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TRANSCRIPT
APUSH
REVIEW Manual
Units 1-10
1
APUSH
How to Analyze Unit and Reading Vocabulary terms and Prepare Unit “Comps” Responses
Objective: For each term you should ANALYZE the ultimate significance of the person, place, thing, idea, event, etc. to Chapter and AP Themes.
Directions for the 40 Quiz Terms:
At the beginning of each unit, number and list each of the 40 terms. Consider your background knowledge and bullet what you already know about the term and how it MAY relate to other terms in the Unit. Review the AP THEMES and decide where each term could fit best. Leave a few lines under each term to add relevant information as you read and as we discuss the terms in class. Make special note if the term relates to primary resources, class notes or review discussions.
Directions: On the right inside page of a composition book, indicate the CHAPTER on which you are working. Note the DATE and the page numbers of the reading assignment as well as the RV numbers as they appear on the comps sheet. *You only need to do this per assignment, not on every page. Number the terms as they appear on the comps sheet. Write the term and then underline the term. Put the PAGE NUMBER where it appears in the text and put a colon next to it. Indent and bullet the most important bits of information that you should remember about the term and how it relates to the chapter.
**NOTICE: some terms will require more in-depth analysis than others. MOST will require no more words than you see below. SKIP A LINE BETWEEN EACH TERM.
1. Person Term(p. #): (UNDERLINE IT) Ex: “First European to use firearms against natives” Sawed off his own arm to save village from starvation Made “peg-limbs” a fashion accessory in the 18th century Inspired authors to use him as a creepy archetype in popular fiction
2. Place or Thing Term (p. #) #): (UNDERLINE IT) The thing that makes the thing or place important Person, event, political, social or economic issue related to this place or thing Background info you can relate to it
3. Idea Term (p.#) #): (UNDERLINE IT) Is the idea political, economic, social or cultural in nature? Is there a specific person or group associated with this term? What does the idea have to do with American history? Ex: “democracy” has different meanings at different times in
both world and US history
4. Event Term (p.#) #): (UNDERLINE IT) date or dates of said event location causes (immediate and long term) effects (immediate and long term) significant other terms to associate with this event
5. ADJECTIVE or NOUN (p.#)
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DEFINE IT…use a dictionary, app or Google Who or what does it describe in the text/why did the authors use THIS term?
Outline Style Comps Quality Scores (25 pts each)
These should be COMPREHENSIVE answers to the prompts. Demonstrate that you fully understood the reading assignments and vocabulary terms. Always include specific examples and precise vocabulary in your answers. Begin on a
fresh RIGHT page in your comps book. Date in the middle (indent on top line: CH: X Comps
10 pts. The topic sentence answers the prompt without simply repeating or rewording the prompt and ideally indicates “something MORE.”
INDENTED, BULLETTED evidence is noted (and briefly connected to the topic sentence (THIS IS NOT A SENTENCE) 1-5 pts
INDENTED, BULLETTED evidence is noted (and briefly connected to the topic sentence (THIS IS NOT A SENTENCE either) 1-5 pts
INDENTED, BULLETTED evidence is noted (and briefly connected to the topic sentence (THIS IS NOT A SENTENCE either) 1-5 pts
MISC. deductions per Comps Assignment (Minus 1-25)
Illegible handwriting (too small, too hard to read, cursive is not legible either) Too MUCH written (you are overdoing it and will gain nothing but a sigh of pity) Sidebar notes, snarky commentary or passive aggressive noncompliance with instructions
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate your understanding of both the major concepts and the supporting evidence presented in the textbook
Tips:
The topic sentence is the most important part. If the topic sentence is boring or simply restates the prompt, it will fail to engage the reader.
If a question asks you to “evaluate” something or to give your opinion, answer authoritatively instead of saying “I think” or “I feel.”
WRITE NEATLY
Bullet more than just words, bullet information and indicate how it supports the topic sentence
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AP “Themes”
1. American and National Identity (NAT) This theme focuses on how and why definitions of American and national identity and values have developed, as well as on related topics such as citizenship, constitutionalism, foreign policy, assimilation, and American exceptionalism.
2. Politics and Power (POL) This theme focuses on how different social and political groups have influenced society and government in the United States, as well as how political beliefs and institutions have changed over time
3. Work, Exchange, and Technology (WXT) This theme focuses on the factors behind the development of systems of economic exchange, particularly the role of technology, economic markets, and government.
4. Culture and Society (CUL) This theme focuses on the roles that ideas, beliefs, social mores, and creative expression have played in shaping the United States, as well as how various identities, cultures, and values have been preserved or changed in different contexts of U.S. history.
5. Migration and Settlement (MIG) This theme focuses on why and how the various people who moved to and within the United States both adapted to and transformed their new social and physical environments
6. Geography and the Environment (GEO) This theme focuses on the role of geography and both the natural and human-made environments on social and political developments in what would become the United States.
7. America in the World (WOR) This theme focuses on the interactions between nations that affected North American history in the colonial period, and on the influence of the United States on world affairs.
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AP Historical Thinking Skills
Analyzing Historical Sources and Evidence:
Primary Sources (Analyzing evidence: Content and Sourcing)o A1: explain the relevance of the author’s point of view, purpose, audience,
format/medium, and/or historical context as well as the interaction among these features; demonstrate understanding of the significance of a primary source
o A2: evaluate the usefulness, reliability and/or limitations of a primary source in answering particular historical questions
Secondary Sources (Interpretation)o B1: Analyze a historian’s argument, explain how the argument has been supported
through the analysis of relevant historical evidence, and evaluate the argument’s effectiveness
o B2: Analyze diverse historical interpretations
Comparisono C1: Compare diverse perspectives represented in primary and secondary sources in order
to draw conclusions about one or more historical eventso C2: Compare different historical individuals, events, developments and/or processes,
analyzing both similarities and differences in order to draw historically valid conclusions. Comparisons can be made across different time periods, across different geographical locations, and between different historical events or developments within the same time period and/or geographical location
Contextualizationo C3: Situate historical events, developments, or processes within the broader regional,
national or global context in which they occurred in order to draw conclusions about their relative significance
Synthesiso C4: Make connections between a given historical issue and related developments in a
different historical context, geographical area, period, or era, INCLUDING THE PRESENT
o C5 : Make connections between different course themes and/or approaches to history (such as political, economic, social, cultural or intellectual) for a given historical issue
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Causationo D1: Explain long and/or short-term causes and/or effects of an historical event,
development or processo D2 : Evaluate the relative significance of different causes and/or effects on historical
events or processes, distinguishing between causation and correlation and showing an awareness of historical contingency
Patterns of Continuity and Change Over Timeo D3: Identify patterns of continuity and change over time and explain the significance of
such patternso D4: Explain how patterns of continuity and change over time relate to larger historical
processes or themes
Periodizationo D5: Explain ways historical events and processes can be organized into discrete,
different, and definable historical periodso D6 : Evaluate whether a particular event or date could or could not be a turning point
between different, definable historical periods, when considered in terms of particular historical evidence
o D7: Analyze different and/or competing models of periodization
Argumentationo E1 : Articulate a defensible claim about the past in the form of a clear and compelling
thesis that evaluates the relative importance of multiple factors and recognizes disparate, diverse, or contradictory evidence or perspectives
o E2 : Develop and support a historical argument, including in a written essay, through a close analysis of relevant and diverse historical evidence, framing the argument and evidence around the application of a specific historical thinking skill (e.g., comparison, causation, patterns of continuity and change over time, or periodization)
o E3: Evaluate evidence to explain its relevance to a claim or thesis, providing clear and consistent links between the evidence and the argument
o E4: Relate diverse historical evidence in a cohesive way to illustrate contradiction, corroboration, qualification, and other types of historical relationships in developing an argument
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Period 1 (1491-1607):__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.
Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
Period 2 (1607-1754):__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.
Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.
