World History Class NotesI. Chapter One: The First Humans

A. An “Indiana Jones Thing”1. Prehistory- period before writing was developed2. Archaeology and Anthropology

a. Archaeology- the study of past societies through an analysis of what people left behindb. Artifacts-“stuff” left behind c. Fossils- remains of living thingsd. Anthropology- study of human life and culture

3. People in Historya. Donald Johanson

Paleoanthropologist Donald C. Johanson is the man who found the woman that shook up our family tree. In 1974, Johanson discovered a 3.2 million-year-old fossil of a female skeleton in Ethiopia that would forever change our understanding of human origins. Dubbed Australopithecus afarensis, she became known to the world as Lucy. In the years since, Johanson and his colleagues have unearthed a total of 363 specimens of Australopithecus afarensis that span 400,000 years.

Read more: http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1882969,00.html#ixzz21v6cxmgqb. Mary and Louis B. Leakey

In 1959 Louis and Mary Leakey discovered a new form of hominid in Africa (Olduvai Gorge) entitled: Homo habilis (brain 50% larger than Australopithecines. Determined it was Homo habilis were the first to use tools.

4. Dating Artifacts and Fossilsa.Radiocarbon Dating (determines an object’s age by measuring the amount of C-14)

c. Thermo luminescence dating (determines an object’s age by measuring the light given off by electrons trapped in the surrounding soil)

d. DNA analysisB. Key Stages of Human Development

1. Australopithecinesa. 3-4 million years agob. East/southern Africac. First believed to leave the treesd. “southern apes”e. First hominids(humans and other creatures that walk upright)to make simple toolsf. Ardipithecus???

2. Homo erectusa. 1.5 million years agob. “upright human being”c. Larger brains/more advanced toolsd. First believed to use fire

1.) Fire gave warmth2.) Fostered a sense of community for the groups gathered around it3.) Enable them to scare away animals

1

4.) Flush animals out of wooded areas5.) Cook food= make it taste better, easier to chew and digest6.) As Ice Age conditions developed, allowed humans to further adapt to their

environmente. First to leave Africa and spread to Europe and Asia

3. Homo sapiensa. 250,000 years agob. “wise human being” c. Homo sapiens sapiens (“wise wise human beings”) 200,000 years aged. Neanderthals

4. The Spread of Humansa. 2 to 3 miles per generationb. Populated the world within 10,000 yearsc. Traditional theory: started in Africa and slowly spread to the rest of the worldd. Multiregional Theory: advanced human creatures may have emerged independently in

different regions of the world

(out of Africa, traditional, theory)

Multiregional theoryC. Paleolithic Age

2

1. Nomadic lifestyle: humans had no permanent settlement…they followed their food sources2. Both men and women had to find food, however, women had to stay close to camp because

they raised children3. Men hunted/ women gathered4.

Tool Effectspear, bow and arrow made hunting easierbone harpoon and fishhook increased the catch of fishbone needles made it possible to make nets and

baskets and to sew hides together for clothing

sharp-edged tools made it easier to cut and digscraping tools made it easier to clean animal hides

D. Neolithic Age/Revolution1. People settled in one area/ causing people to see the need to build houses for protection

2. Systematic agriculture= farming3. Domestication of animals (human control over animals)4. No more nomadic lifestyle/ they could stay in one place/ everyone no longer had to farm…

other “artisans” come about

5. Led to the formation of farming6. Began to create armies/walled cities7. Built temples and started forming religions8. Bronze age (bronze= copper +tin)/ better weapons and tools9. Large numbers of people were concentrated in the river valleys of Mesopotamia, Egypt,

India and China…led to “CIVILIZATIONS” E. Civilization

1. Factors needed for a civilizationa. Acquire food on a regular basisb. Rise of permanent villagesc. Trading goods/ division of labord. Emergence of a civilization

2. Important Characteristics of a Civilizationa. Citiesb. Government (monarchs)c. Religiond. Social structure (based on economic status. Rulers, priests, officials and warriors were the

upper classes. Below them was a class of free farmers, traders, artisans and craftspeople. Below them were slaves and servants

e. Writingf. Art

II. Western Asia and Egypt3

A. Geography and Origins1. Mesopotamia

a. Mesopotamia= land between rivers/ located at the east end of the Fertile Crescent (an arc of land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf

b. 600miles longHot, dry, doesn't rainAlluvial valley = broad, flat, no internal barriersHighest points are the buildings in the citiesBenefits = annual yet unpredictable flooding renews soil's fertilityUnpredictable because based on snow melt, not rain (little vs. lots of snow, fast melt vs. slow melt)Challenges = flooding a constant threat, disastrous to cities & farms, leads to starvationFew internal barriers lead to constant warfare for good farmland and waterDrought prone, relied on irrigation, little rain, water from distant mountainsSalinization = irrigated land leaches salt to surface, makes soil useless1.) How did the Mesopotamian people respond to their geography?Sedentary villages become citiesCollective action needed to build dams, irrigation canals, walled citiesExcess food let some people do jobs other than raising food = professionalsCraftspeople, military, priesthood, educationElsewhere, people had to move often, this set civilization's development back or slowed it

c. Tigris and Euphrates= UNPREDICTABLE FLOODING= insecurity/ lack of consistencyd. Flooding=silt=fertile soile. Daily Life 1.) What did household look like?Men had absolute power over householdsWomen had few rightsWomen were protected by their dowrySickness caused by evil spirits, cured by magic2.)What was school like for Mesopotamian children?Only rich went to schoolUsually only the boysLearned to write cuneiform (wedge) alphabet on clay tablets with stylusMemorized 600+ symbolsLearned writing, math, botany, linguistics,f. Agriculture

1.) How did agriculture change how people lived?Originally nomadic (wandering0) hunters and gatherers with low populations and no spare timeWith farming: time outside growing season used for socializing, inventing, buildingFood surplus led to division of labor - stoneworkers, potters, weavers, leather, metal, merchantsStaying in one area makes building worthwhileNeed organizational skills for collectively building irrigation systemsDesirable land and water makes them subject of attack by neighbors and nomadsExcess food traded for imported goods, trade routes set up, ideas traded alsoCopper, tin, wood, salt, gems, weapons, armor

4

Marketplaces make trade easier2.)Who controlled the Mesopotamian economy?Temples and palaces had the organizationDonations to churches and taxes to king made them rulersControl and building of city-states3.)What technologies helped Mesopotamia to the area?Wheel - wheeled carts - pulled by domesticated animals that could pull heavy loads of construction materialsWriting - about 3200 BCEFirst to keep t of possessions, temple donations, taxes, buying & sellingSpread throughout regionCuneiform (cuni = wedge)Coins - easier to transportHad a value other than the value of the metal

g. Mesopotamia covered three general areas: Assyria, Akkad and Sumerh. Built with mud bricksi. Social Classes:

1.) Nobles (royal family, royal officials, priests and their families)2.) Commoners (worked for large estates as farmers, merchants, fishers and

craftspeople/90%)3.) Slaves( worked on large building projects, wove cloth, and worked the farms of nobles)

2. Egypta. Nile= longest river in the world (4,000 miles)b. Northern part is called Lower Egypt and the southern part is called Upper Egypt.c. The annual [PREDICTABLE=feeling of security] flooding of the Nile left a deposit of mud

that created rich soil on both sides of the river(Black land)d. The fertile land was used to grow crops and create surpluses of food that made Egypt

prosperouse. The Nile was the fastest way to travel: transportation and communication f. 3100BC= Menes united Upper and Lower Egyptg. With deserts, seas and cataracts surrounding it, Egypt had far greater natural defenses

than did Mesopotamia that only had flat plainsB. Accomplishments/Contributions

1. Mesopotamiaa. Sumerians Akkadians (under Sargon I—first empire) Babylonians (Hammurabi),

Assyrians, Neo-Babylonians….b. City-state= basic unit of Sumerian civilizationc. Writing (cuneiform- “wedge-shaped writing”) allowed a society to keep records and pass

knowledge from generation to generation/ also, communicate (The Epic of Gilgamesh: teaches the lesson that only gods are immortal.)

