VIETNAMESE IMMIGRATIONPresented by:

Angelica - editorPedro - researcherSteven - director

Vicky - artistic director

LIFE IN THE OLD WORLDLIFE IN THE OLD WORLD

THE UNITED STATES IN 1964THE UNITED STATES IN 1964

ONLY 604 VIETNAMESE PEOPLE IN

THE UNITED STATES.

THEY WERE MAINLY:

- STUDENTS

- LANGUAGE TEACHERS

- DIPLOMATS

ONLY 604 VIETNAMESE PEOPLE IN

THE UNITED STATES.

THEY WERE MAINLY:

- STUDENTS

- LANGUAGE TEACHERS

- DIPLOMATS

THE VIETNAM WAR (1956 - 1975)(1956 - 1975)

THE VIETNAM WAR (1956 - 1975)(1956 - 1975)

AGENT ORANGE

- DESTROYED RAIN FORESTS

- DESTROYED CROPS

- HEAVILY DAMAGED FOETUS

CHROMOSOMES

- CAUSED A VARIETY OF

DISEASES

AGENT ORANGE

- DESTROYED RAIN FORESTS

- DESTROYED CROPS

- HEAVILY DAMAGED FOETUS

CHROMOSOMES

- CAUSED A VARIETY OF

DISEASES

THE VIETNAM WAR (1956 - 1975)(1956 - 1975)

THE VIETNAM WAR (1956 - 1975)(1956 - 1975)

AGENT ORANGE

- DESTROYED RAIN FORESTS

- DESTROYED CROPS

- HEAVILY DAMAGED FOETUS

CHROMOSOMES

- CAUSED A VARIETY OF

DISEASES

AGENT ORANGE

- DESTROYED RAIN FORESTS

- DESTROYED CROPS

- HEAVILY DAMAGED FOETUS

CHROMOSOMES

- CAUSED A VARIETY OF

DISEASES

THE VIETNAM WAR (1956 - 1975)(1956 - 1975)

THE VIETNAM WAR (1956 - 1975)(1956 - 1975)

AGENT ORANGE

- DESTROYED RAIN FORESTS

- DESTROYED CROPS

- HEAVILY DAMAGED FOETUS

CHROMOSOMES

- CAUSED A VARIETY OF

DISEASES

AMERICAN BOMBS

- 8 MILLION DROPPED

1965 - 1973

- MANY DID NOT DETONATE

- STILL A THREAT

AGENT ORANGE

- DESTROYED RAIN FORESTS

- DESTROYED CROPS

- HEAVILY DAMAGED FOETUS

CHROMOSOMES

- CAUSED A VARIETY OF

DISEASES

AMERICAN BOMBS

- 8 MILLION DROPPED

1965 - 1973

- MANY DID NOT DETONATE

- STILL A THREAT

THE VIETNAM WAR (1956 - 1975)(1956 - 1975)

THE VIETNAM WAR (1956 - 1975)(1956 - 1975)

MASSACRES

- PINKVILLE (CODENAME)

WAS THE LARGEST

RECORDED MASSACRE OF

VIETNAMESE CITIZENS

- MANY MORE, SMALLER

SCALE MASSACRES

OCCURRED, BUT WERE NOT

RECORDED

MASSACRES

- PINKVILLE (CODENAME)

WAS THE LARGEST

RECORDED MASSACRE OF

VIETNAMESE CITIZENS

- MANY MORE, SMALLER

SCALE MASSACRES

OCCURRED, BUT WERE NOT

RECORDED

“THE FALL OF SAIGON”THE END OF THE WARTHE END OF THE WAR

“THE FALL OF SAIGON”THE END OF THE WARTHE END OF THE WAR

APRIL 30, 1975

- THE NORTH TAKES OVER

THE SOUTH

- INTENDED TO PERSECUTE

ANYONE IN SUPPORT OF

SOUTHERN VIETNAMESE

APRIL 30, 1975

- THE NORTH TAKES OVER

THE SOUTH

- INTENDED TO PERSECUTE

ANYONE IN SUPPORT OF

SOUTHERN VIETNAMESE

“THE FALL OF SAIGON”“THE FALL OF SAIGON”

