UNIT 2. ELECTRONICS PROJECT #1

In the table below, provide a definition as to the function of each of the listed electrical components, as well as an image of what each component looks like. In addition, include the schematic for the component, if available or appropriate.

1. RESISTANCE (Ohm)Definition:

the degree to which a substance or device opposes the passage of an electric current, causing energy dissipation. Ohm's law resistance (measured in ohms) is equal to the voltage divided by the current.a resistor or other circuit component that opposes the passage of an electric current.

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How can electrical resistance be useful?So you don’t get a overload of electric and fry a circuit

2. CURRENT (Amperes)Definition:a flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement of electrically charged particles

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How can current be increased or decreased?if the voltage increases, then the current increases and if the voltage decreases then the voltage decreases

3. VOLTAGE (Volts)Definition: Image Schematic

an electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts.

How can voltage be increased or decreased?This equation, I = V/R, tells us that the current, I, flowing through a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage, V, and inversely proportional to the resistance, R. In other words, if we increase the voltage, then the current will increase. But if we increase the resistance, then the current will decrease

What is the advantage of high voltage?Power is transmitted at higher voltage to reduce power losses during transmission. Power transmitted is the product of voltage and current. So when same amount of power is transmitted at higher voltages, current in the conductors is lowe

4. POWER (Watts)Definition:Is energy that is produced by mechanical, electrical, or other means and used to operate a device.

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5. SWITCHDefinition: Image Schematic

a device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit

What are some different types of switches?An electrical switch is any device used to interrupt the flow of electrons in a circuit. Switches are essentially binary devices: they are either completely on (“closed”) or completely off (“open”). There are many different types of switches, and we will explore some of these types in this chapter.

6. SPDT SWITCHDefinition:These terms have given rise to abbreviations for the types of switch which are used in the electronics industry such as "single-pole, single-throw" (SPST) (the simplest type, "on or off") or "single-pole, double-throw" (SPDT), connecting either of two terminals to the common terminal.

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What would you use a SPDT switch for?Adding another pole to the SPDT creates a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) switch. Basically two SPDT switches, which can control two separate circuits, but are always switched together by a single actuator. DPDTs should have six terminals. A DPDT circuit symbol, and a 6-terminal DPDT rocker switch.

7. DPDT SWITCHDefinition: Image Schematic

Adding another pole to the SPDT creates a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) switch. Basically two SPDT switches, which can control two separate circuits, but are always switched together by a single actuator. DPDTs should have six terminals. A DPDT circuit symbol, and a 6-terminal DPDT rocker switch.

What would you use a DPDT switch for?Adding another pole to the SPDT creates a double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) switch. Basically two SPDT switches, which can control two separate circuits, but are always switched together by a single actuator. DPDTs should have six terminals. A DPDT circuit symbol, and a 6-terminal DPDT rocker switch.

8. INDUCTOR (COILS & RELAYS)Definition:a component in an electric or electronic circuit that possesses inductance

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What can a coil be used for in a circuit?An inductor is a component consisting of a wire or other conductor shaped to increase the magnetic flux through the circuit, usually in the shape of a coil or helix. Winding the wire into a coil increases the number of times the magnetic flux lines link the circuit, increasing the field and thus the inductance.

What can a relay be used for in a circuit?Relay Switch Circuit. ... But while electrical relays can be used to allow low power electronic or computer type circuits to switch relatively high currents or voltages both “ON” or “OFF”, some form of relay switch circuit is required to control it.

9. RESISTORDefinition:a device having a designed resistance to the passage of an electric current.

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How does it change a current?Ohm's law relates the voltage across and current through a resistor. In general, a change in resistance will change both the voltage across and current through the resistor. For example, consider the simple voltage divider circuit - a voltage source V S and two resistors R 1 , R 2 , connected in series.

10. TRANSISTORDefinition:a portable radio using circuits containing transistors rather than vacuum tubes.

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What does a transistor do in electrical circuit?They work something like a water faucet -- not only do they start and stop the flow of a current, but they also control the amount of the current. With electricity, transistors can both switch or amplify electronic signals, letting you control current moving through a circuit board with precision.

11. CAPACITORDefinition:a device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by an insulator.

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What does a capacitor do in electrical circuit?Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

12. DIODEDefinition:a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only

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What does a diode do in electrical circuit?Think of a diode as a one-way street for electricity. When the diode is in forward bias, the

diode allows traffic, or current, to flow from the anode, towards the cathode leg. In a reverse bias current is blocked so there is no flow of electricity through the circuit.

13. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)Definition:A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.

