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TRANSCRIPT
Original Context
Metaphor Source & Domain
Metaphor Type
SOURCE DOMAIN
TARGET DOMAIN
MAPPING
When the battle’s lost and won
WINNING
CONCEPT
LOSING
COUNTER-CONCEPT
WINNING IS LOSING
A CONCEPT IS ITS COUNTER-CONCEPT
Fair is foul, and foul is fair1
Creative metaphor
Creative FAIR
CONCEPT
FOUL
CONCEPT
FOUL
COUNTER-CONCEPT
FAIR
COUNTERCONCEPT
FAIR IS FOUL
A CONCEPT IS ITS COUNTER-CONCEPT
FOUL IS FAIR
A CONCEPT IS ITS COUNTERCONCEPT
Doubtful it stood,
As two spent swimmers that do cling together (10) And choke their art2
‘as two spent swimmers’ is a simile
‘choke their art’ is a personification
BATTLEFIELD
FIGHTERS
FIGHTING
SKILL
LOSING SKILL
SEA
SWIMMERS
COMPETING
PERSON (THE OBJECT OF SUFFOCATING)
SUFFOCATING
THE BATTLEFIELD IS SEA
FIGHTERS ARE SWIMMERS
FIGHTING IS COMPETING
SKILL IS A PERSON (SUFFOCATED)
LOSING SKILL IS SUFFOCATING
1 “now shall confusion work; let the order of things be inverted- what is fair, shall become foul; and what is foul become fair.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807, 19)
2 “the simile is drawn from two persons swimming for a trial of their skill, and as they approach near the goal, they are supposed to cling together and strive to hinder each other in their progress; an operation inconsistent with their being tired and spent, but well agreeing with their being expert in their art.... That is, drown each other by rendering their skill in swimming useless.” (Furness, H. H., ed. 1873: 9)
1
The multiplying villainies of nature Do swarm3 upon him...
VILLAINIES
VILLAIN
INSECTS
A VICTIM OF AN INFERIOR SPECIES
VILLAINIES ARE INSECTS
A VILLAIN IS THE VICTIM OF AN INFERIOR SPECIES
And fortune, on his damned quarrel smiling, Show'd like a rebel's whore,
Mythology4 ‘fortune on his damned quarrel’ is a personification
‘like a rebel’s whore’ is a simile
FORTUNE
FORTUNE
SMILES
LIKE A WHORE
FORTUNE HAS HUMAN TRAITS
FORTUNE HAS HUMAN QUALITIES
Macbeth ...Disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel, Which smoked with bloody execution,(20) Like valor's minion carved out his passage
Mythology Metaphoric extension:Creative metaphor
‘steel’ is metonymy for ‘sword’
‘brandished steel’ is an idiom
’like valor’s minion’ is a simile and apersonification
FORTUNE
SWORD
EXECUTION
ACTION
COURAGE
THE SUBJECT OF HEROISM
ADVANCIN
OBJECT OF DISDAIN
STEEL
FIRE
HEAT
THE SUBJECT OF LOVE
OBJECT OF LOVE OF COURAGE
CARVING
ACTION
FORTUNE IS THE OBJECT OF DEDAIN
SWORD IS STEEL
EXECUTION IS FIRE
ACTION IS HEAT
COURAGE IS THE SUBJECT OF LOVE
THE SUBJECT OF HEROISM IS AN OBJECT OF LOVE FOR COURAGE
ADVANCING IS CARVING
MOVEMENT IS ACTION
3 “to increase in number, to be prolific, to breed” (Schmidt, A. (?): 750)
4 This is a reference to the Roman goddess of fortune, Fortuna, the equivalent of the Greek Tyche. Fortuna is represented in differently but mainly is a woman who “appears blindfolded, and stands on a ball or wheel, indicative of the fickleness and ever-revolving changes of fortune.” (Berens, E. M. 2010 :141) In this context, it is worth mentioning that in ancient mythology “the gods and humanity were very similar. The gods took on human form and attributes: they could be just as capricious and lustful as ordinary men and women.” (Clack, Beverley & Brian R. Clack 2008:10)
2
G
MOVEMENT
Till he faced the slave, Which ne'er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him, Till he unseam'd him from the nave to the chaps,
And fix'd his head upon our battlements.(25)
ENEMY
THE OBJECT OF ANIMOSITY
COMMUNICATION
SLAVE
SOCIAL-INFERIOR
ACTION
ENEMY IS SLAVE
THE OBJECT OF ANIMOSITY IS A SOCIAL INFERIOR
COMMUNICATION IS ACTION
As whence the sun ’gins his reflection Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break, So from that spring whence comfort seem'd to come Discomfort swells...(30)
Mythological Reference
War
An extended simile
‘comfort seemed to come’ is a personification
WAR
HERO
VICTORY
COMFORT
EMOTION
DISCOMFORT
EMOTION
STORM AND THUNDER
SUN
SPRING
MOVES
HAS HUMAN ATTRIBUTES
SWELLS
STRETCHABLE OBJECT
WAR IS A STORM AND A THUNDER
HERO IS SUN
VICTORY IS SPRING
COMFORT MOVES
EMOTION HAS HUMAN ATRRIBUTES (PERSON)
DISCOMFORT SWELLS
EMOTION IS A STRETCHABLE OBJECT
No sooner justice had, with valor arm'd, Compell'd these skipping kerns to trust their heels, But the Norweyan lord, surveying vantage,
With furbish'd arms ...
Cross-sensory
Colour
Metaphoric Extension
‘justice had with valor armed’ is a personification
‘trust their heels’ is an
JUSTICE
COURAGE
HEELS
OPPORTUNI
ARMED SOLDIER
A WEAPON
OBJECT OF TRUST
OBJECT
JUSTICE IS AN ARMED SODLEIR
COURAGE IS A WEAPON
HEELS ARE THE OBJECT OF TRUST
OPPORTUNITY IS AN OBJECT
SEEING IS THINKING
3
Began a fresh assault.(35)
idiom
‘trust their heels’ is a personification
Metonymy
TY
SEEING EYE
LOADED SWORDS
READINESS
THINKING
MIND
FURBISHED SWORDS
COLOUR ATTRIBUTE
THE EYE IS MIND
LOADED SWORDS ARE FURBISHED SWORDS
READINESS IS A COLOUR-ATTRIBUTE
As sparrows eagles, or the hare the lion... (40)
Animals ‘as sparrows eagles’ is a simile
SUBJECT OF HEROISM
OBJECT OF ANIMOSITY
FIGHTING
EAGLE/LION
SPARROW/HARE
PREDATION
THE SUBJECT OF HEROISM IS A STRONGER ANIMALEAGLE/LION
THE OBJECT OF ANIMOSITY IS A WEAKER ANIMAL SPARROW/HARE
FIGHTING IS PREDATION
As cannons overcharged with double cracks5, So they Doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe
‘as cannons’ is a simile
metonymy
SUBJECT OF HEROISM
ENTHUSIASM
WEAPONRY
AN EXPLOSIVE
THE SUBJECT OF HEROISM IS WEAPONRY
ENTHUSIASM IS AN EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL INSIDE A WEAPON
Except they meant to bathe6 in reeking wounds,
Creative extension
Creative extension
hyperbole/overstatement
BATTLEFIELD
FIGHTING
BLOOD
SEA
SWIMMING
SEAWATER
THE BATTLEFIELD IS SEA
FIGHTING IS SWIMMING
BLOOD IS SEAWATER
5 “with double cracks” is explained by Johnson as “with double charges; a metonymy of the effect for the cause.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807, 22)
6 ‘bathe in reeking wounds’ is “a flattering hyperbole...which belongs to a whole subsystem of images having to do with water, oceans and seas, swallow-ing up navigation, and crossing over, or through a body of water whose ele-ment is alternately conflated with blood and time” (States, Bert O. 1985: 87)
4
‘reeking wounds’ is metonymy for ‘fresh wounds’
LIFE
FRESH WOUNDS
ACTION
HEAT
REEKING WOUNDS
FIRE
LIFE IS HEAT
FRESH WOUNDS ARE REEKING WOUNDS
ACTION IS FIRE
Or memorize another Golgotha7, (45) I cannot tell— But I am faint; my gashes cry for help.
Biblical reference
‘my gashes cry for help’ is a personification
WOUNDS CRY FOR HELP
WOUNDS CRY FOR HELP (Person)
So well thy words become thee as thy wounds; They smack of honor both
Creative extension
Cross-sensory
Clothing
Food
Creative extension
‘words become thy wounds’ is a personification
simile
WORDS
WOUNDS
WORDS
HONOUR
CONCEPTUALIZING
MIND
CLOTHES
BODY
FOOD
APPETIZER
TASTING
ORGAN OF TASTE
WORDS ARE CLOTHES
WOUNDS ARE BODY (PERSON)
WORDS ARE FOOD
HONOUR IS APPETIZER
CONCEPTUALIZING IS TASTING
MIND IS THE ORGAN OF TASTE
What a haste looks through his eyes! ...That seems to speak things strange
Metaphoric extension
Cross-sensory domain
HASTE
MOTION
EYE
ORGAN OF SEEING
LOOKING
ORGAN OF SEEING
LOOKING
AN EYE ATTRIBUTE
VISUAL PERCEPTION
LEG
MOVEMENT ORGAN
MOVING
SPEECH ORGAN
SPEAKING
MOUTH
HASTE IS AN EYE ATTRIBUTE
MOTION IS A VISUAL PERCEPTION
EYE IS LEG
THE ORGAN OF SEEING IS THE ORGAN OF MOVING
LOOKING IS MOVING
THE SEEING ORGAN IS THE SPEECH ORGAN
LOOKING IS SPEAKING
THE EYE IS THE MOUTH
7 A reference to Christ's death, as reported in Matthew 27.33: "And when they were come unto a place called Golgotha, that is to say, the place of dead men’s skull." (*) Mark 15:22; John 19:17
5
EYE
God save the King!
Biblical Reference8
Royalty DIVINE AUTHORITY
ROYALTY IS DIVINE AUTHORITY
From Fife...Where the Norweyan banners flout the sky And fan our people cold.9
‘banners…fan our people cold’ is a personification
metonymy
BANNERS
DEITY
ENTHUSIASM
EMOTION
NATIONAL CAUSE
WEAKENIN
DISOBEDIENT
SKY
HEAT
TEMPERATURE
SACRED MISSION
COLDNESS
BANNERS ARE DISOBEDIENT
DEITY IS SKY
ENTHUSIASM IS HEAT
EMOTION IS TEMPERATURE
NATIONAL STRUGGLE IS SACRED MISSION
WEAKENING IS COLDNESS
Norway himself... began a dismal conflict,
Metonymy KING OF NORWAY
AUTHORITY
NORWAY
BE-ALL
THE KING OF NORWAY IS NORWAY
POWER IS THE BE-ALL
Till that Bellona's bridegroom, lapp'd in proof, Confronted him ...,(65)
Metaphoric extension
Mythological Reference10
SUBJECT OF HEROISM
NATIONAL CAUSE
VICTORY
PROOF (TRUTH)
DEITY
SACRED MISSION
WEDDING
ARMOUR
GARMENT
THE SUBJECT OF HEROISM IS A DEITY
NATIONAL CAUSE IS A SACRED MISSION
VICTORY IS A WEDDING
PROOF IS AN ARMOUR
VERITY IS A GARMENT (clothing)
8 “And Samuel said to all the people, See ye not him, whom the Lord hath chosen, that there is none like him among all the people? And all the people shouted and said, God save the King.” (the Geneva Bible, 1 Samuel, 10.24)
9 “The sense of this passage, collectively taken, is this: Where the triumphant flutter of the Norweyan standards ventilates or cools the Soldiers who had been heated through their efforts to secure such numerous trophies of victory” ((Shakespeare, W. 1807, 24)
10 "Mars ... sometimes appeared on the field of battle, escorted by Bellona and Vacuna, warrior-goddesses" (Guirand, F. Ed., 1987: 210). In Roman Mythology, Bellona is thought to be Mars’s “companion - sister, wife or daughter - had a celebrated temple in Rome near the gate of Carmenta.” (ibid: 211)
6
VERITY (clothing)
Curbing his lavish spirit; and..., The victory fell on us.
Creative metaphor (victory is a falling object)
Creative metaphor (victory is a falling object)
REBEL
REBELLION
VICTORY
ANIMAL
LAVISHNESS
FALLING OBJECT
A REBEL IS AN ANIMAL
REBELLION IS LAVISHNESS
VICTORY IS A FALLING OBJECT
ThenNorways’ king, craves composition;(70) Nor would we deign him burial of his men Till he disbursed, Ten thousand dollars ..
SUBJECT OF VICTORY
OBJECT OF DEFEAT
SUPERIOR
SOCIAL INFERIOR
THE SUBJECT OF VICTORY IS AN AUTHORITY
THE OBJECT OF DEFEAT IS A SOCIAL INFERIOR
No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive Our bosom interest.
‘bosom interests’ is metonymy for ‘dear interests’
‘deceive our bosom interest’ personification
DEAR INTERESTS
INTERESTS
BOSOM INTERESTS
OBJECT OF DECEPTION
DEAR INTERESTS ARE BOSOM INTERESTS
INTERESTS ARE THE OBJECT OF DECEPTION (PERSON)
What he hath lost, noble Macbeth hath won
TITLE
POWER
PROPERTY TITLE IS PROPERTY
POWER IS PROPERTY
the rump-fed ronyon cries.
I will drain him dry as hay: Hang upon his penthouse lid;
‘penthouse lid’ is a creative linguistic metaphoric structure
metonymy
metonymy
‘drain him dry as hay’ is a simile
FAT
EYELID
DEAD
RUMP FED
PENTHOUSE LID
DRY AS HAY
FAT IS RUMP-FED
EYELID IS A PENTHOUSE
DEAD IS DRY AS HAY
So foul and fair a day I have not
Creative metaphor (conceptua
DAY HAS AN AESTHETIC VALUE
DAY HAS AN AESTHETIC VALUE
7
seen. l creativity11 )
FAIR
CONCEPT
FOUL
COUNTERCONCEPT
FAIR IS FOUL
A CONCEPT IS ITS COUNTER CONCEPT
What are these (40)
STRANGENESS
ATTRIBUTE OF OBJECTS
STRANGENESS IS AN ATTRIBUTE OF OBJECTS
So wither'd (wrinkled), and so wild in their attire,
PERSON
OLD AGE
CATEGORIZATION
PLANT
WITHERING
CLOTHING
A PERSON IS A PLANT
OLD AGE IS WITHERING
CATEGORIZATION IS CLOTHING
That look not like the inhabitants o’ the earth, And yet are on't? Live you?
metonymy HUMAN-BEINGS
INHABITANTS OF THE EARTH
HUMAN-BEINGS ARE INHABITANTS OF THE EARTH
You seem to understand me, By each at once her choppy finger laying (45) Upon her skinny lips.
metonymy
metonymy
COMMUNICATION
OLD
OLD AGE
UGLY
PHYSICAL GESTURE
SKIN-CHOPPED
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
SKINNY-LIPPED
COMMUNICATION IS A PHYSICAL GESTURE
OLD IS SKIN-CHOOPED
OLD AGE IS A PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
UGLY IS SKINNY-LIPPED
You should be women, And yet your beards forbid me to interpret That you are so.
WOMEN
GENDER
BREADLESS
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
WOMEN ARE BEARDLESS
GENDER IS A PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
11 This simple metaphor ‘fair is foul,’ appearing for the second time in the play is creative conceptually and I would like to point out that I will make a distinction between a conceptual creativity and a linguistic creativity, on a later stage. The reason behind this claim of the metaphor’s creative conceptual content is twofold: first, it is of the unprecedented and unrecommended type, ‘an abstract concept is an abstract concept,’ and, second, because it is conceptually a strong metaphor because it defines the concept by its counterconcept, ‘a concept is its counter-concept.’
8
Speak, if you can. What are you?
STRANGENESS
AN ATTRIBUTE OF THINGS
STRANGENESS IS AN ATTRIBUTE OF THINGS
All hail, Macbeth! hail to12
thee, Thane of Glamis! (50)
Biblical reference/ symbol
why do you ... fearThings that do sound so fair?
Cross-sensory metaphor
Cross sensory (synaesthesia)
FAIRNESS
HEARING
AN ATTRIBUTE OF WORDS
SEEING
FAIRNESS IS AN ATTRIBUTE OF WORDS
HEARING IS SEEING
My noble partner You greet with present grace and great prediction Of noble having and of royal hope, That he seems rapt withal.
personification
personification
GRACE
PREDICTION
HOPE
ASTONISHMENT
GREETING OBJECT
GREETING OBJECT
ROYAL
PHYSICAL GESTURE
GRACE IS A GREETING OBJECT
PREDICTION IS A GREETING OBJECT
HOPE IS ROYAL
ASTONISHMENT IS A PHYSICAL GESTURE
If you can look into the seeds of time, And say which grain will grow and which will not13, Speak then to me..
Biblical reference
Plants
TIME
EVENTS
PLANT
SEEDS
TIME IS A PLANT
EVENTS ARE SEEDS
Lesser than Macbeth, and
RANK QUANTITY RANK IS QUANTITY
12 This is a common greeting that appears in several contexts in the New Testament. e.g. "And the Angel went in unto her, and said, Hail thou that art freely beloved, the Lord is with thee; blessed art thou among women. " Luke 1:28 (Geneva Study Bible); however, in this context, the greeting is reminiscent of Juda’s betrayal of Christ when he greets him with ‘God save thee, Master’ (Matthew 26.49) or ‘Hail, rabbi’ (footnoted in Matthew 26.49) to make him known to the Roman soldiers who will arrest Him.
13 Ecclesiastes 11.6: "In the morning sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold not thine hand: for thou knowest not whether shall prosper, either this or that, or whether they both shall be alike good."
9
greater.
to be King Stands not within the prospect of belief, .... Say from whence You owe this strange intelligence, or why ... you stop our way (80) With such prophetic greeting?
personification
PROBABILITY
KNOWLEDGE
PROPHECY
KNOWING
MIND
STANDS
POSSESSION
SEEING FUTURE
SEEING
EYE
PROBABILITY IS A PERSON
KNOWLEDGE IS POSSESSION
PROPHECY IS SEEING THE FUTURE
KNOWING IS SEEING
MIND IS EYE
The earth hath bubbles as the water has, And these are of them.
Creative metaphor
simile
EARTH
WITCHES
WATER
BUBBLES
THE EARTH IS WATER
THE WITCHES ARE BUBBLES
Whither are they vanish'd Into the air, and what seem'd corporal melted As breath into the wind.!(85)
Creative metaphor
‘vanish into the air’ is an idiom
simile
DISAPPEARING
FANTASY
MELTING
BREATH
DISAPPEARING IS MELTING
FANTASY IS BREATH
have we eaten on the insane root14 That takes the reason prisoner?
Historical & geographic reference15
‘insane root that takes the reason prisoner’ is
INSANITY
MIND
IMPRISONMENT
PRISONER
INSANITY IS IMPRISONMENT
THE MIND IS A PRISONER
THE INSANE ROOT IS A
14 Reference to “the plant formerly called Dewtry and dewtroa, now datura, which grows in the East Indies. Its flower and seed have an intoxicating quality; for taken in a small quantity..” or “hemlock” but the name of the root is thought to be “unknown to Shakespeare, as it is to his readers; Sir Thomas North’s translation of Plutarch having probably furnished him with the only knowledge he had of its qualities, without specifying its name.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 37)
15 Reference to “the plant formerly called Dewtry and dewtroa, now datura, which grows in the East Indies. Its flower and seed have an intoxicating quality; for taken in a small quantity..” or “hemlock” but the name of the root is thought to be “unknown to Shakespeare, as it is to his readers; Sir Thomas North’s translation of Plutarch having probably furnished him with the only knowledge he had of its qualities, without specifying its name.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 37)
10
a personification
INSANE ROOT
JAILOR JAILOR (PERSON)
when he reads Thy personal venture in the rebels’ fight,(95) His wonders and his praises do contendWhich should be thine or his. ...
Cross-sensory ‘his wonders and his praises do contend’ is a personification
THINKING
MIND
ASTONISHMENT
READING
MOUTH
ARGUES WITH PRAISE
THINKING IS READING
MIND IS MOUTH
ASTONISHMENT ARGUES WITH PRAISE (PERSON)
Silenced with this Metonymy ASTONISHMENT
SILENCE ASTONISHMENT IS SILENCE
He finds thee in the stout Norweyan ranks,
STRENGTH WEIGHT STRENGTH IS WEIGHT
Strange images of death. As thick as hail Came post with post, and every one did bear Thy praises ... And pour'd them down before him.
creative (pouring news)
conduit metaphor
Creative metaphor
‘as thick as hail’ is a simile
QUANTITY
NEWS
NEWS
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATING
NEWS
THICKNESS (SIZE)
RAIN
LIGHT OBJECTS
CONDUIT
POURING
LIQUID
QUANTITY IS SIZE
NEWS IS RAIN
NEWS ARE LIGHT OBJECTS
COMMUNICATION IS A CONDUIT
COMMUNICATING IS POURING
NEWS ARE LIQUIDS
We are sent (105)
Only to herald thee into his sight, Not pay thee.
SIGHT
VISUAL OBJECT
CONTAINER
INSIDE THE CONTAINER
SIGHT IS A CONTAINER
A VISUAL OBJECT IS INSIDE THE CONTAINER
What, can the devil speak true?
UNIDENTIFIED CREATURE
METAPHYSICAL INFERIOR
AN UNIDENTIFIED CREATURE IS A METAPHYSICAL INFERIOR
The Thane of Cawdor lives. Why do you dress me
Clothing TITLE/AUTHORITY
ROBE
PROPERTY
AUTHORITY IS A ROBE
TITLE IS A PROPERTY
11
In borrow'd robes? (115)
TITLE
Who was the Thane lives yet, But under heavy judgement bears that life Which he deserves to lose.
LIFE
LIFE
JUDGEMENT
AN OBJECT
PROPERTY
WEIGHT
LIFE IS AN OBJECT
LIFE IS A PROPERTY
JUDGEMENT IS WEIGHT
12
Whether he was combined With those of Norway, or did line the rebel With hidden help and vantage, ... He labor'd in his country's wreck, I know not;
Orientational metaphor
ALLYING
SUPPORTING
HELP
COUNTRY
INVADING
GATHERING
LINGING WITH
HIDDEN
CONSTRUCTION
DESTROYING
ALLYING IS GATHERING
SUPPORTING IS AN ORIENTATION
HELP IS AN OBJECT
COUNTRY IS A CONSTRUCTION
INVADING IS DESTROYING
But treasons capital, confess'd and proved, Have overthrown him.
‘treasons capital’ have overthrown him personification
TREASONS
DISPOWERING
OVERTHROW
THROWING OFF
TREASONS OVERTHROW (PERSON)
DISPOWERING IS THROWING OFF
The greatest is behind.
