web view2/22/2013 · word cards. 5. bureaucracy. ... ahura mazda. the belief system...

Seventh Grade: Early World History SS070402Unit 4: Classical Traditions and Major Empires Lesson 2

Graphic Organizer

Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum of 18Oakland Schools February 22, 2013

EMPIRES

Did not start from scratch and developed over

time

Had strong leaders with

powerful armies that gained land

through conquest.

Developed systems and

bureaucracies to manage people and resources.

Built roads and expanded trade

networks, connecting people and sharing ideas.

Had established religions, but also

often allowed other religions to

be practiced.

Declined for different reasons, but often because of conflicts over

power.


Big Idea Card

Big Ideas of Lesson 2, Unit 4

Era 3 was characterized by the rise of a series of important, large empires throughout Afroeurasia. These empires shared several significant characteristics.

Empires did not start from scratch; they emerged where large civilizations were already developed and where there were sufficient human and natural resources. Empires often changed hands, were conquered, or were absorbed by new empires.

Empires depended upon strong leadership and large armies. In addition, bureaucratic systems – systems of rules and government – were needed to control large territories and lots of people.

The development of trade and trade networks – especially roads – was important and ongoing and led to the exchange of goods as well as ideas and cultures.



Word Cards

5 bureaucracy

a group of non-elected officials of a government or organization that carry out the rules, laws and ideas in order to organize and manage people, resources, and territory

Example: The state of Michigan has a special department that is in charge of issuing drivers’ licenses. (SS070402)

6polytheistic

believing in more than one god

Example: Zeus, Hera, Apollo, and Ares were some of the gods that ancient Greeks believed in.

(SS070402)

7conquest

taking control of a place or people with military force

Example: Hitler tried to take over Europe during World War II.

(SS070402)

8alliance

when people or groups of people, like city-states, work together for a common goal

Example: Countries in the United Nations often work together to solve big problems like world hunger.

(SS070402)


http://www.google.com/imgres?q=pantheon+of+greek+gods&hl=en&safe=active&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7RNQN_enUS484&biw=1440&bih=637&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=xXJeHAbvvL8gPM:&imgrefurl=http://globalwarming-arclein.blogspot.com/2011/12/gods-of-old-returning.html&docid=KcvfrO1KJME-7M&imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PAkieLE_UFs/Tu6g5qy_nzI/AAAAAAAAGkw/0o6fCori9CE/s1600/Greek-GroupGods.jpg&w=1024&h=768&ei=E4hPUJrAG8KxywH2v4F4&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=736&vpy=303&dur=2128&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=109&ty=100&sig=106651084356989075058&page=1&tbnh=110&tbnw=146&start=0&ndsp=23&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:112


Student Handout 1- Expert Group Note Tracker: Empire - PersianTeacher Reference Sheet

Characteristic Significant information about this empire related to this characteristic:

Background/ location

present day Iran, area of Mesopotamia Persians came from Inner Eurasia, moved into area Achaemenid family group ruled Cyrus the 2nd was the leader of this clan / family group 550 BCE to 330 BCE

Founding founded through conquest (war) Persians, lead by Cyrus the 2nd, conquered the Medes (group previously in

control)... this took about 10 years empire eventually included a large area around the Mediterranean and into

Mesopotamia and down to Egypt had a policy of religious tolerance... allowing others to keep their religion Cyrus freed the Hebrews when he took over Babylon

Organization(administration)

they developed a bureaucracy developed satrapies... regions controlled by officials within the empire, local

governors, military commanders, and treasurers that reported to the emperor separate system of inspectors, King’s Eyes, had power to kick out military

commanders when needed... effective at preventing rebellion they developed a system of food storage to keep troops fed, as well as

irrigation systems leadership changed hands over time... Cyrus, Cambyses, Darius Darius I introduced Babylonian calendar largest empire world had ever seen

Religion Zoroastrianism, big idea is that there are two goods, one is light and truth, the other dark and evil

system of judgment day, with heaven and hell believed that these ideas influence Judaism, Christianity, and Islam people not forced to accept Zoroastrianism, but religion important to Persian

Kings Persian Kings were supposed to be ordained by their god, Ahura Mazda the belief system provided for respect of other religions and gods Zoroastrianism still exists today, now called Parsis

