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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
37th IAEE International Conference, New York, 15-18 June 2014
Implementing Renewables for Electricity – Experiences in
Europe and Germany
Hermann-Josef Wagner
Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economy
Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Structure of my presentation
• I am German – some facts about Germany
• Electricity production – activities in Europe • German energy way – enforcement of wind and sun
• Risk and experiences – high acceptance in policy and
population
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Map of Europe – some facts about Germany
About Germany:
• Area: 350 000 km2
82 Million people
Population density:
230 cap / km2
• Reunification: 1990
• GDP: 28 000 US $ / cap
• Conventional capacity power
stations: 84 GW
• Wind power stations: 33 GW
• Photovoltaic areas: about 33 GW
• Energy policy: Enforcement of
renewable, facing out nuclear, facing
out German coal mining
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Structure of my presentation
• I am German – some facts about Germany
• Electricity production – activities in Europe • German energy way – enforcement of wind and sun
• Risk and experiences – high acceptance in policy and
population
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Electricity from wind energy
Source: DEWI Magazin No: 44, February 2014,p.36, Wind Energy Use in Germany
Status of installed wind power
Rated Capacity
End of 2013 [GW]
Share
worldwide [%]
China 91 29
USA 61 19
Germany 35 11
Spain 23 7
India 20 6
Great Britain 11 3
Italy 9 3
France 8 3
Canada 8 2
Denmark 5 2
Remaining
countries 48 15
Total 319 100
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Extension of wind power capacities and grid in Europe
2 GW
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Germany
Spain
France
Finland Sweden
Portugal
Ireland Great Britain
Latvia
Estonia
Lithuania
Poland
Romania
Bulgaria
Greece
Italy
Denmark
Netherlands
Austria
Belgium Czechia
Hungary
Slovakia
Different conveying systems for electricity (renewable energies) in the EU
Source: Fraunhofer IST et al. ; 02/2012
Quota system
Feed in compensation
Feed in premiums
Combination of feed in compensation and quota system
Combination of feed in compensation and premiums
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Electricity grid in the USA
Source: http://blog.ucsusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ISOs-of-US-map.png
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Offshore windfarm in Denmark (Malmo-Copenhagen region)
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
© Sonne, Wind & Wärme, 10/12
Offshore wind projects in Great Britain, Ireland, France and Netherlands (2012)
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
New solar power stations in the USA
Source: „US-Solarmarkt wächst stark“, VDI Nachrichten Nr. 46, 15. November 2013
Image: http://timeecocentric.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/20130323_zaf_w66_011adjusted.jpg%3Fw%3D720 Image: http://www.csp-world.com/sites/default/files/styles/x-large/public/image/abengoa_solana.jpg
Parabolic trough power plant „Solana“, Arizona, activation in 2013 • Nominal power: 288 MW • The integrated storage enables an electricity production up to seven hours without sunshine
Solar tower plant „Ivanpah“, California, activation in 2013 • Nominal power: 377 MW • 300.000 heliostats • 3 Towers (height: 143 meters)
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Parabolic trough power plant „Arenales“, Spain
Source: „Steag speist erstmalig Strom ins Netz“, BWK, Bd. 65 (2013) Nr. 11/12
Thermal solar power station „Arenales“ (Spain)
• 50 MW
• 156 rows of parabolic reflecors, that are able to follow the solar altitude
• 510.000 m² reflector surface
• Molten salt storage
• The integrated storage enables an electricity production up to seven hours without sunshine
Image: www.steag.com
Image: www.focus.de
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Average electricity prices for households in Europe in 2013
Source: Eurostat
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Structure of my presentation
• I am German – some facts about Germany
• Electricity production – activities in Europe • German energy way – enforcement of wind and sun
• Risk and experiences – high acceptance in policy and
population
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Objective for the power station capacities in Germany in the year 2024
(Nuclear power: 0,0%)
Photovoltaics 19%
2012 2024 Statistical value (175 GW) Objective of government (225 GW)
(Scenario B)
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Source: Nordex AG
Assembling of a wind converter by Nordex AG
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Installation of the generator by a wind mill without gears
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Possible foundations of offshore wind converters
Monopile
until 20 m deep of
water
Steel- or concrete
construction
Gravity foundation
until 10 m deep of
water
Steel- or concrete
construction
Tripod, Jacket
more than 20 m deep
of water
Steel construction
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Fundaments for windmills for the windpark alpha ventus © Doti 2009
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Repair of corrosion protection
Photo: Helmut Müller; Sonne, Wind und
Wärme 4/2012
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
© Sonne, Wind & Wärme, 10/12
North Sea
East Sea
Planned and operating offshore windparks Germany (2012)
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Jackets
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Electricity transport from offshore to land
Quelle: „Germany's Troubled Offshore Wind Offensive“; Spiegel Online; http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/photo-gallery-problems-with-germany-s-offshore-wind-plans-fotostrecke-86725-4.html; 09.04.2012
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Annual installed capacitiy of photovoltaics in Germany
Source (2013): Bundesnetzagentur/Photovoltaik Source till 2013: BWK 5/2012
Installed capacity end of 2013: World: 130 GW Germany: 33 GW
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Source: www.Zfk.de/energiepreise
Electricity-spotmarkt-prices November 2013 Day-ahead
Nord Pool Spot Elspot 11-12 a.m. 11-12 a.m.