d. Wagon wheel= help transport people and goods from place to placee. The use of arch in constructionf. Sumerian achievements in math and astronomyg. Number system based on 60h. Geometry was used to measure field and erect buildingsi. Charted heavenly constellations

2. Egypt5

a. Organized into three kingdoms: Old, Middle and Newb. All of the pyramids were built in the Old Kingdomc. Pharaohs=”great house”d. Bureaucracy (vizier- held the most important position next to the pharaoh…in charge of

42 governors which controlled the 42 provinces…BUREAUCRACY)e. Society:

1.) Pharaoh was at the top and was surround by a ruling class of nobles and priests2.) Next class: merchants and artisans3.) Then peasants, then slaves4.) Hieroglyphics/ experts in the human anatomy

C. Religion1. Mesopotamia

a. Polytheistic= believed in many godsb. Ziggurat=large stepped structure which holds a templec. Believed that the world was controlled by destructive supernatural forces and deities

due to the unpredictable floods , harsh physical environment and famines2. Egypt

a. Polytheistic= believed in many gods b. Ra= sun godc. Had the land gods and the sun gods

D. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt were…1. Polytheistic2. Patriarchal= dominated by men3. Theocracies= government by divine authority

E. Hammurabi’s Code1. 282 Laws2. Calls for harsh punishments against crimes (“eye for an eye…tooth for a tooth”)3. The American criminal justice system maintains that all citizens are equal under the law.

Hammurabi’s Code called for different enforcements of the law for different classes of society.4. The free man that belonged to the upper class was given much more protection than

the commoner. 5. Mostly covered marriage and family6. Expressed the patriarchal nature of Mesopotamian society7. What did H. do?

Pulled together traditions and laws that were shared by many Mesopotamian peopleWhen was H's Code written?About 1750 BC1,000 years before Ten Commandments by MosesWhy did he write them down?Needed because of complexity of urban setting dependent on rural farmersH's code not the only one, best known since it survived almost completeWhy is it important?Considered first written lawsInfluence much of ancient world by spreading along trade routes

What were the distinctive features of H's Code?6

1. Administration of justice is unequalSocial class determines punishmentRecognized three classes: rulers, free, slaves2. Law of retaliationReciprocal punishmentAn eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth3. Administration of justice was semi-privateIndividuals and families responsible for enforcing the codeNow in USA, government enforces the criminal codes, State vs. Jones

F. Mummification1. 70 day process2. Body was dried and preserved along with material possessions to go to the afterlife3. Heart had the ka (soul)…not the brain

III. India and ChinaA. Geography

1. Indiaa. Where is India located?

Southern edge of Asian continentTo east = East Asia and South East Asia (China, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, etc.)To west = Central Asia ({Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Arabia, etc.)To north = China, NepalTo south = Indian Oceanb. What is India's land like?Separate subcontinent riding on a tectonic plateRiding northeastColliding with Asian continentCollision zone wrinkling up into Himalayan mountains, still growingNorthern border = high mountains, even the passes are highNorth = wide river plainsRivers fed by snow meltSouth = hilly

7

Rivers fed by unpredictable rainfallTwo major rivers = Indus (1800 miles long), so important it is source of name of countryGanges (1560 miles long), holyc. What is India's climate like?Summer = monsoon seasonAlmost all rain falls in summer4 months of rainWinter = dry winds from central AsiaMonsoons sometimes late or faild. What was the impact of India's geography on its development?Mountains kept invaders outcut off from other Asian culturesNorthern rivers' predictable flooding allowed boat travelSouthern river's irregular flow prevents boat travelNorth more united because of easier travelLarge, ancient empires were in the northFlooding still a problem in northDeforestation making it worse

d. Monsoons= a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia/ farmers depend on these to grow crops

e. Indian subcontinentf. To the north, the highest mountains in the world…the Himalayag. Just to the south…Ganges River

2. Chinaa. Where is China located?

Eastern edge of AsiaWest coast of North Pacific Oceanb. What is the land of China like?A little larger than mainland USAIsolated by deserts, mountains, and oceans from rest of worldTo north = Gobi desert = grazing, too dry for farmingTo northwest = Taklamakan = "go in and you will not come out"Locally known and "moving sands" just like an ocean flood, not stopping it if it overruns oasisWaterless, no food, searing heatTo south = mountainsFew routes through, altitude sickness, blizzards, snowbound passes, not fodder for animalsSouthwest = high plateau (Tibet)13,000'-26, 000' elevationRimmed by mountainsMany long and wide riversYangtze = 3rd longest (after Nile and Amazon)Rivers run west to east, not to other countriesCanals dug for north to south transportation (1,000 mile grand canal hand dug)(dug between 500 BCE to 1300 AD)Geography made China governing difficult

8

also made movement of ideas and goods difficultlots of coal beds, coal their main energy source, lots of air pollution[half of all their mammal types are rodents (rabbits, mice, rats, squirrels, hares)]c. What is the climate of China like?Warmer than USASummers = hot and humid in southWinter = cold but little snow because of dry wintersNorth = hard to grow food - too cold and dryCentral = Yangtze valley = low plains, milder climateSouth = produces 3/4 of country's foodRice, wheat, corn, beans, vegetablesIn the settlement of the western hemisphere, what were geographic barriers?With today's technology, how significant are geographic barriers?What are today are barriers preventing the free flow of goods, people, and ideas?

b. One of the greatest food-producing areas of the ancient world…developed in the Huqang He (Yellow River),and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze ) River

c. Huang He flows from Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean, 2,900 miles longd. Only 10% of China can be used for agriculture

B. First Civilizations1. India

a. Harappa/ Mohenjo Daro= India’s first civilization 3000-1500 BC1.) 35,000 people and planned meticulously2.) Grid of streets were divided into neighborhoods3.) Bathrooms and drainage systems

b. Aryans= Indo-European nomadic peoples who created a new Indian societyc. Sanskrit= Aryan’s first writing system

1.) Aryans excelled at war2.) Aryan leaders known as rajas(princes)dominated India

d. Asoka= is generally considered to be the greatest ruler in the history of India2. China

a. Who were the rulers of Ancient China?Periods of time divided into dynastiesruled by one family and sons 600 BCE Cho /Joo/ Dynastyinvented bureaucracy - took land from nobilitygave land to people chosen to govern 535 BCE Zeng Dynastyearliest written laws in China 226 BCE = Qin /chin/ Dynasty (origin of name for China) ruler = Shi Huangdiunification of China = one of China's most important historical events 206 BCE = Han DynastyRuled by Confucian beliefsb. What made the Qin Dynasty notable?appointed government officials to run counties with single federal bureaucracy ruled by legalism, (written laws and bureaucracy)(obey - reward, disobey - punishment, people obeyed out of fear, not respect)

