· web viewcylinder mowers usually have a roller in the back and front which helps to level...

- 1 –GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE

LEVEL 1Workbook :

Mow Lawns in Landscaped Areas

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, and recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owners.

© AgriSETA.

AgriSETAIssue date : June 2006 Version 2


LEVEL 1Workbook :


A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

Developed by

Lifestyle College

With special thanks to:Tasha Tollman

Ken Wainman from Kensan-ji Environmental Design



LEVEL 1Workbook :


DESCRIPTION PG NOStudy Session Overview 4The Unit Standard : Mow Lawns in Landscaped Areas 7Introduction 13Lesson 1 : Types of Lawn Mowers 14Lesson 2 : Prepare for Mowing 22Lesson 3 : Mow the Lawn 27Lesson 4 : Maintenance and Storage 34References 41


Contents Page


LEVEL 1Workbook :


Purpose

The purpose of this study session is to equip you with the skills and

knowledge necessary to mow lawn areas safely to the standards laid down for

the various sectors of the industry.

This study session forms part of the General Certificate in Horticulture, NQF

level 1 and is aligned with the Unit Standard: Mow Lawns in Landscaped

Areas, which carries 3 credits.

Who is it for?

This study session and unit standard form the knowledge base for people

working with lawn mowers within the ornamental horticulture or landscaping

industry and gives the learner the skills and knowledge necessary to:

Identify the different types of mowers and their method of operation.

Conduct the necessary preparations for mowing.

Apply the correct operating techniques and procedures for mowing.

Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of mower maintenance

and storage.


Study Session Overview


LEVEL 1Workbook :


What's in it for you?

The skills acquired in this study session will equip you with the skills and

knowledge needed to be able to mow lawn areas safely to the standards laid

down for the various sectors of the industry. These skills and knowledge form

the basis of your horticultural studies and help you to:

Explain the operating principles of rotary mowers.

Explain the operating principles of reel mowers.

Demonstrate the adjustment of the height of cut for rotary and reel

mowers.

Explain the difference in the fuel requirements of 2-stroke and 4-stroke

petrol mowers.

Demonstrate the correct method of filling a mower’s fuel tank.

Demonstrate the correct selection and use of PPE.

Demonstrate and describe the mower safety and mechanical checks.

Demonstrate the inspection and clearing of the area to be mown.

Demonstrate the preparation and setting of the mower.

Demonstrate the correct start up and operation of a petrol mower’s engine.

Demonstrate the correct start up and operation of an electrical mower.

Demonstrate the correct method and techniques of mowing a lawn.

Describe the types of cut and their quality and finish.

Describe the comprehensive maintenance checks that should be carried

out on a mower.

Demonstrate the procedures to follow in the cleaning and storage of a

mower after use.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


What about assessment?

If you can mow a section of lawn using:

A petrol lawn mower

An electrical lawn mower

Correctly clean and store the mowers after use and correctly answer the

knowledge questionnaire.

You will receive credits for a competent rating on your assessments.

These credits contribute 1 unit standard and 3 credits towards the General

Certificate in Ornamental Horticulture Learnership at NQF Level 1.

The laid down policies and procedures with regard to assessment,

moderation, RPL and appeals govern this assessment.

You will be rated "Competent" or "Not Yet Competent" against the assessment criteria.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Unit Standard

Title Mow lawns in landscaped areasNumber 119697Level 1Credits 3Field Agriculture and Nature ConservationSub field HorticultureIssue date 2006-02-09Learning assumed to be in place

Demonstrate knowledge of communication and Numeracy at Abet level 3.Health and safety practices.

Specific Outcomes Assessment Criteria

1. Identify the different types of mowers and their method of operation.



Demonstrate the adjustment of the height of cut for rotary and reel mowers.

Explain the difference in the fuel requirements of 2-stroke and 4-stroke petrol mowers.

1. Demonstrate the correct method of filling a mower’s fuel tank

2. Conduct the necessary preparation for mowing.



2. Demonstrate the inspection and clearing of the area to be mown

3. Apply the correct operating techniques and procedures for mowing.


Demonstrate the correct start up and



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Specific Outcomes Assessment Criteriaoperation of a petrol mower’s engine.




4. Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of mower maintenance and correct storage.

Describe the comprehensive maintenance checks that should be carried out on a mower.

Demonstrate the procedures to follow in the cleaning and storage of a mower after use.

Embedded Knowledge

Embedded knowledge is reflected within the assessment criteria of each

specific outcome and must be assessed in its own right, through oral and

written evidence. Observation cannot be the only assessment.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Critical Cross Field Outcomes

Identify and solve problems in which responses display that responsible

decisions using critical and creative thinking have been made – specific

outcome 2, 3 and 4.

Work effectively with others as a member of a team, group, organisation or

community. Specific outcome embedded in the learning for this level of

learner.

Organise and manage oneself and one’s activities responsibly and

effectively. Specific outcome 2, 3 and 4.

Collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information. Specific

outcome 2, 3 and 4.

Communicate effectively using visual, mathematical and/or language skills

in the modes of oral and/or written presentation. Specific outcome

embedded in the learning for this level of learner.

Use science and technology effectively and critically, showing

responsibility toward the environment and health of others. Specific

outcome 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Demonstrate an understanding of the world as a set of related systems by

recognising that problem-solving contexts do not exist in isolation.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Unit Standard Accreditation and Moderation Options

1. Internal moderation.

2. External moderation.

3. Moderation of assessment will be overseen by the relevant ETQA,

according to the moderation guidelines in the relevant qualification the

agreed ETQA procedures.

4. Internal assessment.

5. External assessment with the relevant registered/accredited industry

body/ETQA.

6. An Assessor accredited by the relevant ETQA, will assess the Learner’s

competency.

7. Formative and summative assessment of qualifying Learners against this

unit standard should be in alignment with the requirements of the NSB.

8. Practical assessment activities will be used that are appropriate to the

contents in which the qualifying Learners are working.

9. Assessment will include self and peer assessment, practical and oral

assessment, observations, questions and answers, etc.

10.Direct observation is required in simulated or actual work conditions.

11.Reporting skills are demonstrated by effective communication, using

verbal and/or writing skills.

12.Assessment is to be structured to include formative and summative

component, as well as the submission of a Portfolio of Evidence.

13.The assessment should ensure that all the specific outcomes, critical cross

field outcomes and embedded knowledge are assessed.

14.Specific outcomes must be assessed in their own right, through oral and

practical evidence and cannot be assessed by observation only.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in their own right, through

oral and practical evidence and cannot be assessed by observation only.

15.Special outcomes and essential embedded knowledge must be assessed

in relation to each other.

16. If qualifying Learners are able to explain the essential embedded

knowledge, but are unable to perform the specific outcomes, then they

should not be assessed as competent.

17. If qualifying Learners are able to perform specific outcomes, but are

unable to explain the essential embedded knowledge, they should not be

assessed as competent.

18.Evidence of the specified critical cross-field outcomes should be found,

both in performance and in essential embedded knowledge.

19.Assessment activities must be fair, so that all Learners have equal

opportunities. Activities must be free of gender, ethnic or other bias.

20.This unit standard can be assessed together with any other relevant

registered unit standard.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Who does what?

You are expected to actively take part in the lessons by:

Asking questions.

Planning and preparing for your training and assessment.

Completing the assessment tasks that you are given.

Telling your trainer when you need help or don’t understand.

Your learning will be supported in the following ways:

Your trainer will provide you with all the necessary training material.

Your trainer will manage the learning process during the training.

The assessor will plan and prepare you for assessment, assess your

competence and provide feedback to you and arrange any follow up

assessments that may be necessary.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


The mowing of lawn is not only about the cutting of the lawns or only about

the operation of the lawnmower. It is in fact both- the correct and neat cut of

the lawn will be your main job. The correct and safe operation of the

lawnmower will allow you to be able to get the best looking cut lawn.

If your lawnmower is not in a good condition your grass will not look as good.

Also if you do not know how to adjust the cutting height of your mower your

lawn will either still be too long or it will have white or brown patches in it from

being cut too short.

SAFETY!!!!

Another important aspect of lawn mower operation is the safety of yourself

and those around you, such as members of the public or fellow workers.