Orientational metaphor
Creative metaphor16
FUTURE BEHIND THE FUTURE IS BACK ORIENTATION
That, trusted home, (130) Might yet enkindle you unto the crown,
‘trusted home’ is an idiom
AMBITION FIRE AMBITION IS FIRE
But ...to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, ...with honest trifles, to betray's (135) In deepest consequence—
an extended Biblical image
‘deepest consequence’ is an orientational metaphor
metonymy VICE
COLOUR
WITCHES
MAN
DECEIVING
VALIDITY
BETRAYAL
DARKNESS
MORAL VALUE
INSTRUMENT OF DARKNESS
OBJECT OF STRUGGLE WINNINGAN OBJECT
CONCEALING THE INWARD
A HOLLOW OBJECT
VICE IS DARKNESS
COLOUR HAS A MORAL VALUE
WITCHES ARE INSTRUMENTS OF DARKNESS
MAN IS THE OBJECT OF STRUGGLE BETWEEN FORCES OF EVIL AND FORCES OF GOOD
DECEIVING IS WINNING
VALIDITY IS AN OBJECT
BETRAYAL IS CONCEALING THE INWARD
16 ‘the greatest is not come yet,’ therefore, it is ‘behind’. In Arabic, the future has an opposite orientation because it is ‘to come,’ i.e. we can see it ahead of us.
13
CONSEQUENCE
QUALITY
DEPTH CONSEQUENCE IS A HOLLOW OBJECT
QUALITY IS DEPTH
Two truths are told, As happy prologues to the swelling act Of the imperial theme!
Creative metaphor
Creative metaphor
‘swellling act’ is metonymy
‘imperial theme’ is metonymy
GLORY
AUTHORITY
SWELLING
ACT
EXPANSION
GLORY IS A A SWELLING ACT
AUTHORITY IS EXPANSION
This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good.
UNIDENTIFIED
SUPERNATURAL
UNIDENTIFIED IS SUPERNATURAL
If ill, Why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in a truth?
Creative extension
SUCCESS AN OBJECT SUCCESS IS AN OBJECT
If good, why do I yield to that suggestion (145) Whose horrid image doth unfix my hairAnd make my seated heart knock at my ribs, Against the use of nature?
Creative extension
‘heart knock’ is a personification
metonymy (unfixed hair is meto. For fear)
hair?
TEMPTATION
DESIRING
HORROR
HEART
HEART
RIBS
AN ADVERSARY
SURRENDERING
PHYSICAL FORCE
SEATED
KNOCKS
DOORS
TEMPTATION IS AN ADVERSARY
DESIRING IS SURRENDERING
HORROR IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
THE HEART IS A PERSON (SEATED)
THE HEART IS A PERSON (KNOCKS)
THE RIBS ARE DOORS
14
My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,(150) Shakes so my single state of man that function
Is smother'd in surmise, and nothing is But what is not.
‘function is smothered)17’ is a personification
THOUGHT
ACTION
UNCERTAINTY
UNCERTAINTY
THINGS
PHYSICAL FORCE
SMOTHERED
EXTINGUISHER
WHAT THEY ARE NOT
THOUGHT IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
ACTION IS A PERSON
UNCERTAINTY IS THE EXTINGUISHER
THINGS ARE WHAT THEY ARE NOT
Look, how our partner's rapt.
ASTONISHMENT
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
ASTONISHMENT IS PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
If chance will have me king, why, chance (155) may crown me Without my stir.
‘chance may crown me’ is a personification
CHANCE CROWNS CHANCE IS AN AUTHORITY THAT CROWNS (person)
New honors come upon him, Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould
But with the aid of use. (160)
Clothing as power
Creative metaphor
‘new honours came upon him’ is a personification
‘like our strange garments’ is a simile
HONOURS
POWERASSUMING POWER
COME
GARMENT
WEARING CLOTHES
HONOURS ARE PERSONS (COME UPON SOMEONE)
POWER IS GARMENT
ASSUMING POWER IS WEARING CLOTHES
Come what come may, Time and the
Biblical image
Creative extension
EVENTS COME EVENTS ARE PERSONS
17 “All powers of action are oppressed and crushed by one overwhelming image in the mind, and nothing is present to me but that which is really future. Of things now about me I have no perception, being intent wholly on that which has yet no existence.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 44)
15
hour runs through the roughest day.
personification
TIME
DAYS
DIFFICULTIES
RUNS
OBJECTS
ROUGH SURFACES
TIME IS A RIVER
DAYS ARE OBJECTS
DIFFICULT ARE ROUGH SURFACES
Give me your favor pardon; my dull brain was wrought With things forgotten.
Colour as an intellectual value
Creative extension18
PERMISSION
INTELLIGENCE
BRAIN
THINKING
IS GIVEN
COLOUR-GRADE
METAL
PHYSICAL FORCE
PERMISSION IS AN OBJECT
INTELLIGENCE IS A COLOUR-GRADE
THE BRAIN IS A METAL
THINKING IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
your pains (165) Are register'd where every day I turn The leaf to read them.
Creative extension
Creative extension
MEMORY
REMEMBERING
REGISTER
READING
MEMORY IS A REGISTER
REMEMBERING IS READING
Think upon what hath chanced, and at more time,
The interim having weigh'd it, let us speak Our free hearts each to other.(170)
Creative extension
Creative extension
personification19
‘speak our free hearts’ idiom
metonymy
‘free hearts’ is a personification
TIME
INCIDENTS
THINKING
HEARTS
FRANKNESS
WEIGHS INCIDENTS
HAVE WEIGHTS
WEIGHING
OBJECTS SPEAKING
fREEDOM OF HEARTS
TIME IS A JUDGE
COMPARING IS WEIGHING
INCIDENTS ARE OBJECTS
THINKING IS WEIGHING
HEARTS ARE WORDS
FRANKNESS IS FREEDOM OF THE HEARTS
he ... set forth A deep
Orientational Creative REPENTAN HOLLOW REPENTANCE IS A HOLLOW
18 Another uncommon use of ‘physical force’ to conceptualize the logical process of ‘thinking,’ and, for the same reason, the metaphor is resonant creative in the sense of being a less used in everyday situations.
19 “This intervening portion of time is also personified: it is represented as a cool impartial judge; as the pauser reason.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 46)
16
repentance. Nothing in his life Became him like the leaving it; he died As one that had been studied in his death, (10) To throw away the dearest thing he owed As ’twere a careless trifle
metaphor extension
‘studied in his death’ is a
simile
metonymy
simile
CE
EMOTION
DEATH
LIFE
MAN
LIFE
TRUST
LOSING TRUST
LOSING TRUST
SPACE
HAS DEPTH
AN EXIT
STAGE
AN ACTOR
PRECIOUS OBJECT
PRECIOUS OBJECT
LIKE LOSING LIFE
THROWING A PRECIOUS OBJECT
SPACE
EMOTION IS AN ORIENTATION
DEATH IS AN EXIT20
LIFE IS A STAGE
MAN IS AN ACTOR
LIFE IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT
TRUST IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT
LOSING TRUST IS LIKE LOSING LIFE
LOSING TRUST IS THROWING A PRECIOUS OBJECT
There's no art To find the mind's construction in the face: He was a gentleman on whom I built (15)
An absolute trust.
Creative extension
creative extension
MIND
TRUST
OBJECT OF TRUST
HAS A CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
FOUNDATION
THE MIND IS A BUILDING
TRUST IS A CONSTRUCTION
THE OBJECT OF TRUST IS A FOUNDATION
The sin of my ingratitude..Was heavy on me.
SIN
SINNER
HEAVY OBJECT
CARRIAR OF A BURDEN
SIN IS A HEAVY OBJECT
THE SINNER IS A CARRIER OF A BURDEN
Thou art so far before
Orientational Metaphor
‘before’ is ‘ahead’
SUPERIORITY
BEING BEFORE
SUPERIORITY IS A SPATIAL ORIENTATION
That swiftest Creative RECOMPEN BIRD RECOMPENSE IS A BIRD
20 If death is an exit, what is the corresponding metaphor of life? In a ‘DEATH IS AN EXIT’ metaphor, life is no longer a ‘JOURNEY.’ ‘LIFE’ could be a ‘STAGE’
17
wing of recompense is slow (20) To overtake thee.
extension SE
WILLINGNESS
COMPENSATING
FLYING
CARRYING UP
WILLINGNESS IS FLYING
COMPENSATING IS CARRYING UP
Would..That the proportion both of thanks and payment Might have been mine!
GRATITUDE
FAVOUR
REPAYMENT
DEBT
GRATITUDE IS REPAYMENT
FAVOUR IS DEBT
More is thy due than more than all can pay.
FAVOUR
GRATITUDE
DEBT
REPAYMENT
FAVOUR IS DEBT
GRATITUDE IS REPAYMENT
The service and the loyalty I owe, (25) In doing it, pays itself.
DUTY
LOYALTY
DEBT
REPAYMENT
DUTY IS A DEBT
LOYALTY IS REPAYMENT
our duties Are to your throne and state, children and servants,
‘throne’ is metonymy for ‘authority’
‘state’ is metonymy for ‘authority’
‘duties are children’ is a personification ‘duties are servants’ is a personification
DUTIES
DUTIES
AUTHORITY
CHILDREN
SERVANTS
PARENT
DUTIES ARE CHILDREN
DUTIES ARE SERVANTS
AUTHORITY IS A PARENT
18
I have begun to plant thee, and will labor To make thee full of growing.
Biblical image21
KING
PEOPLE
RULING
LOYALTY
ROYALTY22
FARMER
SEEDS
PLANTING
FULLY GROWN
DEITY
A KING IS A FARMER
PEOPLE ARE SEEDS
RULING IS PLANTING
LOYALTY IS FULLY GROWN
ROYALITY IS DEITY
let me enfold thee (35) And hold thee to my heart.
EMBRACING
THE OBJECT OF LOVE
WRAPPING
BABY
EMBRACING IS WRAPPING
THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A BABY
There if I grow, The harvest is your own.
Biblical image
RULING
LOYALTY
GROWING PLANTS
HARVEST
RULING PEOPLE IS GROWING PLANTS
LOYALTY IS HARVEST
My plenteous joys, Wanton in fullness, seek to hide themselves (40) In drops of sorrow.
Animal domain
‘drops of sorrow’ metonymy for ‘tears’
JOY
TEARS
RESTRAINED ANIMAL
‘DROPS OF SORROW’
JOY IS A RESTRAINED ANIMAL
‘TEARS ARE DROPS OF SORROW’
Sons, kinsmen, thanes, And you whose places are the nearest, know We will establish our estate upon Our eldest, Malcolm,
RELATION
INHERITANCE
OBJECT OF INHERITANCE
DISTANCE
CONSTRUCTION
FOUNDATION
RELATION IS DISTANCE
INHERITANCE IS A CONSTRUCTION
THE OBJECT OF INHERITANCE IS A FOUNDATION
21 The image of planting is prevalent in the Bible. Examples from the Old Testament include: "Thou hast planted them, yea, they have taken root: they grow, yea, they bring forth fruit: thou art near in their mouth, and far from their reins." (Jeremiah 12.2); and "The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: he shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon/Those that be planted in the house of the Lord shall flourish in the courts of our God." (Psalms 92.12,13). In the New Testament, we have examples like, "I have planted, Apollos watered; but God gave the increase/So then neither is he that planteth anything, neither he that watereth; but God that giveth the increase". (Corinthians 3.6,7)
22 if we project the image onto its original source, it becomes symbolic of the metaphor of ‘King as deity,’ which is implied,not stated directly, hence the importance of preserving symbols because they imply a multi-layered metaphor that is rich in its content and semiotic values
19
signs of nobleness, like stars, shall shine On all deservers. From hence to Inverness, And bind us further to you.
simile TITLES
TITLES
RELATION
SIGNS
STARS
CABLE
TITLES ARE SIGNS
TITLES ARE STARS
SUPPORT IS A CABLE
I'll ...make joyful The hearing of my wife with your approach;
personification
HEARING FEELS JOY HEARING IS A PERSON
My worthy Cawdor!
AUTHORITY
BE-ALL AUTHORITY IS THE BE-ALL
The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step (55)
On which I must fall down, or else o'erleap, For in my way it lies.
REACHING AUTHORITY
RANK
FAILING
AVOIDING
ASCENDING A LADDER
STEP
FALLING
OVERLEAPING
REACHING AUTHORITY IS ASCENDING A LADDER
RANK IS A STEP
FAILING IS FALLING DOWN
AVOIDING IS OVERLEAPING
Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires:
Creative extension
Colour
Orientational metaphor
Creative extension
‘stars hide’ is a personification
‘light see’ is a personification
STARS
LIGHT
VICE
COLOUR
DESIRE
HIDE
SEES
BLACK
MORAL VALUE
HAS DEPTH
STAR IS A PERSON
LIGHT IS IS A PERSON
VICE IS BLACK
COLOUR HAS A MORAL VALUE
DESIRE IS A HOLLOW OBJECT
The eye23 wink at the hand24; yet let
Creative Creative MIND EYE THE MIND IS AN EYE
23 “The chief thought here, surely, as in all these habitual metaphors of darkness, is that Macbeth wants somehow to get away from or hoodwink his consciousnessa nd self-knowledgea nd do the deed without knowing it.” (Empson, W. 1952: 89); “Macbeth calls on darkness to prevent witness to his crime; he wills his eyes to "wink" at his hands” (Low, L. 1983 :830)
24 “THERE can be little doubt of the important, even pivotal, role that hands play among images in Shakespeare's Macbeth, attracting to themselves no fewer than thirty-two major references in the course of the play. This centrality escapes no audience's or reader's notice. As early as his introduction to the Arden Macbeth and later in an article on image and symbol in the play, Kenneth Muir showed that the opposition between the hand and the other senses, particularly the eye, reinforces the Porter's contrast between desire and act and finally the play's more general concern with equivocation and the discrepancy between
20
that be, Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see
extension
Cross-sensory
extension
‘eye’ is metonymy for ‘mind’
‘hand’ is metonymy for ‘action’
‘eye fears’is personifica
ACTION
EYE
HAND
FEARS
ACTION IS HAND
THE EYE IS A PERSON
appearance and reality.” (Lynch, K L. 1988: 29)21
tion
in his commendations I am fed; It is a banquet to me.
Food domain (personal trait is food)
Creative metaphor
PRAISES
PERSONAL TRAITS
APPETIZING FOOD
A BANQUET
PRAISES ARE APPETIZING FOOD
PERSONAL TRAITS ARE A BANQUET
22
Let's after him, Whose care is gone before to bid us welcome
‘care’ is a metonymy for the person (Duncan)
personification
CARE
CARE
GOES
WELCOMES
CARE IS A PERSON
CARE IS A PERSON
“I have learned by the perfectest report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge.
‘moral knowledge’ is a personification
KNOWLEDGE
KNOWLEDGE
PROPERTY
MORTAL
KNOWLEDGE IS A PROPERTY
KNOWLEDGE IS A PERSON
When I burned in desire to question
them further, they made themselves air, into which they vanished.
‘made themselves air’ is a metonymy for ‘disappearing’
DESIRE
DISAPPEARING
FLAME
TURNING INTO AIR
DESIRE IS FLAME
DISAPPEARING IS TURNING INTO AIR
Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, came (5) missives from the King
ASTONISHMENT
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
ASTONISHMENT IS PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
This have I thought good ... that thou mightst not lose (10) the dues of rejoicing
REJOICING/EMOTION
PRECIOUS OBJECT
EMOTION IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT
Lay it to thy heart, and farewell.”
“lay it to thy heart” is idiom for “keep it as a secret”
HEART BOX HEART IS A BOX
Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be What thou art promised.
‘Glamis’ is a metonymy for ‘thane if Glamis,’ and ‘Cawdor’ is metonymy for ‘thane
AUTHORITY
AUTHORITY
BE-ALL
BE-ALL
AUTHORITY IS BE-ALL
AUTHORITY IS BE-ALL
23
of Cawdor’
Yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o’ the milk of human kindness (15) To catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great; Art not without ambition, but without The illness should attend it.
Creative extension
Food (milk of human kindness)
Creative extension
‘nearest way’ is metonymy for ‘first chance’
PERSONALITY
KINDNESS
VICE
CHANCE
BENEFITING
INTENTION
CONTAINER
MILK
ILLNESS
FLYING OBJECT
CATCHIGN A FLYING OBJECT
ILLNESS
PERSONALITY IS A CONTAINER
KINDNESS IS MILK
VICE IS AN ILLNESS
CHANCE IS A FLYING OBJECT
BENEFITING IS CATCHING A FLYING OBJECT
INTENTION IS AN ILLNESS
What thou wouldst highly, That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst wrongly win.
Creative extension
Linguistically creative metaphor
Orientational metaphor
Creative extension
‘highly’ and ‘holily’ are examples of linguistic creativity
AUTHORITY
PRETENDING
AUTHORITY
HIGH
PLAYING A GAME
PRIZE
AUTHORITY HAS A HIGH ORIENTATION
PRETENDING IS PLAYING A GAME
AUTHORITY IS A PRIZE
Thou'ldst have, great Glamis, That25 which cries, “Thus thou must do, if thou have it; (20) And that which rather thou dost fear to do Than wishest should be undone.”
Creative extension
Creative extension
‘Glamis cries’ is a personification
‘that which thou dost fear to do’ is metonymy for ‘murder’
AUTHORITY
Glamis
AUTHORITY
MURDER
PROPERTY
CRIES
PROPERTY
WHAT ONE FEARS TO DO
AUTHORITY IS A PROPERTY
AUTHORITY IS A PERSON
AUTHORITY IS A PROPERTY
MURDER IS WHAT ONE FEARS TO DO
Hie thee hither, That I may pour my spirits in thine ear,
Creative extension
Creative extension
‘valour of
EMOTION
EAR
POURED
OBJECT OF
EMOTION IS A LIQUID
THE EAR IS A CONTAINER FOR
25 “Thou would’st have (says the Lady) the crown; which cries, ‘thou must kill Duncan, if thou have it.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 55)
24
And chastise with the valor of my tongue All that impedes thee from the golden round,(25)
my tongue’ is personification
‘golden round’ is metonymy for ‘crown’
WORDS
TONGUE
CROWN
OBSTACLES
POURING
CHASTISE
HAS VALOUR
GOLDEN ROUND
EMOTIONS
WORDS ARE MEDICINE
THE TONGUE IS A PERSON
THE CROWN IS A GOLDEN ROUND
25
One of my fellows had the speed of him, Who, almost dead for breath, had scarcely more (35) Than would make up his message.
‘dead for breath’ is an idiom
SPEAKING BREATHING SPEAKING IS BREATHING
The raven himself is hoarse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan (40) Under my
Creative extension made up of simple conceptual patternsAnim
Creative extension
‘fatal entrance’ is metonymy
RAVEN
DEATH
MESSENGER/PERSON
FATAL ENTRANCE
THE RAVEN IS A MESSENGER/PERSON
DEATH IS A FATAL ENTRANCE
26
battlements. als for ‘death’
Come, you spirits
That tend on mortal thoughts26, unsex me here And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full Of direst cruelty!
Make thick my blood, Stop up the access and passage to remorse, (45) That no compunctious visitings of nature
Shake my fell purpose nor keep peace between The effect and it!
Creative extension
Linguistic creativity (unsex me)
Creative extension
‘unsex me’ is an example of linguistic creativity
‘unsex’ is metonymy for ‘take away my human kindness,’
‘crown’ is a metonymy for ‘head’ ‘thick blood’ is a metonymy for ‘insensitivity’
‘passage for remorse’ is metonymy for blood vessels
THOUGHTS
KINDNESS
CRUELTY
BODY
HEAD
CRUELTY
INSENSITIVITY
BLOOD VESSELS
REMORSE
EMOTION
PURPOSE
PEACE
MURDEROUS
SEXUALITY
ASEXUALITY
CONTAINER
CROWN
LIQUID
BLOOD THICKNESS
PASSAGE FOR REMORSE
BLOOD COMPONENT
PHYSICAL FORCE
SOLID OBJECT
INACTION
THOUGHTS ARE PERSONS
KINDNESS IS SEXUALITY
CRUELTY IS ASEXUALITY
THE BODY IS A CONTAINER FOR EMOTIONS
THE HEAD IS A CROWN
CRUELTY IS A LIQUID
INSENSITIVITY IS BLOOD THICKNESS
BLOOD VESSELS ARE THE PASSAGE FOR REMORSE
REMORSE IS A BLOOD COMPONENT
EMOTIONIS A PHYSICAL FORCE
PURPOSE IS A SOLID OBJECT
PEACE IS INACTION
26 “This expression signifies, not the thoughts of mortals, but murderous, deadly, or destructive designs.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 57)
27
Come to my woman's breasts, And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, Wherever in your sightless substances (50) You wait on
creative extension
Creative extension ‘murdering ministers’ is a metonymy for ‘evil spirits’
EVIL SPIRITS
MILK
MISCHIEF
INFANTS
POISON
WAITED ON
EVIL SPIRITS ARE INFANTS
MILK IS POISON
MISCHIEF IS A PERSON
28
nature's mischief!
Come, thick night, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark To cry, “Hold, hold!”(55)
Creative
extension
Orientational
Colour metaphors ‘darkness, dunnest…’
Creative extension
‘come, thick night’ is a personification
‘thick night’ is metonymy for ‘darkness’
‘Come thick night’ is a personification ‘keen knife’ is a personification
‘blanket of the darkness’ is metonymy for ‘night’
‘knife sees’ is a personficiation ‘heaven peeps’ is a personification
‘heaven cries’ is a personification
NIGHT
NIGHT
DARKNESS
SMOKE OF HELL
COLOUR
KNIFE
KNIFE
NIGHT COLOUR
KNIFE
KNIFE
HEAVEN
HEAVEN
OBJECT OF COMING
OBJECT OF COVERING
THICKNESS OF NIGHT
COVER
MORAL VALUE
KEEN
SEES
BLANKET OF THE DARK
PEEPS THROUGH
CRIES
NIGHT IS A PERSON
THE NIGHT IS A PERSON
DARKNESS IS THICKNESS OF THE NIGHT
THE SMOKE OF HELL IS A COVER
COLOUR IS MORAL VALUE
KNIFE IS A PERSON
KNIFE IS A PERSON
NIGHT IS THE BLANKET OF THE DARK
HEAVEN IS A PERSON (ONLOOKER)
HEAVEN IS A PERSON
Great Glamis! Worthy Cawdor! Thy letters have transported me
Conduit metaphor
‘ignorant present’ is a personifica
MACBETH
MACBETH
AUTHORIT
GLAMIS
CAWDOR
MACBETH IS GLAMIS
MACBETH IS CAWDOR
29
beyond This ignorant present, and I feel now The future in the instant. (60)
tion Y
AUTHORITY
LETTERS
PRESENT
KNOWING
BE-ALL
BE-ALL
VEHICLES
IGNORANT
FEELING
AUTHORITY IS BE-ALL
AUTHORITY IS BE-ALL
LETTERS ARE VEHICLES
THE PRESENT IS A PERSON
KNOWING IS FEELING
O, never (65) Shall sun that morrow see! Your face, my Thane, is as a book where men mMay read strange matters.
