Paper 2: Challenges in the human Q1 Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges

Lagos, NEE

What is a Newly Emerging Economy? (NEE)

a) Add each of the following words to complete the sentence below:Industries Tertiary Economic High

Countries that have begun to experience ________ rates of _____________ development, usually by rapidly industrialising (moving away from primary sector ________________ to secondary and ____________ sectors)

For an NEE you have studied, explain the importance of the city regionally, nationally and internationally.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of NEE: _______________c) Define the key terms in the question (use the information in the boxes below)

- Regionally ______________________________________________________- Nationally ______________________________________________________- Internationally __________________________________________________

d) Match up the information below using a line or colours.

Regionally (part of a country)

It has a major international airport and they are building Eko Atlantic

City which is aiming to attract investment from countries and companies all across the world.

Nationally (country) It is the main financial centre of the West African region.

Internationally (global) 80% of Nigeria’s industry is based in and around Lagos.

Explain the causes of the urbanisation of an NEE you have studied.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of NEE: _______________c) Define the key term in the question by completing this sentence using your own knowledge (or book):

Urbanisation is a process where an i______________ percentage of a country's population lives in t____________ and c______________.

d) Unscramble the letters to give the two causes of urbanisation and explanations of how they lead to urbanisation.

Cause of urbanisation R U A R L OT U R A B NM I T G A R I O N

=

This causes urbanisation because people are P S U H D E____________ from R R U A L________________ areas to urban areas because of things such as P V O E T R Y_________________ or A W R _________. Or they are P L U L D E ____________ toward the urban areas because of things such as more O J B _______ opportunities or better W G A E S ____________________.

Cause of urbanisation A U A N T R L I N S E C R A E =This causes urbanisation because the people that move to an urban area are often Y U O N G __________ and they meet a partner in the town/city they have moved to and start their F E I A M L I S______________ . This means there is an increase in population in that urban area.Also, there is better healthcare in cities so death rates are L W O E R____________________ .More births than D A T E H S __________________= natural increase.

Give examples of push and pull factors that have led to rural to urban migration in an NEE you have studied:

a) Underline/circle the command words in the exam question above. b) Name of NEE: _______________c) Define key terms in the question. Add the correct key term next to each definition:

- ______________________: negative things that encourage a person to leave an area. - ______________________: positive things that encourage a person to go to an area.

d) Decide if each factor is a push or pull factor

Factor Push or pull factor?Boko Haram is a terrorist group active in the northern rural parts of Nigeria.Land in some regions is polluted by the oil industry.Education such as the Makoko floating school is available in urban areas.Hospitals and clinics are much closer to you if you live in an urban area (even if you do have to pay for the service).

For an NEE you have studied, explain how urban growth has led to social opportunities.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of NEE: ______________c) Define key terms in the question. Add the correct key term next to each definition:

- ____________________________: happens where an increasing percentage of a country's population lives in towns and cities.

- ____________________________: are chances for people to improve their quality of life through services like healthcare and education.

d) Describe how life expectancy and schooling years have changed.e) Choose from the following words to complete the second question in each box.

closer slum/squatter Makokofails equal waterschools more nighttaps power pay

How has life expectancy changed?

Why has life expectancy changed?There is ______________ access to healthcare and although it is not always free, at least healthcare is available in Lagos. The nearest clinic or hospital is a lot _____________ in a city than if you live in a village, though you might have to queue if you cannot afford to _________. Access to water and energy resources are not __________. Only very wealthy homes have a piped _______________ supply and generators for if the electricity network ______________. Others have to get water from public _________ and boreholes or buy it from street vendors. Two new ______________ stations are planned to reduce the city’s shortage of electricity and to light the streets at _______________.

How have schooling years changed?

Why has the amount of time in school changed?There are more _______________and universities in Lagos than you would find outside the city.There are even schools in the _________________ settlements (e.g. _____________ Floating School)

For an NEE you have studied, explain how urban growth has led to economic opportunities.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of NEE: _______________c) Define key terms in the question. Add the correct key term next to each definition:

- ___________________________________: happens where an increasing percentage of a country's population lives in towns and cities.