Trade trade was thriving within the empire Darius standardized weights and measures to help regulate trade Darius established a money system with gold and silver coins also built banking houses... beginnings of a financial system Darius established a 1500 mile long royal road traders received passports and food and lodging along the road... to increase

and encourage trade canal built from the Nile River to the Red Sea to help trade

Decline/Fall ongoing threat to Persia was the power of Greek city-states Greeks resisted Persian control and rebelled at times Persian Army lost to Greeks at the Battle of Marathon



son of Darius, Xerxes, attacks Athens and is eventually defeated by the Athenian army, this is a turning point

rebellions within the empire in 330 BCE, Alexander the Great defeats Darius III and takes over, ending the

Persian Empire

Summary description / categorization of this empire

Founded through conquest Had main religion, but had religious tolerance too Large empire with complex government and trade systems Strong bureaucracy Leadership often military leaders Faced threats from rebellions and other growing empires



Student Handout 2- Expert Group Note Tracker: Empire - AthenianTeacher Reference Sheet



-Mediterranean, present-day Greece, city of Athens, also Sparta -city-state system, strong local leadership -454 BCE to 404 BCE -strong navy that helped against Persians -constant battles with Persian Empire before they consolidated their power

Founding starts with defeat of Persian Empire at the Battle of Salamis Persians still a threat, so the Delian League formed... had 140 Greek city-

states in this alliance Athens was leading state in this alliance Athens had most power and decided rules for members of the league city-states couldn’t choose to leave the league without support from all

other members when city-states tried to leave, Athens would send in troops to occupy city-

states and prevent them from leaving... thus this was the Athenian Empire most well-known leader was Pericles... he forced city-states to join Athens controlled 172 city-states at its height

Organization Athens talked about independent city-states, but also controlled other city-states with military force, treated them as subjects and private property

Athens seized land from other city-states at times and gave it to Athenian colonists

Delian League... controlled by Athens Athens collected large amount of taxes from member city-states money stayed in Athens, not used to develop empire culture in Athens developed, but not spread out (Acropolis built with taxes,

for example) subject city-states not happy

Religion cultures of city-states in the empire pretty similar, all Greek by 500 BCE, old polytheistic religion (Zeus, Hera, Athena) only being used

for public ceremonies no major religion, a void in the culture rise in Egyptian cults of the goddess Isis emergence of Greek philosophy and rational thought (Socrates, Plato, etc.)

Trade trade between city-states in the Aegean Sea military played roles in trade, cleared pirates out of the sea Athens controlled and managed trade to benefit itself

Decline/Fall Athens and Sparta started out as allies with Persia as common enemy Over time, Athens and Sparta became enemies Sparta resisted Athenian control 1st Peloponnesian War started in 460 BCE between Athens and Sparta Spartans beat Athenians in 404 BCE and Athenian democracy replaced

with oligarchy loyal to Sparta



Athens is plundered and loses power


top-down empire ruled by a city-state’s elite rather than an emperor economically controlled other areas, lots of trade, but one-sided strong military important to control starts as alliance system, but Athens takes control weakened over time by conflict with other city-state, Sparta falls because of internal conflict



Student Handout 3- Expert Group Note Tracker: Empire - AlexanderTeacher Reference Sheet



Alexander from Macedonia, north of Greece, kingdom of farmers and herders, looked down on by Greece

Alexander was son of Macedonian king, Phillip (around 358 BCE) ------Phillip had spent time as prisoner in Thebes (part of Athenian empire), learns about Greek military, uses these ideas to shape his own army as king

As king, Phillip uses his improved army to destroy Thebes and Sparta, spares Athens, and declares himself king over Greece as well

Founding Phillip is assassinated 20 year old Alexander, son of Phillip, takes over Alexander educated by Aristotle, well trained in politics and war in 334 BCE, Alexander attacks Persia over next 11 years, Alexander and his army conquer expanded region uses Silk Road and other trade routes to move his armies and conquer

new lands conquered Indus Valley, wants to keep going, but troops refuse, and

Alexander listens and pulls back troops

Organization Alexander keeps Persian bureaucratic system in place (satrapies, regional officials, etc.) but puts Macedonians in positions of power

as he conquered new lands, he extended this sytem when conquering new lands, he puts Greek and Macedonian soldiers in

places of power, and they become new elite Greek and Macedonian leaders often married Persian women, new

group of mixed culture elites, speaking Greek but following some Persian customs

intermarriage common between Greek and Macedonian soldiers and Persian women

At the same time, Alexander often destroyed important places to consolidate power, killed off important men, enslaved many of the women

Trade Alexander used experts to create roads and systems to increase trade one of first rulers to develop a groups of experts to help plan trade

routes and systems trade routes still in existence today managed and increased trade throughout the vast empire