Lawnmowers can seriously hurt of even kill a person. They can also cause

a lot of damage to property.

Let’s start by having a look at the different kinds of mowers and how they

work.


Introduction


LEVEL 1Workbook :


Specific outcomes of this lesson :

Identify the different types of mowers and their method of operation.


After you have worked through Lesson 1, you should be able to:



Demonstrate the adjustment of the height of cut for rotary and reel mowers.

Explain the difference in the fuel requirements of 2-stroke and 4-stroke petrol

mowers.




Lesson 1 : Types of Lawn Mowers


LEVEL 1Workbook :


Introduction

Lawn mowers can be categorized into 3 basic groups:

Cylinder or reel mowers Rotary MowersBrush cutters or edge

trimmers

The cutting blade is a

cylindrical reel that cuts

against a bottom blade,

like a pair of scissor.

Can be petrol driven or

electric.

Some are self propelled

by means of a clutch.

Gives the best quality of

cut lawn.

Used on sports fields

such as bowling greens

and soccer pitches.

These machines are

more expensive.

Cylinder mowers usually

have a roller in the back

and front which helps to

level the grass.

The cutting blade is a

singular blade

connected directly to the

engine by the crank

shaft that cuts by

“slashing” the grass at

high speed.


electric.

They are usually not self

propelled except in very

big machines used on

golf courses and parks

Rotary mowers don’t

level the grass during

cutting.

The cutting blade can

either be a circular

blade or nylon line

attached at the end of

a long shaft.

These machines are

usually hand held and

strapped over your

shoulder.


electric.

These are used for

trimming grass edges

or rough grass that

doesn’t have to be

neat.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 1

How would you go about explaining to a child:

How rotary mowers operate:


EXAMPLE OF ROTARY MOWERS

EXAMPLE OF A CYLINDER MOWER


LEVEL 1Workbook :


How reel or cylinder mowers operate.

Lawn Mower Cuts

Let’s take a look at the difference in the way a cylinder and rotary mower cut

the lawn.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


One of the best ways to check weather your lawn mower’s blades are sharp

or have been adjusted is to look at the actual leaves of the grass and see

what the cut edge looks like.

A clean cut looks like the grass has been cut with a very sharp knife or

scissors.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


A jagged cut has a slightly rough edge. This is a normal cut for rotary

mowers but if your cylinder mower cuts like this it means that the

blades are blunt or not adjusted correctly.

A torn cut has a shredded look as if been slashed by a panga. This

means that your blades are blunt or not adjusted correctly and need to

be set or replaced.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 2


Adjusting the cutting height of lawn mowers

Let’s take a look at how to adjust the cutting height of the different types of

lawn mowers.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


CYLINDER MOWERS:Cylinder mowers have two height adjustments-

1. The height of the bottom blade can be set by turning the two bolts on

either side of the cylinder, using a correct size spanner. These bolts

are usually vertically positioned and have strong springs keeping them

in place.The setting of the bottom blade is done by lifting or lowering

the rollers. This will actually set the cutting height of the mower and

therefore the cut grass length. The best length for cut grass is between

10-25 mm. If the cylinder does not make enough contact with the

bottom blade the grass will tear or just bend and not cut leaving the

grass looking untidy.

2. The second adjustment does not control the height as much as it

controls the cutting ability. Two additional bolts on the sides of the

cylinder can be turned to set the space between the cylinder and the

bottom blade (the scissor action). It is very important that the cylinder

can still turn with your hand since if it is too tight it will wear the motor

and the blades out quickly.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


ROTARY MOWERS:

Most rotary mowers have only a single adjustment for the height but some

Honda mowers have 4. They all work on the same principle.

A lever attached to the chassis can move the mower up or down. The lever

has notches into which it fits to make sure that it does not slip down while

mowing. The 4 lever models work in the same way except that there is one

lever per wheel. When adjusting these types make sure that all 4 wheels are

set to the same height.

The single lever models will have the notches numbered for your

convenience. The correct setting will depend on make and model of the

mower. Remember that the best length of lawn is about 25 mm.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 3Using the two mowers supplied, demonstrate how you would set the cutting heights of for a:

Rotary mower Reel or cylinder mower

The parts of a petrol driven mower engine.