Period 3 (1754-1800):_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.
Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.
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Period 4 (1800-1848):__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
Key Concept 4.3: The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
Period 5 (1844-1877):__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.
Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
Period 6 (1865-1898): _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.
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Period 7 (1890-1945):__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system.
Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns.
Key Concept 7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.
Period 8 (1945-1980): _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Concept 8.1: The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.
Key Concept 8.2: New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and cultural responses.
Key Concept 8.3: Postwar economic and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture.
Period 9 (1980- PRESENT):_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Concept 9.1: A newly ascendant conservative movement achieved several political and policy goals during the 1980s and continued to strongly influence public discourse in the following decades.
Key Concept 9.2: Moving into the 21st century, the nation experienced significant technological, economic, and demographic changes.
Key Concept 9.3: The end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S. leadership forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the world.
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Helpful Preview/Review Websites:
General:
http://www.apushreview.com/textbook-chapter-review-videos-2/
On this site, you can access several APUSH textbooks with a variety of review formats. Poke around and see what you find useful.
“Khan Academy”
US History Overview I: Jamestown to Civil War (18:28)http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/v/us-history-overview-1--jamestown-to-the-civil-war
US History Overview II: Reconstruction to the Great Depression (14:23)http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/v/us-history-overview-2---reconstruction-to-the-great-depression
US History Overview III: World War II to Vietnam (14:46)http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/v/us-history-overview-2---reconstruction-to-the-great-depression
Korean War Overview (16:10)http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/v/korean-war-overview
Cuban Missile Crisis (19:00)http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/v/cuban-missile-crisis
Overview of the Vietnam War (17:41)http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/v/vietnam-war
Patterns of Cold War Intervention (9:19)http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/v/pattern-of-us-cold-war-interventions
20th Century Capitalism and Regulation in the US (14:21)http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/v/20th-century-capitalism-and-regulation-in-the-united-states
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Example of SAQ and Sample Response:
Look over these requirements for Short Answer Questions. They will give you an idea of the information you should be looking for as you learn new material.
EX: Using your knowledge of United States history, answer (a), (b), and (c).
a. Explain ONE important cause of the American Revolution.b. Explain a SECOND important cause of the American Revolution.c. Explain ONE important effect of the American Revolution
Sample Response:
Notice:
No topic sentence or overarching “thesis statement” appears Answers are in complete sentences. No bullets of information Each response is LABELED There is a space after each response The writer did not try to fill the entire box and did not “go outside the box” The writer uses SPECIFIC evidence
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A. The Stamp Act was the first time in American History in which the British tried to raise money and not simply regulate commerce. While the act was small in comparison to the amount of taxes the British were paying, years of salutary neglect caused the Americans to react with contempt.
B. Beefed up presence of the British army, especially leading up to the Boston Massacre, caused additional fears on the part of Americans.
C. The new found freedom that Americans experienced after the Revolutionary War gave rise to a wave of increased democracy. Many state constitutions were rewritten to include more democratic ideals, like New York, eventually leading to the democratic revolution with the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828.
SAQ Templates
1. Historical Causation
a. Explain one cause of X (historical EVENT)b. Explain another specific cause of Xc. Explain one specific result of X
a. Explain one specific cause of Yb. Explain one specific result of Yc. Explain another specific result of Y
a. Explain one specific cause of X (Historical event)b. Explain one specific cause of Y (a different historical event)c. Account for a similarity or difference between (a) and (b)
a. Explain one specific cause of Xb. Explain one specific short term effect of X (specify the short time period)c. Explain one specific long term effect of X (specify a long time period)
a. Explain why change took place from X to Y (time periods—also comparison or change over time)b. Explain one specific piece of evidence which explains the existence of Xc. Explain one specific piece of evidence which explains the existence of Y
2. Patterns of Continuity and Change Over Time
a. Explain one specific historical continuity from _______ to __________ (date range)b. Explain one specific historical change from ________ to_________c. Make an argument that there was more continuity OR change from ______ to _______
a. Explain a specific event which lead to the continuity of X from ______ to ______b. Explain another specific event which lead to the continuity of X from _____ to ______c. Explain a specific event which led to a change of X from _____ to ______
a. Explain a specific event from the period X (a traditional historical period)b. Explain a specific event from the period Yc. Make an argument for how the event identified in (A) and (B) exemplify either a continuity OR a
change
3. Periodization
a. Explain a specific piece of evidence which illustrates X (traditional historical period)b. Explain another specific piece of evidence which illustrates Xc. Explain a specific piece of evidence which DISPROVES X
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a. Select one of the following events and argue for why it best illustrates the beginning of X (traditional historical time period or event)
a. Ab. Bc. C
b. Explain a specific piece of evidence which illustrates your choice in (A)c. Make an argument for why one of the other options is not the better choice
a. Select one of the following events and argue for why it represents a turning point in U.S. History
a.b.c.
b. Explain a specific piece of evidence which illustrates your choice in A
c. Explain a specific piece of evidence which would DISPROVE your point in A and B
4. Comparison
a. Explain one specific similarity between X and Y (two different historical periods)b. Explain another specific similarity between X and Yc. Explain one specific difference between X and Y
a. Explain one specific characteristic of X (historical period, group or characteristic)b. Explain a CONTRADICTORY characteristic of Xc. Account for the differences between (A) and (B) within X
a. Explain one specific similarity between X and Y (two different historical periods)b. Explain one specific difference between X and Yc. Account for the difference or similarity between (A) and (B)
5. Contextualization
a. Explain the point of view of the ____________(Chart, map, cartoon etc))b. Explain one specific historical event or concept which supports (A)c. Explain one specific historical event or concept which CONTRADICTS (A)
a. Account for the historical trend in the ________(chart, map, graph, cartoon, etc)b. Explain one specific piece of evidence which reacted to the trend in the stimulus (chart, graph, map,
etc)c. Explain one specific piece of evidence which resulted from the trend in the stimulus
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6. Historical Argument
a. Account for the differences between the two authors (historical arguments)b. Explain a specific piece of historical evidence which supports the first authorc. Explain a specific piece of historical evidence which supports the second author
a. Explain a specific piece of evidence which CONTRADICTS the first authorb. Explain a specific piece of evidence which CONTRADICTS the second authorc. Account for the differences between the two authors
7. “Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical Evidence”
8. Interpretation (evident within answers)
9. Synthesis (evident within answers)
NEXT: Units 1-10 Vocabulary terms.
DO NOT LOSE THIS BOOKLET!
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AP UNIT 1
1. Mayflower CompactSigned in 1620, this document set up a government for the Plymouth colony and became the first agreement for self-government in America.
2. William BradfordThis person served as the second governor of the Plymouth colony (1621-1657) and developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
3. Pilgrims and Puritans contrastedThe Pilgrims These people were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Because separatist groups were illegal in England, this group fled to America and settled in Plymouth. The Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.
4. John Winthrop (1588-1649), his beliefs1629 – This person became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs, he opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.
5. CalvinismThis Protestant sect emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Followers supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.
6. Anne Hutchinson, AntinomianismThis person preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. Forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637, her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
7. Roger Williams, Rhode IslandThis person left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.
8. Half-way CovenantThis concept applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who had not achieved grace themselves. This allowed them to participate in some church affairs.
9. Thomas HookerThis clergyman was one of the founders of Hartford who was called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates.
10. Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutThis first written constitution in America set up a unified government for the towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield.
11. Sir Edmond AndrosThis person was the governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.
12. Joint stock companyThis is a company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and debts.
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13. Headright systemThis describes a process in which parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
14. John SmithThis person helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
15. John Rolfe, tobaccoThis person was one of the English settlers at Jamestown . He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. He is famous for being the man who married Pocahontas.
16. VA House of Burgesses, 1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses Formed in 1619, this was the first legislative body in colonial America. Later, other colonies would adopt similar bodies.
