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The Subjuntive MOOD I

Wish

Hope, desire, want, doubt…….

These conditions bring you into the use of the subjunctive mood

Present Subjunctive- basically uses a subject in the main clause

When To Use the Subjunctive MoodSubjunctive Contrasts With the Indicative MoodSubjunctive? Indicative? Mood? What in the world do those mean?

First of all, the mood (sometimes called the mode) of the verb expresses either the speaker's attitude toward the verb or describes how it is used in the sentence.

The most common mood, the indicative mood, is used to refer to what is real, to state facts, to make declarations. For example, the

verb in "Leo el libro" (I am reading the book) is in the indicative mood.

The subjunctive mood is typically used in such a way that the verb's meaning relates to how the speaker feels about it. In the sentence "Espero que esté feliz" (I hope that she is happy), the second verb (esté or "is") may or may not be reality; what is important here is the speaker's attitude toward the final half of the sentence.

Another way of expressing the concept is that the indicative expresses reality or what is believed to be reality. But the subjunctive is used for different purposes:

It expresses facts that are contrary to reality. It expresses doubt that something is or will be a fact. It expresses how a person feels about a possible action or

state of being. It expresses a wish, intent or command for a possible action or state of being.

It is usually used in subordinate clauses that begin with que or si, although in some sentences (such as simple sentences expressing doubt), a subjunctive verb can be the main verb in the sentence.

How the subjunctive is used can best be seen through examples of various uses:

concern Quiero que no tengas frío. (I don’t

want you to be cold.) It's irrelevant whether the person is cold or not. The sentence expresses a wish, not reality.

Emotion

Siento que tengas frío. (I'm sorry you're cold.) The sentence expresses the speaker's emotions about a perceived reality. What is important in this sentence is the speaker's feelings, not whether the other person is cold.

Te doy mi chaqueta para que no tengas frío. (I'm giving you my coat so you won't be cold.) The sentence expresses the speaker's intent, not necessarily reality.

Se permite que lleven chaquetas allí. (People are allowed to wear jackets there.) The phrase expresses permission for an action to take place.

Dile a ella que lleve una chaqueta. (Tell her to wear her jacket.) Expresses a command or wish of the speaker.

No hay nadie que tenga frío. (Nobody is cold.) Expression of negation of the action in a subordinate clause.

Tal vez tenga frío. (Perhaps he is cold.) This is an expression of doubt.

Si yo fuera un rico, tocaría el violín. (If I were a rich man, I would play the fiddle.) This is an expression of a statement contrary to fact.

Here are some examples of sentences showing differences between the indicative and subjunctive.

Indicative: Es cierto que sale tarde. He is definitely leaving late.

Subjunctive: Es imposible que salga tarde. Es probable que salga tarde. It is impossible that it is leaving late. It is likely that it will leave late.

Explanation: The indicative is used to express perceived reality, while the subjunctive is used to express doubt, negation or mere probability.

Indicative: Busco el coche barato que funciona. (I'm looking for the cheap car that works.)

Subjunctive: Busco un coche barato que funcione. (I'm looking for a cheap car that works.)

Explanation: In the first example, the speaker knows that there is a car that matches the description, so the indicative is used as an expression of reality. In the second example, there is doubt that such a car exists, so the subjunctive is used.

Indicative: Creo que es ella. (I believe it is her.)

Subjunctive: No creo que sea ella. (I don't believe it's her.)

Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example because the subordinate clause is negated by the main clause.

Generally, the indicative is used with creer que or pensar que, while the subjunctive is used with no creer que or no pensar que.

Indicative: Es obvio que tienes dinero. (It is obvious you have money.)

Subjunctive: Es bueno que tengas dinero. (It is good you have money.)

Stop block II 24 Mayo Explanation: The indicative is used in the

first example because it expresses reality (or apparent reality). The subjunctive is used in the other example because the sentence is a reaction to the statement in the subordinate clause.

Words that lead you into the Subjunctive

Mood

Indicative: Habla bien porque es experto. (He speaks well because he's an expert.)

Subjunctive: Habla como si fuera experto. (He speaks as if he were expert.)

Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example because it's irrelevant to the sentence whether he's an expert.

Indicative: Quizás lo pueden hacer. (Perhaps they can do it (and I'm sure of it.)

Subjunctive: Quizás lo puedan hacer. (Perhaps they can do it (but I doubt it.)

Explanation: In a sentence such as this, the subjunctive is used to emphasize uncertainty or doubt, the indicative to emphasize certainly. Note how the Spanish verb form is used to indicate an attitude that might need further explanation in English.

Indicative: Hay políticos que tienen coraje. (There are politicians who have courage.)

Subjunctive: ¿Hay políticos que tengan coraje? (Are there politicians with courage?)

Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example to express doubt.

Indicative: Llegaré aunque mi carro no funciona. (I will arrive even though my car isn't running.)

Subjunctive: Llegaré aunque mi coche no funcione. (I will arrive even if my car isn't running.)

Explanation: The indicative is used in the first sentence because the speaker knows his car isn't working. In the second sentence, the speaker doesn't know whether it is running, so the subjunctive is used. Fin

Forms of the Present Subjunctive

Summary of how to form the present subjunctive

Start with the first person singular (yo form) of the present indicative.

1.If this form does not end in an -o, the verb is irregular in the present subjunctive; memorize the forms: [ser: soy -> sea; estar: estoy -> esté; ir: voy -> vaya; dar: doy -> dé; saber: sé -> sepa; haber: he -> haya].