9

(felt government based on virtue and respect wouldn't work, not Confucius's way)forced nobles to move to capital to break peasant loyaltyexpanded empirebuilt road system for communications and controlstandardized - coins, weights, writing, axle width, controlled text books, burned Confucianism booksbuilt a great wall (not The Great Wall)protection from Northern tribes (30' high, 1500 miles long)built in 7 years, 500,000 died in construction(current wall build 1300 AD in Ming dynasty, 3,700 miles long)remembered as cruel and uncaring leader, (killed challengers and their families)dies - tomb with thousands of terra cotta warriorsfavored son too politically weak to hold country togetherc. What made the Han Dynasty notable?206 BCE - 220 ADRule by Confucius beliefs - rulers deserved respect (became official teaching)restored nobles doms with appointed overseersset up civil service system - government jobs earned by testsSupported Daoism = key to long life and happiness is accepting life as it isExpanded the empireTraded with other landsEstablishment of Silk RoadPeaceLowered taxes,Improvements in writingPaper developed (first dictionary, first recording of history)Seismograph - 132 AD (told strength and direction of EQ)

b. Historians of China have traditionally dated the beginning of Chinese civilization to the founding of the Xia dynasty, about which is little known

c. Shang dynasty( 1750-1122 BC)aristocratic-run farming societyd. Strong central governmente. The Chinese believed that supernatural forces could help with worldly life…To get this

help, priests read oracle bonesf. Most of the Shang were peasantsg. Zhou dynasty

1.) The Zhou leader revolted against the Shang king and established the Zhou dynasty (1045-256 BC…China’s longest dynasty)

2.) The king was believed to connect Heaven and Earthh. Han period= age of prosperity, however, free peasants began to suffer. Land taxes on

the land-owning farmers were fairly light, but there were other demands on them, including military service and labor for up to one month per year

i. Chinese population tripled under the Han dynastyj. Emerged 202BC and was founded by Liu Bangk. Free peasants suffered during the Han period…Military service and a month’s forced

labor each year were requiredl. Technology progressed under the Han…advances in textile making, water mills and iron

casting10

m. Paper was developed during the Han periodC. Accomplishments/ Contributions

1. Indiaa. Ancient Indians possessed an impressive amount of scientific knowledge b. In astronomy, they charted the movements of heavenly bodies and recognized that Earth

was a sphere that rotated on its axis and revolved around the sunc. In mathematics, they were the first scientists known to have used algebrad. Introduced the concept of zero and used the symbol (0) for it

2. Chinaa. The development of the fore-and –aft rigging and rudders on ships led to major expansion

of trade in the Han periodb. One of the technological advances of the Han dynasty was the invention of water mills for

grinding grain

D. Silk Road1. A trade route between the Roman Empire and China that ran through India’s Kushan

kingdom2. In the first century AD, nomadic warriors established the Kushan kingdom in what is now

Afghanistan…3. The Kushans prospered by trade4. What was the significance of the Silk Road?

From Xian to Mediterranean5,000 miles long (twice the distance between San Francisco and New York City)not just goods traveledideas and technology moved in both directions to change the world

5. What traveled on the Silk Road?goods had to be high value to weightfrom China - silk, spices (cinnamon), bronze weapons, gems, furs, animals,China is source of: peach, apricot, ginger, tea, and many citrusTo China - jade, preserved exotic food, animals, ivory, coral, incense, glass, horses, perfumesAgainst the law to smuggle silk works west (sericulture), silk stays a state secret until 500 AD(Romans thought it grew on trees - tree wool)

11

goods changed hands many times, each time becoming more expensivecaravans traveled from oasis town to oasis town (which grew to trading posts)travelers picked up: fresh animals, supplies, traded their goods for products to take on return triptwo- humped camels in caravans, single humped could carry same load but couldn't keep up the pace

ideas = politics, popular styles, artwork, military tactics, technologyfrom China = printing, gunpowder,From West = Buddhism from India through Central Asia, into China and Japan

not for people migratingpeople didn't travel the entire route, only went from one oasis to the nextseries of stages with lots of middlemenHow did it change towns along the route?several routes, (named by a German archeologist)travelers balanced, seasons, threat of desert, mountains, wells, bandits,Small, oasis based towns become trade centersFor protection against bandits, merchants formed large caravans of up to 1,000 camels with armed escortsEver since the last ice age, wells have been slowly drying upmajor cities were at the start and destination (e.g., Chan' an = Xian by 742 AD had 2,000,000 people)Including 5,000 foreigners and numerous religions

6. What were the concerns of Silk Road travelers?Caravan leader's concerns = weather, terrain, animals, animal attendants, care of customers, care of customer's goods, good, water, fresh animals, medicine, bandits, guardsMerchant's focus = prices, supplies of good, can he find a buyer at desired price, can he find seller at a desired price, safety of his goods, personal safety, taxes, exchange rates of money, language barriers

E. Daily Life1. India

a. Caste system= created by the Aryans1.) Determines a person’s occupation, economic potential, social statues…based on skin

color2.) Castes (from highest to lowest: Brahmans (priestly class), Kshatriyas (warrior class),

Vaisyas (merchants), Sudras (made up most of the Indian population…they were the dark skinned natives the lighter-skinned Aryans had conquered…did manual labor) and the Untouchables (lowest rung/ performed degrading jobs…5%)

2. Chinaa. Filial piety= family members family members must subordinate their needs and desires to

the will of the male head of the familyb. Warfare changed in China…armies used iron weapons and were divided into infantry and

cavalryc. Peasants worked on land owned by aristocracy… silk was a major export

12

d. China - Social Structure1.) What were the social classes?King and Family = show virtue by doing service to their country and people

Nobles = receive land from kingIn return give loyalty and pay tribute of gifts and soldiersPeasants = lived on land controlled by noblesFarm, pay taxes with crops and service in armyCompare Chinese peasants with European peasants.Both given use of land to farm if pay rent to landlordsRent = crops and laborChinese farmers could leave if they were unhappy, not slavesEuropean peasants couldn't leave,they were bought and sold with the landlike slaves

F. Mandate of Heaven1. The belief that Heaven kept order in the universe through the Zhou king2. The king was expected to be virtuous and to rule in the proper way (Dao)

G. Great Wall1. Was built to keep out the Xiongnu of the north

H. Belief Systems1. Hinduism

a. Based on Aryan beliefsb. Vedas= collection of hymns and ceremoniesc. Religion of most of the Indian peopled. Karma= the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how that a souls will be

reincarnated. The present life is a reflection of one’s actions in the previous life. What people do in their current life determines what their next life will be

e. Teaches that one’s role in life is defined by one’s birth into a certain class (caste).f. Worship a multitude of gods and goddessesg. Dharma= divine law that requires all people to do their dutyh. Yoga= was developed as a practice to achieve oneness with Godi. Basic Hindu Beliefs:

1.) 1. Vedas (scriptures) are God's word2. One, all-pervasive Supreme Being, creator3. universe undergoes endless cycles of creation, preservation, and dissolution4. Karma = law of cause and effect, each individual creates his own destiny5. Immortal soul reincarnation (re = again, in, carne = flesh) until liberation achieved6. personal worship creates communion with God7. To reach liberation we need: personal discipline, good conduct, purification, pilgrimage, self-inquiry, meditation, guru (guidance) 8. All life is sacred, to be loved, and revered, practice non-injury9. No particular religion teaches the only way to salvation. All genuine religions are facets of God's pure love and deserve tolerance and understanding.