Creative extension
personification
Creative extension
‘as a book’ is a simile
SUN
TOMORROW
FACE
EMOTIONS
KNOWING
SEES
OBJECT OF SEEING
BOOK
OBJECT OF READING
READING
THE SUN IS A PERSON
TIME IS THE OBJECT OF SEEING
THE FACE IS READABLE LIKE A BOOK
EMOTIONS ARE WRITTEN MATERIAL
KNOWING IS READING
To beguile the time, Look like the time;
Creative extension
Creative extension
‘beguile the time’ is a personification
‘like the time’ is a simile
TIME OBJECT OF DECEPTION
TIME IS A PERSON (OBJECT OF DECEPTION)
bear welcome in your eye, Your hand, your tongue; look like the innocent flower,(70) But be the serpent under't.
Creative extension
Creative extension
‘like the innocent flower’ is a simile
‘innocent flower’ is a personification
EYE
HAND
TONGUE
WELCOME
FLOWER
CONTAINER
CONTAINER
CONTAINER
OBJECT
INNOCENT
THE EYE IS A CONTAINER FOR EMOTIONS
THE HAND IS A CONTAINER FOR EMOTIONS
THE TONGUE IS A CONTAINER FOR EMOTIONS
WELCOME IS AN OBJECT
A FLOWER IS A PERSON
you shall put This night's great
personifica MANAGEM CONTAINER MANAGEMENT IS A
30
business into my dispatch, Which shall to all our nights and days to come Give solely sovereign sway (power) and masterdom. (75)
tion ENT
NIGHTS/DAYS
AUTHORITY
OBJECTS OF GIVING
AN OBJECT
CONTAINER
NIGHTS AND DAYS ARE THE OBJECTS OF GIVING
AUTHORITY IS THE OBJECT OF GIVING
The air Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself Unto our gentle senses.
‘the air recommends’ is a personification
‘unto our gentle senses’ is a personificatio
AIR
SENSES
RECOMMENDS
OBJECT OF RECOMMENDATION
THE AIR IS A PERSON
SENSES ARE PERSONS (THE OBJECTS OF RECOMMENDATION)
This guest of summer, The temple-haunting martlet, does approve(5) By his loved mansionry that the heaven's breath Smells wooingly here.
Biblical reference27
‘guest of summer’ is metonymy for ‘martlet’
‘heaven’s breath’ is a personification
‘heaven’s breath’ is metonymy for ‘fresh air’
MARTLET
SUMMER
HEAVEN
GUEST
HOST
HAS BTREATH
MARTLET IS A PERSON (GUEST)
SUMMER IS A /PERSON (HOST)
THE HEAVEN IS A PERSON
No jutty, frieze, Buttress nor coign of vantage, but this bird Hath made his pendant bed and procreant cradle;
‘made his pendant bed’ is a personification
BIRD HAS A BED BIRD IS A PERSON
The love that Linguistic ‘love that LOVE FOLLOWS LOVE IS A PERSON
27 "temple-haunting martlet" comes from Psalms 84.2,3: "Yea, the sparrow hath found her an house, and the swallow a nest for her, where she may lay her young: even by thine altars, O Lord of Hosts".
31
follows us sometime is our trouble, Which still we thank as love.
creativity follows’ is a personification
All our service ...Were poor and single business to contend Against those honors deep and broad wherewith (20) Your Majesty loads our house.
Orientational QUANTITY
QUANTITY
HONOUR
DEPTH
BREADTH
OBJECT
QUANTITY IS AN ORIENTATION (DEPTH)
QUANTITY IS AN ORIENTATION (BREADTH)
HONOUR IS AN OBJECT
For those of old, And the late dignities heap'd up to them, We rest your hermits.
Orientational DIGNITY
QUANTITY
ROYALTY
AN OBJECT
HEAPING UP
HAS HERMITS
DIGNITY IS AN OBJECT
QUANTITY IS AN UP ORIENTATION
ROYALTY IS DEITY
We coursed him at the heels ... but he rides well, And his great love, sharp as his spur, hath holp him To his home before us.
‘at the heels’ is a metonymy for ‘following closely’
‘sharp as his spur’ is a simile
LOVE
MOTIVE
SHARP
SHARP
LOVE IS A CUTTING INSTRUMENT (SHARP)
MOTIVE IS A CUTTING INSTRUMENT
If the assassination Could trammel up the consequence, and catch, With his surcease, success28; that but this blow Might be the be-
Creative extension
Creative extension ‘assassination could trammel up’ is a personification
‘be-all and the end-all’ is
ASSASSINATION
CONSEQUENCE
SUCCESS
FISHERMAN
FISH
FISH
ASSASSINATION IS A PERSON (FISHERMAN)
CONSEQUENCE IS FISH
SUCCESS IS FISH
28 “A trammel was a kind of fishing net. The word first appears as a verb, meaning to bind up a corpse, in the mid-sixteenth century. Shakespeare is the first to use it figuratively- to bind up… what? The consequence? Look at the figurative diction here: the assassination is the act that would bind up in a net the consequences of the action, not letting anything escape.” (Lerer, S. 2007: 136)
32
all and the end-all here,(5)
metonymy for ‘success’
upon this bank and shoal of time29, We'd jump the life to come. But in these cases We still have judgement here, that we but teach Bloody instructions, which being taught return To plague the inventor.
Time
Creative metaphor
Creative extension
‘instructions return’ is a personification
TIME
LIFE
VENTURING
ACTING
INSTRUCTIONS
RIVER
RIVERJUMPING
TEACHING
RETURN/PERSON
TIME IS A RIVER
LIFE IS A RIVER
VENTURING IS JUMPING
ACTING IS TEACHING
INSTRUCTIONS RETURN/PERSON
This even-handed justice (10) Commends the ingredients of our poison'd chalice To our own lips.
Creative extension
Creative extension
‘even-handed justice’ is a personification
‘justice commends’ is a personification
‘poisoned chalice’ is metonymy for ‘assassination’
JUSTICE
JUSTICE
EXPERIENCING
ASSASSINATION
HAS HANDS
RETURNS THE
CUP/PERSON
DRINKING
POISONED CHALICE
JUSTICE IS A PERSON
JUSTICE IS A PERSON (RETURNS THE CUP)
EXPERIENCING IS DRINKING
ASSASSINATION IS A POISONED CHALICE
29 “...these lines further complicate Macbeth's relation to temporality by situating him outside time's flow. Upon a bank and shoal of time, stands this man and contemplates whether to jump the life to come.” ( Zamir, T., 2000: 535)
“The centrality of time and Macbeth's relation to it has been repeatedly investigated. Luisa Guj's "Macbeth and the Seeds of Time" (Shakespeare Studies, 18 [1986], 175-88) counts forty-five uses of the word in the play. Foster, in "Macbeth's War on Time," sums up much previous discussion of the idea that time serves as redeemer and contrasts it with his own view that Macbeth's conflict is with time and its limitations as such. Guj, too, explores this theme in stressing Macbeth's attempt to obliterate the past and stop the future. I shall concentrate on a different aspect of the relationship.” (Zamir, T., 2000: 550)
33
He's here in double trust: First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, (15)
‘shut the door’ is metonymy for ‘prevent‘
MURDER
MURDER
PREVENTING
ADVERSARY
ADVERSARY
SHUTTING THE DOOR
MURDER IS AN ADVERSARY
MURDER IS AN ADVERSARY
PREVENTING IS SHUTTING THE DOOR
Besides, this Duncan Hath borne his faculties so meek....that his virtues Will plead like angels trumpet-tongued against The deep damnation of his taking-off,(20)
Orientational
‘trumpet-tongued’ is a linguistic creativity
‘plead like angels’ is a simile
personification
‘taking off’ is metonymy for ‘murdering’
‘trumpet-tongued’ is a linguistic creativity
VIRTUES
VIRTUES
SIZE
DAMNATION
PLEAD LIKE ANGEL
HAVE TONGUES
DEPTH
HAS DEPTH
VIRTUES PLEAD LIKE ANGELS
VIRTUES ARE PERSONS (HAVE TONGUES)
SIZE IS A DIMENTION (DEPTH)
DAMNATION IS A HOLLOW S[ACE
And pity, like a naked new-born babe, Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubin horsed Upon the sightless couriers of the air, Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye, That tears shall drown the wind.
Metaphoric creative extension
‘heaven’s Cherubin’ is a Biblical reference30
Creative extension
‘like a naked’ is a simile and personification
‘heaven’s Cherubin’ is a simile
‘sightless couriers of the air31’ is
PITY
TEMPEST
PITY
AIR
MURDER
TEARS
WIND
NAKED NEWBORN
HORSE
HEAVEN’S HORSE
HORSE
SANDS32
RAIN
OBJECT OF DROWNING
PITY IS A NAKED NEWBORN
TEMPEST IS A HORSE
PITY IS HEAVEN’S ANGEL
AIR IS HORSE
MURDER IS SAND
TEARS ARE RAIN
WIND IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF DROWNING)
30 “The thought seems to have been borrowed from Psalms, xviii, 10. ... To read ‘cherubins,’ which is the form always found in Coverdale’s Bible, or ‘cherubims,’ that of the Authorized Version, would make the verse, already too full of sibilants, almost intolerable to the ear. The only objection to ‘cherubim’ is that Shakespeare was not likely to know that this was the proper Hebrew plural.” (Furness, H. H., ed. 1873: 72)
34
metonymy for ‘invisible posters of the divine will’
personification
I have no spur(25) To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself And falls on the other—
creative extension
Creative extension
intent is a horse
MOTIVE
INTENT
AMBITION
AMBITION
AMBITION
SPUR
HORSE
HORSE33 /VAULTINGHORSE
/HORSE
MOTIVE IS A SPUR
INTENT IS A HORSE
AMBITION IS A HORSE/VAULTING
AMBITION IS A HORSE/OVERLEAPS
AMBITION IS A HORSE (FALLS)
He hath honor'd me of late, and I have bought (35) Golden opinions from all sorts of people, Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, Not cast aside so soon.
Clothing OPINIONS
OPINION
MORAL VALUE
CLOTHES
COMMODITY
GOLD
OPINIONS ARE CLOTHES
OPINION IS A COMMODITY
MORAL VALUE IS GOLD
Was the hope drunk Wherein you dress'd yourself? Hath it slept since? (40) And wakes it now, to look so green and pale
creative extension
Colour
Creative extension
extended personification
‘hope drunk’ is a
HOPE
HOPE
HOPE
REGRET
DRUNK
SLEPTWAKES
GREEN AND PALE
HOPE IS A PERSON (DRUNK)
HOPE IS A PERSON
HOPE IS A PERSON (WAKES)
REGRET HAS A
31 “the sightless couriers of the air,” are not winds, as Dr. Johnson supposes, but invisible posters of the divine will; that fly unperceived by sense, and unconnected with matter.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 68)
32 “Alluding to the remission of the wind in a shower... And also to an object blown into the eye, causing it to fill with tears... This image of a shower of tears, in which the storm of passion expends itself, is very common in Shakespeare.” (Furness, H. H., ed. 1873: 37)
33 “The general image, though confusedly expressed, relates to a horse, who, overleaping himself, falls, and his rider under him.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 68)
35
At what it did so freely? ... ... Wouldst thou have that(45) Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life And live a coward in thine own esteem, ...Like the poor cat i’ the adage?
personification
‘hope slept’ is a personification
‘hope wakes is a personification
s
‘ornament of life’ is a metonymy for ‘crown’
‘like the cat in the adage’ is a simile34
HOPE
CROWN
COWARD
ACTS
ORNAMENT OF LIFE
A POOR CAT
COLOUR VALUE
HOPE ACTS/PERSON
COLOUR IS A PERSONALITY TRAIT
CROWN IS ORNAMENT OF LIFE
A COWARD IS A POOR CAT
I have given suck, and know(60) How tender ’tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have pluck'd my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash'd the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this.(65)
a creative extension
Creative extension
OBJECT OF LOVE
SUBJECT OF LOVE
INFANT
MOTHER
THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS INFANT
THE SUBJECT OF LOVE IS MOTHER
34 “cat in the adage; the adage alluded to is, the cat loves fish, but dares not wet her feet” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 70)
36
screw your courage to the sticking-place, And we'll not fail.
creative metaphor
Creative metaphor
COURAGE
WILL
SCREW35
STICKING PLACE
COURAGE IS A SCREW
WILL IS A STICKING PLACE
When Duncan is asleep— Whereto the rather shall his day's hard journey(70) Soundly invite him—his two chamberlains Will I with wine and wassail so convince, That memory, the warder of the brain, Shall be a fume and the receipt of reason A limbec36 only.
creative metaphor
Conceptual creativity
‘drunkenness is distillation’
‘the receipt of reason a limbec’37
Creative metaphor (‘drunkenness is distillation’)
‘journey invites’ is a personification
‘warder of the brain’ is metonymy for ‘memory’
JOURNEY
MEMORY
BRAIM
DRUNKENNESS
INVITES
WARDER OF THE BRAIN
VESSEL
DISTILLATION
JOURNEY IS A PERSON (INVITES)
MEMORY IS THE WARDER OF THE BRAIN
THE BRAIN IS A VESSEL
DRUNKENNESS IS DISTILLATION
When in swinish sleep (75)
Their drenched natures lie as in a death, .. What not put upon His spongy officers, who shall bear the guilt
Animals
Conceptual creativity
(a drunken person is a sponge)
‘as in a death’ is a simile
‘a drunken person is a sponge’ is a creative metaphor
DRUNKEN PERSON
SLEEP
DRUNKENNESS
A DRUNKEN PERSON
SWINE
DEATH
SATURATION
DRUNKEN PERSON IS AN ANIMAL (SWINE)
SLEEP IS DEATH
DRUNKENNESS IS SATURATION
A DRUNKEN PERSON IS A
35 “This is a metaphor from an engine formed by mechanical complication. The sticking-place is the stop which suspends its powers, till they are discharged on their proper project; as in driving piles.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 73)
36 “That is, shall be only a vessel to emit fumes or vapours... The limbeck is the vessel through which distilled liquors pass into the recipient. So shall it be with memory; through which everything shall pass, and nothing remain” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 75)
37 “That is, shall be only a vessel to emit fumes or vapours... The limbeck is the vessel through which distilled liquors pass into the recipient. So shall it be with memory; through which everything shall pass, and nothing remain” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 75)
37
Of our great quell?(80)
SPONGE38 SPONGE
Bring forth men-children only, For thy undaunted mettle should compose Nothing but males.
personification
COURAGE (METTLE)
FIGHTER COURAGE IS A PERSON (UNDAUNTED)
we shall make our griefs and clamor roar Upon his death?
Animals GRIEFS ROAR GRIEFS ARE LIONS (ROAR)
I am settled, and bend up each corporal agent to this terrible feat
Weaponry
Conceptual creativity
(an organ is a bow)
personification
‘corporal agent’ is metonymy for bodily part
‘an organ is a bow’ is a creative metaphor
MURDER
BODY ORGAN
READINESS
ACHIEVEMENT
BOW39
BENDING UP
MURDER IS A AN ACHEIVEMENT
BODY ORGAN IS A BOW
READINESS IS BENDING UP THE ORGANS
Away, and mock the time with fairest show: False face must hide what the false heart doth know.
‘mock the time’ is a personification
‘false face’ is a personification
‘false heart’ is a personification
TIME
FACE
HEART
OBJECT OF DECEIT
HIDES
KNOWS
TIME IS THE OBJECT OF DECEIT
THE FACE IS A PERSON (HIDES)
THE HEART IS A PERSON (KNOWS)
There's husbandry in heaven, (5)
Conceptual creativity
‘husbandry in heaven’ is a
HEAVEN SAVES ENERGY
HEAVEN IS A PERSON (SAVES ENERGY)
38 “Men drenched in liquor are with great propriety compared to sponges. When Aeschines praised Philip King of Macedon for his abilities in drinking, Demostheues told him, “that was a commendation fit for a sponge.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 75)
39 “bend up is a metaphor from the bow” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 76)38
Their candles are all out. A heavy summons lies like lead upon me, And yet I would not sleep. Merciful powers, Restrain in me the cursed thoughts
personification and it is a creative metaphor
‘merciful powers’ is metonymy for ‘guardian angels’
STARS
STARS
SLEEPINESS
GUARDIAN ANGELS
CURSED THOUGHTS
MONEY
CANDLES
WEIGHT
MERCIFUL POWERS
CURSED THOUGHTS ARE RESTRAINED ANIMALS
STARS ARE MONEY
THE STARS ARE CANDLES
SLEEPINESS IS WEIGHT
GUARDIAN ANGELS ARE MERCIFUL POWERS
CURSED THOUGHTS ARE RESTRAINED ANIMALS
This diamond he greets your wife withal,..., and shut up In measureless content.
HAPPINESS CONTAINER HAPPINESS IS A CONTAINER
Our will became the servant to defect, Which else should free have wrought.
Conceptual creativity (will is servant what is lacked)
‘will became the servant’ is a personification (the will is a servant to what is lacked) is a creative metaphor
WILL
DEFECT
SERVANT
SERVED
THE WILL IS A PERSON (SERVANT)
DEFECT IS A PERSON (A MASTER SERVED BY WILL)
Is this a dagger which I see before me, ...Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.
‘Come’ is a personification
DAGGER OBJECT OF SPEECH
A DAGGER IS THE OBJECT OF SPEECH (COME)
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but (45) A dagger of the mind, a false
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
‘art thou’ is a personification
DAGGER
HEAT
BRAIN
OBJECT OF SPEECH/PERSON
OPPRESSOR
VICTIM OF
A DAGGER IS THE OBJECT OF SPEECH/PERSON
HEAT IS A PERSON (AN OPRESSOR)
BRAIN IS A PERSON (A VICTIM
39
creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? I see thee yet, in form as palpable As this which now I draw.
personification
palpable
HEAT OF HEAT)
Thou marshall'st me the way that I was going, (50) And such an instrument I was to use. Mine eyes are made the fools o’ the other senses, Or else worth all the rest.
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
‘thou marshall’st’ is a personification
‘my eyes are made the fools’ is a personficiation
‘to the other senses’ is a personification
DAGGER
DAGGER
EYES
SENSES
EYES
OBJECT OF SPEECH
LEADER
FOOLS
FOOLERS
PRECIOUS OBJECTS
A DAGGER IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF SPEECH)
DAGGER IS A PERSON (LEADER)
EYES ARE PERSONS (FOOLS)
SENSES ARE PERSONS (FOOLERS)
EYES ARE PRECIOUS OBJECTS
I see thee still, And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, There's no such thing: (55) It is the bloody business which informs Thus to mine eyes.
‘I see thee still’ is a personification
‘bloody business’ is metonymy for ‘criminal thoughts’
DAGGER
CRIMINAL THOUGHTS
OBJECT OF SPEECH
BLOODY BUSINESS
DAGGER IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF SPEECH)
CRIMINAL THOUGHTS ARE BLOODY BUSINESS
Now o'er the one half-world Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse The curtain'd sleep;
‘curtained sleep’ is linguistic creative metaphor (it abuses the person
‘curtained sleep’ is a creative metaphor (it abuses the person sleeping in
SLEEP
DREAMS
SLEEP
DEATH
ABUSE
OBJECT OF
SEEP IS DEATH
DREAMS ARE PERSONS (ABUSE)
40
sleeping in a curtained bed)
a curtained bed)
‘wicked dreams abuse’ is a personification
ABUSE SLEEP IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF ABUSE)
witchcraft celebrates Pale Hecate's offerings; and wither'd Murder, (60) Alarum'd by his sentinel, the wolf,
Whose howl's his watch, thus with his stealthy pace, With Tarquin's ravishing strides, towards his design Moves like a ghost.
Metaphoric extension
Mythological reference40
Planting
‘Tarquin’ is a Mythological reference41
Creative extension
‘ravishing strides’ is personification
‘like a ghost’ is a simile
MURDER
STRIDES
MURDER
MURDER
VICTIM
WITHERED
RAVISHER
MOVES
GHOST
PREY/DESIGN
MURDERED IS A PLANT (WITHERED)
STRIDES ARE A PERSON (RAVISHER)
MURDER IS A PERSON (MOVES)
MURDER IS A GHOST
A VICTIM IS A PREY
Thou sure and firm-set earth, Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fear(65) Thy very stones prate of my whereabout,
‘stones prate’ is a Biblical reference42
‘thou…earth’ is a personification
‘hear not my steps’ is a personification
‘stones
EARTH
EARTH
STONES
OBJECT OF SPEAKING
HEARS
PRATE
THE EARTH IS A PERSON (OBJECT OF SPEAKIGN)
THE EARTH IS A PERSON (HEARS)
STONES ARE PERSONS (PRATE)
40 Hecate is a“divinity of the underworld” (Guirand, F., ed. 1987: 186)
41 “Tarquin: Sextus Tarquinius, the Roman King, who raped the chaste Lucretia. Shakespeare tells the story in his poem “The Rape of Lucrece” (Shakespeare, W. 2006 :92)
42 “For the stone shall cry out of the wall and the beam out of the timber shall answer it, woe unto him that buildeth a town with blood.” (Habakkuk 2. 11); “Shakespeare borrowed the idea from the Scripture; ‘And he answered and said unto them, that if these should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out.’ Luke, Ch. Xix. V. 40.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 86)
41
prate’ is a personification
And take the present horror from the time, Which now suits with it. Whiles I threat, he lives; Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives.
TIME
HORROR43
ACTION
RESOLVE
WORDS
CONTAINER
OBJECT OF TAKINGSOLID OBJECT
HEAT
AIRSTREAM
TIME IS A CONTAINER
HORROR IS THE OBJECT OF TAKING
ACTION IS A SOLID OBJECT
RESOLVE IS HEAT
WORDS ARE AN AIRSTREAM
I go, and it is done: the bell invites me. (70) Hear it not, Duncan, for it is a knell That summons thee to heaven, or to hell.
‘bell invites’ is a personification
‘knell summons’ is a personification
BELL
KNELL
INVITES
SUMMONS
THE BELL /IS A PERSON (INVITES)
KNELL IS A PERSON (SUMMONS)
That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold; What hath quench'd them hath given me fire.
WINE
RESOLVE
QUENCHES
FIRE
WINE IS WATER (QUENCHES)
RESOLVE IS FIRE
It was the owl that shriek'd, the fatal bellman, Which gives the stern'st good-night.
Animals
‘fatal bellman’ is a cultural
‘fatal bellman’ is a personification
‘the stern’st
OWL
DEATH
BELLMAN
STERN GOODNIGHT
THE OWL IS A PERSON (BELLMAN)
DEATH NEWS IS A STERN GOODNIGHT
43 “silence” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 86)42
reference44 good night’ is metonymy for ‘death news’
NEWS
the surfeited grooms Do mock their charge with snores: I have drugg'd their possets, That death and nature do contend about them, Whether they live or die.(10)
‘mock their charge’ is a personification
‘death and nature contend’ is a personification
DUTY
DEATH
NATURE
OBJECT OF MOCKING
ARGUES
ARGUES
DUTY IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF MOCKING)
DEATH IS A PERSON (ARGUES)
NATURE IS A PERSON (ARGUES)
I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry.
‘owl scream’ is a personification
‘crickets cry’ is a personification
OWL
CRICKETS
SCREAMS
CRY
THE OWL IS A PERSON (SCREAMS)
CRICKETS ARE PERSONS (CRY)
This is a sorry sight.
