SEPTEMBER P2

FINAL MEMO

19 September 2016

QUESTION 1: WHY WAS THE SOWETO UPRISING A CHALLENGE TO THE APARTHEID REGIME IN THE 1970s?

Study Sources 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D and answer the questions that follow.1.1 Read Source 1A.

1.1.1 [Explanation of a concept from Source 1A – L1] BC was a philosophy which encouraged pride, self-belief and independence (1 x 2) (2)

1.1.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2] South African Students Organisation (1 x 2) (2)

1.1.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1] Fort Hare Turfloop Zululand Universities (2 x 1) (2)

1.1.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2] Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo (2 x 1) (2)

1.1.5 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2] Fikile went to ANC meetings in Sophiatown She followed the masses in Sophiatown She listened to songs and singing in Sophiatown Witnessed how people were removed from

Sohpiatown (2 x 1)(2)1.1.6 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2]

The BC philosophy encouraged Fikile Ngcoboto apply herself as a working personFikile Ngcobo listened to the studentsFikile Ngcobo encouraged students to believe in themselves (2 x 2) (4)

1.2 Refer to Source 1B.

1.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1B – L1] Introduction of Bantu Education Act in 1953 Other Policies of apartheid government Any other relevant response (2 x 1) (2)

1.2.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1B – L2] Protest against the government’s directive March peacefully Mobilised themselves Revolted against the apartheid government on 16June

1976 (1 x 2) (2)1.2.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1B – L2]

Media informed the rest of the world of the police brutality against the students

The media informed the rest of the world of the actions students took against the apartheid government

Any other relevant response (2 x 2)(4)

1.3 [Comparison of Sources 1A and 1B to ascertain support – L3] Source 1A BC encouraged students to follow the masses

and listen to what was said in meetingsSource 1B BC raised political awareness of many students

Source 1A the philosophy of BC encouraged students to get involved in politicsSources 1B- black students got involved and began mobilising themselves Any other relevant comparison (2 x 2) (4)

1.4 Study Source 1C.1.4.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1C – L1]

He was one of the first students that was killed by the police on 16 June 1976 (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1C – L2] Umbiswa Makhubo (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1C –2] The photograph highlighted the brutality of the police The photograph highlighted the helplessness of the

children (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1C –2] The solidarity of the learners They stood up for what they believed in They were prepared to sacrifice their lives

Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

1.5 [Ascertaining usefulness of Source 1C – L3]Useful because

It shows defencelessness of the children It reveals how they sacrificed their lives for our democracy It highlights the brutality of the police It shows the lengths the apartheid government would go to

protect their oppressive policies Any other relevant response

OR

Not useful because It does not show the events before this photograph was

taken It does not give details of the shooting It does not prove that the child was shot by the police Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

1.6 [Interpretation, analysis and synthesis of evidence from the relevant sources – L3]

The following information should be included: BC conscientised teachers while they were studying at

universities (Source 1A) The philosophy of BC encouraged youth to believe in

themselves as blacks (Source 1A) Activities of communities politically conscientsed the

youth (Source 1A) The Soweto Uprising was a reaction to the apartheid

policies especially the Bantu Education Act of 1953 (Source 1B) Various political organisations played a role in opposing

these policies (Source 1B) Students mobilised and took to the streets in protest

against the apartheid policies (Source 1B) This resulted in widespread violence across the country

(Source 1B) The news was reported internationally and South Africa

was viewed in a bad light (Own knowledge) The iconic picture of Hector Pietersen became

synonymous with this day (Source 1C) The Soweto Uprising is regarded as a turning point in

South Africa’s history (Source 1D) It led to political and economic instability(Source 1D)

International boycott against South Africa was strengthened as a result of the Soweto Uprising. (Source 1D)

Any other relevant responseUse the following rubric to allocate a mark

LEVEL 1

Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. shows no or little understanding of how the Soweto Uprising successfully challenged the apartheid regime in the 1970s.

Uses evidence partially or cannot write a paragraph.

