Name ______________________________________ Date _______________________________ Pd _______

Cold War – Part 2

Directions - Read each section, and answer the questions that follow. CT questions are critical thinking questions that you will not be able to find the answer within the section. However, you must read the section to answer the critical thinking question correctly.

The Cold WarAt the end of WWII, the United States and the Soviet Union were left as the world’s two major powers – the United States had vast economic power and the atomic bomb; the Soviet Union had the massive Red Army. They became known as Superpowers. During WWII, these two had been allies, despite the fact that their political, economic, and social systems were quite different.

At the end of WWII, who was left as the world’s two major powers?__________________________________________________________________________________________What two advantages did the United State have?__________________________________________________________________________________________What advantage did the Soviet Union have?__________________________________________________________________________________________What did the two major powers become known as?__________________________________________________________________________________________What was the relationship of these two countries during WWII?__________________________________________________________________________________________What differences did these two countries have during WWII?__________________________________________________________________________________________

After the war, each Superpower attempted to extend its influence, quickly leading to a “Cold War” – emerging first in Europe and then in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. The Cold War was “cold” only in the sense that the two Superpowers never confronted one another directly in open warfare. But their global competition led to crises and conflicts on every continent, dominating world events for the next 45 years.

Why was the Cold War “cold?”__________________________________________________________________________________________What did the global competition of the United States and the Soviet Union led to?__________________________________________________________________________________________How long did the war last?__________________________________________________________________________________________

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Hutchison

Roots of the Cold WarThe roots of the Cold War lay in the competing ideological systems of the Western democracies and Soviet Communism. While Western nations hoped to spread democracy and free enterprise, Soviet leaders promoted the spread of Communism. It is therefore essential to understand the basic differences between the two systems.

What did Western European nations hope to spread throughout Europe after World War II?__________________________________________________________________________________________What did the Soviet Union leaders hope to spread after World War II?__________________________________________________________________________________________

Western Democracies Soviet CommunismPolitical System

Citizens elected representatives and national leaders. People had the right to form their own political parties.

The Soviet Union was a dictatorship controlled by Communist Party leaders. The Communist Part was the only political party permitted to operate.

IndividualRights

Citizens had basic rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion.

Ordinary citizens had few rights. The government controlled radio, television, and newspapers. Secret police arrested all critics of the government. The practice of religion was discouraged.

EconomicSystem

Economical freedom allowed people and corporations to own land and businesses. Businesses provided goods and services in order to make a profit.

Many forms of private property were abolished. With state ownership and central planning, the government controlled all production. Private farms became state-owned collective farms.

Describe the differences in political parties in Western Democracies and Soviet Communism (Political System)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the differences in individual rights in Western Democracies and Soviet Communism (Individual Rights)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What happened to critics of the Soviet government? (Individual Rights)__________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the differences in religion in Western Democracies and Soviet Communism (Individual Rights)__________________________________________________________________________________________What could people own in Western Democracies (Economic System)?__________________________________________________________________________________________In Western Democracies, why did businesses provide goods and services (Economic Systems)?__________________________________________________________________________________________Who controlled all production in Soviet Communism (Economic Systems)?__________________________________________________________________________________________

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The Cold War Begins in EuropeEven before the war ended, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin had met in the Soviet Union at the Yalta Conference in 1945 to make plans for the post-war world. They agreed to divide Germany into four separate zones of occupation, controlled by the three allies and France. Stalin also pledged to allow free elections in Eastern Europe when the war was over.

What was the purpose of the Yalta Conference?__________________________________________________________________________________________What did they agree to do with Germany?__________________________________________________________________________________________What will Stalin agree to allow in Eastern Europe when the war was over?__________________________________________________________________________________________…Stalin will not keep this promise to allow free elections in Eastern Europe.

An Iron Curtain Falls on Eastern EuropeStalin never kept his promise to hold free elections in Eastern Europe. Instead, the Soviet army, which occupied Eastern Europe at the end of the war, placed local Communists in power. Stalin felt the Soviets had the right to control Eastern Europe to act as a buffer to protect Soviet security. In 1946, Winston Churchill announced that an “Iron Curtain” had descended on Eastern Europe. The nations of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, and, later, Eastern Germany became Soviet satellites.

