2007) entitled “Biographical Analysis in Dave Pelzer`S A Man
Named Dave”. The result of this study is A Man Named Dave shows that
the human spirit can triumph over every imaginable set back with
sufficient support from adults who care. The caseworkers who buys him a
slushie, the teachers and nurse who finally call the police, the foster
families that believed in him, these are the people who gave this child hope
to go on and live another day. Dave, the man, believes each person is
responsible for his or her own behavior. A miscreant, who claims that it is
not hisy fault because he was abused as a child, gets no sympathy from
Dave Pelzer. As an older teen and an adult, Dave applies himself, works,
hard, lives below his means to save money for a house on the Russian
River, and takes responsibility for his own behavior. He reads as much as
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he can on child abuse and is determined to break the cycle with his own
children.
2. Research Method
This study uses a descriptive qualitative study.Descriptive qualitative
is a method that used to describe and analyze the results of the research but it
is not to make the wider conclusion. The Formal object of this study is the
convention of children’s rights by Unicef and the material object is trilogy of
Dave Pelzer: A Child Called “It”, The Lost boy, and A Man Named Dave.
The primary data sources are the trilogy of Dave Pelzer: A Child Called “It”,
The Lost boy, and A Man Named Dave. The secondary data sources are from
some references and materials are related to the study such as journal and
book. The researcher used note taking as the technique of collecting data. The
researcher analyzing the issue of the memoir, try to decide the relationship
between violation of children’s rights with the memoir. After that, the
researcher is making discussion of the research and the last is making
conclusion.
3. Finding and Discussion
The finding of this research includes what the indicators of violation of
children’ rights, depiction of children rights violation, and the reason Dave
Pelzer write the memoir.
The indicators that the researcher found in Dave Pelzer’s Trilogy
1 Inadequate
food
insufficient
food
no dinner ACCI: 7
hunger ACCI: 38
no food 3
days ACCI: 50
no feed a week
AMND: 9
Malnourished
Food
Leftover Cereal
ACCI: 37
Leftover breakfast
TLB: 7
Unhealthy food and
drink
eat remnants
of the dog ACCI: 78
7
eat rotten
meat ACCI: 39
eat poop TLB: 64
drink
ammonia
AMND:
260
2 Inappropriate
Shelter
Sleep at
basement ACCI: 42
3 Limited access
to school
not allowed to attend
school
ACCI: 10
4
Limited access
to play, leisure,
and relax
limited access to play
with friends
ACCI: 72
Limited
access to play
with brother
TLB: 31
No Recreation
anymore
ACCI: 26
5 Separation
from parent
mother asked
Dave to get
out from house
TLB: 10
6 Prohibition of
cultural
activities
prohibition to
carve a
pumpkin
ACCI: 70
prohibition to celebrate
christmas day
ACCI: 26
7 Abusive Physical
abusive
Hitting face ACCI: 7
smacking
face ACCI: 22
burning arm ACCI: 28
Slugging, dragging,
pulling
ACCI: 40
Slapping face ACCI: 50
Keeping head
into water ACCI: 67
grabbing and
punching TLB: 28
Stabbing TLB: 65
gripping AMND: 16
8
Neck
Emotional
Abuse
forcing to tell a bad boy
ACCI: 22
call "the boy" AMND: 9
limited access
to look and
speak to anybody
ACCI: 31
8 Exploitation Economic
exploitation ACCI: 65
9 Disregarding
what he think
telling what
his mom
have said
ACCI: 8
asking to lie TLB: 33
limited to tell anything
TLB: 10
telling unreal story
ACCI: 33
10 Unprotected
Weakness
exposing the weakness
TLB: 131
inappropriate
call ACCI: 82
The depiction of children’s right violation are creating character and
characterization, creating setting of place, creating plot, creating point of
view, and creating style. Then, the reason Dave Pelzer write the memoir is to
inform to other that he is one of the child that had abused his mother and
expect to other parent don’t do that to their child. Then, he wants public
aware that social workers is not just to earn money. Actually they work to
care the children that have problem with their family well.
4. Conclusion
There are 10 kinds of violation, the first is inadequate food that
consists of insufficient food, malnourished food, and unhealthy food. The
second is inapropriate shelter like sleep at basement. The third is limited
access to school, for example, Dave did not allowed to school before finish
his homework. Fourth is limited acess to play, leisure and relax, the
example are Dave can’t play with his friend and his brother, no recreation
anymore. Fifth is separation from parent, Dave’s mother asked him to get
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out from house when she fight with Dave’s father. Sixth is prohibition of
cultural activities, Dave is prohibite to carve a pumpkin when halloween
and can’t celebrate the Christmasts Day. Seventh is abusive, Dave is often
get slapping, punching, grabbing, hitting, kicking even burning and drink
the mixture of ammonia and chlorox. Eighth is exploitation, the
exploitation in this memoir is economical exploitation. Dave’s mother
asked Dave to cutt the grass at the neighbour field, then he have to collect
the money to be given to his mother. Ninth is disregarding what he think,
it is like asking to lie, limited to tell anything, and tell unreal story. The
last of indicator that found is unprotected weakness. Here, the mother
always exposing his child weakness and call his child with inappropriate
call, like “it”, “bad boy”, “the boy”.
The depiction of children’s right violation are creating character and
characterization, creating setting of place , creating plot, creating point of
view, and creating style. In character and characterization, there are a cruel
mother, passive and weak father, a starving and thief child (Dave), the
hater brothers, lovely brother,wise official that consists of mr. Hansen as
principal, miss Moss as math teacher, the nurse, miss Woods as English
teacher, Mr. Ziegler is the Dave’s teacher when he was fifth grade, wicked
friend, they are Aggie and Clifford, and helpfull foster parents, they are
Aunt Marry (March &, 1973), Catanzee (August 10, 1973),
Turnonboughts (March 2, 1975), Michael and Joanne (March 4, 1975),
Vera and Jodi Jones (Sepember 22, 1976), John and Linda Walsh (March
1, 1977). In creating on setting of place, the story of Dave Pelzer’s trilogy
is placed in United States of America, it take place in Dave’s own home
where his mother abused him. Another place is at school where he could
feel safe and free from abuse. In creating plot, there are sad evemts like
starving, inappropriate shelter and horrifying events like abusive,
exploitation, and inproper food and drink. In creating point of view, this
memoir uses first person past tense. This means that the story of memoir is
told through the experience of one person that telling about his journey of
life. In creating style, there are diction such his mother called Dave “It”,the
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narrator uses “The Lost Boy” as his second book, the word “prisoner of
war” to describe the abusive. The figurative language is like simile,
metaphor, ironi, imagery, and symbol.
The reason Dave Pelzer write the memoir is to inform to other that
he is one of the child that had abused his mother and expect to other parent
don’t do that to their child. Then, he wants public aware that social
workers is not just to earn money. Actually they work to care the children
that have problem with their family well.
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