2.If the stem of the yo form is exactly the same as the stem of the infinitive, the verb is regular; use this stem and attach the appropriate endings [the endings for the subjunctive are for the most part the “opposite” conjugation endings of the present indicative].

3.If the stem of the yo form shows a stem change when compared to the stem of the infinitive (e -> ie, o -> ue, or u -> ue) and it's an -ar or -er verb, the stem will undergo the same changes as in the present indicative; substitute the subjunctive endings for the indicative ones [volver: vuelva, vuelvas, vuelva, volvamos, volváis, vuelvan].

4.If the stem yo form, when compared to that of the infinitive, shows that an -ir stem-changing verb is involved, all forms of the present subjunctive will have stem changes: the same ones as in the present indicative (e -> ie, o -> ue), plus special changes in the nosotros and vosotros forms (e -> i, o -> u) [sentir: sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan;

dormir: duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman].

5.We are left with a yo form stem which is NOT the same as the one for the infinitive and which is NOT a stem changing verb: use this stem for all forms of the present subjunctive [conocer: conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcáis, conozcan; tener: tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan]

The subjunctive is used in various ways; for example, it appears in all negative commands as well as all formal commands, and is used in dependent clauses to indicate doubt, non-existence, or an emotional reaction. Other handouts will deal

with the various uses; this one will deal only with the formation of the present subjunctive.

1.Endings: For all but the most irregular of verbs, the endings for the present subjunctive are as follows:

-ar verbs:-e,

-es,-e,

-emos, -éis, -en

-er and -ir verbs:

-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

2.Regular verbs: Attach the above endings to the present indicative stem (the infinitive minus the last two letters):

hablar comer vivirhable hablemos coma comamos viva vivamos

hables habléis comas comáis vivas viváis

hable hablen coma coman viva vivan

3.Stem changing verbs of the first (-ar) and second (-er) conjugations:

These verbs experience the same stem changes as the present indicative; that is, the stem vowel changes into a diphthong whenever it is stressed. To put it another way, the vowel in the stem changes in all forms except those for nosotros and vosotros. e -> ie

pensar: piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis, piensen

[Sample verbs: cerrar (close), *comenzar (begin), *empezar (begin), encender (burn, turn on), entender (understand), *negar (deny), pensar (think), perder (lose), querer (want), sentar (sit)]

o -> ue

mover: mueva, muevas, mueva, movamos, mováis, muevan

[Sample verbs: acordar (remember), *almorzar (lunch), apostar (bet), colgar (hang up), contar (count, relate), costar (cost), demostrar (demonstrate), encontrar (find), llover (rain), mostrar (show), mover (move), poder (be able), recordar (remember), volver (return)]

u -> ue

jugar: juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, juguéis, jueguen

Jugar (to play) and its compounds is the only one verb which has this change; note

that it also undergoes an orthographic change (g -> gu) to maintain the hard “g” sound.

4.-Ir stem changing verbs:

In the nosotros and vosotros forms -ir stem changing verbs show a special change; the stem vowel is reduced to a single vowel: o -> ue -> u; e -> ie -> i. The other forms undergo the same

changes as in the present indicative (a stem vowel change occurs whenever the stem vowel is stressed, that is, in all forms except for nosotros and vosotros).

o -> ue -> u

dormir: duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman

[Sample verbs: dormir (sleep) and

morir (die)]

e -> ie -> i

sentir: sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan

[Sample verbs: consentir (consent), convertir (convert), herir (injure), preferir (prefer), mentir (lie) and sentir (feel, regret), and sugerir (suggest)]

e -> i -> i

pedir: pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan

[Sample verbs: competir (compete), *conseguir (get), *corregir (correct), despedir (say goodbye, dismiss), *distinguir (distinguish), *elegir (elect), medir (measure), pedir (request), reír

(laugh), *repetir (repeat), *seguir (follow, continue), servir (serve), and vestir (dress)]

*Spelling (or orthographic) change also involved. See section 5.

5.Orthographic changes:

First conjugation (-ar) verbs whose stem ends in -c, -g, or -z undergo a spelling change, as do -er and -ir verbs whose stem ends in -gu or -g. These changes are necessary to preserve the sound occurring in the infinitive. -car: c -> qu

buscar: busque, busques, busque, busquemos, busquéis, busquen

[Sample verbs: atacar (attack), buscar (look for), clasificar (classify), criticar (criticize), indicar (indicate), practicar (practice), publicar (publish), sacar (take out), secar (dry), tocar (touch, play)]

-gar: g -> gu

pagar: pague, pagues, pague, paguemos, paguéis, paguen

[Sample verbs: cargar (load, charge), castigar (punish), entregar (deliver), *jugar (play), obligar (oblige), pagar (pay), pegar (hit), and tragar (swallow)]

-zar: z -> c

abrazar: abrace, abraces, abrace, abracemos, abracéis, abracen

[Sample verbs: abrazar (hug), cazar (hunt), *comenzar (begin), *empezar (begin), lanzar (throw), rechazar (reject simbolizar (simbolize)]

-guir: gu -> g

distinguir: distinga distingas distinga distingamos distingáis distiguen

[Sample verbs: *conseguir (get), distinguir (distinguish), *perseguir (persecute), and *seguir (follow, continue)]

-gir: g -> j

dirigir: dirija, dirijas, dirija, dirijamos, dirijáis, dirijan

[Sample verbs: *corregir (correct), dirigir (direct), *elegir (elect), exigir (demand), fingir (pretend), and *regir (rule)]