17. CavaliersIn the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles I. Their opponents were the Roundheads, who were loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.
18. James OglethorpeThis person was the founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that he behaved as a dictator, and that (along with the colonist’s dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and he eventually lost his position as governor.
19. John Locke This person was a British political theorist who wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the Carolinas colony, but it was never put into effect. The constitution would have set up a feudalistic government headed by an aristocracy which owned most of the land. He is most known for arguing for justifiable rebellion when a government fails to protect the natural rights of its citizens.
20. William PennIn 1681 this person received a land grant from King Charles II and used it to form a colony that would provide a safe haven for Quakers. His colony, named after him, allowed for religious freedom.
21. Magna Carta, 1215An English document draw up by nobles under King John which limited the power of the king. It has influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America.
22. Petition of Right, 1628A document drawn up by Parliament’s House of Commons listing grievances against King Charles I and extending Parliament’s powers while limiting the king’s. It gave Parliament authority over taxation, declared that free citizens could not be arrested without cause, declared that soldiers could not be quartered in private homes without compensation, and said that martial law cannot be declared during peacetime.
23. English Bill of Rights, 1689Drawn up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain rights of the British people. It also limited the king’s powers in taxing and prohibited the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime.
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24. Five NationsThe federation of tribes occupying northern New York: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Senecca, the Onondaga, and the Cayuga. The federation was also known as the "Iroquois," or the League of Five Nations, although in about 1720 the Tuscarora tribe was added as a sixth member. It was the most powerful and efficient North American Indian organization during the 1700s. Some of the ideas from its constitution were used in the Constitution of the United States.
25. Great Awakening (1739-1744)Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.
26. Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, a Careful and Strict Inquiry Into...That Freedom of WillPart of the Great Awakening, Edwards gave gripping sermons about sin and the torments of Hell.
27. George WhitefieldCredited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."
28. Maryland Act of Toleration (Act of Religious Toleration)1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
29. DeismThe religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
30. HuguenotsFrench Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.
31. Mercantilism: features, rationale, impact on Great Britain, impact on the coloniesMercantilism was the economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported. Possession of colonies provided countries both with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them.
32. Navigation Acts (of 1650, 1660, 1663, and 1696)British regulations designed to protect British shipping from competition. Said that British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned vessels and at least 3/4 of the crew of the ship were British.
33. Admiralty courtsBritish courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.
34. Salem witch trialsSeveral accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.
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35. Primogeniture, entailThese were the two British legal doctrines governing the inheritance of property. Primogeniture required that a man’s real property pass in its entirety to his oldest son. Entail required that property could only be left to direct descendants (usually sons), and not to persons outside of the family.
36. Robert WalpolePrime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.
37. "Salutary neglect"Prime Minister Robert Walpole’s policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies.
38. The EnlightenmentA philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.
39. Theories of representative government in legislatures: virtual representation, actual representationVirtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation means that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government.
40. Town meetingsA purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town’s voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.
APUSH Unit 2
1. Albany Conference: This 1754 meeting was an attempt to get the English colonies to act in union to negotiate terms with the Indians. Ultimately, the meeting did not produce the desired results, but it did provide a framework for what would later become the Articles of Confederation.
2. Pontiac’s Rebellion: This was a 1763 uprising after the French and Indian War, by Indians who opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley.
3. Proclamation of 1763: The British government drew this imaginary line along the Appalachian Mountains and forbade their colonists from settling west of it. It also required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
4. Paxton Boys: This mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen massacred a group of non-hostile Indians.
5. Writs of Assistance: These were search warrants issued by the British government that allowed officials to search houses and ships for smuggled goods with or without reasonable cause.
6. James Otis: This was a colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling.
7. Mercy Otis Warren: This 19th century American historian wrote a three volume history of the American Revolution.
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8. Stamp Act: This first direct tax on colonists was so unpopular that it caused riots. Because of this colonial opposition (and the decline in British imports caused by the non- importation movement) London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal it in 1766.
9. Sons of Liberty: This was a radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. With leaders such as Sam Adams and Paul Revere, the group incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept.
10. Committees of Correspondence: These were the first government-organized organizations that the colonies created in order to exchange information and organize protests to British trade regulations.
11. Intolerable Acts: These regulations were passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly, the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide housing and provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers
12. Carolina Regulators: These were groups of Southern vigilantes who organized to fight outlaw bands along the Western frontier in 1767-1769, and who disbanded when regular courts were established in those areas.
13. Second Continental Congress: This group met in 1776, drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.
14. Olive Branch Petition: The colonies made this final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it
addressed their grievances. King George rejected it and declared the colonies in “open and avowed rebellion.”
15. Marquis de Lafayette: This was the French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.
16. William Howe: This British General evacuated Boston harbor with 1,000 American Loyalists.
17. Benedict Arnold: Although he was a General in the Continental Army and instrumental the victory at Saratoga, he is remembered as the most famous traitor in American history.
18. Robert Morris: This delegate to the Second Continental Congress agreed that Britain had treated the colonies unfairly, but he did not believe that the colonies should dissolve ties with Britain. Although he first argued against the Declaration of Independence, he eventually signed it and became the chief financier behind the colonial armies.
19. Common Sense: This pamphlet, written by Thomas Paine, was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.
20. Edmund Burke: This conservative British politician was generally sympathetic to the colonists' grievances and felt that Britain's colonial policies were misguided.
21. Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776: This document dissolved the colonies’ ties with Britain, listed grievances against King George III, and declared the colonies to be an independent nation.
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22. Abigail Adams: During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the home front and urged her husband to “remember the ladies” in the new government he was helping to create.
23. Disestablishment: This term simply refers to the process of removing any state or government recognition or preferential treatment of a specific religion. It is the fundamental concept behind “separation of Church and State.”
24. Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom: Written by Thomas Jefferson, this document outlawed state support and recognition of any church and called for “separation of Church and State.”
25. Tories: This was the nickname Revolutionaries gave Loyalists.
26. Hessians: These were German mercenaries who fought for the British.
27. General Charles Cornwallis: This British general surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.
28. General John Burgoyne: This British general was defeated by American General Horatio Gates at the Battle of Saratoga and surrendered the entire British Army of the North.
29. George Rogers Clark: This soldier from Virginia helped secure victory over the British in the northwestern territory.
30. John Paul Jones: This person was a naval officer during the Revolutionary War. The British sank his ship, the Bonhomme Richard, but he managed to board and capture the British ship, the Serapis.
31. Saratoga: This battle was the turning point of the Revolutionary War. After this victory for the colonists, France recognized the colonies’ independence.
32. Kings Mountain: This was an important Patriot victory along the North Carolina-South Carolina border.
33. Phyllis Wheatley: An African domestic in the colonies, and a well-known colonial poet, her poetry was ornate and elaborate.
34. Yorktown: This was the battle which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.
35. Treaty of Paris, 1783: This agreement officially ended the revolutionary war. It recognized the independence of the American colonies and set the borders as the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida and the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean.
36. John Jay: This person was one of three delegates who negotiated the peace treaty after the American Revolution. He also wrote some of the Federalist Papers and would later serve as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
37. Benjamin Franklin: This person was not only one of the most capable American diplomats, but was a printer, author, inventor, statesman, and illustrious Founding Father who still graces the 100 dollar bill. In his time, he was one of the few “Americans” who was respected in Europe.
38. Northwest Ordinance: This major success of the very first American government set up the framework for government and provided that the NW Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states. It outlawed slavery in the territory and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.
39. Articles of Confederation: This government plan for an independent America delegated most powers (to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to the individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money.
40. Newburgh Conspiracy: This event took place after the war when officers of the Continental Army met in NY to complain to Congress about not being paid. There was talk of a coup and seizure of the new government until George Washington spoke to them and shamed them into aborting the plot.