‘sorry sight’ is a personification
SIGHT SORRY SIGHT IS A PERSON (SORRY)
A foolish thought, to say a sorry sight.
‘foolish thought’ is a personification
THOUGHT FOOLISH THOUGHT IS A PERSON (FOOLISH)
But they did say their prayers and address'd them Again to sleep.
DEATH SLEEP DEATH IS SLEEP
44 The owl was personified as ‘fatal bellman’ because of being associated with bad omens. Shakespeare refers to it as such because it was the bellman's job to ring the parish bell when someone in town dies. "This was called the "passing bell," and was a signal for all hearers to pray for the dying person. After the death, there would be one short peal [chime]; from its sound the hearers could tell whether the deceased was male or female" (Singman, Jeffrey 1995: 53).
43
I had most need of blessing, and “Amen” Stuck in my throat.
WORDS STUCK WORDS ARE SOLID OBJECTS OBJECTS
Macbeth doth Murder sleep”—the innocent sleep, Sleep that knits up the ravell'd sleave of care, The death of each day's life, sore labor's bath, Balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course,(50) Chief nourisher in life's feast—
creative metaphoric extension
conceptual creativity
Creative extension
‘murder sleep’ is a personification
‘innocent sleep’ is a personification
‘knits up the ravelled sleave…’ is a personification
‘death of each day’s life’ is a metonymy for ‘sleep’
‘balm of hurt minds’ is a personification
‘second course’ is metonymy for ‘meat’
SLEEP
SLEEP
SLEEP
CARE
SLEEP
SLEEP
SLEEP
MIND
LIFE
SLEEP
SLEEP
MURDERED
INNOCENTKNITTERN
CLOTHING45
DEATH
BATH
BALM
HURT
BANQUET
MEAT46
NOURISHER
SLEEP IS A PERSON (MURDERED)
SLEEP IS A PERSON (INNOCENT)
SLEEP IS A PERSON (KNITTER)
CARE IS CLOTHING
SLEEP IS THE DEATH OF EACH DAY’S LIFE
SLEEP IS BATH
SLEEP IS BALM
MIND IS A PERSON (HURT)
LIFE IS A BANQUET
SLEEP IS FOOD (MEAT)
SLEEP IS FOOD (NOURISHER)
“Glamis hath murdered sleep,
‘Glamis’ is metonymy
GLAMIS THANE OF GLAMIS IS THE THANE OF
45 “Sleave signifies the ravelled knotty gouty parts of the silk, which give great trouble and embarrassment to the knitter or weaver. So that sleep is said, by a very expressive metaphor, to knit up and reduce to order all that confusion and vexation in which our cares and solicitudes had involved our waking thoughts.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 93)
46 “second course (1) the most sustaining dish in the feast- the ‘chief nourisher’ (anciently, meat came in the second course)..” (Shakespeare, W. 1967: 153)
44
and therefore Cawdor Shall sleep no more.
for ‘Thane of Glamis’
‘murdered sleep’ is a personification
‘Cawdor’ is metonymy for ‘Thane
SLEEP
CAWDOR
GLAMIS
MURDERED
THANE OF CAWDOR
GLAMIS
SLEEP IS A PERSON (MURDERED)
CAWDOR IS THE THANE OF CAWDOR
45
of Cawdor’
You do unbend your noble strength, to think So brainsickly of things. Go, get some water And wash this filthy witness from your hand.(60)
‘brainsickly’ is a linguistic creative metaphor
‘brainsickly’ is an example of linguistic creativity
‘filthy witness’ is a
STRENGTH
REMORSE
BLOOD
UNBENT
BRAINSICKNESS
WITNESS
STRENGTH IS A SAIL (UNBENT)
REMORSE IS BRAIN SICKNESS
BLOOD IS A PERSON (WITNESS)
46
personification
The sleeping and the dead Are but as pictures; ’tis the eye of childhood That fears a painted devil. If he do bleed, (70)
‘the eye of childhood that fears’ is a personification
SLEEPING PERSON
A DEAD PERSON
EYE
PICTURE
PICTUREFEARS
A SLEEPING PERSON IS A PICTURE
A DEAD PERSON IS A PICTURE
EYE A PERSON (FEARS)
How is't with me, when every noise appals me? What hands are here? Ha, they pluck out mine eyes!(75) Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red.
‘every noise appals me’ is a Biblical reference47
‘pluck out my eyes’ is a Biblical reference48
‘Neptune’ is a mythological reference49
Colour metaphor
‘this hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine..’ is hyperbole
CLEAN SEAS
BLOOD-TAINTED SEAS
GREEN SEAS
RED-SEAS
CLEAN SEAS ARE GREEN SEAS
BLOOD-TAINTED SEAS ARE RED
My hands are of your color, but I shame(80) To wear a heart so white.
Clothing
Clothing
Creative metaphor
‘heart so white’ is a metonymy for ‘coward heart’
HEART
COWARD HEART
WORN
WHITE
HEART IS CLOTHES (WORN)
COWARD HEART IS WHITE
Your constancy Hath left you unattended.
‘left you unattended’ is a
STRONG WILL
LEAVES STRONG WILL IS A PERSON (LEAVES)
47 “The sound of a shaken leaf shall chase them.” (Leviticus 26.36)
48 "Wherefore if thy hand or thy foot offend thee, cut them off, and cast them from thee: it is better for thee to enter into life halt or maimed, rather than having two hands or two feet to be cast into everlasting fire." (Matthew 18.8)
49 In Roman Mythology, Neptune is “the god of the sea” (Dixon-Kennedy, M. 1998 :217)47
... Get on your nightgown, lest occasion call us And show us to be watchers. Be not lost(90) So poorly in your thoughts.
personification
‘occasion calls’ is apersonification
‘occasion shows’ is a personification
OCCASION
OCCASION
THOUGHTS
CALLS
SHOWS
MAZE
OCCASION IS A PERSON (CALLS)
OCCASION IS A PERSON (SHOWS)
THOUGHTS ARE A MAZE
Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst!
DEATH SLEEP DEATH IS SLEEP
Therefore much drink may be said to be an equivocator with lechery: it makes him, and it mars him; it sets him on and it takes him off; it persuades him and disheartens him; makes him(30) stand to and not stand to; in conclusion, equivocates him in a sleep, and giving him the lie, leaves him.
Creative extension
Equivocator is a cultural reference50
Creative extension ‘equivocator’ is personification
‘lechery’ is metonymy for ‘lecherous person’
‘equivocates him in a sleep’
WINE
LECHERY
MAN
EQUIVOCATOR
LECHEROUS PERSON
MACHINE
LEAVES/PERSON
WINE IS A PERSON (EQUIVOCATOR)
LECHERY IS IS A LECHEROUS PERSON
MAN IS A MAN IS A MACHINE (ON/OFF)
The labor we delight in physics pain.
LABOUR MEDICINE LABOUR IS A MEDICINE
The night has been unruly. Where we lay,
Animals ‘prophesying’ is a personifica
NIGHT UNRULY NIGHT IS A WILD ANIMAL (UNRULY)
50 “Usually taken as a reference to the Jesuits, and especially to Father Garnet who, in the Gunpowder Plot trial, ‘equivocated’, swore evidence with mental reservation that it was not true. But equivocation (by Witches, by Macbeth) runs throughout the whole play. (Shakespeare, W. 1967 :154)
48
... Lamentings heard i’ the air... prophesying with accents terrible Of dire combustion and confused events New hatch'd to the woeful time.
tion
LAMENTING
EVENTS
PROPHESYS
HATCH
LAMENTING IS A PERSON (PROPHESEYS)
EVENTS ARE NEWBORNS (HATCHED)
The obscure bird (60) Clamor'd the livelong night. Some say the earth Was feverous and did shake.
‘obscure bird’ is metonymy of ‘owl’
‘bird clamoured’ is a personification
‘earth was feverous’ is a personification
OWL
OWL
EARTH
OBSCURE BIRD
SCREAMS
FEVEROUS
OWL IS AN OBSCURE BIRD
OWL IS A PERSON (CLAMOURS)
EARTH IS A PERSON (WITH FEVER)
My young remembrance cannot parallel A fellow to it.(65)
‘young remembrance’ is a personification
REMEMBRANCE
YOUNG REMEMBRANCE IS A PERSON (YOUNG)
O horror, horror, horror! Tongue nor heart Cannot conceive nor name thee.
Cross-sensory HEART CONCEIVES THE HEART IS MIND (CONCEIVES)
49
Confusion now hath made his masterpiece…(70) Most sacrilegious Murder hath broke ope The Lord's anointed temple and stole thence The life o’ the building.
Creative metaphor
‘anointed building’ is a Biblical reference51
Creative metaphor
‘confusion has made…’ is a personification
‘The life of the building’ is a personification
‘life of the building’ is metonymy for ‘Duncan’
DESTRUCTION
KING’S BODY
BUILDING
KING
KILLING
LIFE
MADE A MASTERPIECE
TEMPLE 52
HAS LIFE
LIFE OF THE BUILDING
STEALING
PRECIOUS OBJECT
DESTRUCTION IS AN ARTIST (MADE A MASTERPIECE)
THE KING’S BODY IS A TEMPLE
BUILDING IS A PERSON (HAS A LIFE)
THE KING IS THE LIFE OF THE BUILDING
KILLING IS STEALING LIFE
LIFE IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT
Approach the chamber, and destroy your sight
With a new Gorgon.
Mythological reference53
SEEING PHYSICAL FORCE
SEEIGN IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
awake! (80) Shake off this downy sleep, death's counterfeit, And look on death itself! Up, up, and see The great doom's image! Malcolm! Banquo!
creative extension
Creative extension
‘death’s counterfeit’ is metonymy for ‘sleep’
‘great
SLEEP
SLEEP
SLEEP
DEATH
DEATH
SHAKEN OFF
DEATH’S COUNTERFEIT
OBJECT OF
SLEEP IS DEATH’S COUNTERFEIT
DEATH IS A LIGHT OBJECT (SHAKEN OFF) SEEING
SLEEP IS DEATH’S COUNTERFEIT
DEATH IS THE OBJECT OF SEEING
51 “The Lord’s anointed temple the temple (body) of the Lord’s anointed (combining 2 Corinthians 6.16: ‘Ye (Christians) are the temple of the living God’ and I Samuel 24.10: the ‘Lord’s anointed’.” (Shakespeare, W. 1967: 155)
52 “The Lord’s anointed temple the temple (body) of the Lord’s anointed (combining 2 Corinthians 6.16: ‘Ye (Christians) are the temple of the living God’ and I Samuel 24.10: the ‘Lord’s anointed’.” (Shakespeare, W. 1967: 155)
53 In Greek Mythology, Gorgon “turned to stone those who looked on her” (Shakespeare, W. 1967: 155)50
As from your graves rise up, and walk like sprites, To countenance this horror!
doom’s image’ is metonymy for ‘Duncan’s murder’
‘like sprites’ is a simile
CRIME SCENE
SLEEP
BED
HORROR
SEEING
DOOM’S IMAGE
DEATH
GRAVE
OBJECT OF SEEING
THE MURDER SCENE IS THE GREAT DOOM’S IMAGE
SLEEP IS DEATH
BED IS GRAVE
HORROR IS THE OBJECT OF SEEING
51
The repetition in a woman's ear (90) would murder as it fell
personification
REPETITION
REPETITION
MURDERS
A FALLS
REPETITION IS A PERSON (MURDERS)
REPETITION IS A FALLING OBJECT
All is but toys; renown and grace is dead; The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees Is left this vault to brag of.
Creative extension
Biblical reference54
Creative extension
‘renown and grace’ is metonymy for the murdered king
‘renown is dead’ is a personification
‘grace is dead’ is a personification
‘to brag of’ is a personification
RENOWN
GRACE
RENOWN
GRACE
KING’S BLOOD
ROYALTY
PUBLIC
EARTH
EARTH
DEAD
DEADKING
KING
WINE OF LIFE
SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM
DREGS
WINE CELLAR
BRAGSN
RENOWN IS A PERSON (DEAD)
GRACE IS A PERSON (DEAD)
RENOWN IS A KING
GRACE IS A KING
KING’S BLOOD IS THE WINE OF LIFE
ROYALTY IS A SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM
THE PUBLIC ARE DREGS
THE EARTH IS WINE CELLAR
THE EARTH IS A PERSON (BRAGS)
The spring, the head, the fountain of your blood Is stopp'd; the very source of it is stopp'd.
Creative extension
Creative extension
‘blood’ is metonymy for kinship between Duncan and Malcolm
FATHER’S LIFE
FATHER’S LIFE
FATHER’S LIFE
DEATH
SPRING OF BLOOD
HEAD OF BLOOD
FOUNTAIN OF BLOOD
STOP IN THE RUNNING OF THE RIVER OF LIFE
FATHER’S LIFE IS THE SPRING OF BLOOD
FATHER’S LIFE IS THE HEAD OF BLOOD
FATHER’S LIFE IS A FOUNTAIN OF LOVE
DEATH IS THE STOP IN THE RUNNING OF THE RIVER OF LIFE
54 “The blood shed by the king is seen as the ‘wine of life,’ now irretrievably spilt. Macbeth’s murderous usurpation of the throne proceeds to pollute the royal sacramental system.” (Dutton, R. and Jean E. Howard eds., 2003 :185)
52
Their hands and faces were all badged with blood; …
BLOOD BADGE BLOOD IS A BADGE
The expedition of my violent love Outrun the pauser reason.
LOVE
LOVE
REASON
PHYSICAL FORCE
MOVING OBJECT
PAUSER
LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
LOVE IS A MOVING OBJECT
REASON IS A PAUSER
Here lay Duncan,
His silver skin laced with his golden blood, And his gash'd stabs look'd like a breach in nature(125) For ruin's wasteful entrance
Creative metaphors ‘Breach in nature’ is a Biblical reference55
Creative metaphors
‘like a breach’ is a simile
‘ruin’s entrance’ is a personification
ROYALTY
ROYALTY SKIN
ROYALTY BLOOD
STABBING
ROYALTY BODY
RUIN
VALUABLE OBJECT
SILVER
GOLD56
BREACHING
TEMPLE
ENTERSN
ROYALTY IS A VALUABLE OBJECT
ROYALTY SKIN IS SILVER
ROYALTY BLOOD IS GOLD
STABBING IS A BREACH
ROYALTY BODY IS A TEMPLE
RUIN IS A PERSON (ENTERS)
the murderers, Steep'd in the colors of their trade, their daggers Unmannerly breech'd57 with
Metaphoric extension
Creative extension
‘the colours of their trade’ is
DEATH
COLOUR
COLOUR OF THEIR
STEEP
LIQUID
DEATH IS STEEPING
COLOUR IS LIQUID
THE COLOUR OF THEIR TRADE
55 According to the New Testament, the human body is “the Temple of God” and "If any man destroy the Temple of God, him shall God destroy; for the temple of God is holy, which ye are" (1 Corinthians 3.16-17)
56 “Mr. Pope has endeavoured to improve one of these lines, by substituting goary blood for golden blood; but it may be easily admitted, that he, who could, on such an occasion, talk of lacing the silver skin, would lace it with golden blood. No amendment can be made to this line, of which every word is equally faulty, but by a general blot.
It is not improbable, that Shakespeare put these forced and unnatural metaphors in the mouth of Macbeth, as a mark of artifice and dissimulation, to show the difference between the studied language of hypocrisy, and the natural outcries of sudden passion. This whole speech, so considered, is a remarkable instance of judgement, as it consists entirely of antithesis and metaphor.” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 107)
57 “99. breeched, covered; literally ‘covered as with breeches.’
“A metaphor must not be far-fetched nor dwell upon the details of a disgusting picture... There is but little, and that far-fetched, similarity between gold lace and blood, or between bloody daggers and breeched legs. The
53
gore. Who could refrain, That had a heart to love, and in that heart Courage to make's love known?(130)
metonymy for ‘blood’
‘had a heart’ is metonymy for having ‘feeligns’
‘trade’ is metonymy for ‘killing and being killed’
TRADE
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
DAGGER
BLOOD
HEART
COURAGE
BLOOD
TRADE
THE OBJECT OF BREECH
SUBJECT OF BREECH
CONTAINER
HEART’S CONTENT
IS BLOOD
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IS A TRADE
DAGGER IS THE OBJECT OF BREECH
BLOOD IS THE SUBJECT OF BREECH
HEART IS A CONTAINER
COURAGE IS THE HEART’S CONTENT
Why do we hold our tongues,
‘hold the tongue’ is an idiom and it is metonymy for ‘keeping silent’
SILENCE HOLDING THE TONGUE
SILENCE IS HOLDING THE TONGUE
slightness of the similarity, recalling the greatness of the dissimilarity, disgusts us with the attempted comparison. Language so forced is only appropriate in the mouth of a conscious murderer dissembling guilt”- Abbott. (Shakespeare, W. 1902 :144)
54
What should be spoken here, where our fate, Hid in an auger-hole, may rush and seize us? Let's away; Our tears are not yet brew'd. (140)
Creative metaphor
‘auger-hole’ is a conceptual creativity58
‘auger-hole’ is a creative metaphor59
FATE
FATE
TEARS
AN UNKNOWN HIDDEN IN A NARROW SPACE
VICTIMIZER
BEAR
FATE IS AN UNKNOWN HIDDEN IN A NARROW SPACE
FATE IS A VICTIMIZER (RUSH AND SEIZE)
TEARS ARE BEAR (BREWED)
Nor our strong sorrow Upon the foot of motion.
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
‘upon the foot of motion’ is a personification
SORROW
SORROW
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
HAS FOOT
SORROW HAS A PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
SORROW IS A PERSON (HAS FOOT)
58 “105. In an auger-hole, literally ‘in a hole as small as that bored by a carpenter’s auger,’ i.e. in some imperceptible spot. (F.) Donalbain feels that danger surrounds them: their fate too may be lurking in some obscure quarter which they would never suspect. (Shakespeare, W. 1902 :144); “Reginald Scot in the Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) says: ‘they (witches) can go in and out at auger-holes, and sail in an egg-shell...through and under the tempestuous seas.’” (Cavendish, R., ed. 1971 : 783)
59 “105. In an auger-hole, literally ‘in a hole as small as that bored by a carpenter’s auger,’ i.e. in some imperceptible spot. (F.) Donalbain feels that danger surrounds them: their fate too may be lurking in some obscure quarter which they would never suspect. (Shakespeare, W. 1902 :144); “Reginald Scot in the Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) says: ‘they (witches) can go in and out at auger-holes, and sail in an egg-shell...through and under the tempestuous seas.’” (Cavendish, R., ed. 1971 : 783)
55
And when we have our naked frailties hid, That suffer in exposure, let us meet (145) ...Fears and scruples shake us:
In the great hand of God I stand, and thence Against the undivulged pretence I fight Of treasonous malice.(150)
Creative extension
‘in the great hand of God I stand’ is Biblical expression60
creative extension
‘treasonous malice’ is a personification
= ‘hand’ is a metonymy for ‘power’
FRAILTY
LACK OF PROTECTION
FRAILTY
FEAR
DOUBT
MALICE
GOD’S PROTECTION
MALICE
MALICE
POWER
BODY
NAKEDNESS
SUFFERS
PHYSICAL FORCE
PHYSICAL FORCE
TREASONOUS
HAND OF GOD
HAS INTENTION
OBJECT OF ANIMOSITY
HAND
FRAILTY IS BODY
THE LACK OF PROTECTION IS NAKEDNESS
FRAILTY IS A BODY THAT SUFFERS
FEAR IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
DOUBT IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
MALICE IS A PERSON (ENEMY)
GOD’S PROTECTION IS THE HAND OF GOD
MALICE IS A PERSON WITH INTENTION
MALIC IS THE OBJECT OF ANIMOSITY
POWER IS HAND
Let's briefly put on manly readiness And meet i’ the hall
Clothing READINESS PUT ON READINESS IS CLOTHING
To show an unfelt sorrow is an office Which the false man does easy.
SORROW AN OBJECT SORROW IS AN OBJECT THAT CAN BE SHOWN
Where we are (160) There's daggers in men's smiles: the near in blood,
creative extension
Orientational
Creative extension ‘near in blood’ is metonymy for kinship
SMILE
TREASON
KINSHIP
CONTAINER
DAGGER
DISTANCE
CLOSENESS
A SMILE IS A CONTAINER
TREASON IS A DAGGER
KINSHIP IS A RELATION OF DISTANCE
60 According to Upton, J., reference to the ‘hand of God’ in both Henry V and Macbeth is of a Biblical origin, where “The Scripture uses frequently HAND, for power and might: and the HAND OF GOD signifies his power and providence.” (1748 :224)
56
The nearer bloody.
KINSHIP
INTENSITY
IN BLOOD
DISTANCE
KINSHIP IS CLOSENESS IN BLOOD
INTENSITY IS A DISTANCE RELATION
This murderous shaft that's shot Hath not yet lighted, and our safest way Is to avoid the aim.
creative extension
Creative extension
PLOT
MURDER
COMPLETION
OBJECT OF PLOTTING
AN ARROW
SHOOTING AN ARROW
LANDING OF THE ARROWTARGET
PLOT IS AN ARROW
MURDER IS SHOOTING AN ARROW
PLOT COMPLETION IS THE LANDING OF THE ARROW
THE OBJECT OF PLOTTING IS A TARGET
There's warrant in that theft Which steals itself when there's no mercy left.
Linguistic creativity
Creative metaphor
SNEAKING
SELF
SELF-THEFT
OBJECT OF THEFT
SNEAKING IS SELF-THEFT
SELF IS THE OBJECT OF THEFT
this sore night Hath trifled former knowings.
NIGHT SORE THE NIGHT IS A SORE ORGAN
Ah, good father ,(5) Thou seest the heavens, as troubled with man's act, Threaten his bloody stage. By the clock ’tis day,
And yet dark night strangles the travelling lamp.
‘heaven’ is metonymy for ‘GOD’
‘travelling lamp’ is metonymy for the sun
‘night strangles’ is a personification
DEITY
SUN
NIGHT
SUN
SUN
EARTH
MAN
MAN
HEAVEN
TRAVELLING LAMP
STRANGLES
VICTIM
TRAVELLING LAMP
STAGE
ACTOR
DEITY IS HEAVEN
THE SUN IS THE TRAVELLING LAMP
THE NIGHT IS A PERSON (VICTIMIZER)
THE SUN IS A VICTIM
THE SUN IS A TRAVELLING LAMP
THE EARTH IS A STAGE
MAN IS AN ACTOR
Is't night's predominance, or the day's shame, That darkness does the face of earth entomb, (10)
Creative extension of personifications
Creative extension of personifications
‘nights
NIGHT
DAY
AUTHORITY
SHAMEFUL
THE NIGHT IS A PERSON (AN AUTHORITY)
THE DAY IS A PERSON (SHAMEFUL)
57
When living light should kiss it?
predominance’ is personification
‘day’s shame’ is personification
‘face of earth’ is personification
‘darkness...entomb’ is personification
‘living light should kiss it’
EARTH
DARKNESS
LIGHT
HAS A FACE
GRAVE MAN
KISSES/PERSON
THE EARTH IS A PERSON (HAS A FACE)
DARKNESS IS A PERSON (GRAVE MAN)
LIGHT KISSES/PERSON
They were suborn'd: Malcolm and Donalbain, the King's two sons, Are stol'n away and fled, which puts upon them Suspicion of the deed.(35)
SNEAKING
SUSPICION
SELF-THEFT
HEAVY OBJECT
SNEAKING IS SELF-THEFT
SUSPICION IS A HEAVY OBJECT
Thriftless ambition, that wilt ravin up Thine own life's means!