LEVEL 1Workbook :




LEVEL 1Workbook :


Different mower engines need different kinds of petrol.

There are two kinds of petrol engines on mowers-

1. 2 stroke

2. 4 stroke

Generally, all two stroke engine need 2 stroke oil to be mixed with the petrol

because they do not have an oil sump to keep the engine lubricated. This is

especially true for brush cutters or edge trimmers and it allows them to be

used at any angle.

4 stroke engines all have oil sumps which lubricate the engine and therefore

do not require any additional oil mixed into the petrol.

How much oil should be mixed with the petrol on 2-stroke engines?

Most 2 stroke engines will need a mix of about 25-50l petrol with 1l of oil. This

means that on a 2l tank you must mix between 80ml and 160ml of oil. If you

are not sure always read the manufacturers book or the label on the fuel tank.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


How do I refuel a lawn mower?

CAUTION! THLOKOMELA! PASSOP!

Most lawn mowers will use unleaded fuel, so you always need to check

with your supervisor what fuel you need to put into the lawn mower you

are using.

Never smoke while you are refueling a mower or near a mower being

refueled because petrol burns easily and there is a danger of you starting

a fire.

Always turn the lawn mower off before you refuel because any fuel that is

spilled onto the hot exhaust can catch fire easily.

Always take the mower off the lawn onto a paved, gravel or concrete area

before refueling because if you spill petrol onto the grass, it will kill the

grass.

Always refuel from a small container that is easy to handle. A 25l container

is too heavy and you will spill petrol on the mower.

Always use a funnel to pour the fuel into the tank, by doing this you also

will lessen the chance of spillage.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Never remove the fuel sieve in the filler cap as this will stop any dirt from

entering the fuel line and the engine. Any dirt in the fuel will cause the

machine to malfunction and may even damage it seriously.

Never allow water to mix in the fuel tank as this will cause the machine to

not start or run properly.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 4Explain the difference between the fuel requirements of 2-stroke and 4-stroke petrol mowers.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 5




LEVEL 1Workbook :


Lesson Checkpoint

Now that you have worked through this lesson, please check that you are able to do all the specific outcomes and meet the assessment criteria:

I can explain the operating principles of rotary mowers.

I can explain the operating principles of reel mowers.

I can demonstrate the adjustment of the ‘height of cut’ for rotary and reel

mowers.

I can explain the difference in the fuel requirements of 2-stroke and 4-

stroke petrol mowers.

I can demonstrate the correct method of filling a mower’s fuel tank.

I can describe the types of cut and their quality and finish.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Notes:



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Where the


Conduct the necessary preparations for mowing.




Demonstrate the inspection and clearing of the area to be mown.

Wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

It is very important FOR YOUR OWN PROTECTION, to wear protective

clothing, especially if you spend many hours operating mowers because lawn

mowers can injury you through:

Constant noise which will damage your ears over a period of time. You

may only notice this after many years of mowing lawns, so always wear

ear muffs to protect your ears. After wearing ear muffs for a few hours

you will notice that your hearing will not be normal- this is only

temporary and will return to normal after a few minutes. Not wearing

ear muffs will eventually make you deaf.


Lesson 2 : Preparing for Mowing


LEVEL 1Workbook :


The spinning action of blades which can throw stones, dust and grass

into the air. Wear a hard hat to protect your head from stones. Goggles

or a visor to protect your eyes. Long trousers or overalls to protect your

arms and legs. Gloves to protect your hands and steel capped safety

boots to protect your feet and shins from stones.

Check that you have the following:-



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Lawn mower pre-operating inspection.

Before starting a mower you need to check that all the working parts are in

good condition. Failure to repair a faulty part can cause serious injury to you

and/or the lawn mower, so follow this 13 point checklist.

Lawn Mower Checklist

Chassis has no cracks.

The engine is securely mounted onto the chassis.

All cables are properly attached at the correct places.

All wheels or drums rotate freely.

There are no visible petrol leaks on the supply line.

There are no visible oil leaks.

The blades are securely and correctly attached.

The spark plug lead is not be broken and is properly attached.

The throttle and choke leavers are working properly.

The mowers stone guards are in place and are working properly.

The carburetor has an air filter.