MARKS:0–2

LEVEL 2

Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent on the topic e.g. shows an understanding of how the Soweto Uprising successfully challenged the apartheid regime in the 1970s.

Uses evidence in a very basic manner to write a paragraph.

MARKS:3–5

LEVEL 3

Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a thorough understanding of how the Soweto Uprising successfully challenged the apartheid regime in the 1970s.

Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic.

MARKS:6–8

(8)[50]

QUESTION 2: DID THE AMNESTY PROCESS OF TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC) SUCCEED IN HEALING SOUTH AFRICA OF IT’S WOUNDED PAST?

Study Sources 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D and answer the questions that follow.

2.1 Refer to Source 2A.2.1.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2A – L1]

uncover truth about gross human rights violations and assist families of the victims in getting closure reconcile the South African community’ (2 x 1) (2)

2.1.2 [Explanation of a concept from Source 2A – L1] To enable the perpetrator to come face to face with

the family of the victim, share their story so that family can gain closure once

the truth is revealed.To seek forgiveness and reconciliation (1 x 2) (2)

2.1.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2A – L1] Human Rights Violations Committee, Amnesty Committee, and Reparations and Rehabilitation Committee (3 x 1) (3)

2.1.4[Interpretation of evidence from Source 2A – L2] full disclosure’ of atrocities they had committed for

political crimes committed (1 x 2) (2)

2.1.5[Interpretation of evidence from Source 2A – L2]

YESIt promoted national unity because:

Many families of victims gained closure Victims forgave perpetrators The truth was revealed In some instances families got to hear where the bodies

were buried Any other relevant response

OR

NO it did not promote national unity because:

Not all perpetrators told their stories Many did not tell the truth Families still don’t have closure Some families did not believe in the TRC processes Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

2.2 Refer to Source 2B.2.2.1[Explanation of a concept from Source 2B – L1]

To grant a pardon for the crimes committed during the apartheid era (1 x 2) (2)

2.2.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B - L1] To arrest Ashley Kriel (1 x 1) (1)

2.2.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2B – L2] He believed that Ashley Kriel was part of a group that

wanted to overthrow the apartheid government. Any other relevant response (1 x 2) (2)

2.2.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2B – L2] The police considered him to be a terrorist and they

wanted him dead. He was considered dangerous by the apartheid

government. The apartheid government considered members of the

liberation movement a threat and did everything in their power to get rid of him.

Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

2.2.5 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2B – L2] Benzien indicated that the shooting was an accident

whereas the committee indicated the offence was as a result of

conflict between the apartheid government and the liberation movement. (2 x 2) (4)

2.3 [Comparison of Sources 2A and 2B to ascertain support – L3]

Source 2A amnesty would be granted to perpetrators who gave ‘full disclosure’ of atrocities whereas inSource 2B according to Kriel’s family’s lawyers Benzien received amnesty because the shooting was accidental.

Source 2A amnesty would be granted to perpetrators for atrocities they had committed for political ends

Source 2B Benzien was granted amnesty for accidentally shooting Ashley Kriel therefore it was not politically motivated

Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

2.4 Consult Source 2C.2.4.1 [Explanation of a concept from Source 2C – L1]

The person who violated human rights when committing a crime during apartheid (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2C – L1] Desmond Tutu Dullah Omar (2 x 1) (2)

2.4.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2C – L1] Risk of facing prosecution if the truth is not

disclosed (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2] The perpetrators were running out of time to apply for amnesty (1 x 2) (2)

2.5 [Ascertaining usefulness of Source 2C – L3] Useful

Ashley Kriel’s sisters did not receive closure Benzien did not give full disclosure of the truth Shows how Benzien got away with lies Benzien’s lies discredited the TRC process It demonstrates that amnesty was granted if it was found

that the person told the truth OR

Not useful The perpetrators told families what they wanted to hear

so that they would not be prosecuted The TRC had no idea that Benzien lied There is no guarantee that perpetrators who came

forward told the truth Any other relevant response (2 x 2)(4)

2.6[Interpretation, analysis and synthesis of evidence from the relevant sources – L3]

The following information should be included:NO

The family members were not satisfied The family was denied closure twice – during the

investigation and the TRC They were convinced that Kriel was murdered Not all perpetrators came forward The amnesty process was not successful as many people

have not received closure Presently many cases are now coming being investigated

by the Hawks due to new found evidence Any other relevant response

ORYes

In some cases perpetrators and came forward to reveal the truth and was granted amnesty

The families provided evidence which led to the identification of the perpetrators

In some cases the truth was disclosed and families find out what happened to their loved one

Any other relevant response.