*Stem change also involved. See sections 3 and

6.Verbs with a special yo form (but one which still ends in -o):

Verbs which in the present indicative have a special yo form ending in an -o use the stem of that form for all the present subjunctive forms: Verbs with the addition of a -g- in the yo form:

decir say digo: diga, digas, diga, digamos, digáis, digan

hacer do hago: haga, hagas, haga, hagamos, hagáis, hagan

oír hear oigo: oiga, oigas, oiga, oigamos, oigáis, oigan

poner

put: pongo:

pongas, ponga, ponga, pongamos, pongáis, pongan

salir go out: salgo salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgáis, salgan

tener have: tengo tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan

traer bring: traigo traiga, traigas, traiga, traigamos, traigáis, traigan

valer be worth:

valgo valga, valgas, valga, valgamos, valgáis, valgan

venir come: vengo venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengáis, vengan

Verbs with the infinitive ending -cer (with -zco in the yo form): conocer know conozco: conozca,

conozcas, conozca, etc.

nacer be born

nazco: nazca, nazcas, nazca, etc.

obedecer obey obedezco: obedezca,

obedezcas, obedezca, etc.

pertenecer

belong pertenezco:

pertenezca, pertenezcas, pertenezca, etc.

Special case: ver (original stem was ve-): ver see v

eo:vea, veas, vea, veamos, veáis, vean

7.Irregular verbs (verbs where the yo form does not end in -o):

Verbs whose first person singular form of the present indicative does not end in -o have irregular present subjunctive forms: dar give doy dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den

estar be Estoy

esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén

haber

have he haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan

saberknow

sésepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan

ser be soy sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean

ir go voy vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan

Fin

Subjunctive: Part II

All too frequently, the topic of the subjunctive is made far more difficult than is necessary. Let's try a slightly different approach, with the goal of making this topic less troublesome.

The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.

Here are some examples of the subjunctive being used in English:The doctor recommends that he take the pills with food.Subjunctive conjugation: he takeThe law requires that you be 18 years old to vote.Subjunctive conjugation: you be

If I were a rich man, I wouldn't have to work hard.Subjunctive conjugation: I were

So far, you have studied verb tenses in the indicative mood. The indicative mood is used to express factual information, certainty, and objectivity.Usted va al Perú en diciembre.You are going to Peru in December.The above sentence merely reports the fact that you are going to Peru in December, so the indicative mood is used.

Let's change the above example slightly:No dudo que usted va al Perú en diciembre.I don't doubt that you are going to Peru in December.In the above sentence, the clause "no dudo" introduces a quality of certainty, -- the speaker has no doubt, so the indicative mood is used in the second clause (va) as well as the first (no dudo).

Let's make another slight change to our example:Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.

I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.In the above sentence, the clause "dudo" introduces a quality of uncertainty, -- the speaker does have doubt, so here the subjunctive mood is used in the second clause (vaya).

The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.

Yo dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.Since the above statement does not express certainty, the subjunctive (vaya) is required in the second clause.

The difference between indicative and subjunctive is the difference between certainty/objectivity

(indicative) and possibility/subjectivity (subjunctive).IndicativeJohn goes to the store.(This sentence merely states the certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)

I know that John goes to the store.(The clause "I know" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.

There is no doubt that John goes to the store.(The clause "there is no doubt" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)SubjunctiveI want John to go to the store.(The clause "I want" tells us that the speaker feels

that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)I hope that John goes to the store.(The clause "I hope" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)It is possible that John will go to the store.(The clause "it is possible" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)

It's good that John goes to the store.(The clause "it's good" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)It's important that John goes to the store.(The clause "it's important" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)

Because there must be some uncertainty or subjectivity to warrant the use of the subjunctive, you will usually see it in sentences that contain a

main clause which introduces a quality of uncertainty or subjectivity.

I hope she will come.I hope = main clause

I know she will come.I know = main clause

The above examples all have main clauses, but only the first and the third introduce an element of uncertainty or subjectivity.

In learning to use the subjunctive, it is quite helpful if one can first recognize such clauses.

The following is a list of clauses commonly

associated with the use of the subjunctive:a menos que ...unless ...

antes (de) que ...

before ...

con tal (de) que ...provided that ..

.cuando ...when ...

después (de) que ...after ...

dudar que ...to doubt that ...

en caso de que ...in case ...

es aconsejable que ...it's advisable that ...

es bueno que ...it's good that ...

es dudoso que ...it is doubtful that ...

es fantástico que ...it's fantastic that ...

es importante que ...it's important that ...

es imposible que ...it's impossible that ...

es improbable que ...it's unlikely that ...

es incierto que ...it's uncertain that ...

es increíble que ...it's incredible that ...

es (una) lástima que ...it's a pity that ...

es malo que ...it's bad that ...

es mejor que ...it's better that ...

es necesario que ...it's necessary that ...

esperar que ...to wish that ...

es posible que ...it's possible that ...

es preferible que ...it's preferable that ...

es probable que ...it's probable that ...

es raro que ...it's rare that ...

es ridículo que ...it's ridiculous that ...

estar contento queto be happy that ...

es terrible que ...it's terrible that ...

hasta que ...until ...insistir en

que ...to insist that ...mandar que ...

to order that ...más vale que ...

it's better that ...mientras que ...to be afraid that ...