Animals ‘thriftless ambition’ is a personification
AMBITION
AMBITION
AMBITION
LIFE
THRIFTLESS
PREDATOR
PREY
AMBITION IS A PERSON (THRIFTLESS)
AMBITION IS A PREDATOR
LIFE IS A PREY
Adieu, Lest our old robes sit easier than our new!(50)
Clothing Creative metaphor
POSITION ROBE POSITION IS A ROBE/CLOTHING
Thou hast it now: King, Cawdor,
Planting ‘Cawdor’ is
CAWDOR THANE OF CAWDOR
CAWDOR IS THANE OF CAWDOR
58
Glamis, all,..., and I fear Thou play'dst most foully for't: yet it was said It should not stand in thy posterity, But that myself should be the root and father(5)
metonymy for ‘Thane of Cawdor’, ‘Glamis’ is metonymy for ‘Thane of Glamis’
GLAMIS
SCHEMING
FATHER
MAN
THANE OF GLAMIS
PLAYING
ROOT
PLANT
GLAMIS IS THANE OF GLAMIS
SCHEMING IS PLAYING
FATHER IS ROOT
MAN IS A PLANT
59
Of many kings.
their speeches shine— Why, by the verities on thee made good, May they not be my oracles as well And set me up in
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
SPEECHES
HOPE
SHINE
HEIGHT
WORDS ARE STARS
HOPE IS HEIGHT
60
hope?
If he had been forgotten, It had been as a gap in our great feast
ABSENCE EMPTINESS ABSENCE IS EMPTINESS
Let your Highness Command upon me, to the which my duties Are with a most indissoluble tie Forever knit.(20)
Clothing DUTY
COMMITMENT
TIE
FABRIC
COMMITMENT IS A TIE
COMMITMENT IS A FABRIC
61
As far, my lord, as will fill up the time ’Twixt this and supper. Go not my horse the better, I must become a borrower of the night For a dark hour
Conceptual creativity
Colour metaphor
Creative metaphor
‘borrower of the night’ is a personification
TIME
NIGHT
MAN
TIME
HOUR
A CONTAINER
CREDITOR
DEBTOR
MONEY
DARK
TIME IS A CONTAINER
NIGHT IS A CREDITOR
MAN IS A DEBTOR
TIME IS MONEY
TIME HAS A COLOUR
62
or twain.(30)
We hear our bloody cousins are ... filling their hearers (35) With strange invention.
HEARER
WORDS
LIES
CONTAINER
OBJECTS
INVENTIONS
A HEARER IS A CONTAINER
WORDS ARE OBJECTS
LIES ARE INVENTIONS
Our fears in Banquo Stick deep, and in his royalty of nature Reigns that which would be fear'd.
Conceptual creative
Creative metaphor
FEARS
FEARS
THORNS61
REIGN
FEARS ARE THORNS
FEARS ARE AUTHORITY (REIGN)
to that dauntless temper of his mind, He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valor To act in safety.
‘dauntless temper’ is a personification
‘a wisdom that guids..’ is personification
‘guides his valor’ is a personification
TEMPER
WISDOM
VALOUR
DAUNTLESS
GUIDES
OBJECT OF GUIDANCE
TEMPER IS A PERSON (DAUNTLESS) A WISDOM IS A PERSON (GUIDES)
VALOUR IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF GUIDANCE)
under him My genius is rebuked, as .. (60). He chid the sisters, When first they put the name of King upon me, ...; then prophet-like They hail'd him father to a line of kings:
Conceptual creativity
Clothing
Creative metaphor
‘genius rebuked’ is a personification
‘prophet-like’ is simile
GENIUS
TITLE
SUCCESSION
REBUKED
CLOTHING
LINE
GENIUS IS A PERSON (REBUKED)
TITLE IS CLOTHING
SUCCESSION IS A LINE
Upon my head they placed a
Conceptual Creative CROWN FRUITLESS CROWN IS A PLANT
61 “49. Our fears in Banquo/Stick deep (I) My fears about Banquo stick deep into my flesh, like thorns; and/or (2) my fears about Banquo are well grounded (with a subtle second reading: “My fears will soon cause me to stick deep (as with a dagger) in Banquo”)” (Silverbush, Rhona and Sami Plotkin 2002:711)
63
fruitless crown (65) And put a barren sceptre in my gripe, Thence to be wrench'd with an unlineal hand,
creativity
Planting
metaphor
‘unlineal hand’ is metonymy for ‘unlawful successor’
HEREDITY
SCEPTRE
HEREDITY
SUCCESSION
HAND
FRUIT
BARREN
FRUITLINEAL
SUCCESSOR
(FRUITLESS)
HEREDITY IS FRUIT
SCEPTRE IS A PLANT (BARREN)HEREDITY IS FRUIT
SUCCESSION IS A LINE
THE HAND IS A SUCCESSOR
For Banquo's issue have I filed my mind, ...Put rancors in the vessel of my peace ... and mine eternal jewel Given to the common enemy of man, To make ...the seed of Banquo kings! Rather than so, come, Fate, into the list,(75) And champion me to the utterance!
Conceptual creativity
Planting
Creative metaphor
‘vessel of my peace’ is metonymy for mind
‘eternal jewel’ is metonymy for ‘soul’
‘common enemy of man’ is metonymy for ‘devil’
‘come fate into the list’ is personification
KILLING
MIND
MIND
RANCORS
SOUL
DEVIL
OFFSPRING
MAN
FATE
AUTHORITY
TAINTING
AN OBJECT
VESSEL OF PEACE
LIQUIDS
ETERNAL JEWEL
ENEMY
SEEDS
PLANT
AN ENEMY
CHAMPIONSHIP
KILLING IS TAINTING
MIND IS AN OBJECT
THE MIND IS CONTAINER (VESSEL OF PEACE)
EMOTIONS ARE LIQUIDS
SOUL IS AN ETERNAL JEWEL
DEVIL IS AN ENEMY OF MAN
OFFSPRING IS SEEDS
MAN IS PLANT
FATE IS AN ENEMY
AUTHORITY IS CHAMPIONSHIP
He... held you So under fortune. This I made good to you In our last conference, pass'd in probation with
‘under fortune’ is a mythological reference62
SUBJECT OF CONTROL
PROBATION
IN A LOWER POSITION
A HOLLOW OBJECT
THE SUBJECT OF CONTROL IS IN A LOWER POSITION63
PROOF IS A HOLLOW OBJECT
62 This is a reference to the Roman goddess of fortune, Fortuna, the equivalent of the Greek Tyche. Fortuna is represented in differently but mainly is a woman who “appears blindfolded, and stands on a ball or wheel, indicative of the fickleness and ever-revolving changes of fortune.” (Berens, E. M. 2010 :141)
63 i.e. under the wheel of fortune 64
you (85)
How you were borne in hand, how cross'd, ..and all things else that might To half a soul and to a notion crazed
Say, “Thus did Banquo.”
‘borne in hand’ is an idiom meaning ‘to be kept up in expectations and false hope’
MIND
SOUL
SOUL
AN OBJECT
MIND IS SOUL64
SOUL IS AN OBJECT
64 ‘half a soul’ means “deranged in intellect” (Schmidt, A. , 1971: 259)65
Are you so gospell'd, To pray for this good man..., (95) Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave...?
Biblical reference65
HEAVINESS
VIOLENCE
MAN
SUBJUGATING
PHYSICAL FORCE
WEIGHT
BENDABLE OBJECT
PHYSICAL FORCE
HEAVINESS IS PHYSICAL FORCE
VIOLENCE IS WEIGHT
MAN IS A BENDABLE OBJECT
SUBJUGATING IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
The valued file Distinguishes ...the gift which bounteous nature(105) Hath in him closed,
TALENT
GENEROSITY
MAN
GIFT
WATER
CONTAINER
TALENT IS A GIFT
GENEROSITY IS WATER
MAN IS A CONTAINER
Now if you have a station in the file, ...(110) I will put that business in your bosoms Whose execution takes your enemy off, Grapples you to the heart and love of us, Who wear our health but sickly in his life, (115)
Creative extension
Clothing
Planting
Creative extension
HEALTH
MISSION
BOSOM
ENEMY
KILLING
MAN
LOVE
HEART
AUTHORITY
CLOTHING
OBJECT
SAFE BOX
THORN
TAKING OFF
SHIP
SEABED
SEABED
SEA
HEALTH IS CLOTHING
MISSION IS AN OBJECT
BOSOM IS A SAFE BOX
ENEMY IS A THORN
KILLING IS TAKING OFF
MAN IS A SHIP
LOVE IS SEABED
HEART IS SEA BED
AUTHORITY IS SEA
I am one, my liege, Whom the vile blows and buffets of the world Have so incensed that I am reckless what I do to spite the world.
‘blows of the world’ is a personification
‘to spite the world’ is a personification
WORLD
WORLD
SLAMS
OBJECT OF VEXATION
THE WORLD IS A PERSON (WITH PHYSICAL FORCE)
THE WORLD IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF VEXATION)
65 "Love your enemies: do well to them which hate you. Bless them that curse you, and pray for them which despitefully use you" (Luke 6.28)
66
And I another (120) So weary with disasters, tugg'd with fortune, That I would set my life on any chance, To mend it or be rid on ’t.
Mythological reference
FORTUNE
LIFE
RISKING
LIFE
LIFE
HAS A PHYSICAL FORCE
OBJECT OF GAMBLE
GAMBLING
OBJECT OF GAMBLING
OBJECT OF MENDING
FORTUNE HAS A PHYSICAL FORCE
LIFE IS THE OBJECT OF GAMBLE
RISKING IS GAMBLING
LIFE IS THE OBJECT OF GAMBLING
LIFE IS THE OBJECT OF MENDING
So is he mine, and in such bloody distance That every minute of his being thrusts Against my near'st of life: and though I could With barefaced power sweep him from my sight(130)
And bid my will avouch it,
Creative extension
Clothing
Creative extension
‘every minute of his being thrusts’ is a personification
‘nearest of life’ is metonymy for ‘heart’
‘barefaced power’ is a personification
RELATION
TIME
HEART
POWER
DARING
CONCEALING
KILLING
SIGHT
WILL
DISTANCE
ENEMY
NEAREST OF LIFE
HAS A FACE
BARENESS
CLOTHING
SWEEPING
CONTAINER
FOLLOWER
RELATION IS DISTANCE
TIME IS A PERSON (ENEMY)
THE HEART IS THE NEAREST OF LIFE
POWER IS A PERSON (BAREFACED)
DARING IS NAKEDNESS
CONCEALING IS CLOTHING
WILL IS A FOLLOWER
KILLING IS SWEEPING
SIGHT IS A CONTAINER
yet I must not, For certain friends ..Whose loves I may not drop, but wail his fall Who I myself struck down. And thence it is That I to your assistance do make love,(135) Masking the
‘to your assistance do make love’ is a personification
‘eye’ is metonymy for person
LOVE
LOSING LOVE
DEATH
KILLING
A PRECIOUS OBJECT
DROPPING THE OBJECT
FALL
STRIKING DOWN
OBJECT OF LOVE
LOVE IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT
LOSING LOVE IS DROPPING THE OBJECT
DEATH IS FALL
KILLING IS TRIKING DOWN
67
business from the common eye For sundry weighty reasons.
ASSISTANCE
CONCEALING
EYE
IMPORTANCE
MASKING
PERSON
WEIGHT
ASSISTANCE IS THE OBJECT OF LOVE
CONCEALING IS MASKING
EYE IS A PERSON
IMPORTANCE IS WEIGHT
Your spirits shine through you. I will advise you where to plant yourselves, Acquaint you with the perfect spy o’ the time,
Creative metaphor
Planting
Creative metaphor
SPIRIT
AMBUSHING
STAR
PLANT ONESELF
SPIRIT IS A STAR
AMBUSHING IS PLANTING ONESELF
I require a clearness; ... Fleance ..., Whose absence is no less material to me (150) ..., must embrace the fate Of that dark hour.
Colours
‘embrace the fate’ is personification
IMPORTANCE
TIME
HORROR
FATE
SOLIDNESS
COLOURED
DARKNESS
OBJECT OF EMBRACING
IMPORTANCE IS A SOLID OBJECT
TIME IS COLOURED
HORROR IS DARKNESS
FATE IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF EMBRACING)
Banquo, thy soul's flight, If it find heaven, must find it out tonight.
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
DEATH
SOUL
HEAVEN
DEPARTURE
BIRD
DESTINATION
DEATH IS DEPARTURE
SOUL IS A BIRD
HEAVEN IS DESTINATION
Nought's had, all's spent,Where our desire is got without content
Biblical reference66
Why do you keep alone, (10)
‘sorriest fancies
FANCY COMPANIO FANCY IS A PERSON
66 Lady Macbeth's desires have been fulfilled, but she is nonetheless miserable. This reflects a common motif in the Bible, particularly in Ecclesiastes 4.6: "Better is an handful with quietness, then both the hands full with travail and vexation of spirit". Also note the similarities between Lady Macbeth's words and the warning issued in Proverbs 13.7: "There is that maketh himself rich, yet hath nothing"; and in Psalms 106.15: "But He gave them their request: but sent leanness into their soul."
68
Of sorriest fancies your companions making, Using those thoughts which should indeed have died .. Things without all remedy Should be without regard.
your companions’ is a personification
‘thoughts which.. died’ is a personification
THOUGHT
SOLUTION
N
DIE
REMEDY
(COMPANION)
THOUGHT IS A PERSON (DIES)
SOLUTION IS REMEDY
We have scotch'd the snake, not kill'd it.(15) She'll close and be herself, whilst our poor malice Remains in danger of her former tooth. But let the frame of things disjoint, both the worlds suffer, Ere we will eat our meal in fear and sleep In the affliction of these terrible dreams (20) That shake us nightly.
Animals ‘our poor malice...’ is a personification
‘both the worlds suffer’ is a personification’=
RIVAL
MALICE
MALICE
WEAKNESS
ORDER/OF UNIVERSE
WORLDS
FEAR
AFFLICTION
DREAMS
SNAKE
OBJECT OF DANGER
POOR
POVERTY
FRAME
SUFFER
CONTAINER
CONTAINER
PHYSICAL FORCE
RIVAL IS A SNAKE (ANIMAL)
MALICE IS THE OBJECT OF DANGER
MALICE IS A PERSON (POOR)
WEAKNESS IS POVERTY
ORDER (OF THE UNIVERSE) IS A FRAME
THE WORLD IS A PERSON (SUFFERS)
FEAR IS A CONTAINER
AFFLICTION IS A CONTAINER
DREAMS HAVE A PHYSICAL FORCE
Better be with the dead, Whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace, Than on the torture of the mind to lie In restless ecstasy67.
Creative extension
Creative extension
‘restless madness’ is a personification
DEATH
DEATH
TORTURE
ECSTASY
JOURNEY
PEACE
BED
RESTLESSNESS
DEATH IS A JOURNEY
DEATH IS PEACE
TORTURE IS A BED
ECSTASY IS RESTLESS/PERSON
Duncan is in his grave; After life's fitful
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
‘treason
LIFE
DEATH
FEVEROUS
SLEEP
LIFE IS A DISEASE
DEATH IS SLEEP
67 “Ecstasy, for madness” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 123)69
fever he sleeps well; (25) Treason has done his worst: nor steel, nor poison, Malice domestic, foreign levy, nothing, Can touch him further.
has done..’ is a personification
‘steel’ is metonymy for ‘sword’
‘malice domestic’ is a personification
‘foreign levy’ is a personification
TREASON
STEEL
MALICE
LEVY
HARMING
ACTS
SWORD
TOUCHES
TOUCHES
TOUCHING
TREASON IS A PERSON (ACTS)
STEEL IS SWORD
MALICE IS A PERSON (TOUCHES)
LEVY IS A PERSON (TOUCHES)
HARMING IS TOUCHING
...sleek o'er your rugged looks; (30) Be bright and jovial among your guests tonight.
Conceptual creativity
Clothing
Colour
Creative metaphor
LOOKS
STRESS
CHEERING UP
CHEERFULNESS
EMOTION
RUGGED
RUGGEDNESS OF THE LOOKS
SLEEKING THE LOOKS
BRIGHTNESS
COLOUR SHADE
LOOKS ARE CLOTHES/RUGGED
STRESS IS RUGGEDNESS OF THE LOOKS
CHEERING UP IS SLEEING THE LOOKS
CHEERFULNES IS BRIGHTNESS
EMOTION IS COLOUR SHADE
Present him eminence, both with eye and tongue: ... we (35) Must lave our honors in these flattering streams,
And make our faces vizards to our hearts, Disguising what they are.
Conceptual creativity
Clothing
Creative metaphor
‘flattering streams’ is a personification
RESPECT
EYE
TONGUE
HONOUR
STREAMS
FACE
HEART
AN OBJECT
TOOL
TOOL
LAVED
FLATTER
MASK
FACE
RESPECT IS AN OBJECT
THE EYE IS A TOOL
THE TONGUE IS A TOOL
HONOUR IS CLOTHING (WASHED)
STREAMS ARE PERSONS (FLATTER)
FACE IS A MASK
HEART IS FACE
O, full of scorpions is my mind
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
MIND CONTAINER MIND IS A CONTAINER
70
Animals WORRIES SCORPIONS WORRIES ARE SCORPIONS
But in them nature's copy's not eterne.
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
LIFE CONTRACT LIFE IS A CONTRACT
Ere the bat hath flown His cloister'd flight; ere to black Hecate's summons (45) The shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hums Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be done A deed of dreadful note.
‘Cloistered flight’ is a linguistic creativity
‘Hecate’ is a mythological reference
‘shard-borne’ is a linguistic creativity
‘Cloistered flight’ is a linguistic creativity
‘drowsy hums’ is personification
‘yawning peal’ is a personification
FLIGHT
BEETLE
BEETLE’S SOUND
BELL
CLOISTERED
SHARD-BORN
SLEEPY
YAWNS
FLIGHT IS CLOISTERED
BEETLE IS SHARD BORN
A BEETLE’S SOUND IS A PERSON (DROWSY)
BELL IS A PERSON (YAWNING)
Be innocent of the knowledge, ...Till thou applaud the deed. Come, seeling night, Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day, And with thy bloody and invisible hand Cancel and tear to pieces that great bond Which keeps me pale! Light thickens, and the crow(55) Makes wing to the rooky wood:
Conceptual creativity
Clothing
Colour
Creative metaphor
‘eye of the pitiful day’ is a personification
‘invisible hand’ is a personification
‘light thickens’ is a Biblical reference68
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
DARKNESS
DAY
NIGHT
LIFE
KILLING
KILLING
FEAR
INNOCENCE
SCARFS UP
HAS AN EYE
HAS A HAND
BOND
TERMINATING A BOND
TEARING THE BOND
PALENESS
OBJECT
THE LACK OF KNOWLEDGE IS INNOCENCE
DARKNESS ISCLOTHING (SCARFS UP)
DAY IS A PERSON (WITH AN EYE)
NIGHT IS A PERSON (HAS A HAND)
LIFE IS A CONTRACT
KILLING IS TERMINATING THE CONTRACT OF LIFE
KILLING IS TEARING THE CONTRACT OF LIFE
FEAR IS PALENESS/COLOUR
LIGHT IS AN OBJECT (THICKENS)
68 Psalms 104.20: "Thou makest darkness, and it is night: wherein all the beasts of the forest do creep forth."
71
LIGHT
72
Good things of day begin to droop and drowse, Whiles night's black agents to their preys do rouse.
Animals ‘droop and drowse’ is a personification and a creative metaphor
THINGS
FORCES OF MAGIC
VICTIM OF MAGIC
DROWSE
PREDATORS
PREY
THINGS ARE PERSONS (THAT DROWSE)
THE FORCES OF MAGIC ARE PREDATORS
THE VICTIM OF MAGIC IS A PREY (MAGIC)
my heart speaks they are welcome.
‘heart speaks’ is a personifica
HEART SPEAKS THE HEART IS A PERSON (SPEAKS)
73
tion
See, they encounter thee with their hearts’ thanks
‘hearts’ thanks’ is a personification
HEART THANKS THE HEART IS A PERSON (THANKS)
Be large in mirth Orientational QUANTITY SIZE QUANTITY IS SIZE
Then comes my fit again: I had else been perfect, Whole as the marble, founded as the rock, As broad and general as the casing air:(25) But now I am cabin'd, cribb'd, confined, bound in To saucy doubts and fears
Creative blending of metaphors
Creative metaphor
‘comes my fit’ is personification
‘whole as the marble’ is a simile
‘founded as the rock’ is a simile
‘general as the casing air’ is a simile
‘saucy doubts’ is a personification
FIT
MAN
MAN
MAN
DOUBTS
DOUBTS
COMES
MARBLE
ROCK
AIR
SAUCY
CONFINE
FIT (OF FEAR) IS A PERSON (COMES)
MAN IS A SOLID OBJECT (MARBLE)
MAN IS A SOLID OBJECT (ROCK)
MAN IS NOT A SOILD OBJECT (AIR)
DOUBTSARE PERSONS (RUDE)
DOUBTS ARE JAILS
There the grown serpent lies; the worm that's fled Hath nature that in time will venom breed,
Animals ENEMY
SMALL ENEMY
ANIMOSITY
SERPENT
WORM
VENOM
ENEMY IS A DANGEROUS ANIMAL (SERPENT)
A SMALL ENEMY IS A LESS DANGEROUS ANIMAL (WORM)
ANIMOSITY IS VENOM
To feed were best at home; (40) From thence the sauce to meat is ceremony; Meeting were bare without it.
Conceptual creativity
Clothing
Creative metaphor
‘meeting were bare’ is a personification
CEREMONY
CEREMONY
MEETING
SAUCE
CLOTHING
BARE
CEREMONY IS AN APPETIZER (SAUCE)
CEREMONY IS CLOTHING
MEETING IS A PERSON (BARE)
74
Sweet remembrancer!
Now good digestion wait on appetite, And health on both!
‘digestion wait on’ is a personification
‘health on both’ is a personification
OBJECT OF LOVE
DIGESTION
HEALTH
SWEET
FOLLOWS
FOLLOWS
THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS AN APPETIZER (SWEET)
DIGESTION IS A PERSON (FOLLOWS)
HEALTH IS A PERSON (FOLLOWS)
This is the very painting of your fear; This is the air-drawn dagger which... Led you to Duncan.
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
‘painting of your fear’ is a personification
‘dagger which led’ is a personification
FEAR
DAGGER
PAINTER
LEADS
FEAR IS A PERSON (PAINTER)
A DAGGER IS A PERSON (LEADS)
If charnel houses and our graves must send (85) Those that we bury back, our monuments Shall be the maws of kites.