“ON THOSE LAST DAYS OF APRIL, [THERE WAS] A

LOT OF GUNFIRE AND BOMBING AROUND THE

CAPITAL. PEOPLE WERE RUNNING ON CHAOTIC

STREETS. WE GOT SCARED… WE WENT TO AN

AMERICAN BUILDING WHERE A LOT OF

AMERICANS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE ASSOCIATES

WERE READY TO BE PICKED UP BY AMERICAN

HELICOPTERS.”

- VIETNAMESE REFUGEE

“ON THOSE LAST DAYS OF APRIL, [THERE WAS] A

LOT OF GUNFIRE AND BOMBING AROUND THE

CAPITAL. PEOPLE WERE RUNNING ON CHAOTIC

STREETS. WE GOT SCARED… WE WENT TO AN

AMERICAN BUILDING WHERE A LOT OF

AMERICANS AND THEIR VIETNAMESE ASSOCIATES

WERE READY TO BE PICKED UP BY AMERICAN

HELICOPTERS.”

- VIETNAMESE REFUGEE

THE FIRST WAVE (1975)THE FIRST WAVE (1975)

- MOST ONLY FLED IN FEAR

TO ESCAPE NORTHERN

TROOPS

- MOSTLY MILITARY

PERSONNEL AND THEIR

FAMILIES

- EDUCATED PROFESSIONALS

- 36% OF HOUSEHOLD

HEADS GRADUATED FROM

HIGH SCHOOL

- 16% AT LEAST WENT TO

COLLEGE

- MANY KNEW ENGLISH

- MOST ONLY FLED IN FEAR

TO ESCAPE NORTHERN

TROOPS

- MOSTLY MILITARY

PERSONNEL AND THEIR

FAMILIES

- EDUCATED PROFESSIONALS

- 36% OF HOUSEHOLD

HEADS GRADUATED FROM

HIGH SCHOOL

- 16% AT LEAST WENT TO

COLLEGE

- MANY KNEW ENGLISH

SECOND WAVESECOND WAVE

NEW COMMUNIST POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL, AND

AGRICULTURAL POLICIES

- SEIZED AND

REDISTRIBUTED FARMLAND

- CLOSED ETHNIC-CHINESE

VIETNAMESE BUSINESSES

- FORCED RELOCATION FROM

URBAN TO RURAL AREAS

- “REEDUCATED” AND

TORTURED EVERYONE

INVOLVED WITH SOUTHERN

TROOPS

NEW COMMUNIST POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL, AND

AGRICULTURAL POLICIES

- SEIZED AND

REDISTRIBUTED FARMLAND

- CLOSED ETHNIC-CHINESE

VIETNAMESE BUSINESSES

- FORCED RELOCATION FROM

URBAN TO RURAL AREAS

- “REEDUCATED” AND

TORTURED EVERYONE

INVOLVED WITH SOUTHERN

TROOPS

SECOND WAVESECOND WAVE

OTHER PUSH FACTORS

- HIGH POVERTY RATES;

NEED TO FIND BETTER

WORK

- PARENTS WANTED SONS

TO ESCAPE DRAFT

- DISCRIMINATION AND

PERSECUTION

OTHER PUSH FACTORS

- HIGH POVERTY RATES;