Phelix Peak 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Phelix Base total over day
Elspot Skandinavia Epex Spot, German - Austria
Week 45 Week 48 Week 47 Week 46
Electricity-spotmarkt-prices in November 2013
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Average structure of the electricity rate in Germany: Household with a consumption of 4.000 kWh/a
Source: Grundpreis, Beschaffung, Netznutzung unter Verwendung von Daten aus den Tarifen der Stadtwerke Velbert, Januar 2014 Konzessionsabgabe: Mittelwert Deutschland, hängt von der Größe der Gemeinde ab. Stand Januar 2014
Basic price: (for measuring, accounting, amortization) rd. 12,50 €/month (gross)
Generation/acquisition
Network access
Electricity tax (former “green tax”)
Concession levy
Basic price
Value-added tax
Energy-price: 21,6 ct/kWh
Total: 30,2 ct/kWh, of which 51% are federal demand
Renewable energy law
At consumption of 4.000 kWh/a
3,8 ct/kWh
5,0 ct/kWh
6,0 ct/kWh
6,5 ct/kWh
1,8 ct/kWh
2,1 ct/kWh
4,8 ct/kWh
Act on Combined Heat and Power Generation 0,2 ct/kWh
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Renewable energy levy for households in Germany
Source: BMU,EEG/KWK-G, Reuters
In Cent/ kWh
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Windenergy and liberalisation of markets require bulk transmission capacity
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Structure of my presentation
• I am German – some facts about Germany
• Electricity production – activities in Europe • German energy way – enforcement of wind and sun
• Risk and experiences – high acceptance in policy and
population
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
German energy-concept
* In reference to 1990, ** In reference to 2008, *** In reference to 2005
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Conclusions
• Wind energy use is increasing worldwide • Technology is available • Off shore wind park's are under construction, they deliver
more electricity, but they are expensive • In Europe are different support systems: Feed-in tariff, tax
incentives, quota • Germany: Fixed feet-in regulation for electricity of
renewables over 20 years, policy is changing, private consumers are paying 6.3 €-Cent/kWh (8 US-Cent/kWh) companies less, in any cases also nothing
• CO2-certificates are increasing electricity price only a little bit, renewable energies much more
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Thank you for your attention
www.lee.rub.de
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
For discussion
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Costs of a 2 MW onshore wind power station
Source: Deutsche WindGuard GmbH; Kostensituation der Windenergie an Land in Deutschland, Stand 2013
Investment plan Costs [€/kW]
Hub height < 120 m > 120 m
Wind power station, transport,
installation 1150 1340
Foundation 70
Grid connection 70
Site development (lanes) 40
Planning, environmental measures,
concession, others 190
Total 1520 1710
Operating costs: 5,1 ct/kWh (Average over 20 years operating time)
Service, reparation, others 50 %
Rent 20 %
Management (technical and
business) 20 %
Reserve for unforeseen events 5 %
Insurance 5 %
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Global energy related
CO2 emission
2012: 34,5 billion t
(In 2000: 25,5 billion t)
Source: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie, Referat III C 3, Stand 20.08.2013 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2013 report
Energy related
CO2 emission
2012: ~ 810 million t
Energy related CO2 emission
USA 16,8%
China 28,4%
Japan 4,1%Germany2,4%
formerUSSR 7,5%
South America
4,0%
other countries
33,4%
Africa 3,4%
1000 1080 1030
857 828 803 810
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1975 1980 1990 2008 2010 2011 2012
BRD
DDR
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Absorber tube of a parabolic trough collector
Source: „Solarthermische Kraftwerke – Konzentriertes Sonnenlicht zur Energieerzeugung nutzen“; Bine Informationsdienst Themeninfo II/2013
Image: http://www.bine.info/fileadmin/content/Publikationen/Themen-Infos/II_2013/themen_0213_14_2.jpg Image: http://www.bine.info/fileadmin/content/Publikationen/Themen-Infos/II_2013/themen_0213_14.jpg
Xenon-capsules
(minimizes the loss of heat)
Attachment Gas molecule „Getter“ for
vacuum increase
Gaiter
Glas-metal linkage
Glassy cladding tube
with antireflective coating
Vacuum among the cladding
tube and the absorber tube
Absorber coating
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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner
Central tube of a wind power station foundation
Source: „Das letzte Fundament“, VDI Nachrichten Nr. 46, 15. November 2013
Image: http://www.vdi-nachrichten.com/var/storage/images/media/vdi-nachrichtencom/images/ausgaben-2013/46_s3_2/2722437-1-ger-DE/46_S3_2.jpg
• Diameter: 6 m
• Weight: 900 tons