LEVEL 1

Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. shows no or little understanding of how the amnesty process of truth and reconciliation commission (trc) succeeded in healing South Africa of it’s wounded past

Uses evidence partially or cannot write a paragraph.

MARKS:0–2

LEVEL 2

Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent on the topic e.g. shows an understanding of how the amnesty process of truth and reconciliation commission (trc) succeeded in healing South Africa of it’s wounded past

Uses evidence in a very basic manner to write a paragraph.

MARKS:3–5

LEVEL 3

Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a thorough understanding of how the amnesty process of truth and reconciliation commission (trc) succeeded in healing South Africa of it’s wounded past

Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic.

MARKS:6–8

(8)[50]

QUESTION 3: WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMMES ON THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES?

3.1.3.1.1 [Explanation of a concept from Source 3A – L1]

Structural adjustment programmes adopted by developing countries because they required economic assistance from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund

Force governments to cut down on social spending (any 1 x 2) (2)

3.1.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3A – L1] IMF World Bank (2 x 1) (2)

3.1.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3A – L2] Urban populations will be subjected to violence Urban populations will become displaced Urban populations would become slum dwellers Urban populations would become poorer than rural population Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

3.1.4 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3A – L1] Africa Latin America (2 x 1) (2)

3.1.5 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3A – L2] To show the ongoing dominance by the World Bank regarding the SAPs SAPs did not assist countries instead it led to poverty Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

3.1.6 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3A – L1] Abidjan was affected by SAPs because of deindustrialisation of the city Abidjan was affected by SAPs because of collapse of construction Abidjan was affected by SAPs because of rapid deterioration of public

transport Abidjan was affected by SAPs because of rapid deterioration of public

transport (any 2 x 1) (2)

3.23.2.1 [Explanation of a concept from Source 3C – L1]

Globalisation refers to the increasing interconnection between places based on greater flows of trade, investment, aid, technology, peoples and ideas and perhaps political processes such as electoral democracy

Any other relevant response (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3C – L1] The demonstrators wanted to highlight the impoverishment caused by

globalisation (1 x 1) (1)

3.2.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3C – L1] Governments are still pressurised by the IMF and World Bank to reduce

public spending on health care Governments are still pressurised by the IMF and World bank to reduce

spending on education infrastructure The price of food are rising because of subsidies of rich countries Domestic food production is replaced by ‘cheap imports’ by rich countries ‘Cheap imports’ resulted to the increase in unemployment Any other relevant response (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3C – L2](a)

Women will take any employment – informal and formal Women will take employment that is low paying Women will take employment even if it is dangerous, onerous or debasing

(1 x 2) (2)

(b) Children will take care of households duties When families cannot survive on the mother’s earnings then children are sent

to work Children are sometimes sold in bondage (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.5 Families were dismantled as mothers and children had to work

when fathers lost their jobs Women and children were forced to seek any employment opportunities Little or no time for familylife (1 x 2) (2)

3.3 [Ascertaining usefulness of Source 3C – L3] The source is useful because it show that thousands of people opposed

Structural Adjustment Programmes of the IMF and World bank The Source is useful because it show how the IMF and World Bank used

debt to implement Structural adjustment Programmes The source is useful because it show that Structural adjustment Programmes

implemented by the IMF and World Bank led to economic hardships The source is useful because it show the impact of Structural adjustment

Programmes on women and children Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

3.4

3.4.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3C – L1]IMF and World Bank (left) Third World countries (right) (2 x 1) (2)

3.4.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3C – L1]

Social spending Literacy Cheap labour Natural Resources (1 x 1) (1)