2. Buddhisma. Siddhartha Gautama= founder of Buddhism

13

b. Siddhartha lived a privileged, sheltered life among great wealth…he gave up his life to find the meaning of human suffering

c. First an ascetic= practiced self-denial…almost died thoughd. Buddha= enlightened onee. Rejects the human division of human beings, instead, teaches that all human beings can

reach nirvana (ultimate reality) as a result of their behavior in this lifef. Much simpler than Hinduism: forbidden to worship ANY god (even Buddha can’t be

worshipped(more of a philosophy rather than a religion)g. Buddha believed that our thoughts create reality…He (Siddhartha Gautama) believed that

the physical surrounding s of humans were simply illusions and that sorrow and suffering were the result of the attachments to the things of the world

h. Basic Buddhist Beliefs: 1.) Four Noble Truths1. Dukkha: The reality and universality of suffering, causes by loss, sickness, pain, failure, Impermanence of pleasure2. Samudaya: The cause of suffering is a desire to have and control thingscravings, desire for fame, desire to avoid unpleasantness (trouble, fear, anger, jealousy) 3. Nirodha: Suffering ceases with the final liberation of Nirvanamind experiences complete freedom, liberation, and nonattachment for cravings and desire4. Magga: The eightfold path leads to the cessation of sufferingFive Precepts (similar to second half of Ten Commandments) 1. Do not kill.2. Do not steal.3. Do not lie.4. Do not be unchaste.5. Do not consume alcohol or other.Eightfold PathWisdom1. Right understand of Four Noble Truths2. Right thinking, following the right path in lifeMorality3. Right Speech - no lying, criticism, condemning, gossip, and harsh language4. Right Conduct - follow the Five Precepts5. Right livelihood - support yourself without harming othersConcentration6. Right Effort - promote good thoughts, conquer evil thoughts7. Right Mindfulness - become aware of your body, mind, and feelings8. Right Concentration - meditate to achieve a higher state of consciousness

3. Confucianisma. Confucius= the First Teacher of Chinab. Born 551 BC…motivated by Chinese society’s moral decay and violencec. His sayings were written down by his followers called the Analectsd. His ideas were political and ethical; not spiritual: Most important duty is duty to parentse. Confucius believed that duty is expressed in the form of work ethic, in which individuals

working hard to fulfill their duties enable society as a whole to prosper.f. Confucius also believed that rulers have a duty to set a good example…”kingly way”g. Confucius also held that humanity is a sense of compassion and empathy for others

14

h. Confucian view of the Dao…the idea of humanity, consisting of a sense of compassion and empathy

i. Belief that the government should be open to all men of superior talent

Hinduism karma dharma yoga many gods

Buddhism Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path All people can

achieve Nirvana.

Both A single force

governs universe Reincarnation Humans can merge

with universal force.

IV. Ancient GreeceA. Geography and Origins

1. Geographya. Mountainous peninsula and numerous islandsb. The mountain ranges caused independent city-states to emerge instead of one centralized

civilizationc. Greeks became seafarersd. Where is Modern Greece located?

Southern edge of EuropeLarge peninsulaSize of Alabama or EnglandIn 1990 had 10,000,000 people 1.) What is the legend of Greece's creation?God used sieve to strain soil to surrounding countries, the stones that were left in the sieve were dumped into the sea. Those extra rocks were what Greece became.What is the land like of Ancient Greece prior to expanding to entire Mediterranean?80% mountainous mainland20% islands (437 islands)tallest mountain = Mount Olympus (9,500') = home of godsno major rivers or lakesmany good harbors (every point of land is within 85 miles of the coast)little farm land (soil = sand and pebbles)little fresh water during growing season (couldn't irrigate much)few natural resources2.)What impact did the terrain have on Greece's development?Little contact between villagesOverland travel difficultOverland trade impossibleSea trade routes lead to coloniesSea trade was source of natural resources (food, metals, fiber) and ideas(alphabet, Egyptian art, Eastern technologies)3.)What was the climate like?mild Mediterranean climate (dry summers, mild temperatures)

2. Originsa. Minoan civilization/ Knossos

1.) Bronze Age civilization

15

2.) Named after the Crete king Minos3.) Palace at Knossos= elaborate art4.) 1450BC were they defeated by the Mycenaeans or a tidal wave from a volcanic

eruption from the island of Thera???b. Mycenae: the first Greek state

1.) Discovered by German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann2.) Thrived between 1600 and 1100 BC3.) Made up of an alliance of powerful monarchies4.) Warrior culture5.) Poetry of Homer6.) Began to fight each other…1100BC collapsed

B. The Polis1. By 750 BC the city-state became the central focus of Greek life2. Greek Colonization: Cause and Effect

a. Lack of farmlandb. Colonizationc. Spread of cultured. Increased trade/ wealthe. Three classes

1.) Citizens with political rights (adult males)2.) Citizens without political rights (women and children)3.) Noncitizens (slaves and resident aliens)

f. Acropolis= fortified place and religious centerg. Agora= open area used as a market and meeting placeh. Cleisthenes= brought democracy to Athens

3. Phalanx= when hoplites (infantry soldiers) went into battle, they would march shoulder to shoulder

4. Age of Pericles= the period of history which saw the height of Athenian power and brilliance C. Athens v. Sparta

1. Sparta needed more land2. It gained through conquest3. The captured peoples of the Spartans became serfs called helots.4. To maintain control of the helots, Sparta became a military state5. Rigid lifestyle6. Sparta closed itself off from the outside world. Travelers and travel were discouraged.7. Athens;

a. King ruled early Athensb. Cleisthenes= reforms laid the foundation for Athenian democracy

8. The government of Athens after Cleisthenes became the foundation for Athenian democracy

9. In Sparta, the five elected officials who were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all of the citizens were ephors

10. The government of Sparta was an oligarchy( ruled by a few)11. Athens: boys 7-18 went to school (reading, math, history, music)

s - no schoolmen = must never lose face in public, always defend and never disgrace family, very strong family loyalty

16

men spent time at agora (center of social life, politics, market, shrine, debate, sports)women = "a woman should be everything inside the home and nothing outside"marriage = grooms about 30 years old, brides about 16 years oldspouses had little in common (age difference, education level, worldly experiences)1/3 of population were slaves (could earn their freedom)Sparta: boys - 8 years old into army, learned war skills, beaten to learn"Spartan existence" = harsh housing, meager meals, slept outside, comforts made men softwomen - ran everyday activities, had economic powerdominated by war and fear of rebellion because there were 10 slaves for every 1 citizen

D. Greek Religion1. Mount Olympus= home of the Greek Gods

E. The Influence of Homer1. Arête= the excellence of courage and honor2. Homer used the Trojan War to create two epic poems: The Iliad and the Odyssey3. The Iliad was about the Trojan War itself, but mainly concerned the Greek hero Achilles, and

how the anger of Achilles led to disaster.4. The Odyssey recounts the journeys of another Greek hero, Odysseus, as he returned home

after the fall of Troy.5. Homer’s epic poems did not so much record Greek history as they did create it. The Greeks

looked on the Iliad and the Odyssey as true history.6. These masterpieces gave the Greeks an ideal past with a cast of heroes. The epics came to

be used as basic texts for the education of generations of Greek males.

17

7. Homer taught the values of courage and honor, giving to later generations a model of heroism.

8.

F. Greek Contributions1. Philosophy

a. Socrates: “the unexamined life is not worth living”b. Plato’s ideas about reality and government= there is a higher world of eternal, unchanging

Forms that has always existed. These forms make up reality and only a trained mind could understand them. What we see is but a reflection of that reality, a shadow of the true form (Plato’s Cave). Government works best when divided into three groups= at the top: philosopher kings who must rule with wisdom and inspiration, warrior kings, and everyone else…Also***men and women should have access to these positions

c. According to Plato…individuals could not achieve a good life unless they lived in a just and rational state

d. Aristotle=scientifice. Alphabet

WordsWay of teaching(Socratic Method, teacher asks questions, students work out the answers)Public buildings have columnsGovernment/politics/votingArt - shape of our paintings, proportionsUnderstanding of naturesun = burning rock, not a godmedicine = Hippocratic oath

G. Greek Politics1. How did Greek politics change over time?

1100 BCE conquered by Dorians with iron tools (Greeks had bronze)Dark ages, little writing, unorganized politics800-500 BCE small villages and nearby farms grew into city/statesWalled forts (acropolis = high city) for defense, became religious centersMarket surrounded acropolisBanded together for defense from PersiansOriginally ruled by king or tyrant (took by force, ruled alone)500 BCE = Athenian Golden Age = Classical Period400 BCE birth of democracyDemocracy = rule by the peopleEvery free male over 20 had one vote and full rights and participated in assemblyDecision by majority vote, (no representatives like USA version of democracy)Athens still capital of Modern Greece146 BCE conquered by RomeParthenon - temple from 500 BCEChristian Church from 400 ADMuslim Mosque from 600 ADBlew up when Turks used it to store ammunition(1895 full sized copy built in Nashville Tennessee)2. Who was Alexander the Great?