Who did the Soviet army put in power of Eastern Europe?__________________________________________________________________________________________CT – What was the “Iron Curtain?”__________________________________________________________________________________________What countries became Soviet satellites?__________________________________________________________________________________________CT – What is a Soviet satellite (it has nothing to do with space)?__________________________________________________________________________________________

Trade and communications between Eastern and Western Europe were cut off. Eastern European governments were forced to create Communist economies and to follow policies dictated by the Soviet Union.

Growing American InvolvementWestern leaders began to fear that Stalin was another Hitler, bent on world conquest. In the post-war period, the United States was the only country powerful enough to resist the Soviet Union and the spread of Communism.

What did Western leaders fear about Stalin?__________________________________________________________________________________________After World War II, what was the only country powerful enough to resist the Soviet Union and spread of communism?__________________________________________________________________________________________

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Containment – In 1947, Britain withdrew its troops from Greece, where Communist rebels were threatening the government. President Truman announced the United States would give aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent Communist penetration. He offered to support all free peoples resisting Communism. This policy, known as the “Truman Doctrine,” marked the beginning of America’s containment policy: the United States would not overturn Communism where it already existed, but it would take steps to prevent Communism from spreading any further. Later that same year, the United States announced the Marshall Plan: this plan gave billions of dollars in financial aid to Western European nations in an effort to help them rebuild their war-torn economies. The aim of the Marshall Plan was to build future trading partners for the United States and to help Europeans resist Communism.

Why did the United States offer aid (help) to Greece and Turkey?__________________________________________________________________________________________What was the purpose of the “Truman Doctrine?”__________________________________________________________________________________________Did the United States want to overturn Communism where it already existed? __________________________________________________________________________________________What did the United States want to keep Communism from doing?__________________________________________________________________________________________What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?__________________________________________________________________________________________

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The Berlin Airlift and the Division of Germany – In 1948, the Western allies took the first steps to merge their zones of occupation in Germany. Stalin reacted by closing all Western highway and railroad links to Berlin. The Western allies began a massive airlift to feed and supply the city. Within a year, Stalin, admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.

In 1948, what did the Western allies look to do with their zones?__________________________________________________________________________________________How did Stalin react to this merge?__________________________________________________________________________________________How did Western allies get food and supplies to the blockaded city?__________________________________________________________________________________________Did Stalin ever lift the blockade?__________________________________________________________________________________________

In 1949, the three Western zones of occupation were officially merged into a new independent state, known as the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). Stalin responded by turning the Soviet zone into the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

Western zones become the Federal Republic of Germany = _________________________________________

Soviet zone becomes the German Democratic Republic = ___________________________________________

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Formation of NATO and the Warsaw PactIn, 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European countries formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to protect Western Europe from Communist aggression. With NATO, the United States pledged to defend Western Europe with its nuclear weapons. Soviet leaders responded in 1955 by creating the Warsaw Pact with their Eastern European allies. When Hungary tried to drop out from the pact, Soviet forces moved in to crush the uprisings.

What countries formed NATO?__________________________________________________________________________________________What was the purpose of NATO?__________________________________________________________________________________________How was the United States going to defend Western Europe?__________________________________________________________________________________________How did Soviet leaders react to the formation of NATO?__________________________________________________________________________________________What happened to Hungary when they tried to drop out of the Warsaw Pact?__________________________________________________________________________________________

Across Clues 1. ________, country that wanted to control Eastern Europe3. _________Plan, economic rebuilding of Europe5. The US used island hopping in this region7. US policy to stop the spread of communism11. This country was divided into four parts

Down Clues 1. Soviet leader in WWII2. ________Doctrine, US will help those countries resisting communism4. To cut back on use of essential goods for war6. The project to create the atomic bomb7. US wanted to stop this from spreading during the Cold War8. The allies invaded here to liberate France9. Normandy is in this country10. Pearl ________ December 7, 1941

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