The handle bars are tightened properly.

The starter rope is not damaged and recoils correctly.

You must also make sure that you know all the controls and the safety

features of the lawn mower that you are working with.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Check for the following-

The throttle- this will set the engine speed.

The choke – this is used only for starting the engine when it is cold

The emergency stop switch- all mowers have these, even electric

ones.

The fuel tap- usually just under the tank on the fuel line leading to the

carburetor.

The height adjustment leaver(s).

If the mower is a self propelled machine, check the positioning of the

clutch lever and hand brake.

On most petrol and electric cylinder mowers there is an additional lever

for engaging the blades separately from the clutch.

If you are using an electrical lawn mower, you will also need to check that the:

On/off switch is in working order.

Cable is not broken or frayed.

Plug connections are tight and secure and that there are no exposed

electrical wires.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 6

Select the PPE to be worn whilst mowing a lawn.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 7Demonstrate and explain to your group how to check the lawn mower for safety and conduct the mechanical checks.

Remember to identify all the necessary controls and safety features including the following

Throttle Choke Air filter Fuel tap Fuel tank Height adjustment leaver(s) Safety stop switch Clutch (where applicable) Hand Brake (where applicable) Blades engaging lever (where applicable) Spark plug Starter rope



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Lawn pre-mowing inspection

It is important that you make sure that the area you are going to mow is safe

to mow because stones, wire, bottles/tins, rope, manhole covers, tree stumps,

irrigation heads and hollows can cause serious damage to:

The lawn mower.

The public.

Private property such as cars and house windows.

You.

Walk over the area to be mowed, a few times, before you start mowing and

clear the area by picking up any stones, wire, bottles/tins, etc. Make a note in

your mind of where there are manhole covers, tree stumps and irrigation

heads, so that you can avoid these while you are mowing.

If there are cars parked nearby or there are lots of people in the area, either

wait for them to move or request your supervisor to arrange for the clearing of

people and property. Make sure to throw any rubbish away off the grass in a

designated area.

If the machine has been checked and is in good condition, you are wearing

your PPE’s and the area has been cleared of any debris, people or property

you are ready to begin mowing.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 8

Inspect and clear the area to be mown.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Lesson Checkpoint


I can demonstrate the correct selection and use of PPE.

I can demonstrate and describe the mower safety and mechanical

checks.

I can demonstrate the inspection and clearing of the area to be mown.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Notes:



LEVEL 1Workbook :





o Demonstrate the preparation and setting of the mower.

o Demonstrate the correct start up and operation of a petrol mower’s engine.

o Demonstrate the correct start up and operation of an electrical mower.

o Demonstrate the correct method and techniques of mowing a lawn.


Lesson 3 : Mow the Lawn


LEVEL 1Workbook :


Start up the mower

ROTARY MOWERS:

1. Open the throttle to the start position.

2. CLOSE THE CHOKE if starting from cold (this will shut off the air into

the carburetor and make the petrol-air mix stronger).

3. Set the height of the mower to its HIGHEST POSITION.

4. Attach the grass catch box.

5. If you are not using a grass box make sure that the stone guards are

DOWN.

6. Open the fuel tap.

7. Pull the start rope a few times until the engine starts.

8. Once the motor is running CLOSE THE CHOKE.

9. Set the mower to its correct height- slowly! If you drop it too quickly it

will cut circles into the grass.

You are now ready to begin cutting!



LEVEL 1Workbook :


CYLINDER MOWERS

1. Set the mower to the correct height first.

2. Open the throttle to the start position.

3. CLOSE THE CHOKE if starting from cold (this will shut off the air into

the carburetor and make the petrol-air mix stronger).

4. Make sure THE HAND BRAKE IS ON.

5. Make sure the CLUTCH IS NOT ENGAGED.

6. Make sure the BLADES ARE NOT ENGAGED.

7. Set the throttle to the start position.

8. Pull the start rope until the engine is running.

9. Once the motor is running CLOSE THE CHOKE.

10.Attach the grass catch box.

You are now ready to begin mowing!



LEVEL 1Workbook :


EDGE TRIMMERS AND BRUSH CUTTERS

There is no height setting on these machines.