Conceptual creativity
Animals
Creative metaphor
‘send those’ is personification
CHARNEL HOUSES
GRAVE
MONUMENTS
LIVING PEOPLE
SEND
SENDS
MAWS OF PREDATORS
PREYS
CHARNEL HOUSES ARE PERSONS (SEND)
GRAVE IS A PERSON (SENDS)
MONUMENTS ARE MAWS OF PREDATORS
LIVING PEOPLE ARE PREYS TO MONUMENTS
What, quite unmann'd in folly?
Linguistic creativity
‘unmanned’ is an example of linguistic creativity
FRAILTY LOSING MANHOOD
FRAILTY IS LOSING MANHOOD
Blood hath been shed ere now ... Ere humane statute purged the gentle weal; ... and since too, murders have been perform'd ...now they rise
Body politic metaphor
‘blood is shed’ is an idiom
LAW
CRIME
COMMUNITY
CLEANSER
DISEASE
BODY
CROWN
LAW IS A CLEANSER
CRIME IS A DISEASE
COMMUNITY IS BODY
HEAD IS A CROWN
75
again, With twenty mortal murders on their crowns, And push us from our stools.
HEAD
Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear, (120) The arm'd rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger; Take any shape but that, and my firm nerves Shall never tremble...If trembling I inhabit then, protest me (125) The baby of a girl.
Creative extension
Historical reference to the Hyrcan tiger
Clothing
Animals
Creative extension
‘like the rugged Russian bear’ is a simile
‘armed rhinoceros’ is a personification
A DEAD PERSON
A DEAD PERSON
A DEAD PERSON
FUR
RHINO
COURAGE
COWARDIC
E
COWARDICE
COWARDIC
RUGGED BEAR
AN ARMED RHINOCEROS
A HYRCAN TIGER
RUGGED
ARMED
FIRMNESS
SHAKING
INFANCY
GENBDER-RELATED
A DEAD PERSON IS A RUGGED BEAR
A DEAD PERSON IS AN ARMED RHINOCEROS
A DEAD PERSON IS A HYRCAN TIGER
FUR IS CLOTHING
RHINO IS A PERSON (ARMED)
COURAGE IS FIRMNESS OF NERVES
COWARDICE IS SHAKING
COWARDICE IS INFANCE
COWARDICE IS GENDER-RELATED
You have displaced the mirth, broke the (130) good meeting, With most admired disorder
Creative metaphor
Creative metaphor
‘displaced the mirth’ is a
personification
MIRTH
MEETING
SPOILING
DISPLACED
FRAGILE OBJECT
BREAKING
MIRTH IS A PERSON (DISPLACED)
MEETING IS A FRAGILE OBJECT
SPOILING IS BREAKING
Can such things be, And overcome69 us like a summer's cloud...? You
Creative extension
Creative metaphor
‘like a summer cloud’ is a
NORMALITY
SUMMER CLOUD
NORMALITY IS A SUMMER CLOUD
69 “The meaning is, can such wonders as these pass over us without wonder, as a casual summer cloud passes over us?” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 137)
76
make me strange (135) ...When ... you can behold such sights, And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks When mine is blanch'd with fear.
simile
simile
‘ruby of your cheeks’ is metonymy for rose colour of the cheeks
EMOTION
FEAR
COURAGE
COLOUR
WHITE
RUBY
EMOTION IS COLOUR
FEAR IS WHITE
COURAGE IS A GEMSTONE (RUBY)
It will have blood: they say blood will have blood. Stones have been known to move and trees to speak; (150) Augures and understood relations have By maggot pies and choughs and rooks brought forth The secret'st man of blood. What is the night?
‘it will have blood’ is a Biblical reference70
Animals (Biblical animal)
‘stones..move’ is a personification
‘trees...speak’ is a personification
‘man of blood’ is metonymy for ‘murderer’
STONES
TREES
MURDERER
MOVE
SPEAK
MAN OF BLOOD
STONES ARE PERSONS (MOVE)
TREES ARE PERSONS (SPEAK)
A MURDERER IS MAN OF BLOOD
For mine own good All causes shall give way.
‘causes shall give way’ is a personifications
CAUSES GIVE WAY CAUSES ARE PERSONS (GIVE WAY)
I am in blood (165) Stepp'd in so far that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go o'er. Strange things I have in head that will to hand,
Creative extension
Creative extension
BLOOD
KILLING
REPENTING
HEAD
RIVER
WADING THROUGH
RETURNING
CONTAINER
BLOOD IS A RIVER
KILLING IS WADING THROUGH A RIVER
REPENTING IS RETURNING
THE HEAD IS A CONTAINER
70 Genesis 9.6: "Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed". Also a reference to Genesis 4.10: "The voice of thy brother's blood cryeth unto Me from the earth, therefore thou art cursed from the earth."
77
Which must be acted ere they may be scann'd.
You lack the season of all natures, sleep
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
SLEEP SEASON OF ALL NATURES
SLEEP IS THE SEASON OF ALL NATURES (LIVING THINGS)
My strange and self-abuse Is the initiate fear that wants hard use. We are yet but young in deed.
EXPERIENCE
QUANTITY
EXPERIENCE
HARD USE
SOLIODNESS
AGE
EXPERIENCE IS HARD USE
QUANTITY IS SOLIDNESS
EXPERIENCE IS AGE
How did you dare
To trade and traffic with Macbeth In riddles and affairs of death;(5)
INTERACTION
RIDDLES
TRADE
OBJECT OF TRADE
INTERACTION IS TRADING
RIDDLES ARE THE OBJECT OF TRADING
And I ...Was never call'd to bear my part, Or show the glory of our art? Upon the corner of the moon There hangs a vaporous drop profound; I'll catch it ere it come to ground.(25) And that distill'd by magic sleights
Shall raise such artificial sprites
Orientational ACTING
ROLE
GLORY
IMPORTANCE
MAGIC
BEARING AN OBJECT
AN OBJECT
OBJECT OF SEEING
PROFOUNDNESS
PHYSICAL FORCE/RAISE
ACTING IS BEARING AN OBJECT
ROLE IS AN OBJECT
GLORY IS THE OBJECT OF SEEING
IMPORTANCE IS PROFOUNDNESS
MAGIC IS A PHYSICAL FORCE/RAISE
As by the strength of their illusion Shall draw him on to his confusion.
Orientational
‘security is mortals’ chiefest enemy’ is a
MAGIC
MAGIC
HAS STRENGTH
DRAW
AN OBJECT
MAGIC IS A PHYSICAL FORCE (STRENGTH)
MAGIC IS A PHYSICAL FORCE (DRAW)
78
He shall spurn fate, scorn death, and bear (30) His hopes ’bove wisdom, grace, and fear. And you all know security Is mortals’ chiefest enemy.
Biblical reference71
‘security is mortals’ chiefest enemy’ is personification
HOPE
QUANTITY
SECURITY
HEIGHT
ENEMY
HOPE IS AN OBJECT
QUANTITY IS HEIGHT
SECURITY IS A PERSON (ENEMY)
My former speeches have but hit your thoughts...
Did he not straight, In pious rage, the two delinquents tear, That were the slaves of drink and thralls of sleep? Was not that nobly done? Ay...
For ’twould have anger'd any heart alive (15) ...
‘speeches have but hit’ is a personification
‘pious rage’ is a personification
‘slaves of drink’ is a personification
‘thralls of sleep’ is a personification
‘angered any heart alive’ is a personification
‘heart’ is metonymy for man ‘part for whole’
SPEECH
THOUGHT
COMMUNICATING
RAGE
TEARS
DRINK
TEARS
HEART
HEART
HITSOBJECT OF HITTING
A PHYSICAL FORCE
PIOUS
SLAVES TO DRINK
MASTERSLAVES TO SLEEP
OBJECT OF ANGER
MAN
SPEECH IS A PERSON (HITS)
THOUGHT IS THE OBJECT OF HITTING
COMMUNICATION IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
RAGE IS A PERSON (PIOUS)
TEARS ARE PERSONS (SLAVES TO DRINK)
DRINK IS A PERSON (MASTER)
TEARS ARE PERSONS (SLAVES TO SLEEP)
HEART IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF ANGER)
HEART IS MAN (WHOLE)
had he Duncan's sons under his key—
Orientational ‘under his key’ is an idiom for
AUTHORITY
HEIGHT AUTHORITY IS HEIGHT (UNDER)
71 Ecclus. 5.7: "Make no tarrying to turn unto the Lord, and put not off from day to day: for suddenly shall the wrath of the Lord break forth and in thy security thou shalt be destroyed"; and also in 1 Corinthians 10.12: "Wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth, take heed lest he fall."
79
As, an't please heaven, he shall not—
For from broad words,..., Macduff lives in disgrace
‘in his prison’
‘under his key’ is based on an orientational metaphor
BOLDNESS
LIFE STYLE
BREADTH
CONTAINER
BOLDNESS IS BREADTH
LIFE STYLE IS A CONTAINER
80
the malevolence of fortune nothing Takes from his high respect.
‘malevolence of fortune’ is a mythological reference
Orientational
FORTUNE
RESPECT
GODDESS
HEIGHT
FORTUNE IS GODDESS
RESPECT IS HEIGHT
Thither Macduff (30) Is gone to pray the holy King, upon his aid To wake Northumberland and warlike Siward; That... we may again Give to our tables meat, sleep to our nights,(35) Free from our feasts and banquets bloody knives
Creative metaphor
Creative metaphor
‘give to our tables meat’ is a personification
‘sleep to our nights’ is a personification
‘free from...knives’ is a personification
‘banquets bloody knives’ is metonymy for ‘the banquets of the murderous king’
ADJURATION
TABLE
SLEEP
NIGHT
KNIVES
WAKING
OBJECT OF GIVING
GIVEN
OBJECT OF GIVING
AUTHORITY
ADJURATION IS WAKING
TABLE IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF GIVING)
SLEEP IS AN OBJECT THAT IS GIVEN
THE NIGHT IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF GIVING)
KNIVES ARE AUTHORITY (THAT RESTRICT FREEDOM)
The cloudy messenger turns me his back, And hums, as who should say, “You'll rue the time That clogs me with this answer.”(45)
‘cloudy messenger’ is a creative metaphor
‘cloudy messenger’ is a creative metaphor
‘the time that clogs me’ is a personification
MESSENGER
TIME ANSWER
CLOUDY
CLOGS
HEAVY OBJECT
A PERSON IS WEATHER (MESSENGER IS CLOUDY)
TIME IS A PERSON (CLOGS)
ANSWER IS A HEAVY OBJECT
And that well might
‘unfold his message’ is a
‘wisdom can
DISTANCE HELD DISTANCE IS AN OBJECT THAT
81
Advise him..., to hold what distance His wisdom can provide. Some holy angel Fly to the court of England and unfold His message ere he come, that a swift blessing (50) May soon return to this our suffering country Under a hand accursed!
conduit metaphor
‘under an accursed hand’ is an orientational metaphor
provide’ is a personification
‘to hold the distance’ is an idiom for ‘keep the distance
‘country’ is metonymy for ‘the people’
‘suffering country’ is a personification
‘hand’ is metonymy for Macbeth
WISDOM
MESSAGE
BLESSING
COUNTRY
COUNTRY
HAND
SUFFERING
PROVIDES
A CLOSED OBJECT
SWIFT
SUFFERS
PEOPLE OF COUNTRY
MACBETH
BEING UNDER
IS HELD
WISDOM IS A PERSON (PROVIDES)
MESSAGE IS A CLOSED OBJECT
BLESSING IS A MOVING OBJECT (SWIFT)
COUNTRY IS A PERSON (SUFFERS)
COUNTRY IS THE PEOPLE OF THE COUNTRY
THE HAND IS THE PERSON (MACBETH)
SUFFERING IS BEING UNDER
Harpier cries,‘Tis time, ’tis time.”
Mythological Ref72
HARPIER SNATCHERS HARPIER IS THE SNATCHERS WHO PUNISH WRONGDOERS
I conjure you, by that which you profess...
Though you untie the winds and let them fight
Creative extension
Animals
‘bladed corn be lodged’73 is
Creative extension
‘slope their
MAGIC
WIND
PROFESSING
TIED UP
FIGHTS
MAGIC IS FAITH
THE WIND IS A BEAST (UNTIE)
THE WIND IS A BEAST
72 ‘Harper’ is thought to be “a misspelling or misprint for harpy” (Shakespeare, W. 1807: 150). “In Greek myth, the Harpies (meaning ‘snatchers’) were female monsters who caused mischief, tormented wrongdoers, and carried souls to the underworld. They were known for their hideous appearance and smell” (Littleton, Scott C. 2005: 611)
73 “We are to recollect that ‘bladed’ corn is never ‘lodged,’ or layed; but corn which is heavy in the ear is often borne down by wind and rain. Sh. Must have been aware that green corn, or corn in the blade, is not liable to be affected by violent weather. Hence we may infer that he wrote... ‘bleaded corn,’ which means, in some of the provinces, and perhaps in Warwickshire, ripe corn, corn ready for the sickle.” (Furness, H. H, ed. 1873 :205)
“Hast thou not heard, how I have of old time made it, and have formed it long ago? And should I now bring it, that it should be destroyed, and laid on ruinous heaps, as cities defenced?
82
Against the churches, though the yeasty waves Confound and swallow navigation up,(55) Though bladed corn be lodged...
Though palaces and pyramids do slope Their heads to their foundations, though the treasure Of nature's germens tumble all together (60) Even till destruction sicken, answer me
a Biblical image
‘nature’s germens’ are “seeds of matter”74
Colour
Planting
heads’ is personification
‘palaces and pyramids do slope their heads to their foundations’ is a personification
‘destruction sicken’ is a personification
WIND
CHURCHES
SINKING
WAVES
GREEN CORN
UNRIPE CORN
COLOUR
COLOUR
PYRAMID
PALACE
MAN
DESTRUCTION
OBJECT OF FIGHTING
SWALLOWING
CONFOUND AND SWALLOW
BLADED
GREEN
AGE
SHAPE
HAS A HEAD
HAS HEAD
PLANT
SICKENS
(FIGHTS)
CHRUCHES ARE THE OBJHECT OF FIGHTING
SINKING IS SWALLOWING
WAVES ARE A DEVOURING BEAST
GREEN CORN IS BLADED
UNRIPE CORN IS GREEN
COLOUR IS AGE
COLOUR IS SHAPE
PYRAMID IS A PERCON (HAS A HEAD)
PALACE IS A PERSON (HAS A HEAD)
MAN IS A PLANT (WITH SEEDS)
DESTRUCTION IS A PERSON (SICKENS)
Thou hast harp'd my fear aright
Creative novel creative metaphor
FEAR
EMOTION
MUSIC
MUSIC
FEAR IS MUSIC
EMOTION IS MUSIC
Whose inhabitants have small power, and are afraid, and confounded: they are like the grass of the field, and green herb, or grass on ye house tops, or as corn blasted before it be grown.” (Geneva Bible, 2 Kings 19: 25-26)
74 “seeds of matter” (Curry, Walter Clyde 1932: 16); “approximately equivalent to our genetic code” (Frye, Roland Mushat 1998 :85)
الخليقة بذور nature83
I'll make assurance double sure, And take a bond of fate: thou shalt not live, That I may tell pale-hearted fear it lies, And sleep in spite of thunder. ..What is this, That rises like the issue of a king, And wears upon his baby brow the round And top of sovereignty?
Colour ‘bond of fate’ is personification
‘pale hearted fear ‘ is an extended personification
‘round and top of sovereignty’ is metonymy of ‘crown’
FATE
FEAR
FEAR
FEAR
CROWN
GIVES BOND
HAS A HEART
PALE
LIES
ROUND AND TOP OF SOVEREIGNTY
FATE IS A PERSON (GIVES BOND)
FEAR IS A PERSON (PALEHEARTED)
FEAR IS COLOUR (PALE)
FEAR IS A PERSON (LIES)
CROWN IS ROUND AND TOP OF SOVEREIGNTY
Be lion-mettled ... Macbeth shall never vanquish’d be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill Shall come against him.
Historical relevance75
Animals
‘Great Birnam...shall come’ is a personification
BRAVE
WOOD
LION-METTLED
COMES AGAINST
BRAVE IS LION-METTLED (ANIMALS)
WOOD IS A PERSON (ENEMY)
Rebellion's head, rise never, till the Wood Of Birnam rise, and our high-placed Macbeth (110) Shall live the lease of nature, pay his breath To time and mortal custom. Yet my heart
Orientational
‘live the lease of nature’ is a creative extension of ‘life is a contract’
‘live the lease of nature’ is a creative extension of ‘life is a contract’
‘rebellions’ head..’ is a personification
REBELLION
CHALLENGING
AUTHORITY
HAS HEAD
RISING HEAD
HIGH
CONTRACT
CONTRACT
REBELLION IS A PERSON (WITH A HEAD)
CHALLENGING IS RISING HEAD
AUTHORITY IS HEIGHT/ORIENTATION
75 This is similar to the historical account of an Arab figure called Zarqa’ al-Yamamah. “A single Tasmi escape and succeeds in persuading the King of Himyar, Hassan, to mount a campaing of revenge against Jadis. He informs the King that he has a sister (the famous Kahina Zarqa’ al-Yamama) married among the Jadis who has an extremely far-reaching sight and might warn Jadis of the approach of the army. They use the ‘march of Birnam Wood’ ruse (as in Macbeth); consequently, the abstruse report of Zarqa’ al-Yamama meets with little credence among the Jadis.” (Khanam, R. (ed.) 2005: 741)
On the similarity between this and the story of Zarqa’ al-Yamama, see also (Ghazoul, Ferial J. Winter 1998)84
Throbs to know one thing:
‘head rise’ is metonymy for challenging
‘pay his breath to time’ is a personification
‘live the lease of nature’ is a novel metaphor
LIFE
TIME
DEATH
DEATH
BREATH
DESIRE
OR
MORTAL CUSTOM
CONTRACTORPAID OUT
HEART THROBBING
LIFE IS A CONTRACT
TIME IS A PERSON (CONTRACTOR)
DEATH IS MORTAL CUSTOM
DEATH IS A CONTRACTOR/PERSON
BREATH IS MONEY (PAID)
DESIRE IS HEART THROBBING
Deny me this, And an eternal curse fall on you
CURSE HEAVY OBJECT
CURSE IS A HEAVY OBJECT
85
Thy crown does sear mine eyeballs. And thy hair, Thou other gold-bound brow, is like the first. ... Start, eyes! What, will the line stretch out to the crack of doom? (130) ...Now I see ’tis true;(135)
Creative76
Cross-sensory
‘blood-boltered’ is a linguistic creative metaphor77
Creative metaphor78
‘blood-boltered’ is a linguistic creative metaphor79
‘gold-bound brow’ is ‘part for whole metonymy’
‘crack of
SEEING
OBJECT OF SEEING
GOLDEN-HAIRED PERSON
SEQUENCE
CONTINUATION
TOUCHING
FIRE
GOLD-BOUND BROW
A STRING
STRETCHING
JUDGEMENT DAY
SEEING IS TOUCHING80
THE OBJECT OF SEEING IS FIRE
GOLDEN-HAIRED PERSON IS GOLD-BOUND BROW
SEQUENCE IS A STRING
CONTINUATION IS STRETCHING
THE CRACK OF DOOM IS 76 “Crown.—A burning crown, as the punishment of regicides, or other criminals, is probably alluded to by Anne in "Richard III.," (iv. 1):—...
Mr Singer,...quotes from Chettle's "Tragedy of Hoffman" (1631), where this punishment is introduced:—
‘Fix on thy master's head my burning crown.’ (Dyer, T. T. F. 1883: 409)
77 “Blood-boltered has been entirely misunderstood. It is a provincial term, well known in Warwickshire, and ‘probably in some other’ counties. When a horse, sheep, or other animal, perspires much, and any of the hair or wool, in consequence of such perspiration, or any redundant humour, becomes matted in tufts with grime and sweat, he is said to be bolstered; and whenever the blood issues out, and coagulates, forming the locks into hard clotted bunches, the beast is said to be blood-boltered. This precisely agrees with the account already given of the murder of Banquo, who was killed by a wound in the head, and thrown into a ditch; wuith the filth of which, and the blood issuing from his wounds, his hair would necessarily be hardened and coagulated. He ought, therefore, to be represented, both here and at the banquet, with his hair clotted with blood.” (Smollett, Tobias George ed. 1791: 369)
78 “Crown.—A burning crown, as the punishment of regicides, or other criminals, is probably alluded to by Anne in "Richard III.," (iv. 1):—...
Mr Singer,...quotes from Chettle's "Tragedy of Hoffman" (1631), where this punishment is introduced:—
‘Fix on thy master's head my burning crown.’ (Dyer, T. T. F. 1883: 409)
79 “Blood-boltered has been entirely misunderstood. It is a provincial term, well known in Warwickshire, and ‘probably in some other’ counties. When a horse, sheep, or other animal, perspires much, and any of the hair or wool, in consequence of such perspiration, or any redundant humour, becomes matted in tufts with grime and sweat, he is said to be bolstered; and whenever the blood issues out, and coagulates, forming the locks into hard clotted bunches, the beast is said to be blood-boltered. This precisely agrees with the account already given of the murder of Banquo, who was killed by a wound in the head, and thrown into a ditch; wuith the filth of which, and the blood issuing from his wounds, his hair would necessarily be hardened and coagulated. He ought, therefore, to be represented, both here and at the banquet, with his hair clotted with blood.” (Smollett, Tobias George ed. 1791: 369)
80 “An image conquers, masters, enslaves, engrosses him; he is in its leash; he obeys and cringes. Sight has for him the power of touch: the crown sears his eyeballs; the bloody hands pluck out his eyes.” (Firkins, Oscar W. 1933: 261)
86
Let this pernicious hour Stand aye accursed in the calendar!
‘pernicious hour’ is a Biblical reference81
‘pernicious hour’ is a personification
HOUR
TIME
PERNICIOUS
OBJECT OF CURSE
HOUR IS A PERSON (PERNICIOUS)
TIME IS THE OBJECT OF CURSE
Infected be the air whereon they ride,
Creative Creative metaphor
AIR HORSE AIR IS HORSE
’Tis two or three, my lord, that bring you word
‘conduit metaphor’
MESSAGE AN OBJECT MESSAGE IS AN OBJECT
Time, thou anticipatest my dread exploits. The flighty purpose never is o'ertook Unless the deed go with it.
From this moment The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand.
