Unit 1

Multiple Choice

Questions 1-4 are based on the following excerpt:“A while after this came Miantenomie from Block-Island to Mantacut with a troop of men, Waiandance being not at home; and instead of receiving presents, which they used to do in their progress, he gave them gifts, calling them brethren and friends, for so are we all Indians as the English are, and say brother to one another; so must we be one as they are, otherwise we shall be all gone shortly, for you know our fathers had plenty of deer and skins, our plains were full of deer, as also our woods, and of turkies and our coves full of fish and fowl. But these English having gotten our land, they with scythes cut down the grass, and with axes fell the trees; their cows and horses eat the grass, and their hogs spoil our clam banks, and we shall all be starved; therefore it is best for you to do as we, for we are all the Sachems from east to west, both Moquakues and Mohauks joining with us, and we are all resolved to fall upon them all, at one appointed day ...”

Lion Gardener, English engineer who lived with Native Americans, 1640

1. Based on the excerpt above, which of the following best reflects the deepest concern of the Native Americans regarding the English Colonists?

(A) Epidemics among the natives caused by European diseases (B) Competition over trade markets (C) Environmental changes caused by the English agrarian economy (D)Missionaries converting natives to Christianity

2. The excerpt most clearly reflects which of the following developments in relations between the English colonists and the Native Americans?

(A) Exchanges of technology for mutual benefit (B) Increase in hostility and conflicts (C) Creation of trade alliances (D) Adoption of European culture by the natives

3. Relations between colonists and Native Americans in the New England colonies differed most significantly from those in the Southern colonies in which of the following ways?

(A) Relations in New England were less hostile because the native population was smaller and weaker (B) Relations in the Southern colonies were more friendly and included intermarriage within the tribes (C) Relations in the Southern colonies were more hostile because the Southern natives were powerful and well-armed (D) Relations in the New England colonies were neurtral with neither side able to establish dominance

4. Which of the following roles did Native Americans most clearly play in conflicts between rival European colonization efforts?

(A)Native Americans acquired European military technology but only fought with other tribes (B) Native Americans attempted to stay neutral (C)Native Americans were used only as guides and spies (D)Native Americans allied with and were armed by competing settlers

Questions 5-9 refer to the excerpt below. “Art. 13: provides that Indians be obliged to mine gold five months of the year; that at the end of that period they rest for forty days; that none may be used for mining during the rest period except it be a slave.

Art. 14: permits the Indians to perform their ceremonial dances (areytes) on Sundays and feast days.

Art. 15: provides that encomenderos feed their Indians; that they give them cooked meats, at least on Sundays and feast days; that Indians working at the mines be given a pound of meat a day; or a pound of sardines and fish on meatless days.”

Lesley Byrd Simpson, historian, The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning of Spanish Mexico, from the Laws of Burgos, 1512, outlining the treatment of Indians in the encomienda system

5. Based on the excerpt above, which of the following best describes relations between Spanish colonists and Native Americans?

(A) The Spanish enslaved Native Americans. (B) The natives were used as indentured servants for a fixed period of time. (C) The natives were engaged by the Spanish in a free labor system. (D) The Spanish used a system that extracted forced labor from Native Americans.

6. The contact between Spanish colonists and Native Americans, as referred to in the above excerpt, led most directly to which of the following developments?

(A) Spanish assimilation of Native American culture (B) Racial mixing of natives and Spanish through intermarriage (C) Epidemics among the Spanish caused by exposure to New World diseases (D)Native abandonment of old religions and conversion to Christianity

7. Which of the following best describes the effect of agricultural exchanges between the Spanish colonists and Native Americans?

(A) Native crops taken by the Spanish to Europe fundamentally changed European agriculture. (B) Native Americans used European farming techniques to cultivate crops. (C) Spanish introduced new crops such as corn to the natives. (D) The Spanish adapted new varieties of Native American livestock.

8. Which of the following most directly led to the importation of African slaves into the Spanish colonies?

(A)An increased Native American resistance to Spanish labor demands (B) Emergence of a new social order in which natives and colonists were equals (C)A decline in the native population due to European diseases (D) Spanish development of a more agrarian based economy

9. Increased European demand for slaves led most directly to which of the following? (A) Labor shortages in Europe and North Africa (B)War and conflicts between African kingdoms (C)Development of trade markets for African goods (D) Political fragmentation within African nations

Questions 10-13 refer to the 1749 image below.

10. Which of the following geographic characteristics most contributed to the development of the labor system depicted in this image? (A) Extensive coastlines with numerous natural harbors (B) Dense native populations with thriving trade cities (C) Isolated islands with unique mineral deposits (D) Favorable climates with long agricultural growing seasons

11. Which of the following colonial groups in North America relied most strongly on a labor system similar to the one shown in this illustration?

(A) Subsistence farmers in New England (B) Appalachian frontier fur traders (C) Rice plantation owners in Louisiana (D) Philadelphia and New York merchants

12. Which of the following most represents a difference between the process of identity formation among the laborers referenced in this image and the process of identity formation among similar workers in the southern English colonies?