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UNIT 3:
1. John Dickenson: This man wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania.
2. George Mason: This person, who penned the VA Declaration of Rights, opposed the Constitution because it did not contain a Bill of Rights. His opposition helped in getting the first ten amendments added to the Constitution.
3. Edmund Randolph: This person served both as a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress and as Governor of Virginia from 1786-1788. He submitted the Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention.
4. Annapolis Convention: This was a precursor to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 when a dozen commissioners form New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Virginia met to discuss reform of interstate commerce regulations, to design a U.S. currency standard, and to find a way to repay the federal government’s debts to Revolutionary War veterans.
5. Federalist Papers: This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.
6. Judiciary Act 1789: This created the federal court system, allowed the president to create federal courts and to appoint judges.
7. Excise Taxes: This is the kind of tax placed on manufactured products.
8. Loose OR Strict Construction: Strict construction is a style of interpretation that limits government powers to those specifically mentioned in the U.S.
Constitution. Loose construction is a style of interpretation would allow the government to do anything which the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from doing.
9. Location of the Capitol: This issue was part of the Compromise Plan adopted at the Constitutional Convention as a “nod” to the South. NOT the Great Compromise between the VA and NJ Plans.
10. Whiskey Rebellion: This incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to an uprising, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with a similar situation in Massachusetts.
11. Washington’s Farewell Address: In this famous writing, (it was not a real speech) our first president warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances.
12. Alien and Sedition Acts: This collection of laws made it harder for new immigrants to become citizens, empowered the president to arrest dangerous people, and made it illegal to criticize government officials in writing.
13. VA and KY Resolutions: Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.
14. Second Great Awakening: This was another great religious revival in American history that encouraged personal salvation experienced in revival meetings and more evangelicalism. This movement eventually would lead to many reform movements like prison reform, temperance, women's suffrage, and the crusade to abolish slavery.
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15. Hamilton’s Program: This plan included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.’s credit rate, increased tariffs, a special tax on whiskey and federal assumption of debts incurred by the states during the War for Independence.
16. Society of Cincinnati: This was a secret society formed by officers of the Continental Army and was named for George Washington although Washington himself had no involvement in the society.
17. Residence Act: This piece of legislation set the length of time which immigrants must live in the United States in order to become legal citizens.
18. French Revolution: This the second great democratic revolution started on July 14, 1789.
19. XYZ Affair: This refers to the international scandal that erupted when French diplomats requested a “payment” prior to negotiating with American diplomats.
20. Jay’s Treaty: This was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River and was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.
21. Pinckney’s Treaty: This agreement between the U.S. and Spain gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans
22. Treaty of Greenville, 1795: Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, twelve Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000.
23. Barbary Pirates: This was the name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean.
24. War Hawks: This was a group of Western settlers (led in Congress by Henry Clay and John Calhoun) who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to acquire Britain’s northwest posts (and also Florida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier.
25. Virginia Dynasty: This term refers to the presidents that one state contributed to the American history.
26. Agrarian Republic: This was Jefferson’s vision of having a nation of small family farms clustered together in rural communities. These happy farmers would exhibit concern for the community good.
27. Thomas Malthus: This was an English economist who warned that unchecked population growth would outstrip the food supply leading to widespread poverty and misery.
28. Marbury vs. Madison: This case established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.
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29. John Marshall: This was a Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established the judiciary as a branch of government equal to the legislative and executive. He served as Chief Justice for 34 years.
30. Embargo Act 1807: This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade it also hurt the national economy.
31. William H. Harrison: This governor of the Indiana Territory is famous for making unfair treaties with Indian tribes and the Battle of Tippecanoe.
32. Hartford Convention: This was a gathering of New England merchants (Federalists) who opposed the Embargo and the War of 1812, proposed some amendments to the Constitution, advocated the theory of nullification, and discussed the idea of seceding from the United States. Seen as traitors, public sentiment turned against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.
33. Treaty of Ghent: This officially ended the War of 1812 and restored the “ante bellum status quo.” It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
34. National Road: This was the first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois and was a major overland shipping route between the North and the West.
35. Clay’s American System: This was proposal included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.
36. Adams-Onis Treaty: With this agreement, Spain sold Florida to the United States and the United States gave up its claims to Texas.
37. Monroe Doctrine: This was the declaration that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.
38. Revolution of 1800: This refers to the election that peacefully changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, even though it initially resulted in a tie and another amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
39. Toussaint L’Ouverture: This person led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France’s Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.
40. Continental System: Napoleon basically caused the War of 1812 with this arrangement which closed European ports to ships which had docked in Britain and authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping vessels trying to trade at British ports.
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Unit 4
1. Corrupt bargain: This was the charge made by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State
2. Kitchen cabinet: This term refers to the small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency.
3. Caucus system: In this system, candidates were elected by small, secretive party groups and the public had little say in the process.
4. Worchester vs. Georgia: In this Supreme Court decision, the court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court.
5. Maysville Road Veto: This happened when there was a proposal to build a road in Kentucky at federal expense. The president justified his action by applying strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government
6. Nicholas Biddle: This person was the president of the re-chartered Second Bank of the United States. And known as “The Bank Czar.”
7. Tariff of Abominations: This was the nickname applied to the protective taxes of 1828 and 1829.
8. Trail of Tears: This infamous relocation in the winter of 1838-1839 resulted from a Cherokee minority surrendering their land in Georgia in the 1835 Treaty of Echota.
9. Peggy Eaton Affair: This was the Washington social scandal of Jackson’s first administration.
10. Pre-Emption Act, 1841: This was to help settlers who occupied land and improved it before surveys were done. Without it, settlers could be outbid for the land.
11. Force Bill: This authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832.
12. John C. Calhoun: This senator from South Carolina wrote the doctrine of nullification, in which he expressed his views in support of states' rights and later resigned his position as Vice President.
13. Anti-Masonic Party: This party sprang up as a reaction to the perceived elitism of the Masons, and the new party took votes from the Whigs, helping Jackson to win the election in 1832.
14. Transcendentalism: This is a philosophy in which each person is believed to have direct communication with God and Nature.
15. Henry David Thoreau: This person was an extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws.
16. The Dial: Margaret Fuller was the editor of this publication which appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom",
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17. Last of the Mohicans: This novel is about a scout named Hawkeye during the French and Indian War. It illustrates the clash between growing civilization and untamed wilderness.
18. Nathaniel Hawthorne: This person wrote The Scarlet Letter.
19. James Fennimore Cooper: This person wrote The Spy, The Pioneers, and a novel about a scout named Hawkeye during the French and Indian War.
20. Herman Melville: The person wrote Moby Dick.
21. Washington Irving: He was the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer and is best known for works such as "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."
22. Longfellow: This internationally recognized poet emphasized the value of tradition and the impact of the past on the present.
23. Edgar Allen Poe: Best known for macabre short stories this writer was the originator of the detective story and had a major influence on symbolism and surrealism.
24. Alexis de Tocqueville: This French writer came to America in 1831 and wrote about the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. He was the first to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals.
25. McCulloch vs. Maryland: This Supreme Court decision upheld the power of Congress to charter a bank as a government agency, and denied the state the power to tax that agency.
26. Gibbons vs. Ogden: This Supreme Court case ruled that only the federal government has authority over interstate commerce.
27. Irish and German immigrants: These immigrants tended to be the heaviest drinkers and supplied the labor force for the early industrial era.
28. Nativism: This is a feeling of hatred toward foreigners that arose in the 1840s and 1850s in response to the influx of immigrants.
29. Seneca Falls Declaration: In this document, women first proposed that they were equal to men and that they should have the right to vote. They used the language of an historical American document to call for a variety of women’s rights.
30. Lucretia Mott: An early feminist, this person worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the Underground Railroad and she helped organize the first women's rights convention.
31. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention and later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870.