- ____________________________________: are chances for people to improve their standard of life through employment (having a job).

- Match up the economic opportunity with the correct explanation.

Economic opportunity Why it is an economic opportunity for Lagos:Improved infrastructure – large port in a sheltered harbor

The new city will employ up to 150 000 peopleSOLots of taxes being paidSOThe government can make further investments in the country’s infrastructure, education and healthcare.

Improved infrastructure – international airport

Companies realise that they can sell goods and services to a lot of people and make a lot of profit.

Many schools and universities About 40% of the Lagos’ workers work in the informal sector and it keeps unemployment rates in Lagos low and keeps the city running well.

Large market (large population) 80% of flights to West Africa land at Lagos.SOLots of industries are set up to help tourists (e.g. hotels, car hire, taxis, buses) and manufacturing industries can fly in their supplies easilySOThere are lots of jobs for peopleSOLots of taxes being paidSOThe government can make further investments in the country.

A new project called Eko Atlantic – a new city on the coast that aims to be the new financial hub of West Africa.

Makes it easy to import and export heavy and/or bulky goodsSOLots of industries set up hereSOThere are lots of jobs for peopleSOLots of taxes being paidSOThe government can make further investments in the country’s infrastructure, education and healthcare.

Informal jobs – jobs that are ‘cash in hand’ and no tax is paid to the government (e.g. car washing, shoe shining, sorting rubbish at the Olusosun dump).

There is a large population of well-educated and skilled labour (workers)SOCompanies are attracted to the areaSOThere are lots of jobs for peopleSOLots of taxes being paidSOThe government can make further investments in the country’s

infrastructure, education and healthcare.For an NEE you have studied, explain how urban growth has created challenges.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of NEE: _______________c) Define key terms in the question. Add the correct key term next to each definition:

- ______________________________________: happens where an increasing percentage of a country's population lives in towns and cities.

- ______________________________________:are difficulties or problems.d) Put these descriptions next to the correct challenge in the table below:

Only 10% of the city has piped water that has been treated and purified. Rest of the population rely on water vendors or dig their own wells to reach the groundwater as the water around them is salty sea water.

There are often power cuts in Lagos. Wealthy people have generators to provide electricity if the network stops working.

There are not enough properly built homes in Lagos so over 60% of the population (millions of people) are forced to build their own homes out of scrap material on land they do not own, usually marshy land that no-one else wants to built on. In Makoko they build homes on stilts over the waters of the Lagos Lagoon.

People who live in slum/squatter settlements like Makoko have very little access to healthcare and education.

There is not a proper sewage system in the city. Sewage is disposed of using open drains and carried out to the rivers and the lagoon.Sewage soaks into the ground from pit latrines (toilets that are a hole in the ground) and gets into the groundwater.

Nigeria is a NEE. There are no unemployment benefits for people out of work. There are high levels of armed muggings, burglaries and carjackings in Lagos.

Challenge Description of challenge Why it is a challengeChallenge: Managing urban growth – slums/squatter settlementsChallenge: Providing sanitation systemsChallenge: Providing clean waterChallenge: Providing energy sourcesChallenge: Providing access to services such as healthcare and educationChallenge: Reducing unemployment and crime

e) Add the explanations to the correct location on the table above:

People think they are getting clean water from water vendors but often this water is contaminated with sewage as the water vendors get the water from the same groundwater/wells as everyone else.

Houses are densely packed as there is a shortage of land so diseases like TB spread quickly through coughing.Most people do informal economy jobs or fishing so don’t earn much money (less than £1 per day).

Sewage finds its way into the drinking water which can lead to diarrhea. Diseases like cholera and dysentery spread quickly via dirty water.

There are approximately 20 million people in Lagos so a lot of power is needed to support them. It is expensive to build power stations and Nigeria is a NEE.

People are left feeling unsafe and end up working in the low paid informal sector (shoe shining, car washing, sorting waste at the Olusosun dump).