7

As you can see, the list is quite long, and this isn't even a complete list! There are even more expressions that trigger use of the subjunctive that we haven't included. Instead of trying to memorize such a long list, why not familiarize yourself with a

much shorter list of expressions with which the subjunctive is not used?

creer que ...to believe that ...

to not doubt that ...es cierto que ...

it is certain that ...es claro que ...

it is clear that ...es evidente que ...

it is certain that ...es obvio que ...

it is obvious that ...estar seguro que ...

to be sure that ...es verdad que ...

it is true that ...no cabe duda que ...

there's no doubt that ...no es dudoso que ...

it is not doubtful that ...no hay duda que ...

there is no doubt that ...

Since these expressions introduce a quality of certainty, they do not trigger the use of the subjunctive.

If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause introduces a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will use the indicative mood in the second clause, since the sentence will be reporting something certain.

2. Introducción a Capítulo 8A

3. Realidades 2 El Paquete de Capítulo 8A

Las páginas 401 – 404 y la página 410

4. Subjunctiive tense

5. Repaso de los mandatos

____________________________________________

A Primera Vista

Capítulo 8AEL VOCABULARIO

7B

Hacer la maleta

La tarjeta de embarque

La maleta

El agente de viajes

El equipaje

La puerta de embarque

El pasaporte

El piloto la pilota

La empleada

El anuncio

La ventanilla

Pasajeros

REGISTRAR

EL AUXILIIAR DE VUELTO

LA AUXILIAR DE VUELTO

LA ADUANA

EL ADUAN0

EL ADUANERO

LA ADUANERA

Sendero

El Subjuntivo

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SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Clauses are groups of words which express an idea and contain a predicate (i.e., a conjugated verb) and a subject, although of course in Spanish the subject is often merely indicated by the verb ending. They can be divided into two categories: independent clauses (which make sense in and of themselves) and dependent clauses (which need to be used with an independent clause to form a complete sentence). In general, the the indicative, the conditional, and the imperative (command forms) are used in independent clauses; some exceptions will be given in section I below.  The subjunctive mood is found primarily in dependent clauses, but of course the other moods can occur there as well, depending on the type of clause, the action/state involved, and its relationship to other elements in the sentences such as the governing verb.

I. Use of the subjunctive in independent clauses. As already mentioned, the subjunctive is

seldom used in main clauses, but there are a few exceptions: 1. The past subjunctive may be used with the

verbs poder, querer, and deber to express courtesy or an attitude of deference.

(Yo) quisiera pedirte un favor.

I'd like to ask you a favor.

Debieras practicar un poco más.

You should practice a little more.

¿Pudieran Uds. darme otros ejemplos?

Could you give me some other examples?

2. Words meaning “perhaps” (tal vez, quizá, and quizás) may be followed by the subjunctive to suggest that the action or state is improbable, or doubtful; they may also be followed by the indicative to stress a greater degree of likelihood or probability. [Note: The expression for “perhaps” has no effect on the verb if it comes after the verb.]

Quizás participamos en la fiesta.

Perhaps we'll take part in the festival.

[Indic.: probable]

Quizás participemos en la fiesta.

Perhaps we'll take part in the festival.

[Subj.: doubtful]

3. Command forms —or imperatives— are based on the subjunctive, with only three exceptions: the affirmative tú forms, affirmative vosotros forms, and the affirmative form for “let's go”, vamos. [Reminder: In Spanish we have command forms for tú, vosotros/as, usted, and ustedes, plus nosotros/as [“Let's ... (do something)”]

Tú: Habla más despacio.

Talk slower.

[Not based on the subj.]

No hables tan rápidamente.

Don't talk so fast.

[Subj.]

Usted(es):

Díga(n)me la verdad.

Tell me the truth.

[Subj.]

No me diga(n) mentiras.

Don't tell me lies.

[Subj.]

Vosotros:

Comed con nostros.

Eat with us.

[Not based on the subj.]

No comáis los huevos revueltos.

Don't eat the scrambled eggs.

[Subj.]

Nosotros:

Bailemos. Let's dance.

[Subj.]

No bailemos a esa música.

Let's not dance to that music.

[Subj.]

Vamos al parque.

Let's go to the park.

[Exception, not based on the subj.]

No vayamos al cine.

Let's not go the movies.

[Subj.]

II. Noun clauses may function as the object or predicate compliment of a verb. Remember the importance of governing verbs and their effect on subordinate noun clauses: normally verbs such as reporting, affirmation, knowledge and certainty (“think”, “believe”, “affirm”, “be certain of”, etc.), are followed by the indicative. In contrast, the subjunctive is used in

dependent clauses following: 1) verbs of influence, such as “urge”, “advise”, “permit”, “forbid”, “ask”, or “want” (someone else to do something); 2) verbs of doubt or denial, such as “doubt”, “deny”, “be unsure of”; 3) verbs of emotion such as “regret”, “be happy”, “be sorry”, “fear”; 4) impersonal expressions indicating these things or subjective reactions, for example, that it is “good/bad”, “(im)possible”, “(im)probable”, “(un)likely” (that something happen).

Yo creo que Juana viene mañana.

I think Juana is coming tomorrow.

[Indic.: verb of affirmation]

Preferimos que nos acompañes.

We prefer that you accompany us.

[Subj.: verb of influence]

Dudo que Miguel llegue a tiempo.

I doubt that Miguel will arrive on time.

[Subj .: verb of doubt]

Es una lástima que se hayan perdido.

It's a shame that they got lost.

[Subj.: impersonal expression of emotion]

III. Adverbial clauses give information such as “when”, “why”, “how” or “where” something happens. The verb in an adverbial clauses will be in the subjunctive if the action/state in the clause is anticipated —that is, viewed as being in the future in comparison to the action/state represented by the governing verb. The indicative is used in clauses where the action is viewed as habitual or having been completed.