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32. Catherine Beecher: A writer and lecturer, she worked on behalf of household arts and education of the young. Although she established two schools for women and emphasized better teacher training, she opposed women's suffrage.
33. Prison reform: The Pennsylvania system was based on the concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform, but this effort toward ______________led to many mental breakdowns.
34. Cult of true womanhood: The opponents of the women’s rights movement believed in preserving the values of piety, domesticity, purity and submissiveness. These opponents of the women’s movement referred to their ideas as this.
35. American Temperance Union: This was the group leading the movement to encourage moderation in the consumption of alcohol in the 1800s.
36. Horace Mann: This person created a public school system in Massachusetts using Prussian military schools as models
37. Lyceum movement: Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education, this movement was directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning.
38. Brigham Young: This person led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah, where they founded the Mormon republic of Deseret, where they practiced polygamy and instilled strong social order.
39. Oneida Community: This was a group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. They also practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.
40. Dorothea Dix: A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, this person was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada.
Unit 5: 1. American Colonization Society: Formed
in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free blacks to Africa
2. Commodore Matthew Perry: This person went to Japan to open trade between it and the U.S. In 1853, his armed squadron anchored in Tokyo Bay, where the Japanese were so impressed that they signed the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, which opened Japanese ports to American trade.
3. John Sutter: This Swiss immigrant had originally obtained his lands in Northern California through a Mexican grant. Gold was discovered by workmen excavating to build a sawmill on his land in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, touching off the California gold rush.
4. Kansas-Nebraska Act: This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrine of congressional nonintervention in the territories. Popular sovereignty would determine whether certain areas would be slave or free states.
5. Ostend Manifesto: This was a recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $120 million for Cuba….and take it by force if they refused and US interests were at stake.
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6. Sojourner Truth: This was the name used by Isabelle Baumfree, one of the best-known abolitionists of her day. She was the first black woman orator to speak out against slavery.
7. Tredegar Ironworks: This business was run by skilled slave labor and was also the major munitions supplier of the South and was directly responsible for the capitol of the Confederacy being moved to Richmond.
8. Copperheads: This was the nickname Lincoln gave to anti-war Northern Democrats who he thought were out to get him.
9. Freeport Doctrine: During a series of 7 debates, Douglas said in this policy that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will.
10. Writ of Habeas Corpus Lincoln suspended this, which stated that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them.
11. Lecompton Constitution: This was the pro-slavery agreement suggested for Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected.
12. Lincoln's "House Divided" Speech: "I do not believe this government can continue half slave and half free”…This quotation is from a famous speech. You must give both the speaker and the speech.
13. New England Emigration Aid Company: This group promoted anti-slavery migration to Kansas. The movement encouraged 2,600 people to move.
14. Pottawatomie massacre: John Brown led
a party of six in Kansas that killed 5 pro-slavery men. This incident helped make the Kansas border war a national issue. (Spelling should be phonetically close).
15. Robert E. Lee: This man was one of the best military leaders of the Civil War and commanded troops for the Confederacy. He surrendered the Confederacy at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia.
16. Ulysses S. Grant: General chosen by Lincoln to take over the Union troops. Known by some as “a butcher,” Lincoln selected him because “he wins.” He would later become president of the United States and continues to grace the $50 dollar bill.
17. Roger Taney: This southern chief justice of the Supreme Court upheld many laws related to slaves but is most known for deciding that slaves were not citizens and could not sue in courts.
18. Sumner-Brooks Affair: This congressional fight took place after a two day speech by a northerner. The offended southern gentleman beat the speech-giver with a cane and severely crippled him.
19. Crittenden Compromise: This December 1860 bill was a desperate measure to prevent the Civil War and would offer a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36-30 line, non- interference by Congress where slavery already existed and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans defeated it.
20. War of attrition: This is a military strategy where war is waged by exhausting the enemy’s human and capital resources.
21. Anaconda Plan: This was the war strategy for defeating the Confederacy. It called for blockades to limit supply lines and force surrender.
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22. Vicksburg: This city on the Mississippi was besieged by Grant and surrendered after six months.
23. Andersonville, GA: Officially named Camp Sumter, the most notorious Civil War stockade was hastily constructed in early 1864 in southwest Georgia. Of the nearly 45,000 Union POWs held here, nearly 30 percent died in captivity.
24. Conscription draft riots: Because the Northern poor were called to serve disproportionately they tended to show their disgust by violently protesting. During these protests at least 73 people died.
25. William T. Sherman: This Union general’s “scorched earth” march through Georgia and the Carolina seriously hampered the Confederacy's ability to continue fighting. He accepted the surrender of all the Confederate armies in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in April 1865.
26. Clara Barton: This person launched the American Red Cross in 1881. Called an "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.
27. Lincoln's 10% Plan: Under this, former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if a certain portion of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the amendment outlawing slavery.
28. Ex parte Milligan: This Supreme Court case ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region was under martial law.
29. Wade-Davis bill: This legislation declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an
attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it and was called “dictator.”
30. State suicide theory: According to this theory the Southern states had relinquished their rights when they seceded; therefore, the North was justified in taking military control of the South.
31. Conquered territory theory: According to this theory the Southern states were not part of the Union, but were instead a vanquished region which the North could deal with however they wanted.
32. Black Codes: These were restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments.
33. 13th Amendment: This constitutional change ended slavery in the United States.
34. 14th Amendment: This constitutional change ensured citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, due process of law and equal protection under the law.
35. 15th Amendment: This constitutional change granted political enfranchisement to black men
36. Tenure of Office Act: This legislation forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate.
37. Freedman's Bureau: This was the agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.
38. Civil Rights Act of 1866: This legislation prohibited abridgement of rights of blacks or any other citizens.
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39. scalawags: This is a derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.
40. carpetbaggers: This is a derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.
UNIT 6:
1. Texas vs. White: In this Supreme Court case it was argued that the lone star republic had never seceded because there is no provision in the Constitution for a state to secede, thus it should still be a state and not have to undergo reconstruction.
2. Whiskey RingDuring the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars
3. Ohio Idea1867 - Senator George H. Pendleton proposed an idea that Civil War bonds be redeemed with greenbacks.
4. Pendleton Civil Service Act1883 - The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs.
5. Chester A. ArthurAppointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.
6. StalwartsRepublicans fighting for civil service reform during Garfield's term; they supported Cleveland.
7. Half-breedsFavored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.
8. MugwumpsRepublicans who changed their vote during the 1884 election from Blaine to Cleveland. “Mugwump” is the Algonquin Indian word for "chief" and was used in a N.Y. Sun editorial to criticize the arrogance of the renegade Republicans.
9. McKinley TariffA highly protective tariff passed in 1880. So high it caused a popular backlash which cost the Republicans votes.
10. Laissez-faireA theory that the economy does better without government intervention in business.
11. Adam Smith, The Wealth of NationsPromoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
12. "Credit Mobilier" ScandalA construction company owned by the larger stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad. After Union Pacific received the government contract to build the transcontinental railroad,
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it "hired" Credit Mobilier to do the actual construction, charging the federal government nearly twice the actual cost of the project. When the scheme was discovered, the company tried to bribe Congress with gifts of stock to stop the investigation. This precipitated the biggest bribery scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.
13. Horizontal consolidationA form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of one aspect of an entire industry or manufacturing process, such as a monopoly on auto assembly lines or on coal mining, for example.
14. Vertical consolidationA form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of every step of the manufacturing process for a single product, such as an auto maker that also owns its own steel mills, rubber plantations, and other companies that supply its parts. This allows the company to lower its costs of production and drive its competition out of business.
15. Charles Schwab (1862-1939)Founder and president of the U.S. Steel Corporation. First president of the American Iron and Steel Institute in 1901, he was also involved in the stock market.
16. Thomas A. EdisonOne of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture.
17. Alexander Graham Bell1876 – This person invented the telephone.
18. Leland Stanford (1824-1893)Multimillionaire railroad builder, he founded Stanford University in memory of his only
son, who died young. He founded the Central Pacific Railroad.