18

Taught by AristotleWanted to fulfill his dad (Philip II of Macedonia) to ruler entire world135,000 soldiers attacked PersiaFreed Greek colonies from Persian control set up democraciesAlexander was rulerSet up learning and Greek cultureSpread Greek language and religionCenter of learning became Alexandria Egypt, 500,000-scroll libraryAdopted local customsControl broke up after his No one strong leader available as replacement so generals fought for controlDidn't groom anyone like Alexander had been groomed

V. Rome and the Rise of ChristianityA. Geography and Origins

1. Geographya. The location of the city of Rome was especially favorable to early settlersb. Located 18 miles inland on the Tiber River, Rome had a way to the seac. Far enough inland to be safe from piratesd. Built on seven hills=easily defendede. Situated where the Tiber River could be easily crossedf. Great central location to expand: Mediterranean empireg. Italian peninsula

700 miles long100 miles wideOnly 100 miles from AfricaMediterranean Sea on three sidesAlps to north protect from overland invasion15,771 feet tallApennines = volcanic mountains running length of ItalyFertile, volcanic soilLess rugged than GreeceFew good harborsLand easier than sea for travelMild, Mediterranean climate

2. Originsa. Etruscans (most influencial)

1. Launched a building program and turned Rome into a cityb. Latins (language)c. Greeksd. Rome = Settled about 750 BCE

Mythic originsName for decedents of Aeneas (Trojan survivor as written by Virgil)Kings daughter gives birth to twin sons: Romulus and RemusKing's cruel brother seized the throneUncle was afraid boys would grow up and claim throne

19

Had boys exposed on bank of Tiber river (common form of infanticide/birth control)Boys raised by she-wolfGrew up to defeat their great-uncle and restore grandfather to throneBoys fought about where to build a cityRomulus kills RemusRomulus found Rome

B. The Roman Republic1. Early Rome was ruled by kings2. 509 BC the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and created a republic (the leader is

not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote)3. Twelve Tables: Rome’s first law code4. Patricians= wealthy landowners5. Plebeians= less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers6. Roman Senate: a select group of about 300 patricians who served for life7. Rome conquers the Mediterranean (Punic wars)Patricians Plebeians

ruling class majoritygreat landowners small landowners,

craftspeople, merchants, farmers

originally, only patricians served in Senate and held public office

served in council of the plebs

C. Daily Life1. Rome

a. Paterfamilias= head of the Roman family2. Men v. Women

Men - controlled family (could kill or sell kids into slavery)Private schooling 6-11years old (or until 14 years old if wealthy)Arranged marriages at 15-18 years oldWhile father still alive, sons couldn't own land or have control of own family

20

Married sons lived with wife and children in home of father until father's Women - could own landNo education since no role in politicsArranged marriages at 13-14 years old

D. From Republic to Empire (Roman Politics)1. Originally monarchy

509 BCE Roman Republic formed when king tossed outEvolved into republic (never was a direct democracy like Greece)Freemen elected officials who passed lawsPatricians elected senators that advised two power-sharing consuls494 BCE Plebeians rebelled and marched out of RomeElected their own tribuneOfficial Senate accepted Tribune after this economic "blackmail"Plebeians moved close to equalityResult is very similar to USA's politics of Senate (2 per state) and Assembly (based on population)Either house can initiate a law but both houses must agree on wording of law59 BCE Julius Caesar, Roman general elected to consulWanted to rule all of roman landsInvaded Gaul (France) and became Gaul's governor49 BCE planned return to Rome but Roman senate feared he'd become dictatorSenate warned him not to cross the Rubicon River with his armyJulius Caesar did cross and declared war on his enemies3 years of civil war46 BCE appointed dictator for 10 years, was a good leader44 BCE declared dictator for lifeMarch 15 stabbed by group of senators (et tu Brutus?)Followed by civil warOctavian (grand-nephew) and Mark Anthony (Roman General) fight and win senate's armyGain control of all of RomeOctavian controls the eastAnthony controlled the west (falls in love with Egypt's Cleopatra)Octavian fights Anthony and wind control of all of RomeChanged name to Augustus (Caesar Augustus)Peace for 200 years (Pax Romana)27 BCE Roman Republic end476 AD Roman Empire "Falls" apartRome still capital of modern Italy"Eternal City"Has been important for 300 years

2. The Senate got too powerful and there was civil unrest+-3. Rome’s success in gaining control of the entire Italian peninsula

a. Romans were good diplomats ( extended citizenship)b. Crushed rebellions when necessaryc. Brilliant strategists: as they conquered, they built colonies, roads and infrastructured. Did not try to build an ideal government: reacted to problems as they arose.

4. Triumvirate (a government by three people of equal power)21

a. First Triumvirate (Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar)1.) Dictator= a ruler with absolute power

b. Second Triumvirate (Marc Antony, Octavian, Lepidus)5. Early Empire

a. Augustusb. Pax Romana= a period of peace and prosperity that lasted almost a hundred yearsc. Nero=persecution of Christians

6. Attitudes toward womena. Early on similar to the Greeks: Women inferiority and weakness required that have a

male guardian/ fathers also arranged marriages for their daughtersb. By 100AD: the paterfamilias no longer had absolute authority over his children.c. The husband’s absolute authority disappearedd. Women no longer needed male guardianse. Upper class women had the right to own, inherit and sell property.

7. The political and military reforms of Diocletian and Constantinea. Diocletian believed the Roman Empire had grown too large for a single ruler so he

divided it into four units, each with its own rulerb. Greatly enhanced the army and civil service institutions, but drained most of the public

fundsc. In the long run, they stifled the vitality the late Empire needed to revive its sagging

reforms8. Gladiatorial Games

a. A way the emperor kept the poverty-stricken masses pacifiedE. The Rise of Christianity

1. Able to draw believers away from the Roman gods for three main reasons:a. The Christian message was personal and offered salvation and eternal life to individualsb. Seemed familiarc. Fulfilled the human need to belong

2. Constantine= first Christian emperor3. Theodosius the Great= made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire4. Edict of Milan= proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity

F. Decline and Downfall1. Christianity weakened Rome’s military virtues2. Roman values declined as non-Italians gained prominent positions3. Lead poisoning from water pipes and vessels caused a mental decline 4. Slavery held Rome back from advancing technologically5. Rome’s political system was dysfunctional

G. Roman Timeline1. 1000 BCE migration south over Alps

753 BCE Romulus and Remus found Rome

509 BCE Republic established

264-146 Roman Empire expansion

27 BCE Augustus become Emperor22

96 - 108 AD Height of power and territory

395 AD East and West split

476 AD West overthrown by Germans

VI. The World of IslamA. Geography and Origins

1. Geographya. Arabs were nomadic, Semitic speaking people who lived on the Arabian Peninsulab. Arabs were organized into tribes led by a sheikc. I. Daily Life in Early Arabia (pages 373–374)d. A. Much of the Arabian peninsula is desert, although there aree. mountains in the southwest. Oases are green areas fed by anf. underground water source.g. B. Early Arabs formed tribes that were headed by a sheikh.h. C. The Bedouins were desert herders who traveled from oasis to oasisi. to water their animals. Many Arabs lived in villages near oases.j. D. Merchants who transported goods across the deserts formedk. caravans to protect themselves from Bedouin attacks. Caravans arel. groups of traveling merchants and animals.m. E. Trade grew, and merchants founded towns along trade routes.n. Makkah was the largest and wealthiest trade center and is ano. important religious site visited by pilgrims.p. F. In the middle of Makkah is the Kaaba, a low square buildingq. surrounded by statues of gods and goddesses. Inside is a large stoner. Arabs believe came from heaven.s. G. Arabs consider Allah the creator.