Make sure that you have the harness that makes carrying of the machine

easier.

1. Set the throttle to the start position (sometimes this may be a switch on

the shaft linked to a trigger).

2. Set the choke to ON (closed).

3. Pump the primer bulb a few times to get the petrol into the carburetor.

4. Pull the start rope a few times until running.

5. Open the choke.

ELECTRIC MOWERS

Do the checks and height adjustments the same as you would for petrol

mowers.

The main difference is that there is a safety switch on the starter that must be

pressed in first before the start switch will work.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


What do you do if the mower won’t start?

Step 1 : Check that there is fuel in the tank and that the fuel tap is open.

Step 2 :Open the choke and try starting again- the machine is maybe flooded with

petrol.

Step 3 :Make sure you have done all the pre startup checks and procedures.

Some mowers have safety switches which will not allow the machine to

start unless, for example, the hand brake is on.

Step 4 :Check the filter and make sure it is clean. If there is a lot of petrol in the

air filter, the machine has flooded. Dry the air filter out and try again.

Step 5 :If there is enough petrol getting into the engine then we must check for

spark.

Step 6 :Unscrew the spark plug with a plug spanner but do not disconnect it from

the HT cable.

Step 7 : Check that the gap on the tip of the spark plug is not too small or too big.

Step 8 :Allow the tip of the spark plug to tough the body of the mower (it must be

metal) and try and pull the starter rope.

Step 9 :When pulling the rope check for a small blue spark at the tip of the spark

plug.

Step 10 : If there is no spark, replace the spark plug with a new one and try again.

Step 11 :If it still doesn’t want to start or you still don’t have a spark on a plug,

report the fault to your supervisor who can submit the machine for repairs.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Mowing techniques

NEVER CUT WET GRASS!

ROTARY MOWERS

Always run a mower at full throttle because they are designed to work at

maximum engine speed. Failure to do so will result in the quicker

deterioration of engine components.

Always push the mower forwards in straight lines, never cut while pulling

the machine backwards.

When you get to the end of a line turn the mower around by lifting the front

wheels slightly.

Come back next to the line that was already cut allowing the wheels to

overlap slightly. This will ensure that you don’t leave a thin line of longer

grass between each line that you cut.

When you need to stop to empty the grass box, switch the mower off first

and wait for it to stop turning completely before detaching the box.

If you are cutting on a slope don’t cut up and down the slope- always cut along a slope.

If the grass is very long do not try to cut it to the final level in one cut –

start the mower at a higher level and cut a second or third time, each time

lowering the cutting height.

Do not cut shade lawns as short as you would stolon and rhizome lawns.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


CYLINDER MOWERS

Always run a mower at full throttle- they are designed to work at maximum

engine speed. Failure to do so will result in the quicker deterioration of

engine components

Firstly engage the blades

Then release the hand brake

Then slowly release the clutch – if you do it too quickly it will make the

drum spin and damage the grass.

If the lawn has curved edges first cut all around the edge.

Now you can cut in straight lines the same way you would with a rotary

mower.

Each time you reach the end of a line disengage the clutch while you turn

Switch off the blades while you are turning the machine around. Re-

engage the blades and slowly engage the clutch.

After all the lines have been cut you can cut again at 90 degrees to the

first lines- This will give you the square blocks and very neat cut that you

see on soccer pitches.

When stopping to empty the grass box it is not necessary to switch the

engine off but you must pull in the handbrake, disengage the clutch and blades







LEVEL 1Workbook :


ELECTRIC MOWERS

Although electric mowers are much easier to operate than petrol driven

models, there is a very specific way of cutting lawn with electric models.

This is a very important technique as it will lessen the chances of you cutting

the cable and it will make sure you don’t spend too much time moving the

cable out of the way.

Never mow with an electrical mower if your grass is wet or it is raining

because you need to keep the extension cord dry at all time or else you

can get a nasty shock.

Always start as close to the plug point as possible. Take the cable and drape it over you shoulders (like a scarf) and allow

enough slack that it does not hurt your neck, this will make sure that the

cable does not twist and kink while you are mowing.

Cut in straight lines left and right from the plug point, each time moving

further away from the plug point – this will ensure that the cable is always

lying on the grass that has already been cut and that you can’t cut it by

accident.