19. Cornelius Vanderbilt, New York Central RailroadA railroad baron, this person controlled the New York Central Railroad.
20. John D. RockefellerThis person joined his brother William in the formation of the Standard Oil Company in 1870 and became very wealthy.
21. Bessemer processBessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc.
22. Gustavus SwiftIn the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry.
23. Phillip Armour (1832-1901)Pioneered the shipping of hogs to Chicago for slaughter, canning, and exporting of meat.
24. James B. DukeThis person made tobacco a profitable crop in the modern South, he was a wealthy tobacco industrialist.
25. Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay FrickBusiness tycoons, they made their money in the steel industry. Philanthropists.
26. Andrew Mellon (1855-1937)One of the wealthiest bankers of his day, and along with other business tycoons, controlled Congress.
27. TrustsFirms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.
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28. Wabash , St. Louis and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois 1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.
29. Sherman Antitrust Act1890 - A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies, it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade.
30. Samuel GompersPresident of the AFL, he combined unions to increase their strength.
31. Closed shopA working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.
32. Yellow Dog contractsThis refers to a written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.
33. Haymarket Square Riot100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.
34. PinkertonsMembers of the Chicago police force headed
by Alan Pinkerton, they were often used as strike breakers
35. Pullman Strike, 1894Started by enraged workers who were part of George Pullman's "model town", it began when Pullman fired three workers on a committee. Pullman refused to negotiate and Pullman cars slacked off, Pullman cut wages, but did not cut rents or store prices. Troops were brought in to ensure that the trains would continue to run.
36. Eugene V. DebsLeader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
37. Boss TweedLarge political boss and head of Tammany Hall, he controlled New York and believed in "Honest Graft".
38. Tammany HallPolitical machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed.
39. Thomas NastNewspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.
40. Black listThis was a list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses.
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Unit 7
1. Carrie Nation: This prohibitionist believed that bars and other liquor-related businesses should be destroyed, and was known for attacking saloons herself with a hatchet.
2. In Re Debs: This was the decision by which a federal court found the defendant guilty of restraint of trade, stopping US mail, and disobeying a government injunction to stop the Pullman strike.
3. W.E.B. DuBois: This orator and essayist helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and took a militant position on race relations. According to him, “the talented tenth” of the black population could bring respect and equality to all of them.
4. Booker T. Washington: This black leader made a speech in Atlanta to encourage blacks to seek a vocational education in order to rise above their second-class status in society. He is known for starting the first serious vocational institute for blacks.
5. Tuskegee Institute: Founded in 1881, this was the nation’s first formal school of higher learning for blacks.
6. Our Country: In this book, Josiah Strong argued that the American country and people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon.
7. Jacob Riis: This early 1900's writer exposed social and political evils in the muckraker novel, How the Other Half Lives.
8. Lincoln Steffans: This person authored the muckraking novel The Shame of the Cities
to expose the poor living conditions in American cities.
9. Frank Norris: A leader of the naturalism movement in literature, this person believed that a novel should serve a moral purpose and wrote The Octopus in 1901 to showcase how railroads controlled the lives of a group of California farmers.
10. Ida Tarbell: This author’s 1904 muckraking novel exposed the monopolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company and strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies.
11. Upton Sinclair: This author wrote The Jungle, a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.
12. Coxey’s Army: This refers to the group of unemployed workers who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief in 1893.
13. John Dewey: This American educator led the philosophical movement called Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve problems and called for educational reforms based on a “learn by doing” concept.
14. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.: This justice of the Supreme Court during the early 1900s was called the "Great Dissenter" because he spoke out against the imposition of national regulations and standards, and supported the states' rights to experiment with social legislation.
15. Margaret Sanger: This leader of the movement to legalize birth control during
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the early 1900's served as a nurse in the poor sections of New York City where she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. She founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.
16. Robert LaFollette: This great debater and political leader from Wisconsin believed in libertarian reforms and was a major leader of the Progressive movement.
17. Bull Moose Party: This was the nickname for the Progressive Party in the 1912 election. Roosevelt ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson.
18. Crazy Horse: This Native American warrior was instrumental in destroying the US forces in the Black Hills region known to them as “Greasy Grass.” By 1877, he was in US custody and was stabbed while under arrest. With his death, Sioux leadership in the Indian Wars was over.
19. Helen Hunt Jackson: This muckraker wrote A Century of Dishonor, a book thatexposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians.
20. Sand Creek Massacre: The Sioux refused to stop practicing the religious “Ghost Dance” and were pursued by the US Army to the Pine Ridge Reservation in 1890. During this confrontation, a deaf brave misunderstood a command and fired a shot, which brought on this infamous and merciless slaughter.
21. Sitting Bull: This spiritual leader of the Sioux agreed to a resettlement in the Dakota Black Hills, but once gold was discovered
and the US broke the treaty, he had to go on the offensive and fight the white men.
22. Frederick Jackson Turner: This American historian said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
23. Chief Joseph: This person led the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.
24. Morill Act 1862: This legislation set aside public land in each state to be used for building colleges.
25. Dawes Severalty Act: Also called the General Allotment Act, this legislation tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian poverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators.
26. Wounded Knee Creek: In 1890 the Sioux, convinced they had been made invincible by magic, were massacred by troops at this battle in South Dakota.
27. Omaha Platform: This was the plan of the Populist Party for the 1892 election in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers.
28. William Jennings Bryan: This three-time candidate for president was nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in American history. He later
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served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915).
29. Gold Standard Act: Signed by McKinley, this legislation stated that all paper money would be backed only by this hard, valuable substance.
30. Walter Reed: This person discovered that the mosquito transmitted yellow fever and developed a cure for it. Yellow fever was the leading cause of death of American troops in the Spanish-American War.
31. Social Darwinism: This concept applied the theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society and was used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor
32. Louis Sullivan: This person is known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper. He also served as a mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright.
33. Queen Liliuokalani: This Hawaiian royal gave the United States naval rights to Pearl Harbor in 1887. She was deposed by American settlers in 1893.
34. Rough Riders: Theodore Roosevelt formed this group of volunteers to fight in the Spanish- American War in Cuba. They charged up San Juan Hill during the battle of Santiago.
35. Open Door Policy: John Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities. The agreements established this principle for economic actions in the China market
36. Big Stick Diplomacy: The support for the Panamanian revolution in Colombia was an example of this type of American foreign policy in Latin America.
37. Dollar Diplomacy: Taft and Knox came up with this plan to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries in Latin America monetary aid.
38. Roosevelt Corollary: This addition to the Monroe Doctrine made the U.S. an international policeman in the Western Hemisphere.
39. Treaty of Portsmouth: The U.S.A mediated the end of the Sino-Russo war which officially ended with this treaty.
40. William Randolph Hearst: This newspaper publisher adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish-American War.
UNIT 8
1. Initiative: This political term refers to the right of people to propose new laws. This and other reforms made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people.
2. Referendum: This is political term refers to a law passed by the legislature that can be given to the people for approval or veto. This and other reforms made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people.
3. Direct primary: This political term refers to an election where people themselves vote for their party's candidates for office. Candidates had previously been selected by party caucuses that were considered elitist and undemocratic. This change made elected official more accountable to the people.
4. 17th Amendment: This change to the United States Constitution gave people the power to directly elect senators.
5. Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire: This tragedy in New York City in 1911 killed 146 people
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and dramatized the poor working conditions. The negative publicity led to the creation of federal regulations to protect workers and improve dangerous working conditions.
6. Anti-Saloon League: This was a national organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition and later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.
7. Mann-Elkins Act: This 1903 legislation on railroads strengthened earlier federal legislation that outlawed preferential pricing through rebate and prohibited railroads from transporting goods they already owned.