Adverbial clauses are introduced by adverbial conjunctions, some of which by their very nature always indicate something anticipatory and hence always take the subjunctive: antes de que (before), para que (so that), a fin de que (so that), sin que (without), a menos que (unless), and con tal de que (provided that). Some of the more frequent adverbial conjunctions which may take either the

indicative or the subjunctive: cuando (when), hasta que (until), después de que (after), tan pronto como (as soon as), mientras (while). Cada domingo después que desayunamos, la familia asiste a servicios religiosos.

Every Sunday after we eat breakfast, the family attends religious services.

[Indic.: habitual action]

Cuando termines la tarea iremos al cine.

When you finish the homework, we'll go the movies.

[Subj.: anticipated action]

IV. Adjectival clauses describe or modify nouns or pronouns. If the noun or pronoun modified is negated, nonexistent or indefinite, then the verb in the modifying clause will be in the subjunctive; if the noun modified is a definite one, then the indicative is used.

Buscamos al criado que se llama Raúl.

We're looking for the servant who's named Raúl.

[Indic.: definite antecedent]

Buscamos una criada que hable español.

We're looking for a servant who speaks [=might speak] Spanish.

[Subj.: indefinite antecedent]

No necesito ningún amigo que me insulte así.

I don't need any friend who insults me like that.

[Subj.: negated antecedent]

V. Como si is always followed by a past subjunctive, either the imperfect subjunctive (hypothesis in present time) or the past perfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive (past-time hypothesis).

Ella trabaja She works as if [Imperf subj.:

como si no hubiera otro día mañana.

there weren't any tomorrow.

present/future time]

Ella hablaba como si nadie la hubiera visto.

She talked as if no one had seen her.

[Past perfect subj.: prior time]

VI. “If” clauses. The indicative is used for both the “if” and “result” clauses if it is a “real” condition. In an “unreal” or “contrary-to-fact” condition, a past subjunctive is used in the “if” clause, and normally the conditional is used in the result clause. For present- or future-time unreal conditions, the imperfect subjunctive is used in the “if”clause and the conditional is used in the main clause; for past-time unreal conditions, the past perfect subjunctive is used in the “if” clause, and the conditional perfect is used for the main clause.

Si ganas más dinero, iremos

If you earn more

[Indic.: real condition in

a Bogotá. money, we'll go to Bogota.

present or future time]

Si ganaras más dinero, iríamos a Bogotá.

If you earned more money, we would go to Bogota.

[Imperfect subj. & cond.: unreal condition in present or future time]

Si hubieras ganado más dinero, habríamos ido a Bogotá.

If you had earned more money, we would have gone to Bogota.

[Past perfect subj. & cond. perfect: unreal condition in past time]

VII. Note the tip-offs in English for unreal conditions in the above examples: the use of “would” or “would have” and the use of a past tense for a present/future time activity.

More on the present subjunctive mood

The Subjunctive Mood in Noun Clauses

     Introduction: the subjunctive mood.  Presumably, up until now you have been using primarily the indicative mood. The indicative (modo indicativo) in both English and Spanish is used to indicate facts or states of being in the “real world”, and to ask questions: Jorge dice la verdad.

Jorge is telling the truth.

Elena no canta hoy.Elena is not singing today.

¿Estás cansado? Are you tired?

     In contrast to the indicative, the subjunctive mood (modo subjuntivo) is very rarely used as the main verb of a sentence; it is used primarily in dependent (“subjoined”) clauses and to express a subjective view or the negation or the anticipation of an action or state. In the case of a subjective view, the action or state may in fact exist in reality; the emphasis, however, is on the reaction of the speaker. We can find some examples of situations where we use the subjunctive both in Spanish and in English; in the English translations note that the third person singular form does not end in the usual -s:

We recommend that she *come.

Recomendamos que ella venga.

I insist that he *be here. Insisto en que esté aquí.

*Note that the normal forms are “she comes”and “he is”.

     Unfortunately —at least for purposes of transferring our knowledge of English grammar to Spanish— modern English uses the subjunctive very little. In Spanish it is used constantly, both in conversational and literary form, and you must be able to use it where appropriate. Subj. mood - noun clauses - the rule - verbs of: influence

or emotion or doubt - impersonal exprsns

     Introduction: noun clauses. A clause is a group of words that expresses an idea and contains a subject and a conjugated or “finite” verb (in contrast to an “infinite” or non-conjugated form such as the infinitive). A sentence will have one or more main clauses, and may have one or more dependent clauses or none at all. main clause

dependent clause

Espero que vengas a la fiesta.

I hope (that) you'll come to the party.

     For purposes of this section on the subjunctive, noun clauses are dependent clauses which serve as the direct

object or predicate complement of another verb (or as the subject of a verb), just as a noun can do. Please note that English frequently employs an infinitive in these cases, whereas Spanish frequently requires a conjugated verb. Quiero el libro.

I want the book.

El libro/the book is the direct object.

Quiero que compres el libro.

I want you to buy the book.

In English the direct object is the phrase you to buy the book. The literal equivalent of the Spanish sentence is: I want that you buy the book, and the clause que compres el libro is the direct object of the verb Quiero.

In the above example involving a dependent clause —“I want that you buy the book”— please note that:

The governing verb (the verb which governs the dependent clause) is “want / querer” and that it expresses influence.