And even now, (165) To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done: The castle of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife; give to the edge o’ the sword
Conceptual creative extension where the body parts turn into breeding organisms that give birth to desires and actions (their offspring)
Conceptual creative extension where the body parts turn into breeding organisms that give birth to desires and actions (their offspring)
‘time, though anticipates’ is a personification
‘unless the deed go’ is a personificaation
‘firstlings of my heart’ is metonymy for
TIME
SPEED
INTENTION
DEED
DESIRE
ACTS
HEART
HAND
ACTS
THOUGHTS
CASTLE
SWORD
ANTICIPATES
FLIGHT
JOURNEY
GOES
FIRSTLINGS
FIRSTLINGS
BREEDS
BREEDS
CROWNS
CROWNED
SURPRISED
OBJECT OF GIVING
GIVING TO THE SWORD
TIME IS A PERSON (ANTICIPATES)
SPEED IS FLIGHT
INTENTION IS A JOURNEY
DEED IS A PERSON (GOES)DESIRES ARE THE OFFSPRINGS OF THE HEART
ACTS ARE THE OFFSPRINGS OF THE HAND
THE HEART BREEDS DESIRES
THE HAND BREEDS ACTIONS
ACTS ARE CROWNS
THOUGHTS ARE PERSONS (CROWNED WITH ACTS)
CASTLE IS A PERSON (AN ENEMY)
SWORD IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF GIVING)
KILLING IS GIVING TO THE
81 "Let darkness and the shadow of death stain it: let the cloud remain upon it, and let them make it fearful as a bitter day. Let darkness possess that night, let it not be joined unto the days of the year, nor let it come into the count of months."
87
His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line. No boasting like a fool; (170) This deed I'll do before this purpose cool.
‘desires’
‘firstlings of my hand’ is metonymy for ‘actions’
‘crown my thoughts with acts’ is an
KILLING
ENTHUSIASM
PURPOSE
HEAT
COOLS
SWORD
ENTHUSIASM IS HEAT
PURPOSE IS AN OBHJECT THAT COOLS DOWN
88
extended personification
‘castle..will surprise’ is a personification
‘give to the
89
edge of sword’ is a personification
‘give to the edge of the sword’ is metonymy
90
for ‘kill’
He wants the natural touch
All is the fear and nothing is the love
Creative extension
‘all is the fear…’ is a Biblical metaphor82
Creative extension
AFFECTION
FEAR
LOVE
TOUCH
EVERYTHING
NOTHING
AFFECTION IS A TOUCH
FEAR IS EVERYTHING
LOVE IS NOTHING
your husband, ...knows (20) The fits o’ the season. ...But cruel are the times, when we ... float upon a wild and violent sea (25) Each way and move. ..Things at the worst will cease, or else climb upward To what they were before.
‘fits of the season’ is a personification
‘cruel are the times’
is a personification
FLUCTUATION
SEASON
TIME
FEAR
MAN
SUFFERING
EVENTS
SICKNESS
PATIENT
CRUELSEA
WOOD
FLOATING
MOVE UPWARDS
FLUCTUATION IS SICKNESS
SEASON IS A PERSON (PATIENT)
TIME IS A PERSON (CRUEL)
FEAR IS A WILD AND VIOLENT SEA
MAN IS WOOD
SUFFERING IS FLOATING
INCIDENTS ARE WAVES
82 1 John 4.18: "There is no fear in love; but perfect love casteth out fear: because fear hath torment."91
Poor bird! Thou'ldst never fear the net nor (40) lime, The pitfall nor the gin.
Animals CHILD
TROUBLE
TROUBLE
BIRD
NET
LIME
CHILD IS A BIRD (ANIMAL)
TROUBLE IS NET
TROUBLE IS LIME
God help thee, poor monkey
Animals CHILD MONKEY CHILD IS A MONKEY (AN ANIMAL)
92
I doubt some danger does approach you nearly
DANGER APPROACHES
DANGER IS A MOVING OBJECT (APPROACHES)
Young fry of treachery!
Animals TREACHERY
HAS FRY TREACHERY IS FISH (HAS FRY)
Let us seek out some desolate shade and there Weep our sad bosoms empty.
‘desolate shade’ is metonymy for ‘safe place’
SAFE PLACE
BOSOM
SADNESS
CRYING
DESOLATE SHADE
CONTAINER
LIQUID
EMPTYING THE BOSOM OF SADNESS
A SAFE PLACE IS A DESOLATE SHADE
BOSOM IS A CONTAINER
SADNESS IS A LIQUID
CRYING IS EMPTYING THE BOSOM OF SADNESS
Let us rather Hold fast the mortal sword, and ...Bestride our downfall'n birthdom. (5) ...new sorrows Strike heaven on the face, that it resounds As if it felt with Scotland and yell'd out Like syllable of dolor.
‘new sorrows strike’ is personification
‘strike heaven on the face’ is a personification
‘as if it felt with Scotland’ is a personification
‘and yelled out’ is a personification
BIRTHDOM
COUNTRY
SORROW
HEAVEN
HEAVEN
HEAVEN
BESTRIDEN
BUILDING
STRIKES
HAS A FACEFEELS
YELLS
BIRTHDOM IS A FENCE
COUNTRY IS A BUILDING
SORROW IS A PERSON (STRIKES)
HEAVEN IS A PERSON (WITH A FACE)
HEAVEN IS A PERSON (FEELS WITH)
HEAVEN IS A PERSON (YELLS OUT)
This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our tongues, Was once thought honest. ...He hath not touch'd you yet. I
Animal
‘wisdom to offer’ is a personification
NAME
HARMING
VICTIM
AUTHORIT
BLISTERS
TOUCHING
LAMB
GOD
NAME IS AN INFECTION (BLISTERS)
HARMING IS TOUCHING
A VICTIM IS A LAMB (ANIMAL)
93
am young, but something You may deserve of him through me, and wisdom To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb To appease an angry god.
Y AUTHORITY IS GOD
virtuous nature may recoil In an imperial charge. .. Angels are bright still, though the brightest fell. (25) Though all things foul would wear the brows of grace, Yet grace must still look so.
‘the Brightest fell’ is a Biblical reference
Clothing
‘virtuous nature may recoil’ is a personification
‘the brows of grace’ is a personification
HUMAN NATURE
PRETENDING
BROWS
GRACE
RECOILS
WEARING
CLOTHES
HAS BROWS
HUMAN NATURE IS A PERSON (WITHDRAWS)
PRETENDING IS WEARING
BROWS ARE CLOTHES
GRACE IS A PERSON (WITH BROWS)
Why in that rawness left ... (30) Those precious motives, those strong knots of love...? I pray you, Let not my jealousies be your dishonors,
Clothing LACK OF PROTECTION
OBJECT OF LOVE
OBJECT OF LOVE
RAWNESS
PRECIOUS MOTIVE
KNOT
THE LACK OF PROTECTION IS RAWNESS (NAKEDNESS)
OBJECT OF LOVE IS A PRECIOUS MOTIVE
OBJECT OF LOVE IS A KNOT
Bleed, bleed, poor country! Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure, For goodness dare not check thee. Wear thou thy wrongs; The title is affeer'd. Fare thee well, lord. I would not be
Clothing ‘bleed, poor country’ is a personification
‘Great tyranny’ is a personification
COUNTRY
TYRANNY
TYRANNY
GOODNESS
WRONGS
BLEEDSOBJECT OF SPEAKING
HAS BASIS
DARES
CLOTHES
WEARING
GRASP
COUNTRY IS A PERSON (BLEEDS)
TYRANNY IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF SPEAKING)
TYRANNY IS BUILDING (WITH A BASIS)
GOODNESS IS A PERSON (DARES)
WRONGS ARE CLOTHES
94
the villain that thou think'st(40) For the whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp
‘goodness dare not’ is a personification
SHOWING
CONTROL
SHOWING IS WEARING
CONTROL IS GRASP
I think our country sinks beneath the yoke; (45) It weeps, it bleeds, and each new day a gash Is added to her wounds. I think withal There would be hands uplifted in my right; And here from gracious England have I offer Of goodly thousands. But ... When I shall tread upon the tyrant's head, Or wear it on my sword, yet my poor country Shall have more vices than it had before
Orientational
animals
‘tread upon the tyrant’s head’ is Biblical reference83
SUFFERING
TYRANNY
COUNTRY
OPPRESSING
ENGLAND
AUTHORITY
DEFEATING
DEFEATING
HEAD
SWORD
SINKINGYOKE
AN ANIMAL
WOUNDING
KING OF ENGLAND
BE-ALL
TREADING
WEARING THE HEAD ON THE SWORD
WORN ON SWORD
OBJECT OF WEARING
SUFFERING IS SINKING BENEATH (ORIENTATION)
TYRANNY IS A YOKE
COUNTRY IS AN ANIMAL
OPPRESSING IS WOUNDING
ENGLAND IS KING OF ENGLAND
AUTHORITY IS BE-ALL
DEFEATING IS TREADING ON THE HEAD
DEFEATING IS WEARING THE HEAD ON THE SWORD
HEAD IS CLOTHES (WORN ON SWORD)
SWORD IS BODY (THE OBJECT OF WEARING)
It is myself I mean, in whom I know All the particulars of vice so grafted That, when they shall be open'd, black Macbeth Will seem as pure as snow, and the poor state(60) Esteem him as a lamb,
Creative metaphor
Planting
Colours
Creative metaphor
‘as pure as snow’ is a simile
‘as a lamb’ is a simile
EVIL PURITY
COLOUR
MAN
VICES
LESS EVIL
BLACK
SNOWCOLOUR
MORAL VALUE
GRAFTED
LIVING TISSUES
SNOWWHITE
EVIL IS BLACK
PURITY IS WHITENESS (SNOWCOLOUR)
COLOUR HAS A MORAL VALUE
MAN IS A PLANT (GRAFTED WITH ANOTHER LIVING TISSUE)
VICES ARE LIVING TISSUES
83 Psalms 108.13: "Through God we shall do valiantly; for he shall tread down our enemies."95
LESS EVIL LAMB LESS EVIL IS SNOWWHITE
A LESS EVIL PERSON IS A LAMB (ANIMl)
Not in the legionsOf horrid hell can come a devil more damn'dIn evils to top Macbeth
Biblical reference84
85 EVIL CONTAINER EVIL IS A CONTAINER
But there's no bottom, none, In my voluptuousness. Your wives... could not fill up The cistern of my lust, and my desire All continent impediments would o'erbear That did oppose my will.
Orientational
‘my lust...would overbear’ is a personification
‘impediments...that oppose my will’ is a personification
LIMIT
VOLUPTUOUSNESS
OBJECT OF LUST
LUST
LUST
IMPEDIMENTS
LUSTING
BOTTOM
CONTAINER
LIQUID
CONTAINER
OVERBEARS
OPPONENT
WAR
A LIMIT IS A BOTTOM/ORIENTATION
VOLUPTUOUSNESS IS A CONTAINER
THE OBJECT OF LUST IS LIQUID
LUST IS A CONTAINER
LUST IS A PERSON (A FIGHTER WHO OVERBEARS)
IMPEDIMENTS IS AN OPPONENT
LUSTING IS A WAR
Boundless intemperance ... hath been The untimely emptying of the happy throne, And fall of many kings. ... You may (80) Convey your pleasures in a spacious plenty And yet seem cold...
Orientational
Animals
‘happy throne’ is a personification
‘greatness’ is a metonymy for authority
THRONE
THRONE
LOSING POWER
LOSING POWER
CONTAINER
HAPPY
EMPTYING THE THRONE
FALLING OFF THE THRONE
THRONE IS A CONTAINER
THRONE IS A HAPPY PERSON
LOSING POWER IS EMPTYING THE THRONE
LOSING POWER IS FALLING OFF THE THRONE (ORIENTATIONAL)
84 In Luke 8.30, Jesus asks an insane man, "What is thy name? And he said, Legion: because many devils were entered into him."
85 In Luke 8.30, Jesus asks an insane man, "What is thy name? And he said, Legion: because many devils were entered into him."
96
We have willing dames enough; there cannot be That vulture in you, to devour so many As will to greatness dedicate themselves,(85) Finding it so
CHASTITY
LUSTFULNESS
OBJECT OF LUST
AUTHORITY
COLDNESS
DEVOURING
PREY
GREATNESS
CHASTITY IS COLDNESS
LUSTFULNESS IS PREDATION (ANIMAL)
THE OBJECT OF LUST IS DEVOURED (LIKE A PREY)
AUTHORITY IS GREATNESS
97
inclined.
there grows In my most ill-composed affection such A stanchless avarice that, were I King, I should cut off the nobles for their lands,(90) ...And my more-having would be as a sauce To make me hunger more, that I should forge Quarrels unjust against the good and loyal, Destroying them for wealth.(95)
Creative extension
Planting
Food
Creative extension
“more having would be as a sauce” is a simile
AFFECTION
AVARICE
AVARICE
NOBLES
KILLING
HAVING
GREED
SOIL
GROWS
STANCHLESS
CUT OFF
CUTTING OFF
SAUCE
HUNGER
PERSONAL NATURE IS FERTILE SOIL
GREED GROWS (PLANT)
GREED FLOWS (BLOOD
MEN ARE CUT-OFF (TREES)
KILLING IS CUTTING OFF
WEALTH IS A SAUCE
GREED IS HUNGER
This avarice Sticks deeper, grows with more pernicious root Than summer-seeming lust, and it hath been The sword of our slain kings. Yet do not fear; Scotland hath foisons to fill up your will (100) Of your mere own. All these are portable, With other graces weigh'd.
Planting
Orientational
AVARICE
AVARICE
DEGREE
LUST
YOUTH
OLD-AGE
GREED
WILL
WEALTH
VICE
STICKS DEEP WITH A ROOT
GROWS
DEPTH
SUMMER-SEEMING
SUMMER
WINTER
SWORD
CONTAINER
FOISON
HEAVY OBJECT
WEIGHING
GREED STICKS DEEP (PLANT)
GREED GROWS WITH A PERNICIOUS ROOT (PLANT)
DEGREE IS DEPTH (ORIENTATION)
LUST IS A SUMMER PLANT
YOUTH IS SUMMER
OLD-AGE IS WINTER
GREED IS A WEAPON (SWORD)
DESIRE IS A CONTAINER
WEALTH IS A LIQUID
COMPARING IS WEIGHING
VICE IS A HEAVY OBJECT
98
COMPARING
The king-becoming graces,
As justice, verity, ...I have no relish of them, but abound In the division of each several crime, Acting it many ways. Nay, had I power, I should Pour the sweet milk of concord into hell, (110) Uproar the universal peace, confound All unity on earth.
Creative extension
Food
Creative extension
GRACES
INTEREST
HARMONY
HARMONY
OBJECT OF RELISH
APPETITE
MILK
SWEET
GRACES ARE THE OBJECT OF RELISH (FOOD)
INTEREST IS APPETITE
HARMONY IS MILK
HARMONY IS AN APPETIZER (SWEET)
O nation miserable! ... When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again, Since that the truest issue of thy throne (120) ... does blaspheme his breed? Thy royal father Was a most sainted king: the queen that bore thee, Oftener upon her knees than on her feet,Died every day she lived (125) These evils thou
‘the queen..died every day’ is a Biblical reference’ is a Biblical image86
‘nation miserable’ is a personification
shall I replace ‘authority’ for ‘royalty’?
‘these evils//banish’d me’ is a personification
‘breast’ is a personifica
NATION
NATION
ROYALTY
EVIL
BREAST
OBJECT OF MISERY
SEES
OBJECT OF PLASPHEMY BANISHED
HOPEFUL
NATION IS THE OBJECT OF MISERY (PERSON)
NATION SEES (PERSON)
ROYALTY IS DEITY (OBJECT OF PLASPHEMY)
EVIL IS AN AUTHORITY THAT BANISHES (PERSON)
BREAST IS HOPEFUL (PERSON)
86 1 Corinthians 15.31: "I protest by your rejoicing which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord, I die daily."99
repeat'st upon thyself Have banish'd me from Scotland. O my breast, Thy hope ends here!
tion
Macduff, this noble passion, Child of integrity, hath from my soul (130) Wiped the black scruples, reconciled my thoughts To thy good truth and honor.
Colours ‘noble passion...’ is an extended personification
‘black scruples’ is metonymy for ‘doubts’
‘reconciled my thoughts to...’ is a personification
PASSION
PASSION
INTEGRITY
DOUBT
CLEARING
BLACK
SOUL
BELIEF
THOUGHTS
HONOUR
NOBLE
CHILD
PARENT
STAIN
WIPING
COLOUR OF DOUBTS
OBJECT
RECONCILIATION
ADVERSARY
PASSION IS NOBLE (PERSON)
PASSION IS A CHILD (PERSON)
INTEGRITY IS A PARENT (PERSON)
DOUBT IS A STAIN
CLEARING IS WIPING
COLOUR HAS A MORAL VALUE (BLACK)
SOUL IS AN OBJECT
BELIEF IS A RECONCILIATION
THOUGHT IS AN ADVERSARY (PERSON)
HONOUR IS AN ADVERSARY (PERSON)
But God aboveDeal between thee and me
Biblical reference87
Orientational
GOD ABOVE DEITY IS UP
Devilish Macbeth
By many of these trains hath sought to win me
‘broke my faith’ is a Biblical reference88
‘modest wisdom’ is a personifica
FAITH WAR
AN EVIL-WINNING
FAITH IS WAR (WIN)
DISBELIEF IS AN EVIL-
87 A common expression of covenant making in the Old Testament, found in 1 Samuel 20.23: "The Lord be between thee and me for ever"; and Genesis 21.23: "Thou shalt deal with me"; and Genesis 31.49: "The Lord look between me and thee."
88 Malcolm has never broken God's tenth commandment, given in Exodus 20.17: "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, not anything that is thy neighbour's."
100
Into his power, and modest wisdom plucks me From over-credulous haste....; here abjure The taints and blames I laid upon myself, For strangers to my nature. I... At no time broke my faith, would not betray ... What I am truly, Is thine and my poor country's to command:
Planting tion
‘evils.. for strangers’ is a personification
DISBELIEF
EVIL
WISDOM
PREVENTING
MAN
HASTE
EVILS
EVIL
EVIL
FAITH
LOSE FAITH
CASE
POWER
MODEST
PLUCKING
PLANT
SOIL
TAINTS
HEAVY OBJECT
STRANGER
FRAGILE OBJECT
BREAK
WINNING CASE
EVIL IS POWER
WISDOM IS MODEST (PERSON)
PREVENTING IS PLUCKING
MAN IS A PLANT
HASTE IS SOIL
VICES ARE TAINTS
VICE IS A HEAVY OBJECT (LAID UPON)
VICE IS A STRANGER (PERSON)
FAITH IS A FRAGILE OBJECT
LOSING FAITH IS BREAKING A FRAGILE OBJECT
Such sanctity hath heaven given his hand
‘heaven’ is metonymy for deity
SANCTITY
DEITY
AN OBJECT
HEAVEN
SANCTITY IS AN OBJECT
DEITY IS HEAVEN
sundry blessings hang about his throne (175) That speak him full of grace.
‘speak him full of grace’ is a personification
BLESSINGS
BLESSINGS
BODY
GRACE
OBJECTS
SPEAK
CONTAINER
LIQUID
BLESSINGS ARE OBJECTS
BLESSINGS SPEAK (PERSON)
BODY IS A CONTAINER
GRACE IS A LIQUID
Stands Scotland where it did?
personification
COUNTRY STANDS COUNTRY STANDS (PERSON)
Alas, poor country, Almost afraid to know itself! It cannot (185) Be call'd our mother, but our grave...Where sighs and groans and shrieks that rend the air, Are made, not
Creative extension
Creative extension
‘poor country’ is a personification
‘country...afraid to know
COUNTRY
COUNTRY
COUNTRY
COUNTRY
POOR
FEARS
KNOWS
GRAVE
REND THE AIR
A THIN OBJECTDIE
COUNTRY IS POOR (PERSON)
COUNTRY FEARS (PERSON)
COUNTRY KNOWS (PERSON)
COUNTRY IS A GRAVE
SIGHS TEAR (HAVE A
101
mark’d...The dead man's knell (190) Is there scarce ask'd for who, and good men's lives Expire before the flowers in their caps, Dying or ere they sicken.
itself’ is an extended personification
‘be called our mother’ is a personification
‘Where sighs and groans and shrieks that rend the air’ is a personification
‘before the flowers in their caps,
Dying or ere they sicken’ is a personification
SIGHS
AIR
FLOWER
FLOWER
KNELL
SSICKENSOBJECT OF ASKING
PHYSICAL FORCE/PERSON)
EAR IS A THIN OBJECT
FLOWER DIES (PERSON)
FLOWER SICKENS (PERSON)
KNELL IS THE OBJECT OF ASKING (PERSON)
That of an hour's age doth hiss the speaker;
‘an hour’s age’ is a personification
NEWS
NEWS
HAS AGE
HISS THE SPEAKER
NEWS HAS AGE (PERSON)
NEWS HISS THE SPEAKER (PERSON)
Be not a niggard of your speech.
SPEECH A VALUABLE OBJECT
SPEECH IS A VALUABLE OBJECT (TO BE NIGGARD OF)
When I came hither to transport the tidings, Which I have heavily borne, there ran a rumor Of many worthy fellows that were out,...Now is the time of help; your eye in Scotland Would create
Creative extension (the eye is a creator)
Conduit metaphor (transporting news)
Clothing
novel Creative metaphor (eye is a creator)
NEWS
REPORTING THE NEWS
RUMOUR
DISTRESS
HEAVY OBJECT
CARRYING A HEAVY OBJECT
RUNS
DOFFED
NEWS IS A HEAVY OBJECT
REPORTING THE NEWS IS CARRYING A HEAVY OBJECT
RUMOUR IS A STREAM (RUNS)
MISERY IS TAKEN OFF (CLOTHING)
102
soldiers, make our women fight, To doff their dire distresses.
EYE CREATES EYE IS CEATOR89
But I have words (220) That would be howl'd out in the desert air, Where hearing should not latch them.
Cross-sensory
Conduit
‘hearing should not latch them’ is a personification
EAR
WORDS
LATCHES
FLYING OBJECTS
EAR IS HAND (LATCHES)
WORDS ARE FLYING OBJECTS
Let not your ears despise my tongue for ever, Which shall possess them with the heaviest sound That ever yet they heard.
Cross-sensory ‘let not your ears despise my tongue’ is a personification
EAR
TONGUE
WORDS
DESPISES
POSSESSES THE EARS WITH HEAVY SOUNDS
HEAVY OBJECTS
EAR IS HEART (DESPISES)
TONGUE IS HAND (POSSESSES THE EARS WITH HEAVY SOUNDS)
WORDS ARE HEAVY OBJECTS
To relate the manner Were, on the quarry of these murder'd deer, To add the death of you.
Animals VICTIMS OF MURDER
MURDERER
QUARRIES
PREDATOR
VICTIM OF MURDER IS A PREY (ANIMAL)
MURDERER IS A PREDATOR
Give sorrow words. The grief that does not speak Whispers the o'er fraught heart, and bids it break.
‘give sorrow words’ is a personification
‘grief that does not speak’ is a personification
SORROW WORDSGRIEF
GRIEF
HEART
OBJECT OF GIVING
OBJECTS
SPEAKS
WHISPERS
BREAKS
SORROW IS THE OBJECT OF GIVING (PERSON)
WORDS ARE OBJECTS
GRIEF SPEAKS (PERSON)
GRIEF WHISPERS (PERSON)
HEART IS A FRAGILE OBJECT
89 “...Ross does attribute special monarchical visual power to the good king when he says to Malcolm, “your eye in Scotland/Would create soldiers, make our women fight ... For Rosse, the creation of new social persons by the King’s eye would allow political distresses to be ‘doffed’ as are unwanted clothes.” (Lewalski, B. K. Et al : 94)
103
Let's make us medicines of our great revenge, (250) To cure this deadly grief.