3.4.3 [Interpretation of information from a visual Source – L2] The message conveyed show how the IMF and WB control the economies

from developing nations The message conveyed show that the IMF and World Bank attach loan

conditions to debt repayment The message conveyed show that because of debt repayment developing

countries spent less on social programs (education, employment) Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

3.5 [Comparison of Sources 3C and 3B to ascertain support – L3] Both sources show that the implementation of SAPs in Third World Countries

did not improve the living conditions of people Both sources show implementation of SAPs in Third World Countries led to

the increase of poverty for the majority of ordinary people Both sources show that the implementation of SAPs has increased the

poverty in developing countries Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

3.6 [Interpretation, analysis and synthesis of evidence from the relevant sources – L3]

Candidates must focus on the following aspects Structural Adjustment Programmes granted loans to Third World Countries

with conditions (Source 3A) Conditions of Structural Adjustment Programmes lead to the rise of slums in

Third World countries (Source 3A) Conditions of Structural Adjustment Programmes lead to less government

spending on infrastructure (Abidjan) (Source 3A) The implementation of Structural Adjustment Programmes resulted to the

increase of poverty amongst ordinary people in developing nations (Source 3B)

People are protesting against the impoverishment caused by globalisation (Source 3C)

The implementation of Structural Adjustment Programmes resulted in unemployment (Source 3C)

The impact of the implementation of Structural Adjustment Programmes on women and children (Source 3C)

The implementation of Structural Adjustment Programmes lead to the decrease in public spending by governments which affected the poor (Source 3D)

Any other relevant response

Use the following rubric to allocate a mark:

LEVEL 1

Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. shows no or little understanding of the impact of the structural adjustment programmes on third world countries?

Uses evidence partially or cannot write a paragraph.

MARKS:0–2

LEVEL 2

Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent on the topic e.g. shows an understanding of the impact of the structural adjustment programmes on third world countries Uses evidence in a very basic manner to write a paragraph.

MARKS:3–5

LEVEL 3

Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a thorough understanding of the impact of the structural adjustment programmes on third world countries

Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic.

MARKS:6–8

(8)[50]

SECTION B: ESSAYS QUESTIONS

QUESTION 4: CIVIL RESISTANCE, 1970s TO 1980s: SOUTH AFRICA

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills]

SYNOPSISCandidates need to indicate which the internal resistance movements in

South Africa were successful in challenging PW Botha's apartheid regime in the 1980s. They need to highlight the role that the various resistance organisations such as the UDF, ECC played while developing their line of argument.

MAIN ASPECTSCandidates should include the following aspects in their essays:• Introduction: Candidates should indicate which internal resistance

movements challenged the apartheid regime in the 1980s.ELABORATION• Botha's policy of Total Onslaught/Total Strategy• Reform measures (1983 Constitution, Tricameral Parliament 1984, 'Koornhof Bills')• End Conscription Campaign 1983 and its impact• Formation and role of the UDF ('Don't vote' campaign, 'Million Signature' campaign in 1984)• Mass protests in Black South African townships in 1984 and 1985 (e.g. Stay away campaigns organised by Vaal Civic Association, Consumer boycotts organised by Pebco in Eastern Cape, Role of religious organisations, etc.)• Protest marches (e.g. Langa township in the Eastern Cape),• School boycotts led mainly by COSAS in 1983 and 1985 (Atteridgeville, Tembisa, Alexandra, Soweto, Western Cape and Natal)• Communities embarked on rent boycotts e.g. Vaal Triangle and Soweto in 1984• Formation and impact of COSATU and other unions in workers struggles• Stay-away campaigns in May Day 1986 and NUM strike in 1987• Declaration of the State of Emergency 1985 to1986 by the PW Botha government• Emergence of the Mass Democratic Movement in1989 and the Defiance campaign against segregation laws in major cities e.g. Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg.• The role of the Black Sash for example in Civic protests and assistance to victims of apartheid• By the end of the 1980s thousands South Africans lost their lives in their struggle for Liberation (e.g. death in detention, 'black on black' violence and vigilantisms)• Gradually the South African government realised that change was needed• Any other relevant response• Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant

conclusion. [50]If candidates should indicate to a lesser extent they need to substantiate

their argument with relevant examples.