NEED TO FIND BETTER

WORK

- PARENTS WANTED SONS

TO ESCAPE DRAFT

- DISCRIMINATION AND

PERSECUTION

SECOND WAVESECOND WAVE

ETHNIC-CHINESE VIETNAMESE

- WERE CHINESE THAT WERE

VIETNAMESE CITIZENS

- 40% OF SECOND WAVE

- FACED HOSTILITY FROM

VIETNAMESE SOCIETY FOR

DECADES

- TARGET OF DISCRIMINATION

BY COMMUNISTS

ETHNIC-CHINESE VIETNAMESE

- WERE CHINESE THAT WERE

VIETNAMESE CITIZENS

- 40% OF SECOND WAVE

- FACED HOSTILITY FROM

VIETNAMESE SOCIETY FOR

DECADES

- TARGET OF DISCRIMINATION

BY COMMUNISTS

SECOND WAVESECOND WAVE

THOSE WITH EDUCATION

- SMALL NUMBERS

- DOCTORS

- LAWYERS

- PROFESSORS, ETC.

- KNEW ENGLISH

THOSE WITHOUT

- FISHERMEN

- FARMERS

- STOREKEEPERS

- FROM RURAL AREAS, VILLAGES,

AND SMALL COASTAL CITIES

- MOST DIDN’T KNOW ENGLISH

- HIGHLY IMPOVERISHED

- IMMIGRATED WITH FAMILIES

THOSE WITH EDUCATION

- SMALL NUMBERS

- DOCTORS

- LAWYERS

- PROFESSORS, ETC.

- KNEW ENGLISH

THOSE WITHOUT

- FISHERMEN

- FARMERS

- STOREKEEPERS

- FROM RURAL AREAS, VILLAGES,

AND SMALL COASTAL CITIES

- MOST DIDN’T KNOW ENGLISH

- HIGHLY IMPOVERISHED

- IMMIGRATED WITH FAMILIES

THIRD WAVE (80’S AND 90’S)THIRD WAVE (80’S AND 90’S)

- TRYING TO ESCAPE WAR

BETWEEN VIETNAM AND

CHINA

- MOSTLY CHILDREN AND

TEENAGE BOYS

- PRISONERS OF WAR

- TRYING TO ESCAPE WAR

BETWEEN VIETNAM AND

CHINA

- MOSTLY CHILDREN AND

TEENAGE BOYS

- PRISONERS OF WAR

THE VOYAGETHE VOYAGE

ESCAPING THE COMMUNISTSESCAPING THE COMMUNISTS

- AIRLIFTED BY THE

AMERICANS

- FLED ON MILITARY CARGO

SHIPS

- LESS THAN TEN HOURS’

NOTICE

- MOST DIDN’T KNOW

WHERE TO GO; FOLLOWED

CROWD

- AIRLIFTED BY THE

AMERICANS

- FLED ON MILITARY CARGO

SHIPS

- LESS THAN TEN HOURS’

NOTICE

- MOST DIDN’T KNOW

WHERE TO GO; FOLLOWED

CROWD

ESCAPING THE COMMUNISTSESCAPING THE COMMUNISTS

“WHAT WAS THE ONE EVENT DURING THE TRIP [EVACUATION] YOU

WILL NEVER FORGET?”

- INTERVIEWER

“IT WAS WHEN ALL OF THESE PEOPLE WERE

TRYING TO GET ON THE PLANE AT THE AIRPORT.

I SAW PEOPLE JAMMING THE DOOR AND WOMEN

AND CHILDREN COULD NOT GET ON. THE

SHELLING CAME CLOSER AND THEN THE PLANE

TOOK OFF WITH PEOPLE STILL HANGING AT THE

DOOR.”

- VIETNAMESE WOMAN EN ROUTE FROM PHILIPPINES TO US

“WHAT WAS THE ONE EVENT DURING THE TRIP [EVACUATION] YOU

WILL NEVER FORGET?”

- INTERVIEWER

“IT WAS WHEN ALL OF THESE PEOPLE WERE

TRYING TO GET ON THE PLANE AT THE AIRPORT.

I SAW PEOPLE JAMMING THE DOOR AND WOMEN

AND CHILDREN COULD NOT GET ON. THE

SHELLING CAME CLOSER AND THEN THE PLANE

TOOK OFF WITH PEOPLE STILL HANGING AT THE

DOOR.”