(A) Laws in the West Indies isolated enslaved workers and prevented the development of syncretic cultures. (B) Southern mainland colonies had fewer immigrants and higher birthrates among existing enslaved populations. (C) A minority of African laborers in the West Indies were enslaved as opposed to a vast majority on the mainland. (D) Imported enslaved Africans in the West Indies and the Southern mainland tended to come from markedly different points of origin.

13. Which of the following historical processes resulted most directly from the demands of the agricultural system depicted in this illustration?

(A) A large enslaved population developed in southeastern North America. (B) Trade cities in the Middle Colonies flourished due to agricultural surpluses. (C) Conflicts increased between frontier farmers and native peoples as colonists spread west. (D) African Americans moved from the South to the North seeking better jobs in factories.

Questions 14-17 refer to the image below of a fortified Native American village with corn crop in Virginia, c. 1590.

14. Which of the following geographic characteristics most contributed to the rise of villages like the one shown in this illustration?

(A) Flat prairies and heavy deforestation (B) Fertile lands and a temperate climate (C) Dense populations and low birthrates (D) Long coastlines and trade routes

15. Which of the following statements describes a key result of the arrival of European settlers on the lifestyles of peoples who lived in villages like this one?

(A) Native peoples often captured European villages after settlers fell ill. (B) Increased trade encouraged American Indians to manufacture more goods. (C) The introduction of domestic livestock ended traditional agriculture. (D) American Indian farmers had access to more varied crops.

16. What does the layout of the village shown in this illustration most reflect about the group interactions that took place during this historical era?

(A) American Indians engaged in conflicts over access to resources. (B) Group members had fluid identities due to frequent migration. (C) Members of a community worked mostly independently to meet their needs. (D) American Indian society was highly stratified with numerous castes.

17. Which of the following processes would most likely have led to the construction of villages like the ones shown in this image?

(A) Plains American Indians adopted a nomadic lifestyle after the Spanish introduced the horse to the Americas. (B) Pacific Northwestern American Indians relied on a combination of coastal fishing and hunting to survive. (C) Southwestern American Indians developed extensive irrigation systems that allowed for the construction of lasting settlements. (D) Northeastern American Indians spent part of the year farming and part of the year following migratory animals.

Questions 18-19 refer to the excerpt below.“One-and-a-half acres, planted with potatoes, would provide enough food, with the addition of a bit of milk, to keep a family [in Ireland] hearty for a year. It was not exceptional for an Irishman to consume ten pounds of potatoes a day and very little else. On this diet, the Irish, without the benefit of medical science, hygiene, industrialization, or decent government, increased from 3.2 million in 1754 to nearly 8.2 million in 1845, not counting the 1.75 million who emigrated before 1846.” Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492

18. Based on the excerpt above, the Columbian Exchange most clearly reflects which of the following 15th century developments?

(A) The introduction of Native American agricultural techniques in Europe (B) The movement of new crops between Europe and the Americas (C) The proliferation of domesticated livestock in the Americas (D) The influx of New World diseases into Europe

19. Which of the following was a direct long-term effect of the Columbian Exchange on European communities in the Americas?

(A) The reduction of frequent devastating famines (B) An economic dependence on cash crops (C) A lack of agricultural diversity (D) Population declines due to exposure to new diseases

Questions 20-23 refer to the excerpt below. “Having notice that under color of a trade to Newfoundland for fish, great quantities of wine, brandy and other European goods, are imported from thence into his Majesty's plantations, particularly New England, on an allegation, that the said New Foundland is accounted as one of the said plantations. To which purpose, it is now become a Magazine of all sorts of goods brought thither directly from France, Holland, Scotland, Ireland and other places, which is not only contrary to law, but greatly to the prejudice of his Majesty's Customs, and to the trade and navigation of this Kingdom. To the end, therefore, that so destructive and growing an evil may be timely prevented, we desire you, for his Majesty's service, to give public notice to all persons concernedwithin your government, that the New Foundland is not to be taken or accounted a plantation, being under no Government or other regulation, as all his Majesty's plantations are. But that all European goods, imported from thence, will be seized, together with the ships

importing the same, as forfeited by the act of trade. … And you are strictly to give in charge to all his Majesty's officers, that they be very careful not to suffer any European goods, other than what are by the aforesaid law and Proclamation accepted, to be imported into New England.”

----Commercial Orders to Edmund Andros, governor of New England, from Custom House, London, 12th January, 1686-1687

20. The excerpt above most clearly reflects the English government’s reaction to which of the following?

(A)A lack of commercial success within the colonial ventures (B) A growing economic autonomy among the English colonies (C) Colonial trade alliances with Native Americans (D)An increase in colonial production of manufactured goods

21. The primary goal of the English government, based on the excerpt above, is most clearly reflected in which of the following?