When you have a space to cut that is not in a straight line away from the

plug you can change direction of cutting but make sure that the cable

always stays on the grass that has already been cut.

Make sure that the motor has stopped turning completely and unplug the

cable before removing the grass box or cleaning around the blades.







LEVEL 1Workbook :




LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 9




LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 10

Demonstrate the correct start up and operation of a petrol mower’s engine.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 11




LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 12




LEVEL 1Workbook :


Lesson Checkpoint


I can demonstrate the preparation and setting of the mower.

I can demonstrate the correct start up and operation of a petrol mower’s

engine.

I can demonstrate the correct start up and operation of an electrical

mower.

I can demonstrate the correct method and techniques of mowing a lawn.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Notes:



LEVEL 1Workbook :



Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of mower maintenance and correct storage.


o Describe the comprehensive maintenance checks that should be carried out on

a mower.

o Demonstrate the procedures to follow in the cleaning and storage of a mower

after use.

Introduction;

IMPORTANT!!

All lawn mowing equipment is sold with an operating and maintenance

manual. Always read the book or make sure that you understand how

to look after a mower before operating it. Each type of mower will have

its own specific maintenance and operating requirements.


Lesson 4 : Maintenance and Storage


LEVEL 1Workbook :


You are not employed to be a mechanic and should not try mechanical

repairs on the machines yourself. Refer all repair work to your

supervisor or store manager in charge of machines who will send the

machine in for repairs by qualified mechanics.

Mowers are very expensive – A new lawn mower can range in price

from R2000 to R30 000, depending on the Make, model, size and type

of mower. This is why it is critically important that mowers are operated

correctly and maintained and serviced at correct times.

Any time that a lawn mower is not in service because of a breakdown,

costs the business a lot of wasted money extra to the normal running

and purchasing costs.

Preventative maintenance on lawn mowersEach make and model of mower will have its own maintenance requirements.

Read the manual of your machine to make sure what they are. The points

below are general guidelines for maintenance. Mostly, maintenance is carried

out on various parts depending on how many hours the mower has actually

worked. So it is important to keep a record of the number of hours of

operation.

1. Keep a record of hours worked.

2. Keep the engine clean.

3. Servicing the air filter

There are 3 main types of filters:-

Oil foam

Dry cartridge

Combination foam and cartridge



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Lawn Mower Checklist

Chassis has no cracks.

The engine is securely mounted onto the chassis.

All cables are properly attached at the correct places.

All wheels or drums rotate freely.

There are no visible petrol leaks on the supply line.

There are no visible oil leaks.

The blades are securely and correctly attached.

The spark plug lead is not be broken and is properly attached.

The throttle and choke leavers are working properly.

The mowers stone guards are in place and are working properly.

The carburetor has an air filter.

The handle bars are tightened properly.

The starter rope is not damaged and recoils correctly.

You must also make sure that you know all the controls and the safety

features of the lawn mower that you are working with.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Check for the following-

The throttle- this will set the engine speed.

The choke – this is used only for starting the engine when it is cold

The emergency stop switch- all mowers have these, even electric

ones.

The fuel tap- usually just under the tank on the fuel line leading to the

carburetor.

The height adjustment leaver(s).

If the mower is a self propelled machine, check the positioning of the

clutch lever and hand brake.

On most petrol and electric cylinder mowers there is an additional lever

for engaging the blades separately from the clutch.

If you are using an electrical lawn mower, you will also need to check that the:

On/off switch is in working order.

Cable is not broken or frayed.

Plug connections are tight and secure and that there are no exposed

electrical wires.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 13

Describe the comprehensive checks that should be carried out on a mower.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Cleaning of mowers and storage

Apart from the maintenance all mowers should be cleaned daily after use. The

following needs to be observed:-

1. Always clean the grass cuttings and sand that get stuck underneath the

chassis and engine.

2. Remove any strings, ropes or other matter that may have got wound

around the crankcase or blades.

3. Remove all dirt from between the cooling fins on the engine. Failure to

do this will cause the mower to overheat and get seriously damaged.