2. Originsa. Early Arabs were polytheistic, but Allah was the supreme Godb. Bedouins= nomadic Arabs who lived in the desert rather than in townsc. Jihad= “struggle in the way of God”d. Hijrah= journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinahe. Caliph= chief Islamic religious authorityf. Sultan=holder of powerg. Muezzin= Muslim crier who calls the faithful to prayer five times a dayh. Shari’ah= Islamic moral code of law (no gambling, eating pork, drinking alcoholic

beverages, or engage in dishonest behavior. i. Vizier= prime minister of the council that advised the caliph during the Abbasid

dynastyFacts About Islam

1. Islam is monotheistic.

23

2. Allah is all powerful.3. Those that practice Islam are called Muslims.4. Muhammad is a prophet, but he is also just a man.5. Offers hope of an afterlife.

B. Muhammad and the Five Pillars1. Muhammad

a. Muhammad was accepted as a prophet to the people of Arabia.B. Muhammad was dissatisfied with the ways of his town leaders andwent into the hills to pray. There he was visited by an angel who toldhim to preach Islam.C. Muhammad returned to Makkah and told people to worship oneGod, Allah. Muhammad also preached that all people are equal andthat the rich should share their wealth with the poor.D. Many poor people began accepting Muhammad’s message andbecame Muslims, or followers of Islam. Wealthy people did not likeMuhammad’s message and they made life difficult for Muhammadand his followers.E. Muhammad and his followers left Makkah for Yathrib. This journeyis known as the Hijrah.F. Yathrib welcomed the Muslims and renamed their city Madinah.G. Muhammad used the laws he believed he had received fromGod to rule the people of Madinah, creating an Islamic state, ora government that uses its political power to uphold Islam.H. Muhammad built an army to defend his new government. The armyconquered Makkah and Muhammad returned to the holy city.I. Muhammad died two years after his return.

Whya. Prophet of Allahb. Born in Makkah (Mecca)c. Meditated in the hills because he became troubled with the gap between the honesty of

most Makkans and the greediness of trading elites in the citiesd. Muhammad believed the message given to him by Gabriel was the final revelations of

Allah. e. The Quran contains the ethical guidelines and laws by which Muslims are to livef. Why no representations of Muhammad in mosques (Islamic houses of worship)?

1.) The Hadith warns against any attempt to imitate God by creating pictures of living things2. The Five Pillars

24

C. Daily Life and Society1. Women

a. According to Islam, all people are created equal in the eyes of Allah (god); HOWEVER, men in actuality were dominant in Islamic society. Women had to have a male guardian. Women were required to be secluded in their homes and kept away from males…and cover virtually all parts of their body

2. Polygamy acceptedD. Accomplishments/ Advances

1. Islamic scholars made contributions to math and the natural sciences that were passed on to the West

2. Muslims adopted and passed on the numerical system of India, including the use of zero3. Algebra4. Astrolabe= an instrument used for ship navigation5. Developed medicine as a field of scientific study6. Ibn Sina (philosopher and scientist)stressed the contagious nature of certain diseases7. Omar Khayyam= writer (Rubaiyat)

E. Islamic Split: Sunni and Shiite After Muhammad’s death, the Muslims split into two groups: theSunnis and the Shiites.B. Shiites believed that Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali, should succeedMuhammad and that all future caliphs should be descendants of Ali.Sunnis believe that the Umayyad caliphs were rightful leaders. Overtime, these two groups developed their own customs.C. The Umayyad dynasty lost power and was replaced with a newdynasty called the Abbasids.D. The Abbasids built a new capital, Baghdad. Baghdad prospered as acenter of trade because of its central location.E. The Abbasids lost control as Muslims in other parts of the worldwanted their own caliphs.F. The Seljuk Turks was nomads and warriors. They gradually tookcontrol of the Abbasid dynasty. The Seljuk ruler was called a sultan.G. The Arab Empire ended when the Mongols invaded Baghdad and

burned it to the ground.

25

1. Resentment against the Umayyad grew because non-Arab Muslims did not like the way local administrators favored Arabs

F. MongolsG. 1. Many of the Mongols converted to Islam.H. 2. They intermarried with the local people. I. 3. Over time, the Mongols rebuilt the cities they destroyed during the invasion.

VII. African EmpiresA. Geography and Early Civilization

1. Geographya. Geographic Zones:b. Niger River= all of the west African kingdoms were located along the Niger, including

Timbuktu and Gao. Traders would carry goods down the Niger River into central Africa.c. Sahara= largest desert on Earthd. After Asia, Africa is the largest of the continents

Africa is the second-largest continent in the world.B. The African continent contains rain forests; savannas, which aretropical grasslands; and deserts.C. The Sahara and Kalahari Desert are in Africa. The Sahara is thelargest desert in the world.D. A plateau is an area of high, flat land. Almost all of Africa, except thecoastal plains, rests on a plateau.E. The Nile River is Africa’s longest river. The Congo River is about2,700 miles long.F. The Great Rift Valley was formed when parts of the plateau’s surfacedropped. Some of the earliest human fossils have been found in the

a. Great Rift Valley.2. Early Civilizations

a. Axum= emerged as an independent trading state that combined Arab and African culturesb. Kush declined because of the rise of Axum (now Ethiopia)

B. Ghana1. Salt= highly desired trade item2. Traded their gold for salt3. First great trading state to emerge in the area south of the Sahara4. Emerged 500 AD…mostly farmers5. Kings of Ghana were strong, wealthy rulers…had a well-trained army with thousands of

soldiers6. Ghana prospered from its gold and iron products, Muslim merchants brought textiles,

horses , metal goods and salt7. Exchanging of goods in Ghana was done by silent trade…boundary line8. Berbers (nomadic people whose camel caravans carried much of the trade across the desert9. Muslim merchants often acted as middlemen between the local traders and the Berbers.

C. Mali1. Ghana, weakened by wars, collapsed during the 1100’s.2. Sundiata Keita established the kingdom of Mali

26

a. Sundiata means “lion prince”…he captured the Ghanaian capital in 1240.b. He united the people of Mali and created a strong government.c. Trading center= Timbuktu

3. Mali was built on the gold and salt trade4. The farmers (who grew sorghum, millet and rice) lived in villages with local rulers…these

religious and administrative leaders sent tax revenues to the king5. Mansa Musa

a. One of Mali’s richest and most powerful kingb. Ruled 1312 to 1337 (25 years)c. Doubled Mali’s sized. Created a strong government with local governors whom he appointede. Legendary pilgrimage to Makkah (value of gold fell)

6. 1359, civil war divided Mali.D. Songhai

1. 1009, a ruler named Kossi converted to Islam and established the Dia dynasty2. The chief trade center was Songhai…Songhai expanded and under the leadership of Sunni

Ali, who created the Sunni dynasty in 14643. Conquest over Timbuktu4. Songhai reached its height under the rule of Muhammad Ture…eventually, forces from

Morocco took over.