The subject of the governing verb is “I / yo”. The subject of the dependent clause is “you / tú”,

different from the subject of the main verb (“I / yo”). The verb in the dependent noun clause is “buy /

compres”; however, the clause does not express a fact such as “you are buying the book” but rather that it is my desire “that you might buy the book”.

Subj. mood - noun clauses - the rule - verbs of: influence or emotion or doubt - impersonal exprsns

The rule: In Spanish, the subjunctive mood is used for the verb in a dependent noun clause when:

1. The subject of the governing verb is different from the subject of the dependent clause [e.g., “you / tú” vs. “I / yo” in the above example], and

2. The governing verb is one of:o Influence or willing [want, prefer, desire, insist,

request, etc.], oro Emotion [fear, be angry, be sad, be happy, be

surprised, etc.], oro Doubt or negation [be uncertain, be unsure,

doubt, deny, etc.], or is ano Impersonal expression of influence, emotion,

doubt, probability, possibility, necessity, or a subjective reaction on the part of the speaker [e.g.,: It's urgent / bad, wonderful / uncertain / possible / probable / unlikely, etc.]

     In contrast: The infinitive is normally used when there is no change in subject (I want to leave = Quiero salir), and the indicative mood is used when the governing verb expresses knowledge (to know) certainty (to be certain / sure), truth (to be true / the truth), affirmation (to believe, think, affirm, assert, declare), or reporting (to say, indicate [when not used as a verb of influence], report).

I. Verbs of influence or willing. Verbs such as querer (to want), preferir (to prefer), desear (to desire),

insistir en (to insist), mandar (to command), prohibir (to prohibit), requerir (to require), exigir (to demand, require), recomendar (to recommend), pedir (to request/ask for), decir (to tell, say [when not used as a verb of reporting]), alentar (to encourage), etc. require that the subjunctive be used in any subordinate clauses they govern.

Queremos que lo cantes.

We want you to sing it.

Insistes en que lo hagamos?

Do you insist that we do it? (Or: Do you insist on our doing it?)

Deseo que te quedes. I want you to stay.

Ella prefiere que lleguemos a las seis.

She prefers us to arrive at 6:00.

Recomiendo que salgas.

I recommend that you leave.

Manda él que yo lo escriba?

Is he ordering me to write it?

Se prohíbe que It is forbidden for us to enter.

entremos.

Piden que cenemos allí.

They're asking us to dine there.

No permitimos que lo compres.

We don't permit you to buy it.

La ley exige que paguemos impuestos.

The law requires us to pay taxes.

II. NOTE: Some verbs can either indicate influence (and thus take the subjunctive) or reporting (and thus take the indicative):

Ella dice que nos vamos.

She says we're leaving.

[Reporting a fact: indicative]

Ella dice que nos vayamos.

She's telling us to leave.

[Giving us a command: subjunctive]

Yo insisto en que él viene.

I insist that he is coming.

[Know it for a fact: indicative]

Yo insisto en que él venga.

I insist that he come.

[Giving an order: subjunctive]

III. NOTE: If the same person is the subject for both the verb of influence and the dependent verb, the infinitive is normally used instead of the subjunctive:

Nadie quiere trabajar. No one wants to work.

Yo prefiero manejar. I prefer to drive.

IV. NOTE: Certain verbs of influence may be used either with the subjunctive or an infinitive, even when there's a change of subject. The infinitive is more frequent when the subject of the dependent verb is a pronoun (rather than a noun or noun phrase). Such verbs include hacer (to make [someone do something]), permitir (to permit), and dejar (to let, allow):

InfinitiveNadie me hace pensar. Nobody makes me

think.

Déjame trabajar en paz. Let me work in peace.

Ellas no nos permiten bailar

They don't permit us to dance.

SubjunctiveNadie hace que los trabajadores piensen en el porvenir.

No one makes the workers think about the future.

Deja que las secretarias trabajen en paz.

Let the secretaries work in peace.

Ellas no permiten que los otros estudiantes bailen.

They don't permit the other students to dance.

V. Subj. mood - noun clauses - the rule - verbs of: influence or emotion or doubt - impersonal exprsns

VI. Verbs of emotion. Expressions such as to be happy (estar alegre, alegrarse de), to be sad (estar triste), to fear, be afraid (temer, tener miedo de) to hope

(esperar), to feel sorry, regret (sentir, dar lástima), to like, be pleased, be delighted (gustar, agradar, encantar), to dislike, be displeased (disgustar,

desagradar), to be surprised (sorprender, estar sorprendido), etc., likewise require the use of the subjunctive in clauses they govern.

Espero que vengan. I hope they come.

Siento que ella no esté aquí.

I'm sorry she's not here.

Me alegro de que vaya a Madrid.

I'm glad he's going to Madrid.

Temo que haya muchos problemas.

I fear there are many problems.

Tengo miedo de que no llegue.

I'm afraid she won't arrive.

Te gusta que sea tan fácil? Are you pleased it's so easy?

Le sorprende que vivamos así.

He's surprised we live like that.

VII. Ojalá (que), while not a verb in Spanish, is used like a verb of emotion or influence with the present subjunctive:

Ojalá que la comida sepa bien.

I hope the food tastes good.

Ojalá nuestro equipo gane mañana.

I hope our team wins tomorrow.

VIII. Subj. mood - noun clauses - the rule - verbs of: influence or emotion or doubt - impersonal exprsns

IX. Verbs of doubt and negation require the subjunctive in subordinate clauses; examples include negar (to deny), dudar (to doubt), no ser verdad (to not be true/the truth), no estar cierto/seguro (to be unsure, uncertain), no creer (to not believe), etc. Remember that expressions of certainty or belief take the indicative: no negar (to not deny), no dudar (to not doubt), afirmar (to affirm), creer (to believe), estar cierto/seguro (to be sure, certain), etc.