QUESTION 5: THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY TO SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills]SYNOPSIS

Candidates need to discuss to what extent leadership, and compromise by various political organisations during the process of negotiation led to the birth of South Africa's democracy in 1994.

• Introduction: Candidates need to indicate their line of argument and discussto what extent the role played by leaders such as FW de Klerk and NelsonMandela led to compromise and negotiations which contributed to the birth of a democratic South Africa in 1994.ELABORATIONTO A GREAT EXTENT• (Reasons for the process of negotiations) FW de Klerk's speech in parliament on 2 February 1990 was a turning point in the history of South Africa (leadership)• He announced the unbanning of political organisations (leadership)• Release of Nelson Mandela in Cape Town on 11 February 1990 paved the way for a negotiated settlement (leadership)• [Violence in Sebokeng] led to a delay in the Groote Schuur Minute in May 1990 - NP released political prisoners (leadership)• Pretoria Minute in August 1990 - ANC announced that they would suspend the armed struggle and the government agreed to lift the State of Emergency (leadership)• CODESA 1 in December 1991 - 19 political parties attended - the PAC and CP did not participate in drawing up a new constitution for South Africa (leadership and political parties)• ANC and the NP proposed the Declaration of Intent in 1991(leadership and compromise)• The 'Whites only' referendum in March 1992 - gave De Klerk the go ahead to negotiate (leadership)• CODESA 2 in May 1992– SABC would present a neutral view, rolling mass action to speed up the negotiation process/Boipatong/Bhisho massacre (leadership and compromise)• Record of Understanding in September 1992 - secret talks between ANC and NP - committed themselves to the negotiation process (political parties)• Multi-party negotiations at Kempton Park/assassination of Chris Hani/Role Mandela/proposed a GNU and a Sunset Clause by Joe Slovo (compromise and leadership)• Interim Constitution in November 1993 (compromise)• South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994 (political parties)• Credit must be given to learners who mention the role violence played in the negotiation process to further substantiate their response• Any other relevant response• Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant

conclusion. [50]

QUESTION 6: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER: THE EVENTS OF 1989

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills]

SYNOPSIS

Candidates need to explain to what extent the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 contributed to major political changes in South Africa. In taking a line of argument candidates should show how the collapse of the Soviet Union speeded up changes in South Africa.

MAIN ASPECTSCandidates should include the following aspects in their response: Introduction: Candidates should explain to what extent the collapse of the Soviet

Union contributed to the political changes in South Africa.

ELABORATION South Africa became isolated Gorbachev's policy of Perestroika and Glasnost and its impact on South Africa By the end of 1989 the Soviet Union was disintegrating and the communist

regimes in Eastern Europe were collapsing The Berlin Wall had fallen which led to far reaching consequences for South Africa Changes in the world contributed to the end of apartheid The collapse of the USSR deprived the ANC of its main economic and military

support Socialism was no longer a serious option for the ANC The National Party's claim to be protecting South Africans from a communist

onslaught became unrealistic Withdrawal of support by Britain; USA and the West and its impact on South Africa Imposition of sanctions/boycotts by western powers on South Africa Western world powers supported the move that South Africa should resolve its

problems peacefully and democratically It became evident that the National Party government could not maintain white

supremacy indefinitely Influential National Party members started to realise that apartheid was not the

answer to the needs of white capitalist development There was no doubt that the continued repression of black South Africans would

not ensure political stability The government started to believe that reform needed to include the development

of a strong black middle class which would act as a 'bulwark against revolution' De Klerk started to accept that the black South African struggle against apartheid

was not a conspiracy directed from Moscow This enabled De Klerk to engage in discussions with progressive liberation

organisations On 2 February 1990 De Klerk announced 'a new and just constitutional

dispensation' which signalled the death of apartheid Any other relevant response

Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion.[50]