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What does a LED do in electrical circuit?In electronics, an LED circuit is an electrical circuit used to power a light-emitting diode (LED). The circuit must provide sufficient current to light the LED at the required brightness, but must limit the current to prevent damaging the LED. ... Very simple circuits are used for low-power indicator LEDs.

14. CONDUCTOR

Definition:a material or device that conducts or transmits heat, electricity, or sound, especially when regarded in terms of its capacity to do this

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. CIRCUITDefinition:a complete and closed path around which a circulating electric current can flow

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16. STATIC ELECTRICITYDefinition:a stationary electric charge, typically produced by friction, that causes sparks or crackling or the attraction of dust or hair

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Where would you find static electricity?The phenomenon of static electricity requires a separation of positive and negative charges. When two materials are in contact, electrons may move from one material to the other, which leaves an excess of positive charge on one material, and an equal negative charge on the other.

Why is static electricity a problem in electronics?

17. CURRENT ELECTRICITYDefinition: Image Schematic

An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma.

How is current electricity different than static?Static electricity occurs when there is an imbalance of positively and negatively charged atoms. Electrons then jump from atom to atom, releasing energy. Two examples of static electricity are lightning and rubbing your feet on the carpet and then touching a doorknob.

List several ways that current electricity is used.

18. DIRECT CURRENT (DC)Definition:an electric current flowing in one direction only

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In what equipment is DC current used?Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, power supplies, thermocouples, solar cells, or dynamos. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors,

What does DC Current look like?(image)

19. AC CURRENTDefinition:an electric current that reverses its direction many times a second at regular intervals, typically used in power supplies.

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In what equipment is AC current used?

AC is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of electric power that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions and electric lamps into a wall socket.

What does AC current look like?(image)

20. THREE PHASE CURRENT (3-Phase)Definition:Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating-current electric power generation, transmission, and distribution. It is a type of polyphase system and is the most common method used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads.

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In what equipment is 3-phase current used?A three-phase system is usually more economical than an equivalent single-phase at the same line to ground voltagebecause it uses less conductor material to transmit electrical power

Why is it used?A three-phase system is usually more economical than an equivalent single-phase at the same line to ground voltagebecause it uses less conductor material to transmit electrical power

21. POLARITYDefinition:the relative orientation of poles; the direction of a magnetic or electric field

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What happens when you reverse polarity?Reversing the polarity on a battery can happen only a couple of ways. If you have a

wet cell battery are filling it for the first time, and are using an old style, non smart charger, and short the terminals while you are filling it, yes it is possible to hook up the charger backward and reversecharge i

22. ANALOG SIGNALDefinition:

An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal. ... For example, an aneroid barometer uses rotary position as the signal to convey pressure information.

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Where are analog signals used?ex clocks

24. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)Definition:A device made of interconnected electronic components, such as transistors and resistors, that are etched or imprinted onto a tiny slice of a semiconducting material, such as silicon or germanium. An integrated circuit smaller than a fingernail can hold millions of circuits. Also called chip, microchip.

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Where might an IC be used?An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a

chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor.

What does it do?An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor.

25. PHOTO-DIODEDefinition:a semiconductor diode that, when exposed to light, generates a potential difference or changes its electrical resistance.

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What does it do?a semiconductor diode that, when exposed to light, generates a potential difference or changes its electrical resistance.

26. PHOTOCELLDefinition:short for photoelectric cell.

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Where is a photocell used?Photocells are used in automatic night lights and in street lamps that turn themselves on at night. Sometimes known as photoresistors, photocells are available from a number of sources.

What does it do?Photocells act as light sensors. Inlike infrared sensors that are good for line followers or detecting the presense of an object, photocells are good when you just want to detect ligh

27. THERMISTORDefinition: Image Schematic

an electrical resistor whose resistance is greatly reduced by heating, used for measurement and control.

How does it work?There are two types of thermistors: Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) and Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC). With an NTC thermistor, when the temperature increases, resistance decreases. Conversely, when temperature decreases, resistance increases. This type of thermistor is used the most

28. THERMOCOUPLEDefinition:a thermoelectric device for measuring temperature, consisting of two wires of different metals connected at two points, a voltage being developed between the two junctions in proportion to the temperature difference.

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How does it work?Artwork: The basic idea of a thermocouple: two dissimilar metals (gray curves) are joined together at their two ends. If one end of the thermocouple is placed on something hot (the hot junction) and the other end on something cold (the cold junction), a voltage (potential difference) develops

29. H-BRIDGEDefinition:An H bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards.

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How does it work?An H bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards

30. ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER (ESC)Definition:An electronic speed control or ESC is an electronic circuit with the purpose to vary an electric motor's speed, its direction and possibly also to act as a dynamic brake.