Dudamos que salgan bien.

We doubt they'll do well.

No creo que asistan a la clase.

I don't think they attend class.

Niegas que yo pueda hacerlo?

Do you deny that I can do it?

No estoy segura de que venga.

I'm not sure she's coming.

X. NOTE: Normally the reverse (positive/negative) of each of the above sentences does not indicate doubt or negation and thus takes the indicative.

No dudamos que salen bien.

We don't doubt they'll do well.

Creo que asisten a la clase.

I think they attend class.

No niegan que yo puedo hacerlo.

They don't deny that I can do it.

Estoy segura de que viene.

I'm sure she's coming.

XI. Subj. mood - noun clauses - the rule - verbs of: influence or emotion or doubt - impersonal exprsns

XII. Impersonal expressions do not have a specific person or thing as the subject. In English we use the non-specific “it”, but in Spanish the pronoun is omitted. Impersonal expressions such as those given below require the subjunctive in a subordinate clause because they indicate doubt, negation, emotion, influence, or a subjective reaction on the part of the speaker.

Expressions that bring you into the SUBJUNCTIVE

Es Bueno que

que lo hagan. It's good for them to do it (or: that

Es malo It's bad

Es mejor It's better

they do it).

Es peor It's worse

Es horrible It's horrible

Es estupendo

It's stupendous

Es posible It's possible

Es imposible

It's impossible

Es probable It's probable

Es improbable que

It's improbable

Es increíble It's incredible

Es It's necessary

necesario

Es preciso It's necessary

Es urgente It's urgent

Es importante

It's important

Es interesante

It's interesting

Es notable It's notable

Es raro It's unusual/strange

Es extraño It's strange

Es estúpido It's stupid

Es ridículo It's ridiculous

Es curioso It's curious

Es dudoso It's doubtful

Es difícil It's unlikely

Es fácil It's likely

No es seguro

It's uncertain

No es cierto

It's uncertain

No es verdad

It's untrue

XIII. NOTE: An infinitive may be used after these expressions if no change of subject is involved:

Es bueno estudiar mucho. It's good to study a lot.

In contrast to:Es bueno que estudies mucho.

It's good that you study a lot.

XIV. However, impersonal expressions indicating certainty, affirmation, and truth would take the indicative:

Es ciertoIt's certain

Es evidente

que sabes esto.

It's evident

that you know this.

Es verdad It's true

XV. Some other verbs and expressions that normally take the indicative in subordinate clauses include those which express: knowledge: saber (to know);

certainty: estar seguro, estar cierto (to be certain / sure); truth: ser verdad (to be the truth); affirmation:

creer (to believe, think), pensar (to think), declarar (to declare). Verbs of reporting also take the indicative, although many of them can also be used as verbs of influence: decir (to say), indicar (to indicate), insistir en (to insist), reportar (to report), replicar (to reply), responder (to respond), contestar (to answer).

Sé que Elena I know that Elena Knowlege:

habla español.

speaks Spanish. Indicative

Es verdad que yo lo hice.

It's true that I did it. Truth: Indicative

Creo que están en casa.

I think they're at home.

Affirmation or belief: Indicative

Te digo que vienen.

I'm telling you that they are coming.

Reporting: Indicative

Te digo que vengas.

I 'm telling you to come. [= I 'm telling that you should come.]

Influence or willing:

Subjunctive

Insistimos en que aprenden esto.

We insist that they are learning this.

Reporting: Indicative

Insistimos en que aprendan esto.

We insist that they learn this.

Influence or willing

fin

1

Realidades 2 textbook

Page 378 Actividad 4

Page 379 Actividad 6 and actividad 8

Page 380 Actividad 10 answers only

Page 381 Actividad 12 copy the question

and answer

Page 382 Actividad 13- follow the MODELO

CAPÍTULO 7B REPASOS

A PRIMERA VISTA

EXAMEN Capítulo 7A lunes-martes que viene El 18 de noviembre 2013

“Polite commands”

Mandatos de USTED Y USTEDES

Formal Commands

Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" for

Haga Ud. la tarea.

(You) Do the homework.

Compren Uds. los libros.

(You-all) Buy the books.

Hagan Uds. el trabajo.

(You-all) Do the work.

By now, you are well acquainted with the fact that Spanish has both a formal and an informal style of speech (tú / Ud.). This distinction applies to commands.Compre Ud. el anillo.

Buy the ring. (formal)

Compra (tú) los dulces.

Buy the candy. (familiar)

Informal, or familiar, speech is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child. Formal speech is generally used to be polite or to express respect.

For that reason, the formal commands are often referred to as polite commands .

The formal commands are formed the same way as the present subjunctive:

1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.

2. Then drop the -o ending.3. Finally, add the following endings:

-ar verbs:-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)

-er and -ir verbs:-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)

The following examples of formal commands use three regular verbs: hablar, comer, and escribir.

Hable Ud. más lentamente.Hablen Uds. más lentamente.Speak more slowly.

Coma Ud. la cena.Coman Uds. la cena.Eat the dinner.

Escriba Ud. la carta.Escriban Uds. la carta.Write the letter.

Remember, if the first person singular (yo) form is irregular, that irregularity is carried over into the formation of the formal command.Tengan Uds. un buen viaje. (yo tengo)

Have a good trip.