- VIETNAMESE WOMAN EN ROUTE FROM PHILIPPINES TO US

ESCAPING THE COMMUNISTSESCAPING THE COMMUNISTS

“OPERATION NEW LIFE”

- REFUGEES TRANSFERRED TO

US BASES

- GUAM

- THAILAND

- WAKE ISLAND

- HAWAII

- PHILIPPINES

- AWAITED PROCESSING

- SENT TO FOUR REFUGEE CENTERS

IN US:

- CAMP PENDLETON (CA)

- FORT CHAFFEE (AK)

-EGLIN AIR FORCE (FL)

- FORT INDIANTOWN GAP (PA)

“OPERATION NEW LIFE”

- REFUGEES TRANSFERRED TO

US BASES

- GUAM

- THAILAND

- WAKE ISLAND

- HAWAII

- PHILIPPINES

- AWAITED PROCESSING

- SENT TO FOUR REFUGEE CENTERS

IN US:

- CAMP PENDLETON (CA)

- FORT CHAFFEE (AK)

-EGLIN AIR FORCE (FL)

- FORT INDIANTOWN GAP (PA)

THE “BOAT PEOPLE”THE “BOAT PEOPLE”

- EXTREMELY UNSAFE,

CROWDED FISHING BOATS

- MAIN MODE OF

IMMIGRATION

FROM SECOND WAVE ON

- LARGE STORMS

- STARVATION

- DEHYDRATION

- 2/3 ATTACKED BY PIRATES;

EACH BOAT AVG. 2 TIMES

- EXTREMELY UNSAFE,

CROWDED FISHING BOATS

- MAIN MODE OF

IMMIGRATION

FROM SECOND WAVE ON

- LARGE STORMS

- STARVATION

- DEHYDRATION

- 2/3 ATTACKED BY PIRATES;

EACH BOAT AVG. 2 TIMES

THE “BOAT PEOPLE”THE “BOAT PEOPLE”

"WE ENCOUNTERED PIRATES ON OUR

JOURNEY. THEY LOWERED A DINGHY

FROM THEIR SHIP TO COME TO OUR BOAT,

AND THEY RAPED THE WOMEN AND

YOUNG GIRLS. THEY INTENDED TO SINK

OUR BOAT.

WE HAD TO GIVE THEM ALL OF OUR

MONEY AND JEWELRY. AFTER THE

PIRATES LEFT,

[WE] SAILED FOR A WHILE,

THEN SAW A MALAYSIAN OIL TANKER.

"WE ENCOUNTERED PIRATES ON OUR

JOURNEY. THEY LOWERED A DINGHY

FROM THEIR SHIP TO COME TO OUR BOAT,

AND THEY RAPED THE WOMEN AND

YOUNG GIRLS. THEY INTENDED TO SINK

OUR BOAT.

WE HAD TO GIVE THEM ALL OF OUR

MONEY AND JEWELRY. AFTER THE

PIRATES LEFT,

[WE] SAILED FOR A WHILE,

THEN SAW A MALAYSIAN OIL TANKER.

THE “BOAT PEOPLE”THE “BOAT PEOPLE”

"IF WE HADN'T SEEN IT,

WE PROBABLY WOULD HAVE DROWNED,

BECAUSE THAT NIGHT THE WIND AND THE

CURRENT WERE VERY STRONG, AND OUR BOAT

WAS SMALL,

LIKE A SMALL FISHING BOAT. THERE WERE 126

PEOPLE ON BOARD, LYING NEXT TO ONE

ANOTHER. MANY CHILDREN BECAME SEASICK.

THEY VOMITED.

THEIR EYES WERE ALL WHITE.

[WE] THOUGHT THEY WERE DEAD."