People living in slum/squatter settlements like Makoko will have a lower life expectancy and are more likely to have to work in the low paid informal job sector (shoe shining, car washing, sorting waste at the Olusosun dump) for £1 per day.

Environmental challenges

f) Put these descriptions next to the correct challenge in the table below:

Water is polluted with sewage as there is no proper sewage system.

The average person in Lagos spends 3 hours in traffic every day commuting to and from work.

Only 40% of waste in Lagos is collected and taken to landfill sites like the Olusosun dump.

Air pollution rates are 5 times higher in Lagos than the international recommended limit.

Most of Lagos is only 2 metres above sea level and the land is very flat. Predicted sea level rise is up to one metre so flooding could increase and groundwater contaminated by salt.

Environmental challenge

Description of environmental challenge Why it is an environmental challenge

Challenge: Managing environmental issues – waste disposalChallenge: Managing environmental issues –air pollutionChallenge: Managing environmental issues – water pollutionChallenge: Managing environmental issues – traffic congestionChallenge: Sea level rise

g) Add the explanations to the correct location on the table above:

Flooding will spread sewage and therefore diseases. Groundwater will become undrinkable.

Polluted water leads to diseases like cholera and dysentery which kills people.

This lowers life expectancy, especially for people with respiratory diseases like asthma.

The fatal accident rate is 3 times higher than European cities (28 per 100,000 people) and air pollution lowers life expectancy, especially for people with respiratory diseases like asthma.

60% of waste is not collected which is smelly, looks unpleasant and attracts rats which spread diseases.

For an NEE you have studied, explain how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of NEE: _______________c) Define key terms in the question. Add the correct key term next to each definition:

- ______________________________: is the planned development of towns and cities.- ______________________________: is how happy and content a person is with their life-style and

physical surroundings (a measure of their well being).d) Put these descriptions next to the correct challenge in the table below:

The city has bought 3 helicopters for police to spot crimes such as armed muggings, burglaries and carjackings.

Built by 4 local builders in 10 days, it has classrooms for up to 60 children at a time. It includes a playground and green areas (used as a community centre when not being used as a school).

A city that is built on land reclaimed from the sea that aims to be the new financial hub of West Africa. It will have a new international school and health centre.

Provides a separate lane for buses (north –south route into CBD) and 200,000 commuters (1/4 of all commuters in Lagos) use this transport service.

Urban planning: Description How it will improve the quality of life for people:

Eko Atlantic cityhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GknxEm5zXzY

Police helicopters

Makoko Floating School featurehttps://www.theguardian.com/cities/video/2016/feb/23/water-world-makoko-floating-school-lagos-kunle-adeyemi

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System

e) Add these explanations to the correct location on the table above:

It allows the children of Makoko access to education and skills to get employment in the future. It employs local people who can pass on their skills to future generations and people use it to meet for socials/community events which makes people happier and healthier.

Faster transport services so more people likely to use it and remove cars from the road so there is less air pollution so less deaths from respiratory diseases such as asthma and less fatal accidents.

250 000 homes and 150 000 jobs for people so more economic opportunities to raise standard of living which often leads to a better quality of life.Better education opportunities and better health all make people happier.

People feel safer and happier.

Extension: These are proposed urban planning schemes in Lagos.

a) Complete the table using these descriptions:

Away from the CBD so airport traffic can avoid city centre.

More pavements for pedestrians and cycle lanes for bikes so less need for cars.

Network of 7 new rail lines (west – east route into CBD) designed to carry 7 times as many passengers as the BRT.

b) Complete the table using these explanations:

Use of rail instead of cars so less people on the roads so less air and noise pollution so fewer deaths and less accidents so less deaths.Exercise good for the mind and body.Less air/noise pollution.

PROPOSED URBAN PLANNING SCHEMESUrban planning: Description How it will improve the quality of life for

people:Lagos Rail Mass Transit (LRMT)Build a new airport on the Lekki PeninsulaBetter walking and cycling facilities