E. Daily Life1. Role of Women

a. Usually subordinate to menb. Many African societies were matrilineal (the descent was based on the mother rather the

father)c. Often permitted to own property/ husband was often expected to move into his wife’s

house2. Bantu= communities based on subsistence farming

27

3. Ibn Battuta= Arab traveler who described Kilwa as one of the most beautiful towns in the world.

F. Significance of Ancestors/ Religion1. Ancestors were important to African religion: each lineage group can trace itself back to a

founding ancestor2. Ritual ceremonies dedicated to ancestors were important because the ancestors were

believed to be closer to the gods3. Ancestors had the power to influence, for good or evil, the lives of their descendants4. Ancestors would live in the afterlife as long as the lineage group continued to perform

rituals in their names5. First stage of life is on earth… After life on Earth is finished, the human soul floats around

the atmosphere for eternity…Ancestral souls were honored by rituals performed by lineage groups

6. Ashanti= people in Ghana who worshipped Nyame and a group of lesser gods7. diviners= people who believe they have the ability to foretell events, usually by working

with supernatural forces8. griots= told stories in order to preserve and pass down history9. Swahili= blend of African and Arabian culture

G. Key AdvancesH. West African Monarchs

1. Different from Asian monarchs in that… the African king was not isolated from his subjects 2. Muhammad Ture= the Songhai Empire reached the height of its power during his reign3. Mansa Musa

a. Converted to Islam/made a pilgrimage to Makkahb. Brought thousands of soldiers and servants with him…huge amount of goldc. Used so much gold, the value of gold droppedd. Brought Islam to Malie. Built up Timbuktu

4. Sundiata Keita established Mali in the 1200’sI. Timbuktu

VIII. The Asian WorldA. The Sui, Tang, Song and Dynasties (literature emphasis)

1. China fell into chaos after the Han dynasty ended in 220.2. The Sui dynasty was set up…short lived, however it did unify China under the emperor’s

authority3. Built the Grand Canal (linked the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers….making it easier to ship rice)4. Tang

a. Preceded by the Sui dynastyb. Lasted 618 to 907c. Restored the civil service exams for recruiting government workers (bureaucrats)d. Tried to stabilize the economy by giving land to the peasants to break up the power of the

huge landowners.e. Literature flourished because printing was inventedf. Tang Xuanzang is remembered for his devotion to a commoners daughterg. Duo Fu and Li Bo=two of the most popular poets in the tang Era

28

5. Song Dynastya. 960-1279b. Period of economic and cultural achievement.

6. In the Tong and Song Eras, the old landed aristocracy was replaced by scholar-gentry7. Marco Polo= an Italian merchant who visited China in the late 1200’s 8. Song dynasty

a. Overthrown by the Mongols

B. Confucianism: 400-1500C. Advances

1. The weakening of the huge landowner’s power by the Song created an abundance of food2. Chinese began to make steel (for swords and sickles)3. Introduction of cotton (clothes)4. Gunpowder was invented during the Tang dynasty5. Woodblock printing was invented during Tang.6. Long distance trade …Silk Road7. Was at the heart of the Chinese state government from the Song dynasty to the 20 th

centuryD. Japan/Samurai

1. Bushido= a code based on loyalty to the samurai’s lord2. Kami= the spirits worshipped by early Japanese people that were believed to live in trees,

rivers and mountains3. Daimyo= “great names”, the heads of Japanese noble families

E. Mongols1. During the 1200’s, the Mongols (nomadic people of the Gobi desert)built a vast empire…

overthrew the Song dynasty and created the Mongol dynasty in China2. In 1206, Temujin was elected Genghis Khan after which he devoted himself to conquest,

establishing the Mongol empire3. Led by Genghis Khan4. Brought much of the Eurasian landmass under a single rule, creating the largest land empire

in history5. Kublai Khan=grandson of Genghis Khan established the Yuan dynasty in China

F. Muslim Tolerance of Hindus in India1. They realized there were simply too many Hindus to convert them all

IX. Emerging Europe and the Byzantine EmpireA. European Transition: 500-1500

1. Germanic peoples began moving into Roman territory by 200AD2. The Franks was the only long lasting Germanic kingdom.3. Clovis (who converted to Christianity around 500 AD) created the Frankish kingdom4. Germans and Romans intermarried and created a new society5. Ordeal= physical trial used by Germanic peoples to determine guilt or innocence6. Wergild: amount of money paid by a criminal to the family of the person he had killed or

injured7. The Germanic tribes used trial by ordeal. This meant a physical trial such a holding a red hot

piece of iron. If unharmed=innocent

29

8. Charlemagne:a. Established the missi dominici (two mwn who were sent out to local districts to ensure

that the counts were carrying out the king’s ordersb. Magyars= people of western Asia who settled on the plains of Hungary

B. Success of the Vikings1. Vikings were made part of European civilization by the Frankish policy of settling them and

converting them to Christianity2. The Vikings loved adventure, spoils of war and trade…As a result, they attacked many areas

of Europe…They were excellent shipbuilders, warriors and sailorsC. Middle Ages: Daily Life

1. Chivalry= a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold/ oath to defend the Catholic Church, defenseless people, treat captives as honored guests/ implied that knights should only fight for glory and not for material rewards

2. Knights showed their fighting skills in contests called: tournaments3. The clergy, the nobility and the peasants and townspeople made up the three estates4. Count= a German noble who acted as the king’s representative in a certain local area5. Aristocratic women in feudal Europe:

a. Legally hold propertyb. Most women were under the control of their fathers until they were marriedc. Many opportunities to play important rolesd. Overseeing money matters and food supply (controller of servants)

D. Feudalism1. Vassalage=the heart of feudalism2. Feudal contract= a set of unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord

and a vassal: The major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to perform military service. usually about 40 days a year. Also, when summoned, a vassal had to appear at his lord’s court to give the lord advice. Vassals were also responsible for making financial payments to the lord as well

3. When a lord was away at court or war, management of his estate fell to the lady of the castle

4. Fief= the grant of land made to a vassalE. Christianity in Medieval Europe

1. Christianity had become the supreme religion of the Roman Empire by 5002. The church developed a system of organization3. Saint Benedict:

a. Founded a community of monks that established the basic form of monasticism in the Catholic Church

b. Monk= a man who separates himself from ordinary society in order to pursue a life of dedication to God.

c. Missionaries= people sent out to carry a religious messaged. Monks copied the scriptures and Latin in rooms called: scriptoriae. The separation between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the catholic Church of the West

was called: The Great Schism2: Gregory I strengthened the power of the papacy

F. The Magna Carta1. 1215, Runnymede, England2. Resenting the monarchy’s expanding power; many nobles rebelled against King John.

30

3. “Great Charter”4. Recognized the longstanding feudal idea of mutual rights and obligations between the lord

and vassal.5. Eventually was used to strengthen the idea that a monarch’s power was limited, not

absolute6. Under Edward I, the English Parliament emerged

G. The Byzantine Empire1. 400’s, as Germanic tribes moved into the western part of the Roman empire, the Eastern

Roman empire continued to exist2. Justinian became emperor of the ERE in 527…codification of Roman law3. Over time, the ERE shrank because it became too big to control, so it became the Byzantine

Empire (patriarch/ Eastern Orthodox instead of pope/ Roman Catholic)4. Great Schism (still hasn’t healed)

H. The Crusades1. 1000’s to 1200’s, European Christians went on a series of military campaigns to regain the

Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks (Muslims…called infidels by the Crusaders)2. The push for the crusades came when Alexius I asked for aid/ Pope Urban II agrees to help3. The European Christians called the Muslims of the Holy Land: infidels

X. Europe in the Middle AgesA. Inventions

1. Horse collar2. Horseshoe3. Flying buttress (medieval churches had very thick walls and few windows prior)4. Three-field system5. In the early Middle Ages, peasants divided their land into two fields of equal size. One field

was planted, while the other was allowed to lie fallow to regain its fertility. Later, however, lands were divided into three parts. One field was planted in the fall with grains that were harvested in the summer. The second field was planted in the spring with grains and vegetables that were harvested in the fall. The third field was allowed to lie fallow. The three-field system meant that only one third, rather than one half, of the land lay fallow at any given time. The rotation of crops also kept the soil from becoming exhausted so quickly, which allowed more crops to be grown.