8. Taft-Roosevelt Split: An ideological disagreement over the seriousness of “bad” versus “good” trusts led to a new political party and the election of Woodrow Wilson in 1912.
9. New Freedom: Because Wilson believed that monopolies should be broken up and that the government must regulate business to ultimately ensure the most liberty and democracy for everyone, Wilson called his economic vision and political plan this: __________________.
10. Income Tax: The sixteenth change to the United States Constitution provided this first step toward building government revenues and redistributing wealth with taxes levied on annual incomes over a specific amount and with certain legally permitted deductions.
11. Sussex Pledge: This term refers to Germany’s promise to stop submarine warfare.
12. Zimmerman note: This 1917 German communication to Mexico suggesting Mexico go to war against the US was
intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilize against Germany
13. Espionage and Sedition Acts: These pieces of legislation from the Wilson administration amounted to a severe curtailment of civil liberties during war time. They made many protest activities punishable by law.
14. Fourteen Points: This was President Wilson's ideas that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty, including freedom of the seas, self-determination and an peacekeeping organization dedicated to the prevention of future wars.
15. American Expeditionary Force: This term refers to the first US ground troops to reach the European front in WWI. Commanded by General “Black Jack” Pershing, they began arriving in France in the summer of 1917.
16. Big Four: This term refers to the group of leaders of the most influential countries after World War I.
17. League of Nations: Devised by President Wilson, this organization was to be comprised of delegates from every country, to be run by a council of the five largest countries, and to include a provision for a world court.
18. Fundamentalism: Broad movement in American Protestantism which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths if the Bible and creation.
19. Mandate System: This was the Allie’s compromise to administer the conquered territories of the former Central Powers after WWI. The concept was that the victors would govern the territories until such time as they were deemed capable to “govern themselves.”
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20. Palmer Raids: This term refers to the 1920 outbreak of violence in 33 cities resulting from Americans’ fears of a rising wave of communist sympathy in America. Over 4,000 individuals were improperly searched, jailed and/or deported for their alleged communist ideas.
21. Teapot Dome Scandal: This refers to a major scandal of the Harding Administration in which the Department of the Interior leased land in the Elk Hills region to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes and were forced to resign.
22. H.L. Mencken: This person founded The American Mercury, in 1924 which featured works by new writers and much of his own criticism on American taste, culture, and language. He attacked the shallowness and conceit of the American middle class
23. “The lost generation”: This was the name Gertrude Stein gave the new literary movement led by restless young writers who gathered in Paris after WWI. The writers thought that America was materialistic and criticized conformity.
24. The Great Gatsby: Written in 1925, this book tells the story of an idealist who is gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure-seeking people around him.
25. A Farewell to Arms: Written by Hemingway in 1929, this work tells the story of a love affair between an American ambulance driver and a British nurse in Italy during WW I.
26. The Waste Land: This poem contrasts the spiritual bankruptcy of modern Europe with the values and unity of the past. It displayed
profound despair and is considered the foundation of modernist, 20th century poetry.
27. Sigmund Freud: This person was one of the founders of the modern science of psychiatry and discovered the subconscious.
28. Volstead Act: This legislation was designed to help enforce the 18th Amendment by defining exactly what beverages constituted "intoxicating liquors" and set penalties for violations of Prohibition.
29. Sacco & Vanzetti case: This famous trial convicted Italian immigrants on circumstantial evidence and many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.
30. Scopes Trial: This infamous 1925 event tested a Tennessee law that forbade public schools from teaching the theory of evolution to students. It highlighted a shift of public opinion away from Christian Fundamentalism.
31. Cecil B. DeMille: This motion picture producer and director was famous for Biblical films and epic movies such as The Ten Commandments and Ben Hur.
32. The Jazz Singer: This was the name of the first movie with sound and was about the life of Al Jolson.
33. Flappers: This was a nickname given to women of the 1920s who were independent and taking more risks with their dress, hairstyles and behavior.
34. Langston Hughes: This person was a gifted writer of the Harlem Renaissance who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry.
35. Marcus Garvey: This black leader advocated "black nationalism" started the Back to Africa movement believing that
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blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations.
36. Treaty of Versailles: This was the peace agreement that officially ended WW I on June 28, 1919.
37. Reparations: As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay these fines to the Allies as compensation for the costs of the war.
38. Dawes Plan: This US program was designed to help Post WWI Germany pay its war debts on an installment plan.
39. Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928: This ambitious agreement made war as a tool of national policy illegal and allowed war only for defense. It was widely believed to be useless.
40. Bonus Army: This refers to the march by WW I veterans who had lobbied Congress for “adjusted compensation” for wages not earned during the war. This group was promised (in 1924) a payout in 20 years, but the onset of the Great Depression drove them to march on Washington by 1932.
Unit 9
1. Nine-Powers Treaty: This agreement reaffirmed the existing Open Door Policy in China.
2. Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930: This congressional compromise raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It may have contributed to the spread of international depression.
3. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help
businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WWII.
4. Hoover Moratorium: This term refers to the advice the U.S. president gave the Allies to suspend Germany’s reparations payments for one year.
5. Hoover-Stimson Doctrine: Japan’s seizure of Manchuria brought this pronouncement that the U.S. would not recognize any changes to China’s territory, nor any impairment of China’s sovereignty.
6. 20th and 21st Amendments: (20th: Shortens the “lame duck period” between Presidential terms 21st repeals Prohibition)** Know BOTH, but only ONE will be on described on the quiz.
7. Bank Holiday: This refers to the event in March of 1933 when Roosevelt closed all banks, forbade the export of gold and redemption of currency in gold.
8. Brain Trust: This term refers to the many advisers who helped FDR during his presidential candidacy and continued to aid him after he entered the White House. They were more influential than the president’s actual cabinet.
9. Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act: This legislation created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It also outlawed banks investing in the stock market.
10. Federal Housing Authority: This agency was created by Congress in 1934 to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.
11. Securities and Exchange Commission: This agency was created in 1934 to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.
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12. Tennessee Valley Authority: This public corporation built 20 dams, conducted demonstration projects for farmers, and engaged in reforestation to rehabilitate rural areas.
13. Wagner Act: This legislation reaffirmed the right of labor to unionize, prohibited unfair labor practices, and created the National Labor Relations Board.
14. Grapes of Wrath: This John Steinbeck classic from 1939 was about “Okies” migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.
15. Frances Perkins: This person served as the nation’s first female cabinet member as Secretary of Labor.
16. Keynesian economics: This is the theory that government can pull the economy out of a depression by increasing government spending, thus creating jobs and increasing consumer buying power.
17. Monetary policy: In this kind of economic policy, government manipulates the nation’s money supply to control inflation and depression.
18. Fiscal policy: In this kind of economic policy, the government uses taxing and spending programs to control inflation and depression.
19. Huey Long: This person called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935.
20. Father Charles Coughlin: This openly Anti-Semitic critic of FDR headed the National Union for Social Justice. He began as a religious radio broadcaster but his
broadcasts covered not only religion, but politics and finance as well.
21. Charles Evans Hughes: This Supreme Court justice began to vote with the more liberal members in the liberal-dominated Supreme Court and was known for being a consensus builder on the bench. He did defend the Supreme Court from FDR’s court packing plan.
22. Adkins v. Children’s Hospital: In this 1923 case a hospital fired female employees because it didn't want to pay them what was required by the minimum wage law for women and children. The court decided that the law was an unjustified interference with freedom of a labor contract.
23. Gitlow v. New York: In this 1925 case, a man was arrested for being a socialist and a member of the Communist party. The Supreme Court upheld the conviction and the case was among many that define the extent and limit of freedom of speech.
24. Merchants of death: This was the liberal isolationists' term for companies that manufactured armaments. They felt that the companies were undermining national interests by assisting aggressor nations.