- LE THI SEN

"IF WE HADN'T SEEN IT,

WE PROBABLY WOULD HAVE DROWNED,

BECAUSE THAT NIGHT THE WIND AND THE

CURRENT WERE VERY STRONG, AND OUR BOAT

WAS SMALL,

LIKE A SMALL FISHING BOAT. THERE WERE 126

PEOPLE ON BOARD, LYING NEXT TO ONE

ANOTHER. MANY CHILDREN BECAME SEASICK.

THEY VOMITED.

THEIR EYES WERE ALL WHITE.

[WE] THOUGHT THEY WERE DEAD."

- LE THI SEN

THE “BOAT PEOPLE”THE “BOAT PEOPLE”

- FLEEING TO ASYLUM CAMPS

IN:

- MALAYSIA

- THAILAND

- SINGAPORE

- INDONESIA

- PHILIPPINES

- HONG KONG

- WAITED FOR ACCEPTANCE FROM

FOREIGN NATIONS

- OFTEN WAITED YEARS

- 40-60,000 PICKED UP BY

AMERICAN NAVY SHIPS;

TRANSPORTED TO GUAM AND

PHILIPPINES

- FLEEING TO ASYLUM CAMPS

IN:

- MALAYSIA

- THAILAND

- SINGAPORE

- INDONESIA

- PHILIPPINES

- HONG KONG

- WAITED FOR ACCEPTANCE FROM

FOREIGN NATIONS

- OFTEN WAITED YEARS

- 40-60,000 PICKED UP BY

AMERICAN NAVY SHIPS;

TRANSPORTED TO GUAM AND

PHILIPPINES

WHY THEY CAMEWHY THEY CAME

WHY THEY CAMEWHY THEY CAME

- UNITED STATES

SUPPORTED SOUTH

VIETNAM

- ONLY COUNTRY TO ACCEPT

VIETNAMESE IMMIGRANTS

AT THE TIME

- SAFETY

- FREEDOM

- MORE OPPORTUNITIES

- GREATER ECONOMIC AND

SOCIAL STABILITY

- UNITED STATES

SUPPORTED SOUTH

VIETNAM

- ONLY COUNTRY TO ACCEPT

VIETNAMESE IMMIGRANTS

AT THE TIME

- SAFETY

- FREEDOM

- MORE OPPORTUNITIES

- GREATER ECONOMIC AND

SOCIAL STABILITY

WHY THEY CAMEWHY THEY CAME

- PEOPLE THOUGHT THEY

COULD RETURN TO

VIETNAM

- 1977 SURVEY:

41% OF HOUSEHOLD

HEADS PLANNED TO

MOVE BACK TO VIETNAM

- PEOPLE THOUGHT THEY

COULD RETURN TO

VIETNAM

- 1977 SURVEY:

41% OF HOUSEHOLD

HEADS PLANNED TO

MOVE BACK TO VIETNAM

WORK AND SETTINGWORK AND SETTING

VIETNAMESE IMMIGRANT POPULATION IN US (1980 - 2012VIETNAMESE IMMIGRANT POPULATION IN US (1980 - 2012

SETTLING IN THE STATESSETTLING IN THE STATES

- MOSTLY SETTLED IN

WARMER STATES

- 40% IN CALIFORNIA

- 7.2% IN TEXAS

MAIN CITIES (IN ORDER OF POPULATION

- LOS ANGELES, CA

- LONG BEACH, CA

- SANTA ANA, CA

- SAN JOSE, CA

- SUNNYVALE, CA

- SANTA CLARA, CA

- HOUSTON, TX

- MOSTLY SETTLED IN

WARMER STATES

- 40% IN CALIFORNIA

- 7.2% IN TEXAS

MAIN CITIES (IN ORDER OF POPULATION

- LOS ANGELES, CA

- LONG BEACH, CA

- SANTA ANA, CA

- SAN JOSE, CA

- SUNNYVALE, CA

- SANTA CLARA, CA

- HOUSTON, TX

TOP DESTINATION STATES FOR VIETNAMESE IMMIGRANTS (2008-2012)TOP DESTINATION STATES FOR VIETNAMESE IMMIGRANTS (2008-2012)