Traiga Ud. el dinero. (yo traigo)

Bring the money.

Venga Ud. conmigo. (yo vengo)

Come with me.

This also applies to stem-changing verbs.

Cuente Ud. sus beneficios. (yo cuento)

Count your blessings.

Vuelvan Uds. pronto. (yo vuelvo)

Return quickly.

Pida dinero. (yo pido)

Ask for money.

As with the present subjunctive, the following verbs are irregular:

dardé Ud.den Uds.

estaresté Ud.estén Uds.

irvaya Ud.vayan Uds.

sersea Ud.sean Uds.

sabersepa Ud.sepan Uds.

Note that affirmative and negative POLITE commands use the same verb forms.

Hable Ud.

Speak.

No hable Ud.

Don't speak.

Coma Ud.

Eat.

No coma Ud.

Don't eat.

Escriba Ud.

Write.

No escriba Ud.

Don't write.

Also note that the subject pronouns Ud. and Uds. may or may not be used. Using them adds a degree of formality or politeness to the command.

Hable.

Speak.

Hable Ud.

Speak (sir). (more respectful)

Coma.

Eat.

Coma Ud.

Eat (sir). (more polite)

The formal and commands are polite requests that you make of adults who are not close friends.

This includes patients if you are a doctor (unless your patients are young children), clients for businessmen, even waiters since in most Hispanic countries you will not find a teenager bouncing over to your table with a "Hey! I'm Jim!" name-tag on.

When in doubt, use the Ud. (usted) form unless you are invited to do otherwise. The Plural form represents commands or requests of more than one person. Like "ustedes" itself, the plural command form is neither formal nor informal in Latin America.

Let's make a Formal Command. We'll use the verb Hablar.

1. We always start with the first person singular "Yo" form of the verb: hablo

2. Now drop the "o" : habl-

3. Now we attach the "opposite" vowel ending to our verb stem to form our command:

4. ¡ Hable !

o We use the "e" -the vowel we normally use with -Ir and -Er verbs for the -Ar verbs .

o And we use "a" with the -Ir and -Er verbs!

o

If the "Yo" form is irregular, the command will be irregular:

1. For example, Traer

2. the present tense "Yo" form is Traig

3. We drop the "o" : Traig-

4. We add the opposite ending: `a' [Traer is an -ER verb, so the opposite ending is the -AR ending.]

5. And we have our command: Traiga ("Bring!")

The Usted and Ustedes command forms are the Ud. and Uds. form of the Present Subjunctive. Here are the endings for the formal commands:

AR VERBS

IR/ER VERBS

Usted (Formal form)

e a

Ustedes (Plural form)

en an

If the Yo form is irregular in the Present Tense, it will be irregular in the Formal & Plural command form.Infinitiv

e Yo formUd.

Command Form

Salir Salgo Salga

Hacer Hago Haga

Poner Pongo Ponga

Decir Digo Diga

Venir Vengo Venga

With verbs that end in "Y" in the Yo form as well as Saber are very irregular:

Infinitive Yo formUd.

Command Form

Estar Estoy Esté

Dar Doy Dé

Ser Soy Sea

Ir Voy Vaya

Saber Sé Sepa

If there is a stem change in the Present Tense, there will be a stem change in the Command (Present Subjunctive) form: Infinitiv

e Yo formUd.

Command Form

Pedir Pido Pida

Pensar Pienso Piense

Dormir Duermo Duerma

Atender Atiendo Atienda

Hervir Hiervo Hierva

Entender

Entiendo Entienda

Poder Puedo Pueda

Freír Frío Fría

uses of por AND para

POR or para

Uses for por: 1.Expressing movement along, through, around, by or about: Anduve por las calles de la ciudad. I walked through the streets of the city.

Denoting a time or duration when something occurs. Viajamos por tres semanas. We're traveling for three weeks.

Expressing the cause (not the purpose) of an action: Me caí por la nieve. I fell down because of the snow.

Meaning per: Dos por ciento. Two percent.

Meaning supporting or in favor of: Trabajamos por derechos humanos. We work for human rights.

Introducing the agent of an action after a passive verb: Fue escrito por Bob Woodward. It was written by Bob Woodward.

Indicating means of transportation: Viajaré por avión. I will travel by plane.

Used in numerous expressions: Por ejemplo. For example. Por favor. Please.

Uses for para : Meaning for the purpose of or in order to: Para bailar la bamba, necesita una poca de gracia. In order to dance the bamba you need a little grace.

With a noun or pronoun as object, meaning for the benefit of or directed to: Es para usted. It's for you.

Meaning to or in the direction of when referring to a specific place: Voy para Europa. I'm heading to Europe.

Meaning by or for when referring to a specific time: Necesito el regalo para mañana. I need the gift for tomorrow. Vamos a la casa de mi madre para el fin de semana. We're going to my mother's for the weekend.

UsES OF por AND para 2.

Realidades 2 A PRIMERA VISTA

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Studying each day keeps the fear of tests away….

Studying a language is writing things out

Especially verb conjugations and vocabulary

Beat the storm of learning

STUDY Rewrite and summarize notes, verbs conjugations on note cards, index cards, whatever it takes

Review at home,

write out the conjugation of at least 5 verbs a night!!!!!!!

KNOW your verbs!

visit you neighbors

Visit your friends the verbs,

Know them well!!!!!

In the city of verbs, visit the neighborhood of conjugations

Visit the “houses of AR verbs, er verbs and ir verbs regular

And go to the street of irregular verbs as well!!!

KNOW YOUR VERBS

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ç

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