6. Carruca= a heavy wheeled plow with an iron plowshare7. Vernacular literature=literature written in the language of everyday speech in a particular

regionB. Serfs, Slaves and Peasants

1. Serfs were required to provide labor services for the manor2. Serfs were different from peasants in that serfs were legally bound to the land upon which

they worked and lived3. Peasants were required to pay their local village church a tithe which was 10% of their

produce4.5. The property assigned to a serf could not be taken away from him. His duties to the lord

were fairly well defined. The lord had a responsibility to protect and provide for his serfs. A slave usually did not enjoy any of these assurances.

31

C. The Inquisition1. The court created by the Catholic Church to find and try heretics

D. The Hundred Years’ WarE. The Hundred Years’ War proved to be a turning point in the ways of warfare in several ways.

First, it proved the value of peasant foot soldiers over heavily armored and mounted knights. Until the battle of Crécy, the French knights looked down on foot soldiers as inferior. The English armies proved that foot soldiers could defeat knights in battle, especially through the use of the longbow, which was another new aspect to warfare. Finally, toward the end of the war, the use of the cannon changed the face of warfare forever and helped the French defeat the English armies at long last.

F. Commercial Capitalism1. Merchants and artisans living in walled cities came to be called burghers or bourgeoisie (wall

enclosure)2. Lay investiture was a practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices

and gave them the symbols of their office.3.4. Increased barter helped lead to the rise of commercial capitalism in the Middle Ages when

the demand for gold and silver coins arose at fairs and trading markets of all kinds. Trading fairs had been initially established by the counts of the Champagne region of France, in order to encourage trade between Italy and Flanders. Slowly, a money economy began to emerge. New trading companies and banking firms were set up to manage the exchange and sale of goods. All of these new practices were part of the rise of commercial capitalism, an economic system in which people invested in trade and goods in order to make profits.

5.

G. The Black Death1. Killed 38 million people2. Resulted in severe economic consequences3. Anti-Semitism spread4.5. The Black Death epidemic and the death of so many people had severe economic

consequences for the people of Europe in the Middle Ages. Trade declined, and some industries suffered greatly. A shortage of workers caused a dramatic rise in the price of labor. At the same time, the decline in the number of people lowered the demand for food, resulting in falling prices. Landlords were now paying more for labor while their incomes from rents were declining. Some peasants who survived the Black Death bargained with their lords to pay rent instead of owing services. In essence, this change freed them from serfdom, an institution that had been declining throughout the High Middle Ages.

32

XI. The AmericasA. Geography

1. Mesoamerica= areas of Mexico and Central America that were civilized before the Spaniards arrived

2. Caral=the oldest city in the AmericasB. Maya

1. Itzamna was the supreme god of the Mayans2. The Mayans created a sophisticated writing system based on hieroglyphs, which Spanish

conquerors made no effort to decipher, deciding instead to burn Mayan books.C. Aztec

1. The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán was built on an island in the middle of lake Texcoco2. The Aztecs established their capital on the site of the present-day city of Mexico City3. From the beginnings of their lives, boys and girls in Aztec society were given very different

roles. Midwives attending the births told male infants that their place was not in the home because they were warriors. Midwives told female infants just the opposite that their place was in the home. Women in Aztec society were not equal to men, but were allowed to own and inherit property and to enter into contracts, something not allowed in other world cultures at the time. Women were expected to work in the home, weave textiles, and raise children. However, they were also allowed to become priestesses.

D. Inca1. Since the Inca lacked a writing system, they kept records using a system of knotted strings

called the quipu.2. Quechua was the language taught to the people conquered by the Inca3. Machu Picchu was a city built by the Inca, and serves as the finest example of Incan

architecture4. Machu Picchu was built on a lofty hilltop far above the Urubamba River

33

5. The Incan leader who expanded the empire in the 1440s was Pachacuti6. Cuzco=capital of the Incan empire7. The Inca were great builders, creating buildings and monuments that were a wonder to early

European visitors. They also built a system of roads to better connect their empire. In order to construct these buildings and roads, however, they needed a reliable source of labor. Therefore, the Inca instituted forced labor. All Incan subjects were responsible for labor service, usually for several weeks each year. Laborers, often with their entire communities, were moved according to need from one part of the empire to another to take part in building projects.

8. Women were expected to marry someone within their own social group. Their life was spent taking care of children and weaving cloth. The only possible variation for an Incan woman was to be chosen as a young girl to serve as a priestess in the temple.

9.

E. Slavery and Human Sacrifice1. The Aztec practiced human sacrifice in order to delay the final destruction of the world2. Maya:3. All captives were not treated the same. Ordinary soldiers who were captured were used as

slaves. Nobility or war leaders were used for human sacrifices.4.

F. The Spanish “footprint”1. The Aztec initially accepted the Spanish because they took the cross on the Spaniards’

breastplates to be the sign that Quetzalcoatl was returning.2. The Spanish force that arrived at Tenochtitlán was commanded by Hernán Cortez3. Pizarro= conqueror of the Inca capital4. In 1531, Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro and a small band of about 180 men landed on the

Pacific coast of South America. Pizarro brought steel weapons, gunpowder, and horses, none of which the Inca had ever seen. Pizarro and his men also unknowingly brought smallpox, to which the Inca had no natural immunity. Soon a smallpox epidemic had devastated entire Incan villages and even claimed the life of the Incan emperor. When the emperor died, each of his two sons claimed the throne, leading to a civil war. When one of the sons emerged as the victor, Pizarro captured him and had him executed. The Incan soldiers were no match for the Spanish guns and cannons. Pizarro captured the Incan capital of Cuzco and established a new capital at Lima for a new colony of the Spanish Empire.

XIV. Muslim EmpiresA. Ottomans

1. Ottoman expansion in the early 1300’s eventually led to their control over the Bosporus and the Dardanelles

2. The Ottoman central government appointed officials called : pashas3. The hereditary nature of the position of sultan led to struggles over succession between the

sons of the sultan4. Ulema= Ottoman religious advisers that administered the legal system for educating

Muslims5. Under the leadership of Mehmet II, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and gained

dominance over the Balkans and the Anatolian Peninsula.

34

6. Technically, women in the Ottoman Empire were subject to the same restrictions as women in other Muslim societies, but their position was somewhat better. As applied in the Ottoman Empire, Islamic law was more tolerant in defining the legal position of women. This relatively tolerant attitude was probably due to the traditions among the Turkish people, who regarded women as almost equal to men. Women were allowed to own and inherit property. They could not be forced into marriage and, in certain cases, were permitted to seek divorce. Women often gained considerable power within the palace. In a few instances, women even served as senior officials, such as governors of provinces.

7.

B. SafavidsC. Under Shah Abbas, the Safavids reached the high point of their glory. A system similar to the

use of janissaries in the Ottoman Empire was created to train administrators to run the kingdom. Shah Abbas also strengthened his army, which he equipped with the latest weapons. He used this army and an alliance with the Europeans to move against the Ottomans to regain lost territories. While the Safavids had some initial success, they could not hold all their territorial gains against the Ottoman armies. Nevertheless, a peace treaty was signed in 1612 that returned Azerbaijan to the Safavids.

D. MogulsE. The treatment of women in Mogul India is a good example of the complex blend of Hindu and

Muslim influences. Women had long played an active role in Mogul tribal society, and some actually fought on the battlefield alongside the men. To a degree, these Mogul attitudes toward women affected Indian society. At the same time, the Moguls placed certain restrictions on women under their interpretation of Islamic law. These practices sometimes were compatible with existing tendencies in Indian society and were followed by many upper-class Hindus. In other ways, however, Hindu practices remained unchanged by Mogul rule. The custom of suttee continued, despite efforts by the Moguls to abolish it.

F. Key Concepts1. Gunpowder empires= were formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions they

conqueredG. Contributions

35

36