25. Chiang Kai-Shek/Jiang Jieshi: This person was the leader of the Nationalist Party in China and established the Kuomintang government after forcing the Communists to retreat. By 1949, he would himself retreat to the island of Taiwan.
26. Appeasement: This is the policy of giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to maintain peace and was practiced by European diplomats prior to the start of WW II.
27. Hideki Tojo: This person was Prime Minister of Japan (1941-1944) and the leading advocate of Japanese military conquest during World War II.
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28. Atlantic Charter: This was a vision for the post-war world drawn up in August of 1941 by US president Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The plan included the renunciation of territorial aggression, access for all nations to raw materials and world economic cooperation.
29. Office of Price Administration: This government agency successfully combated inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.
30. Korematsu vs. United States: This Supreme Court case upheld the U.S. government's decision to put Japanese-Americans in internment camps during World War II.
31. General Dwight D. Eisenhower: This person served as the supreme commander of the western Allied forces and became chief of staff in 1941. He was sent to Great Britain in 1942 as the U.S. commander in Europe.
32. General Douglas MacArthur: This US general became the military governor of the Philippines, which Japan invaded a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack. He escaped to Australia in March 1942 and was appointed supreme commander of the Allied forces in the Pacific.
33. Cairo Conference: This was the November 1943 meeting of Allied leaders Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek in Egypt to define the Allies goals with respect to the war against Japan. It was here they announced their intention to seek Japan's unconditional surrender and to strip Japan of all territory it had gained since WW I.
34. Tehran Conference: This was the December, 1943 meeting between Allied leaders FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany. It was here they repeated
the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.
35. Robert Oppenheimer: This physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and Cal Tech headed the U.S. atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission but was removed for a time the late 1950's over suspicion he was a communist sympathizer.
36. Yalta Conference: This was the February, 1945 meeting between Allied leaders FDR, Churchill and Stalin to discuss plans to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France.
37. Potsdam Conference: This was the July 26, 1945 meeting between allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.
38. United Nations: This organization, unlike the League of Nations, had a Security Council that could take action on substantive issues through investigation and a General Assembly that would meet to review international matters.
39. Superpowers: This term refers to the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. because of their dominance in the arms race and their economic struggle for world power. Both countries had nuclear bombs by the late 1940's and 1950's.
40. Communism: This is a political, economic and social system based on collective ownership of all productive property.
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Unit 10
1. Truman Doctrine: This early Cold War policy stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by communism.
2. Marshall Plan: This was the massive American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII to help prevent the spread of Communism.
3. Collective Security: This refers to the agreements between countries for mutual defense and was intended to discourage aggression.
4. Dien Bien Phu: In the Spring of 1954, the Viet Minh surrounded and destroyed the primary French fortress in North Vietnam at this location. The French defeat here led to the withdrawal of France from Indochina.
5. Ho Chi Minh: This North Vietnamese leader led the resistance against the Japanese during WW II and at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial government and was an ardent Communist.
6. John Foster Dulles: As Secretary of State this man viewed the struggle against communism as a classic conflict between good and evil.
7. Eisenhower Doctrine: This is the policy that condoned use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism and was used to get involved in the Middle East.
8. Bay of Pigs: President Kennedy directed this operation of American-trained Cuban expatriates to try to topple Castro's regime in Cuba. They had expected a popular uprising to sweep them to victory, but the local population refused to support them and the operation was a disaster.
9. Cuban Missile Crisis: From October 14-28, 1962 , after discovering that the Russians were building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, the U.S. announced a quarantine of Cuba and the US and USSR came close to a nuclear exchange. Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle the launch sites.
10. Taft-Hartley Act, 1947: This legislation amended the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and imposed certain restrictions of the money and power of labor unions, including a prohibition against mandatory closed shops.
11. “right-to-work” laws: These were state laws that provide that unions cannot impose a requirement that workers join the union as a condition of their employment.
12. Dixiecrats: This term refers to the southern democrats who were disgruntled over the strong civil rights proposals of the 1948 Democratic National Convention. They formed the States' Rights Democratic Party and nominated Strom Thurmond (governor of South Carolina) for president.
13. House Un-American Activities Committee: This group was founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. It conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.
14. Alger Hiss: This former State Department official was accused of being a communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
15. Ayn Rand: This author held extreme conservative views and believed that communism was inherently unworkable.
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Her philosophy was that society functions best when each individual pursues his or her own self-interest, called objectivism and wrote the book The Fountainhead.
16. Military industrial complex: Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that combined lobbying efforts would lead to excessive Congressional spending.
17. Thurgood Marshall: In 1967, this person was appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice. He had led the NAACP's legal defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case before the Supreme Court
18. Little Rock Crisis: In 1957, Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering the Central High School. President Eisenhower then sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.
19. Stokely Carmichael: This chair of SNCC called to assert “Black Power.” He supported the Black Panthers and was against integration.
20. Black Panthers: Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, this group believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and they were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.
21. Watts riots: In August, 1965, unrest began after the arrest of a black by a white. By the end of hostilities there were 34 dead, 800 injured, 3,500 arrested and $140,000,000 in damages.
22. Viet Cong: This was the name given to the guerilla fighters on the Communist side during the Vietnam War.
23. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: In August, 1964 after the U.S. Navy ship Maddux reportedly was fired upon, the U.S. Congress
passed this which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North Vietnamese aggression.
24. Domino Theory: This stated that if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another and that one would fall, producing an undesirable effect in any region.
25. Tet Offensive: In 1968, during the Vietnam lunar New Year the North Vietnamese and guerilla fighters attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam and held the U.S. embassy for a time. After this event, U.S. public opinion began turning against the war.
26. Kent State: On May 4, 1970, national guardsmen opened fire on a group of students protesting the Vietnam War at this school.
27. Vietnamization: This term refers to the effort to build up South Vietnamese troops while withdrawing American troops, as an attempt to turn the war over to the Vietnamese.
28. Missile Gap: This term refers to the U.S. military claim that the U.S.S.R. had more nuclear weapons than the U.S., which constituted a weak spot in U.S. defensive capabilities.
29. Silent Spring: An American marine biologist wrote this book in 1962 about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S. except for use in extreme health emergencies.
30. War on Poverty: This Johnson domestic policy started many small programs, Medicare, Head Start, and reorganized immigration to eliminate national origin quotas. It was put on hold during the Vietnam War.
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31. George Wallace: This Governor of Alabama ran as the American Independent Party candidate in the presidential election of 1968. A right-wing racist, he appealed to the people's fear of big government and made a good showing.
32. Betty Friedan: This person published The
Feminine Mystique in 1963, depicting how difficult a woman's life is because she does not think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and did not let them use their talents.
33. SALT I: This was the highlight of talks between Nixon and Brezhnev in Moscow in May, 1972. This agreement limited Anti-Ballistic Missiles to two major departments and 200 missiles.
34. Shuttle diplomacy: This was the policy of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to travel around the world to various nations to discuss and encourage the policy of detente.
35. Three Mile Island: In 1979, a mechanical failure and human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.
36. NOW: This reform organization battled for equal rights for women by lobbying and testing laws in court. This group wanted equal employment opportunities, equal pay, ERA, divorce law changes, and legalized abortion.
37. CREEP: Established in 1971 to help Nixon retain the presidency, this group was involved in illegal activities such as the Watergate break-in.
38. Arab oil embargo: October 6, 1973 - Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. Moscow backed Egypt and both U.S. and U.S.S.R. put their armed forced on alert. In an attempt to pressure America into a pro-Arab stance, OPEC officially refused to sell oil to the United States.
39. Jimmy Carter: This person was elected to the Senate in 1962 and 1964; in 1974 he became the 39th president. He secured energy programs, set the framework for Egypt-Israel treaty, and sought to base foreign policy on human rights.
40. Olympic Boycott 1980: The U.S. and about 64 other nations withdrew from the international athletic events held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
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