4. Wash and dry the mower thoroughly.

5. Always close the fuel tap before storing- failure to do so will cause

fuel to seep through into the combustion chamber making it impossible

to start or even pull the starter.

6. If the mower is going to stand for a long time either empty the fuel tank

completely or fill it up to the top. Fuel that is exposed to air will “go off”

and will not be pure enough to use. A full tank will not have any air for

the fuel to react with.

7. Lawn mowers should always be stored in a clean, secure position that

is dry – rain and water will cause certain parts to rust and damage will

occur.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


How to clean oil foam filters.

Filters should be cleaned after every 25 Hrs of operation.

These filters have a “sponge” cleaner that is normally soaked in oil. The oil in

the sponge traps dirt very easily.

Remove the wing nut and cover off the filter housing

Lift the foam element off the base

Push out the filter cup from the element (the cup is the middle piece

of the filter unit)

Wash the foam element in petrol.

Squeeze out as much petrol as you can

Soak the element in clean engine oil.

Squeeze out any excess oil and replace the cup in the middle

Reassemble the filter in the housing making sure all the correct

parts go back in the reverse order that you removed them.



LEVEL 1Workbook :




LEVEL 1Workbook :


How to clean a dry cartridge filter

Observe the following if you are cleaning a dry filter:-

- DO NOT clean with petrol or paraffin

- DO NOT soak in oil

- DO NOT use compressed air

After removing the cartridge the same way as you would an oil foam

element, simply tap the cartridge on a flat surface- this will shake

out any dust.

Reassemble in reverse order making sure all parts have been put

back together.



LEVEL 1Workbook :




LEVEL 1Workbook :


How to clean a combination type filter

Combinations (sometimes called dual element cartridges) consist of a dry

element which has a thin sponge or foam covering. These two parts are

separate from each other and must be taken apart for cleaning.

Clean the dry cartridge as mentioned above about every 100 hours

Clean the sponge pre cleaner element as you would for oil foam

filters. Make sure that the sponge has all the excess oil squeezed

out before placing it back around the dry cartridge.

Checking oil levels and changing the oil.AgriSETAIssue date : June 2006 Version 2


LEVEL 1Workbook :


The oil filler cap is also the dipstick- make sure that the oil level

is between the recommended markings on the dipstick.

Check the oil level every 5 hours

Do not overfill the engine with oil.

Drain the oil and replace with clean engine oil every 25 hours of

operation.

Note that the gear case at the bottom of the engine also needs

its oil replacing, but only every 100 hours- you can use the same

engine oil that you use in the crankcase.

Make sure you use the right grade of oil as recommended by the

manufacturer.

Checking the spark plug and decarbonising the combustion chamber.

Spark plugs should be serviced every 100 hours

Always check that the cable to the top of the spark plug is in good

condition and fits properly

Remove the spark plug with a plug spanner.

Clean the end in petrol

Check that the gap between the tip and the electrode is around

0.03” (there is a special tool called a “feeler gauge” for this purpose)

Decarbonising the combustion chamber entails taking the cylinder

head off and removing all the soot and carbon from the inside. This

is best done by a qualified mechanic after every 150 hours of

operation.

Replace the fuel filter from time to time. The fuel filter is attached on the fuel line between the tank and

carburettor.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


These units are sealed and cannot be opened for cleaning.

The best method of cleaning is to remove the filter from the line and

blow some air through it.

If the filter cannot be cleaned anymore, replace it with a new one

Make sure that the filter is re installed in the correct way. Many fuel

filters work with the fuel travelling in one set direction only. This is

usually indicated on the filter with an arrow showing the direction of

flow of fuel.

Report any vibrations or strange noises to your supervisor

immediately- It could be the blades are loose or that the engine is

out of balance or damaged.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Your Turn…

ACTIVITY 14

Explain how to clean and store a mower after use.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Lesson Checkpoint


I can describe the comprehensive maintenance checks that should be

carried out on a mower.

I can demonstrate the procedures to follow in the cleaning and storage

of a mower after use.



LEVEL 1Workbook :


Notes:



LEVEL 1Workbook :


References: National Diploma Horticulture, Cape Technicon, Horticultural

mechanization course notes, 1992.


· web viewcylinder mowers usually have a roller in the back and front which helps to level...

Documents