(A) To regulate and control all colonial trade (B) To allow some colonial trade within non-English markets (C) To regulate trade of only certain colonial goods (D) To regulate trade through the colonial shipbuilding industry

22. Trade regulations, as identified in the excerpt, led most directly to which of the following? (A) Violent conflict between colonists and government officials (B) Enforcement of trade regulations by colonial assemblies (C)An increase in English private wealth and power (D) Rising colonial opposition to England’s economic policies

23. Which of the following was a direct long-term effect of the development expressed in the excerpt above?

(A) A growing movement within the colonies for self-rule (B) Justification of colonial claims to certain rights under English law (C) An increase in English authority within the colonies (D) A rise in factional and religious divisions between the colonists

Questions 24-27 refer to the excerpt below.“Now because Liberty chastises and shortens Power, therefore Power would extinguish Liberty; and consequently Liberty has too much cause to be exceeding jealous and always upon her Defence. Power has many Advantages over her; it has generally numerous Guards, many Creatures, and much Treasure; besides it has more Craft and Experience, and less Honesty and Innocence: And whereas Power can, and for the most Part does subsist where Liberty is not, Liberty cannot subsist without Power; so that she has, as it were, the Enemy always at her Gates.” ---- The New York Weekly Journal, March 11, 1733

24. The publication of excerpts of this nature most reflected which of the following enduring American ideals?

(A) Right of individuals to have equality before the law

(B) Right of subjects to criticize their government (C) Right of business owners to engage in capitalism (D) Right of persons to freely practice their religion

25. Which of the following best characterizes a reason for the development of the political ideals expressed in this excerpt within the American colonies?

(A) Educated colonial Americans took part in a trans-Atlantic exchange of goods and ideas.

(B) British North America was home to both royal and charter colonies. (C) The colony of New York had originally been settled by the Dutch rather than the

British. (D) English politics had a strong tradition of self-government adopted by the colonists.

26. With which set of revolutionary ideals would adherents to the notions expressed in this excerpt most likely agree?

(A) Support for the traditional power of the Protestant monarchy under the Glorious Revolution (B) Puritan efforts to eliminate moral failings and achieve spiritual salvation (C) Beliefs in the need to rectify abuses of power by church authorities under the

Reformation (D) Enlightenment tenets supporting the practice of popular sovereignty and natural

rights

27. How did colonial ideals like those expressed by the author of this excerpt most break from the British political traditions mostly carried on in the English colonies?

(A) By supporting freedoms of speech and the press (B) By associating political freedoms with individual rights (C) By rejecting the notion of unrivaled monarchical authority (D) By limiting civil liberties to those of certain socioeconomic classes

Questions 28-31 refer to the excerpt below. "Current thinking, while hardly reaching a consensus, can be well represented by the work of Mintz and Price, anthropologists who have sought to understand the dynamics of the formation of Afro-American, and specifically Afro-Caribbean, culture. They begin by arguing that the conditions of the slave trade and slavery prevented the direct transmission of African culture to the Americas. In the first case, African culture was not homogeneous enough to constitute a single cultural block; instead, dozens, if not more, independent cultures were involved. Second, the slave trade tended to randomize slaves, grouping those of disparate cultures together, unlike Europeans migration, which tended to occur in blocks of people from the same area traveling and settling in the Americas together. African immigrants were not a group (homogeneous culture) but a 'crowd' (disparate cultures with no prior contact), and an entirely new social structure and organization has to be created, starting with the 'dyad' of two slaves sharing the same space on the slave ship." ---- John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800, 1998

28. The cultural phenomenon described in this excerpt mostly shaped the balance of social power in the early American colonies in which of the following ways?

(A) Development of a uniquely African American cultural movement created widespread support for the abolitionist plan to return slaves to Africa.(B) European cultural mores came to dominate American society due to the lack of competition from a cohesive African culture. (C) Slaves faced language and other barriers to uniting against their masters even in regions where slaves formed a majority of the populace. (D) Powerful white landowners eventually stopped importing enslaved Africans because black cultural groups refused to cooperate.

29. Which of the following systems in the Spanish empire in the Americas was most directly a result of the cultural interactions stemming from the forced migrations described in this excerpt?

(A) A class hierarchy reflective of diverse races and ethnic origins (B) The mission-presidio system aimed at spreading Christianity to natives and Africans (C) Colonial government intended mostly to extract wealth and resources (D) Plantation economy in which poor whites and enslaved Africans worked side-by-side

30. Which of the following best characterizes a commonality between the enslaved African communities in Spanish America that formed under the social structure described in this excerpt and those in English colonies in the Americas?

(A) Both demanded that immigrants assimilate to European society entirely. (B) Both were largely unable to maintain traditional family connections. (C) Both developed mostly in isolation from nearby communities in America. (D) Both flourished due to support from existing native societies.

31. Which facet of enduring African Caribbean society most represented cultural survival in the face of the social and cultural challenges described in this excerpt?

(A) Development of a rich oral tradition that passed on tribal history and knowledge (B) Internal social hierarchies that recognized and protected traditional African leaders (C) Religious rituals that blended Christianity and African traditions (D) Widespread family groups that communicated through an informal slave network