Religion Alexander’s mother told him (as the story goes) that his father was the Greek god, Apollo (god of the sun)

Alexander arrives in Egypt in 331 BCE, consults an oracle (sort of a prophet who can tell the future) who tells him that he was the son of



Amon and Zeus... Alexander then declares himself Pharoah he requires his subjects to lie down before him Alexander returns to Greece where his soldiers refuse to lay down, and

Alexander lets up Alexander issues coins with his picture on front and Zeus on the back a few religious cults develop to honor Alexander

Decline/Fall Alexander tires his army with 10 years of conquests Alexander dies in Babylon in 323 BCE, battle wounds, fever, illness as he is dying, generals ask him to name the next leader, he says the

strongest should get control three key generals take control of different areas, and empire divided

into three parts


empire centralized on powerful emperor figure, Alexander strong army key to spread of power empire used already existing systems to control territory and trade trade routes very important empire lead to mixing and spread of both Greek and Persian cultures



Student Handout 4- Expert Group Note Tracker: Empire - PtolemaicTeacher Reference Sheet



Alexander the Great’s empire is divided into three smaller empires (Ptolemaic, Seleucid, and Antigonid)

Ptolemaic Empire centered in Egypt 323 BCE to 30 BCE

Founding Ptolemy, former general of Alexander, got best slice of Alexander’s empire took control of area in and around Egypt expanded into what today are Syria, Lebanon, and Israel none of rulers of this empire ever spoke Egyptian, until Cleopatra VII, even

though it was in Egypt

Organization/

Administration

Ptolemies ran Egypt like a private estate they hired Greek and other foreign soldiers to fight their wars and keep

order they used a system of provinces, areas, and villages (regional to local

governments) Financial administrator was very important... everything was taxed to

increase the wealth of the empire Licenses required for many economic activities to bring in money for

empire Alexandria was major city, center of politics, trade, and culture

Trade Trade in this region expanded built roads from the Nile to the Red Sea built new ports for maritime trade (on seas/oceans) imported lots of products like wine, spices, metals imported elephants as important military tool/weapon

Religion Greeks ... Ptolemies... brought Greek gods with them, but respected Egyptian beliefs

Ptolemy I called himself Pharoah and proclaimed a religious right to rule Ptolemy II established a cult to worship his parents as gods Ptolemies begin to promote cults to worship them and use religion to justify

their power they follow Egyptian traditions of mummification had religious tolerance for Jews, allowed Judaism (except for Ptolemy IV,

who persecuted the Jews)



Decline/Fall by 200 BCE, empire starting to decline facing a struggle with neighboring empire, Seleucids also having financial troubles, and can’t hire soldiers have to try to make an Egyptian army... this doesn’t work and they lose

money Upper Egypt breaks away Ptolemies not concerned with local population, corrupt, in trouble At the same time, Rome is on the rise Rome eventually seized control of Egypt around 30 BCE


empire began from larger empire ruling family controlled empire, mostly concerned with their own weatlh lacking a strong local military, they rely on mercenaries (soldiers for

hire) religious tolerance (for the most part) mixing of cultures and spread of ideas (Egyptian and Greek) trade expanded and developed weakened by internal conflict and corruption taken over by larger, more powerful empire



Student Handout 5- Expert Group Note Tracker: Empire- SeleucidTeacher Reference Sheet



Alexander the Great’s empire is divided into three smaller empires (Ptolemaic, Seleucid, and Antigonid)

Seleucid Empire formed by in modern-day Iran and Iraq when Alexander’s empire broke up

312 BCE to 64 CE

Founding Seleucus I Nicator, a former general of Alexander, took control of this part of Alexander’s former empire, the largest chunk of the former empire

in modern day Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and parts of Turkey, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan

Seleucus at first took on Chandragupta of the Mauryan Empire to try and gain control of the Indus River Valley, but he gave up in the face of 9000 war elephants, signed a treaty, and married off his daughter to Chandragupta... Seleucus got 500 elephants in return

Organization/

Adminstration

Seleucid Empire had two capitals, one in present-day Syria and one on the Tigris River

bureaucracy and military force both used to control the multicultural empire empire based totally on the Greek system, although he did keep the old

satrapies in place Greeks placed in positions of power new cities were established and set up for Greek colonists who got land for

free new cities organized on a grid system... early urban planning cities had local magistrates who helped oversee water supplies, public

bathrooms, etc. Greek settlers married local women, and cultures mixed... Greek language

common even after empire fell

Trade Seleucus’ treaty with Chandragupta of Mauryan Empire increased trade and connected India with the Mediterranean through trade