TOP METROPOLITAN AREA DESTINATIONS FOR VIETNAMESE IMMIGRANTS (2008-2012)TOP METROPOLITAN AREA DESTINATIONS FOR VIETNAMESE IMMIGRANTS (2008-2012)

HOUSINGHOUSING

- COMPETED WITH

AMERICANS FOR LOW

INCOME HOUSING

- LIVED IN PROCESSING

CAMPS

- LARGER FAMILIES: ABOUT 5

- SUBURBS, URBAN AREAS

- COMPETED WITH

AMERICANS FOR LOW

INCOME HOUSING

- LIVED IN PROCESSING

CAMPS

- LARGER FAMILIES: ABOUT 5

- SUBURBS, URBAN AREAS

HOUSING AND EMPLOYMENTHOUSING AND EMPLOYMENT

- DESPITE EDUCATION OF

SOME, HAD TO GET

WHATEVER JOBS AVAILABLE

- JANITORS, LIMOUSINE

DRIVERS, ETC.

- CONTRIBUTED A LOT TO

FISHING INDUSTRY IN SOUTH

- OVER TIME, VIETNAMESE

IMMIGRANTS (SECOND

GENERATION) TOOK THE

LEAD IN EDUCATION

- INCREASE IN AVERAGE

INCOME

- LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATES

5-6%

- DESPITE EDUCATION OF

SOME, HAD TO GET

WHATEVER JOBS AVAILABLE

- JANITORS, LIMOUSINE

DRIVERS, ETC.

- CONTRIBUTED A LOT TO

FISHING INDUSTRY IN SOUTH

- OVER TIME, VIETNAMESE

IMMIGRANTS (SECOND

GENERATION) TOOK THE

LEAD IN EDUCATION

- INCREASE IN AVERAGE

INCOME

- LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATES

5-6%

HOUSING AND EMPLOYMENTHOUSING AND EMPLOYMENT

- WIDER VARIETY OF JOBS

- MANAGEMENT

- ART, SCIENCE

- SERVICE

- SALES, OFFICE,

GOVERNMENT

- NATURAL RESOURCES,

CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE

- FOOD: FISHING,

SHRIMPING, FARMING

- PRODUCTION,

TRANSPORTATION, MATERIAL

MOVING

- ~10% SELF-EMPLOYED IN 1990

- WIDER VARIETY OF JOBS

- MANAGEMENT

- ART, SCIENCE

- SERVICE

- SALES, OFFICE,

GOVERNMENT

- NATURAL RESOURCES,

CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE

- FOOD: FISHING,

SHRIMPING, FARMING

- PRODUCTION,

TRANSPORTATION, MATERIAL

MOVING

- ~10% SELF-EMPLOYED IN 1990

EMPLOYED IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE (AGES 16+) BY OCCUPATION AND ORIGIN, 2012EMPLOYED IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE (AGES 16+) BY OCCUPATION AND ORIGIN, 2012

VIETNAMESE PEOPLE IN SAN JOSESAN JOSE

VIETNAMESE PEOPLE IN SAN JOSESAN JOSE

- MANY ENTREPRENEURS

- 40% OF RETAIL BUSINESSES

IN DOWNTOWN SAN JOSE

- MANY VIETNAMESE CUISINE

RESTAURANTS

- HAIR SALONS

- GRAND CENTURY MALL

- LEE SANDWICHES

- MANY ENTREPRENEURS

- 40% OF RETAIL BUSINESSES

IN DOWNTOWN SAN JOSE

- MANY VIETNAMESE CUISINE

RESTAURANTS

- HAIR SALONS

- GRAND CENTURY MALL

- LEE SANDWICHES

PREJUDICESPREJUDICES

JUDGED BY AMERICANSJUDGED BY AMERICANS

- DISLIKED BY AMERICAN

CITIZENS BECAUSE OF

COMPETITION AND MEDIA

- MEDIA ONLY FOCUSED ON

AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT

IN WAR; DIDN’T SHOW

VIETNAMESE PERSPECTIVE

- 1975 POLL: ONLY 36% OF

AMERICANS IN FAVOR OF

VIETNAMESE IMMIGRATION.