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How does it work?Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) is a electronic circuit to vary the speed, direction and possible to act as a dynamic brake, of a Brushless Motor. ... Most modern ESCs switch at a much higher rate which makes them much more efficient i.e. they lose less power as heat in the controller.

31. SERVO CONTROLLERDefinition: Image Schematic

Definition of servo control. : an auxiliary aeronautical device to reinforce by an aerodynamic or mechanical relay a pilot's effort in operating a control commonly consisting of a small hinged auxiliary airfoil at the trailing edge of an aileron, elevator, or rudder —called also Flettner control.

How could you use a servo controller?

32. PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR (PWM)Definition:Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulationtechnique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal.

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What is Pulse Width Modulation anyway?It is available in the File->Sketchbook->Examples->Analog menu of the Arduino software. Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with digital means. Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off.

33. SERIAL SIGNALDefinition:RS-232. ... In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signalsconnecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment or data communication equipment), such as a modem.

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What does a serial signal look like?(image)How does it differ from a Parallel signal?Parallel transmission refers to a situation when binary data transfer occurs simultaneously, while serial transmission refers to one in which binary data transfer occurs one bit at a time. Parallel transmission is faster, but more complicated, because each bit travels along its own data

path. Serial transmission is normally slower but simpler, because each bit shares a data path

34. USB SIGNALDefinition:Pin 1. VBUS (+5 V) ... USB, short for Universal Serial Bus, is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices.

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What does a USB signal look like?(image)How is it different from serial and parallel?RS-232. ... In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signalsconnecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment or data communication equipment), such as a modem.Parallel transmission refers to a situation when binary data transfer occurs simultaneously, while serial transmission

refers to one in which binary data transfer occurs one bit at a time. Parallel transmission is faster, but more complicated, because each bit travels along its own data path. Serial transmission is normally slower but simpler, because each bit shares a data path

What is the distance limit in can move over wire?

35. DC MOTORDefinition:A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. ... Most types produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line.

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What could you use a DC motor for? Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line.

How does a DC Motor work (think stator)The ends of the wire winding are connected to a commutator. The commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects the rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes.

(Brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DCcurrent to each coil on and off and have no brushes.)

36. SERVO MOTORDefinition:A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback.

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Where would you use a servo motor?Servo Motor Applications. Servos are used in radio-controlled airplanes to position control surfaces like elevators, rudders, walking a robot or operating grippers. Servo motors are small, have built-in control circuitry and have good power for their size.

37. STEPPER MOTORDefinition:A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence.

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What is the advantage of a stepper motor?Advantages. The rotation angle of the motoris proportional to the input pulse. Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors have an accuracy of 3 – 5% of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to the next

38. HMI

Definition:An HMI is a software application that presents information to an operator or user about the state of a process, and to accept and implement the operators control instructions. Typically information is displayed in a graphic format (Graphical User Interface or GUI).

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What is an example of a sophisticated HMI?Human-machine interface (HMI) systems provide the controls by which a user operates a machine, system, or instrument. Sophisticated HMI systems enable reliable operations of technology in every application, including high-speed trains, CNC machining centers, semiconductor production equipment, as well as medical diagnostic and laboratory equipment.

39. TV VIDEO SIGNAL – COAX CABLEDefinition:Coaxial cable, or coax, is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxialcomes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis.

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What does a video signal look like?(image)

How many wires do you need to carry it?One cableHow do the two formats differ (NTSC and PAL)?PAL delivres a framerate of 25fps with 625 lines NTSC delivers a framerate of 30fps using 525 lines

40. DIGITAL VIDEO (DV) SIGNALDefinition:Digital video is a representation of moving visual images in the form of encoded digital data. ... In contrast, one of the key analog videomethods, motion picture film, uses a series of photographs which are projected in rapid succession.

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How is this different than an analog video signal?it represents moving visual images with analog signals

What are the advantages / disadvantages?one advantage is the signal level if the digital signals can convey information with greater noise immunity because each information component is determined by the presence or absence of a data bit

41. HIGH DEFINITION (HD) VIDEO SIGNALDefinition:is a television system providing an image resolution that is higher than that of standard definition television

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How is this different than a standard video signal?high definition video signal has a higher image resolution than the standard video signalWhat is the advantage, if any?it gives a better image resolution so it is more visually appealing to the user

41. PROGRESSIVE vs. INTERLACED VIDEO DISPLAY (TVs)Definition: Progressive displaythe entire picture at once which greatly reduced the flickering that people notice when watching tv

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Definition: Interlaced Displayhalf the picture appears on the screen at a time the other half of the picture follows an instant laterWhat is the advantage, if any, of these two different display methods on a TV?progressive display shows the full image and therefore has less of a flicker effect