Greek language became common language of trade

Religion Tolerant of other religions most people living in this empire were polytheistic Seleucus also told people he was the son of Apollo... had a birthmark the

shape of an anchor, a symbol of Apollo Seleucus established a cult that made him a god... no problem for

polytheistic locals 198 BCE, Seleucid Empire conquered Palestine and took it from the

Ptolemies, and monotheistic Jews of Palestine were ruled by polytheistic Seleucids...this lead to conflict

Decline/Fall empire enters decline about 190 BCE emperor tried to invade northeastern Greece and came into conflict with

Romans, who defeated them



internal struggles as well, conflict over borders by 129 BCE, empire had lost all of territory except small area in present-

day Syria 64 BCE this last area of control conquered by Romans


formed out of pre-existing empire that broke up, and eventually taken over by new, larger empire

bureaucracy and army important for control cultural mixing expanding trade networks important



Student Handout 6- Expert Group Note Tracker: Empire - MauryanTeacher Reference Sheet



present day India, out of area of Indus River valley civilization extended into present-day Pakistan 322 BCE to 188 BCE Persian Empire, then Alexander, controlled area around the Hindu Kush

mountains Seleucus tried to move into this area as well

Founding the empire began along the Ganges River as Alexander’s generals fought amongst themselves, Chandragupta (a

local leader) moved into area that Alexander previously controlled and took it over himself

Seleucus tried to re-take the area, but Chandragupta was too strong... ended up marrying the daughter of Seleucus

Chandragupta moved and expanded the empire west and then southward into present-day India

the grandson of Chandragupta, Ashoka, completed the conquests and expansion of the empire, controlling all of present-day India

Organization Mauryan Empire used, and even improved, the Persian satrapie system, adding layers to the bureaucracy

Bureaucrats kept order, collected taxes, maintained roads, etc. Road system important to trade and control of empire Chandragupta employed spies to help him stay in power government regulated everything... especially industries like copper, tin,

bronze production and use capital city of the empire was right at the center of commerce and trade public works projects like libraries and gardens were important in this city,

Pataliputra... likely the world’s largest city at the time... possibly between 200 and 300 thousand people

Religion height of the empire was under Ashoka Ashoka was a cruel leader, but he witnessed great bloodshed, repented,

and became a buddhist Buddhism began developing in India between 563-483 BCE In Buddhism, your destiny depends upon how you live your life This belief lined up with Hinduism, an already existing religion in India Buddhism stressed ethical leadership, living a moral life, giving to others,

goal is to reach nirvana... enlightenment Ashoka helped to promote and spread Buddhism by having the principles

of Buddhism engraved on rocks and pillars throughout the empire Ashoka then tried to rule in a moral and ethical way, guided by kindness

and generosity

Trade empire was an important link in the 4000 mile trade route across what is called IndoMediterranea (India through the Middle East to the Mediterranean)



Ashoka helped develop the road system build shelters and wells along the road system to aid travelers Buddhism spread along the roads as well as commerce

Decline/Fall decline begins after Ashoka’s death in 232 BCE slow breaking up of the empire with weak leadership ends around 184 BCE when last emperor is assassinated


empire forms as another empire breaks up strong army important in founding of empire trade and commerce important, road building key bureaucracy important to control and development empire eventually ruled with religious principles of kindness and

generosity



Student Handout 7 - Empire Comparison Organizer:

Empire Background Founding Organization Religion Trade Decline/Fall

Athenian

Persian

Alexander

Ptolemaic



Seleucid

Mauryan

Common Features

What is the recipe for an empire?

Ingredients and amounts (order of importance):

Directions (order and steps in which you use the ingredients):



Student Handout 7 - Empire Comparison Organizer- Teacher Reference Sheet

Empire Background Founding Organization Religion Trade Decline/Fall

Persian

Answers will vary... but should contain ideas and summaries of ideas included in the reference sheets above

Athenian

Alexander

Ptolemaic

Seleucid

Mauryan

Common Features

Strong leaders; large armies; large territories with diverse populations gained through conquest; developed bureaucracies with regional and local governments systems; developed trade networks and roads; importance of religion for most... but also a tendency in most to allow more than one religion; empires often came into being as another ended, and ended the same way... cycles of new empires in same regions

What is the recipe for an empire?

Ingredients and amounts (order of importance): Answers will vary, but should be logical and many of the common features above.

Directions (order and steps in which you use the ingredients):


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