GRIEF
REVENGE
DISEASE
MEDICINE
GRIEF IS DISEASE
REVENGE IS MEDICINE
all my pretty chickens and their dam At one fell swoop?
Animals VICTIM OF MURDER
MURDERER
A PREY
PREDATOR
THE VICTIM OF MURDER IS A PREY (ANIMAL)
MURDERER IS A PREDATOR
Did heaven look on, (260) And would not take their part? Sinful ... Not for their own demerits, but for mine, Fell slaughter on their souls. Heaven rest them now!
‘heaven look on’ is a Biblical reference90
‘heaven’ is metonymy for deity
‘heaven look on’ is a personification
DEITY
HEAVEN
SLAUGHTER
DEITY
HEAVEN
LOOKS ON
HEAVY OBJECT
HEAVEN
DEITY IS HEAVEN
DEITY LOOKS ON (PERSON)
SLAUGHTER IS A HEAVY OBJECT (FALLS)
DEITY IS HEAVEN
Be this the whetstone of your sword. Let grief (265) Convert to anger; blunt not the heart, enrage it
Creative metaphor
Creative metaphor
GRIEF
HEART
WHETSTONE
BLUNT
GRIEF IS A WHETSTONE
HEART IS A WEAPON (BLUNT/SHARP)
But, gentle heavens, Cut short all intermission; front to front Bring thou this fiend of Scotland and myself; (270)
Orientational DELAY
CHALLENGING
DEITY
VILLAIN
DISTANCE
FRONTING
HEAVEN
FEIND
TIME IS DISTANCE (ORIENTATION)
CHALLENGING IS COMING TO FRONT (ORIENTATION)
DEITY IS HEAVEN
VILLAIN IS A FEIND
90 We have two biblical themes. The first is the theme of heaven watching over earth, as seen in Proverbs 15.3: "The eyes of the Lord are in every place, beholding the evil and the good"; and 2 Chronicles 16.9: "For the eyes of the Lord run to and fro throughout the whole earth". The second is the theme of the sins of the father visited upon the children. Macduff believes that his family has died because of his sinful behavior. Compare this to Exodus 20.5: "Visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children"; and Ezekiel 18.2: "The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge."
104
Within my sword's length set him; if he 'scape, Heaven forgive him too!
POWER
DEITY
LENGTH
HEAVEN
SWORD’S POWER IS SWORD’S LENGTH
DEITY IS HEAVEN
Macbeth (275) Is ripe for shaking, and the powers above Put on their instruments. Receive what cheer you may; The night is long that never finds the day.
Biblical metaphor91
Planting
MACBETH
WEAKNESS
WEAKENING
KILLING
SHAKEN
RIPENESS
SHAKING
SHAKING
MAN IS A PLANT (SHAKEN)
WEAKNESS IS RIPENESS
WEAKENING IS SHAKING
KILLING IS SHAKING THE PLANT OF MAN
You see, her eyes are open.
Ay, but their sense is shut.
Sensory metaphor
EYES
SENSE
OPEN
SHUT
THE EYE IS A BOX
SENSE IS A DOOR TO THE SENSORY ORGAN
Heaven knows what she has known.
Creative extension
Creative extension
DEITY HEAVEN DEITY IS HEAVEN
Foul whisperings are abroad. Unnatural deeds (65) Do breed unnatural troubles: infected minds To their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets: More needs she the ...Remove from her the means of all annoyance, And still keep eyes upon her.
‘unnatural deeds do breed’ is a personification
‘infected minds… will discharge their secrets’ is a personification
‘deaf pillows’ is a personification
RUMOURS
DEEDS
TROUBLES
MIND
PROBLEMS
MINDS
PILLOWS
FOUL
BREED
CHILDREN
OBJECT OF DISEASE
INFECTIONS
DISCHARGE SECRETS
DEAF
REMOVED
RUMOURS HAVE AN AESTHETIC VALUE (FOUL)
DEEDS BREED (PERSON)
TROUBLES ARE CHILDREN (PERSON)
MIND IS THE OBJECT OF DISEASE
PROBLEMS ARE VIRUSES
MINDS DISCHARGE SECRETS (PERSON)
PILLOWS ARE DEAF (PERSONS)
91 Nahum 3.12: "All thy strongholds shall be like fig trees with the firstripe figs: if they be shaken, they shall even fall into the mouth of the eater."
105
‘keep eyes upon her’ is an idiom for ‘care for her’
ANNOYANCE
ANNOYANCE IS AN OBJECT (REMOVED)
The English power is near ...Revenges burn in them, for their dear causes Would to the bleeding and the grim alarm Excite the mortified man.(5)
Creative metaphor: a rare structure of ‘abstract for physical’ metaphor
Creative metaphor: a rare structure of ‘abstract for physical’ metaphor
‘excite the mortified man’ is a hyperbole
ARMY
REVENGE
CAUSE
POWER
BURNS
EXCITES
ARMY IS POWER92
REVENGE IS FIRE
CAUSES EXCITE THE MORTIFIED MAN
He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause Within the belt of rule.
Creative metaphor
Clothing
Creative metaphor
‘distempered cause’ is a personification
CAUSE
RULE
CONTROL
DISTEMPERED
BELT
BUCKLE
CAUSE IS DISTEMPERED (PERSON)
RULE IS A BELT
CONTROLING IS BUCKLING
Now does he feel his title Hang loose about him, like a giant's robe Upon a dwarfish thief.(25)
Clothing ‘like a giant’s robe..’ is a simile
TITLE
TITLE
TITLE
HANGS LOOSE
ROBE
OBJECT OF THEFT
TITLE IS CLOTHING THAT HANGS LOOSE
TITLE IS A ROBE
TITLE IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT (OBJECT OF THEFT)
Who then shall blame His pester'd senses to recoil and start, When all that is within him does condemn Itself for being there?
‘blame his pestered senses’ is a personification
‘all that is in him does condemn
SENSES
SENSES
ORGANS
OBJECT OF BLAME
RECOIL
CONDEMN
SENSES ARE THE OBJECT OF BLAME (PERSON)
SENSES ARE SOLDIERS (RECOIL)
ORGANS CONDEMN (PERSON)
92 It is Worthing noticing that it is not always the case that an abstract concept is understood in terms of a physical object; notice how in this example a ‘physical object’ is conceptualized in terms of an ‘abstract’ concept; i.e. ‘power for army’
106
itself’ is a personification
march we on,(30)
To give obedience where ’tis truly owed. Meet we the medicine of the sickly weal, And with him pour we, in our country's purge, Each drop of us.
‘sickly weal’ is a personification
OBEDIENCE
REDEEMER
WEAL
TYRANNY
BLOOD
FIGHTING
OBJECT
MEDICINE
SICKLY
DISEASE
ANTISEPTIC
POURING
OBEDIENCE IS THE OBJECT OF GIVING
REDEEMER IS A MEDICINE
COUNTRY IS A PATIENT (PERSON)
TYRANNY IS A DISEASE
BLOOD IS AN ANTISEPTIC (PURGES)
FIGHTING IS POURING BLOOD
Till Birnam Wood move to Dunsinane I cannot taint with fear. ... Then fly, false thanes, And mingle with the English epicures! The mind I sway by and the heart I bear Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear. (10)
Creative extension
‘abstract for physical’ creative metaphor: ‘a physical concept, the heart, is used to conceptualize an ‘abstract concept’, courage
‘abstract for physical’ creative metaphor: ‘a physical concept, the heart, is used to conceptualize an ‘abstract concept’, courage
‘the heart I bear’ is metonymy for ‘have the courage’
FEAR
FEAR
THINKING
MIND
HEART
DOUBT
FEARING
TAINT
PHYSICAL FORCE
SWINGING
SEESAW
COURAGE
HEAVY OBJECT
SLUMPING/HANGING DOWN WITH WEIGHT
FEAR IS A TAINT
FEAR IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
THINKING IS SWINGING
MIND IS A SEESAW
THE HEART IS COURAGE
DOUBT IS A HEAVY OBJECT
FEARING IS SLUMPING/HANGING DOWN WITH WEIGHT
The devil damn thee black, thou cream-faced loon! Where got'st thou that goose look?
Creative metaphor
Colours
Animals
Creative metaphor
COLOUR
CURSE
COWARD
COWARDICE
MORAL VALUE
BLACK
CREAM-FACED
GOOSE-LOOK
COLOUR HAS A MORAL VALUE
CURSE IS BLACK
COWARD IS CREAM-FACED
COWARDICE IS AN ANIMAL TRAIT (GOOSE-LOOK)
Go prick thy face and over-red thy
Creative Creative FEAR AN OBJECT FEAR IS AN OBJECT
107
fear, Thou lily-liver'd boy. What soldiers, patch? ... Those linen cheeks of thine Are counselors to fear. What soldiers, whey-face?
metaphor
Extended colour metaphor
metaphor
‘lily-livered’ is metonymy for ‘coward’
‘those linen cheeks … are counsellors to fear’ is a personification
COURAGE
COWARD
COWARD
COWARD
COWARDICE
CHEEKS
COWARD
RED-FACED
LILY-LIVERED
LINEN-CHEEKED
WHITE
COUNSELORS
WHEY-FACED
COURAGE IS RED-FACED
COWARD IS LILY-LIVERED (WHITE)
COWARD IS LINEN-CHEEKED
COWARDICE IS WHITE COLOUR
CHEEKS ARE COUNSELORS (PERSON)
COWARD IS WHEY-FACED (PALE LIKE WHEY)
Take thy face hence. ...I am sick at heart, ...This push
Will cheer me ever or disseat me now. ... My way of lifeIs fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf... in their stead, Curses, not loud but deep, mouth-honor, breath, (30) Which the poor heart would fain deny and dare not.
‘My way of life is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf’ is a Biblical reference
Plant93
Orientational
‘mouth-honor’ is a linguistic creative metaphor
‘take thy face’ is an idiom for ‘go away’
‘poor heart would fain deny’ is a personification
‘mouth-honor’ is a linguistic creative metaphor
FACE
WORRYING
DEFEATING
AUTHORITY
LIFE
MAN
DYING
DYING
WORDS
MEANINGLESS
HONESTY
HEART
OBJECT OF TAKING
SICKNESS
DISSEATING
SEAT
LEAF
PLANT
FALLING
SEARING
BREATH
MOUTH-HONOURED
DEPTH
DENIES
FACE IS THE OBJECCT OF TAKING
WORRYING IS SICKNESS
DEFEAT IS DISSEATING
AUTHORITY IS A SEAT
LIFE IS A LEAF
MAN IS A PLANT
DYING IS FALLING
DYING IS WHITHERING
WORDS ARE BREATH
MEANINGLESS IS MOUTHHONOURD
HONESTY IS DEPTH (ORIENTATION)
HEART DENIES (PERSON)
93 In Scripture, Satan is the great equivocator, lying "like truth" to confound the hearts of men. The temptation of Eve in the Garden of Eden is one example, and another comes from the New Testament, in John 8.44: "Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar and the father of it."
108
she is troubled with thick-coming fancies
Orientational QUANTITY THICKNESS QUANTITY IS THICKNESS (ORIENTATION)
Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased, Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow, Raze out the written troubles of the brain, And with some sweet oblivious antidote(50) Cleanse the stuff'd bosom of that perilous stuff
Which weighs upon the heart?
Creative metaphor
Plant
Food
Creative metaphor
SORROW
MEMORY
TROUBLES
BRAIN
FORGETTING
OBLIVION
TROUBLES
TROUBLES
PLANT
SOIL
WRITTEN MATERIAL
OBJECT OF WRITING
ANTIDOTE
SWEET
POISONS
WEIGHS UPON THE HEART
SORROW IS A PLANT (PLUCKED AND HAS ROOTS)
MEMORY IS SOIL
TROUBLES ARE WRITTEN MATERIAL
BRAIN IS THE OBJECT OF WRITING
FORGETTING IS AN ANTIDOTE (MEDICINE)
OBLIVION IS AN APPETIZER
TROUBLES ARE POISONS
CARES ARE HEAVY OBJECTS
Throw physic to the dogs, .. Doctor, the thanes fly from me. … If thou couldst, doctor, cast
The water of my land, find her disease
And purge it to a sound and pristine health,(60)
I would applaud thee to the very echo,
What rhubarb, senna, or what purgative drug
Creative extension
The plants used in this excerpt, rhubarb and senna, are not metaphoric
Creative metaphor
‘the water of my land’ is a personification
‘find her disease’ is a personification
MEDICINE
ESCAPING
WATER OF LAND
LAND
DISRUPTION
ENGLISH
OBJECT
FLYING FROM
URINE OF LAND
PATIENT
SICKNESS
DISEASE
MEDICINE IS THE OBJECT OF THROWING
ESCPAING IS FLYING FROM
WATER OF LAND IS URINE OF LAND
LAND IS A PATIENT
DISRUPTION IS DISEASE
ENEMY IS A DISEASE
109
Would scour these English hence?
none serve with him but constrained things Whose hearts are absent too.
Creative metaphor: ‘physical is abstract’
Creative metaphor: ‘physical is abstract’
‘hearts are absent’ is a metonymy for corwardice
COWARDS
HEART
COWARDICE
THINGS
COURAGE
ABSENCE OF HEART
COWARDS ARE THINGS
HEART IS COURAGE
COWARDICE IS ABSENCE OF HEART
The time approaches That will with due decision make us know What we shall say we have and what we owe. Thoughts speculative their unsure hopes relate, (25) But certain issue strokes must arbitrate; Towards which, advance the war.
‘thoughts speculative’ is a personification
‘issues..arbitrate’ is a personification
‘advance the war’ is a personification
TIME
THOUGHTS
ISSUES
WAR
MOVING OBJECT
RELATE
ARBITRATE
SOLDIER
TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT (APPROACHES)
THOUGHTS RELATE (PERSON)
ISSUES ARBITRATE (PERSON)
WAR ADVANCES (PERSON)
Our castle's strength Will laugh a siege to scorn. Here let them lie Till famine and the ague eat them up. Were they not forced with those that should be ours, (5) We might have met them dareful, beard to beard
Animals ‘our castle strength..’ is a personification
‘beard to beard’ is an idiom for ‘face to face’
CASTLE
CASTLE
FAMINE
AGUE
OBJECT OF FAMINE
OBJECT OF
STRONG
MOCKS
EATS UP
EATS UP
PREY
PREY
CASTLE IS STRONG (PERSON)
CASTLE MOCKS (PERSON)
FAMINE IS A PREDATOR (EATS UP)
AGUE IS A PREDATOR (EATS UP)
THE OBJECT OF FAMINE IS A PREY
110
AGUE THE OBJECT OF AGUE IS A PREY
I have almost forgot the taste of fears:(10) The time has been, my senses would have cool'd To hear a night-shriek, and my fell of hair Would at a dismal treatise rouse and stir As life were in't: I have supp'd full with horrors; Direness, familiar to my slaughterous thoughts, (15) Cannot once start me
Food
Cross-sensory
‘supped full with horrors’ is a novel metaphor
‘slaughterous thoughts’ is a personification
FEAR
FEELING
FEAR
HORROR
EXPERIENCING
THOUGHT
THE OBJECT OF TASTING
TASTING
COLDNESS
FOOD
EATING
MURDERER
FEAR IS THE OBJECT OF TASTING
FEELING IS TASTING
FEAR IS COLDNESS
HORROR IS FOOD (SUPPED FULL WITH HORRORS)
EXPERIENCING IS EATING
THOUGHT IS A MURDERER (PERSON)
111
Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! (25)
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing
Biblical94 ‘yesterdays have lighted fools the way’ is a personification
‘
DAYS
TIME
YESTERDAY
LIFE
DYING
LIFE
LIFE
LIFE
IDIOT
SOUND
FURY
CREEP
RECORDED
LIGHTS THE WAY
GOES OUT
GOING OUT
SHADOW
PLAYER
TALE
CONTAINER
OBJECT
OBJECT
DAYS CREEP
TIME IS A WRITTEN MATERIAL
DAYS ARE GUIDES
LIFE IS A CANDLE (GOES OUT)
DYING IS GOING OUT
LIFE IS A SHADOW
LIFE IS A PERSON (PLAYER)
LIFE IS A TALE
MAIN IS A CONTAINER
SOUND IS AN OBJECT IN A CONTAINER
FURY IS AN OBJECT IN A CONTAINER
Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive, Till famine cling thee...I pull in resolution and begin
Creative extended metaphor
‘equivocation’ is a cultural / Biblical
Creative metaphor
‘lies like truth’ is a simile
‘come,
MAN
DYING
RESOLUTIO
HANGS UPON A TREE
WITHERING
PULLED IN
MAN IS A FRUIT
DYING IS WITHERING
RESOLUTION IS A HORSE
94 “Psalms 22.15: "Thou hast brought me into the dust of death."
Job 18.5-6: "The light of the wicked shall be quenched...and his candle shall be out out with him."
Job 8.9: "We are but of yesterday and are ignorant: for our days upon earth are but a shadow."
Wisdom of Solomon 2.4: Our life shall pass away as the trace of a cloud, and come to nought as the mist that is driven away with the beams of the sun. For our time is as a shadow that passeth away and after our end there is no returning."
Wisdom of Solomon 5.9: "Passed away like a shadow, and as a post that passeth by."
Psalms 52.11: "My days are like a shadow that fadeth, and I am withered like grass."112
To doubt the equivocation of the fiend That lies like truth... I ’gin to be aweary of the sun
And wish the estate o’ the world were now undone...Come, wrack! At least we'll die with harness on our back.
reference95
Planting
Animals
Clothing
wrack’ is a personification
‘harness on our back’ is metonymy for ‘brave’
N
WRACK
COURAGE
COMES
WEARING A HARNESS
(PULLED IN)
WRACK IS A PERSON (AN ENEMY WHO IS CHALLENGED: COMS)
COURAGE IS CLOTHING (WEARIGN A HARNESS)
Make all our trumpets speak; give them all breath, Those clamorous harbingers of blood and death.
‘trumpets speak’ is a personification
‘harbingers of blood and death’ is a personification
TRUMPETS
TRUMPETS
BLOOD
DEATH
SPEAK
MESSENGERS
MESSAGE
MESSAGE
A TRUMPET IS A PERSON (SPEAKS)
TRUMPETS ARE PERSONS (;MESSANGERS)
BLOOD IS A MESSAGE
DEATH IS A MESSAGE
They have tied me to a stake; I cannot fly, But bear-like I must fight the course.
‘bear-like’ is a cultural reference to bearbaiting which is a common Elizabethan entertainment, where dogs are left to attack a bear that is tied to a stake
Animals
‘bear like’ is a simile
FIGHTER BEAR A FIGHTER IS A BEAR
No, though thou call'st thyself a
Biblical extended EVIL HEAT EVIL IS HEAT
95 In Scripture, Satan is the great equivocator, lying "like truth" to confound the hearts of men. The temptation of Eve in the Garden of Eden is one example, and another comes from the New Testament, in John 8.44: "Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar and the father of it."
113
hotter name Than any is in hell.
reference from Bible NAME OBJECT OF HEAT
NAME IS THE OBJECT OF HEAT
I cannot strike at wretched kerns, whose arms Are hired to bear their staves.
Let me find him, fortune! And more I beg not.
Mythological reference
mythological reference
‘arms are hired’ a metonymy for ‘bribed’
ARMS
FORTUNE
BRIBERY
OBJECT OF HIRING
DEITY
HIRING ARMS
ARMS ARE THE OBJECTS OF HIRING
FORTUNE IS DEITY
BRIBERY IS HIRING ARMS
The day almost itself professes yours,
‘the day.. professes’ is a personification
‘day...yours’ is an idiom for ‘victory’
DAY
VICTORY
ANNOUNCES
POSSESSION OF THE DAY
THE DAY IS A PERSON (ANNOUNCES)7
VICTORY IS POSSESSION OF THE DAY
Whiles I see lives, the gashes Do better upon them.
Conceptual creativity
Clothing
Creative metaphor
WOUNDS
LIVES
LOOK BETTER ON LIVES
BODIES
WOUNDS ARE CLOTHES THAT LOOK BETTER ON LIVES
LIVES ARE BODIES
My voice is in my sword,
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
SWORD CONTAINER SWORD IS A CONTAINER
Thou losest labor.
As easy mayst thou the intrenchant air With thy keen sword impress as make me bleed: ...I bear a charmed life, which must not yield (15) To one of woman born.
LABOUR
LIFE
LIFE
LOST
BORN
YIELDS
LABOUR IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT
LIFE IS A HEAVY OBJECT
LIFE IS A SOLDIER
114
be these juggling fiends no more believed, That palter with us in a double sense, That keep the word of promise to our ear (25) And break it to our hope.
‘Patler with us in a double sense’ is a cultural reference to ‘equivoting’
‘keep…promise to our ear’ is a personification
‘keep the promise’ is an idiom and ‘break the promise’ is an idioms
PROMISE
PROMISE
EAR
KEPT
BROKEN
OBJECT OF PROMISING
PROMISE IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT
PROMISE IS A FRAGILE OBJECT
EAR IS A PERSON (THE OBJECT OF PROMISING)
And live to be the show and gaze o’ the time. We'll have thee, as our rarer monsters
Animals ‘gaze of the time’ is a personification
‘as our rarer monsters’ is a simile
TIME
VILLAIN
ONLOOKER
MONSTER
TIME IS A PERSON (AN ONLOOKER)
A VILLAIN IS A MONSTER
So great a day as this is cheaply bought.
DAY
SACRIFICE
OBJECT OF TRADING
PRICE
DAY IS THE OBJECT OF TRADING
SACRIFICE IS A PRICE
Your son, my lord, has paid a soldier's debt: He only lived but till he was a man
LIFE
DUTY
COURAGE
PRICE
DEBT
MANHOOD
LIFE IS A PRICE
DUTY IS DEBT
COURAGE IS MANHOOD
Why then, God's soldier be he! Had I as many sons as I have hairs, (55) I would not wish them to a fairer death. And so his knell is knoll'd.
‘as...hairs’ is simile
‘knell is knolled’ is an idiom for ‘announcing his death’
QUANTITY HAIR-LIKE QUANTITY IS HAIR-LIKE
He's worth more sorrow, And that I'll spend for him.
Conceptual creativity
Creative metaphor
SORROW
MAN
SPENT
WORTH
SORROW IS MONEY
MAN IS COMMODITY
115
FEELING
SPENDING
FEELING IS SPENDING
he parted well and paid his score: And so God be with him! Here comes newer comfort.
‘here comes’ is a personification
DUTY
COMFORT
DEBT
COMES
DUTY IS DEBT
COMFORT IS A PERSON (COMES)
We shall not spend a large expense of time (70) Before we reckon with your several loves, And make us even with you. ... What's more to do, Which would be planted newly with the time,(75)
As calling home our exiled friends abroad That fled the snares of watchful tyranny,
Producing forth the cruel ministers Of this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen,
TIME
ACTIONS
TYRANNY
OPPRESSED
SPENT
PLANTED
PREDATOR
PREYS
TIME IS MONEY
ACTIONS ARE PLANTS
TYRANNY IS A PREDATOR
THE OPPRESSED ARE PREYS
116