- DISLIKED BY AMERICAN

CITIZENS BECAUSE OF

COMPETITION AND MEDIA

- MEDIA ONLY FOCUSED ON

AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT

IN WAR; DIDN’T SHOW

VIETNAMESE PERSPECTIVE

- 1975 POLL: ONLY 36% OF

AMERICANS IN FAVOR OF

VIETNAMESE IMMIGRATION.

DISCRIMINATION AND STEREOTYPESDISCRIMINATION AND STEREOTYPES

- DISCRIMINATION IN

WORKPLACES, COURTS,

AND BY POLICE

- TARGETS OF KU KLUX KLAN

- DENIED ACCESS TO

EDUCATION AND VOTING

- CALLED “CHINK”

- "GO BACK TO CHINA”

- BELIEVED TO ALL BE

OVERACHIEVERS IN

SCHOOL

- BELIEVED TO ALL BE

REFUGEES

- DISCRIMINATION IN

WORKPLACES, COURTS,

AND BY POLICE

- TARGETS OF KU KLUX KLAN

- DENIED ACCESS TO

EDUCATION AND VOTING

- CALLED “CHINK”

- "GO BACK TO CHINA”

- BELIEVED TO ALL BE

OVERACHIEVERS IN

SCHOOL

- BELIEVED TO ALL BE

REFUGEES

DISCRIMINATION AND STEREOTYPESDISCRIMINATION AND STEREOTYPES

T.T.NHU COMMENTED IN SAN JOSE MERCURY NEWS 1988:

“MANY REFUGEES FIND THAT THEY FACE

ANOTHER TYRANNY IN THIS COUNTRY IN

THE FORM OF INSISTENCE ON POLITICAL

CONFORMITY… IT IS REMINISCENT OF

NIGHTMARISH TIMES ALREADY

EXPERIENCED IN THIS COUNTRY DURING

THE MCCARTHY ERA.”

T.T.NHU COMMENTED IN SAN JOSE MERCURY NEWS 1988:

“MANY REFUGEES FIND THAT THEY FACE

ANOTHER TYRANNY IN THIS COUNTRY IN

THE FORM OF INSISTENCE ON POLITICAL

CONFORMITY… IT IS REMINISCENT OF

NIGHTMARISH TIMES ALREADY

EXPERIENCED IN THIS COUNTRY DURING

THE MCCARTHY ERA.”

LAWSLAWS

INDOCHINA MIGRATIONAND REFUGEE ACT OF

197519751975

INDOCHINA MIGRATIONAND REFUGEE ACT OF

197519751975

PASSED BY FORD ADMINISTRATION TO SUPPORT

ARRIVAL OF VIETNAMESE IMMIGRANTS

PASSED BY FORD ADMINISTRATION TO SUPPORT

ARRIVAL OF VIETNAMESE IMMIGRANTS

REFUGEE ACT OF 19801980

REFUGEE ACT OF 19801980

PASSED BY CONGRESS TO HELP VIETNAMESE

IMMIGRANTS

- REDUCED RESTRICTIONS ON ENTRY

INTO US

- DEFINED REFUGEE

- CREATED OFFICE OF REFUGEE

RESETTLEMENT

- SET NUMBER OF ANNUAL REFUGEE

ADMISSIONS TO 50,000 (EXCEPT FOR

EMERGENCIES)

- REFUGEE COULD ADJUST STATUS

AFTER ONE YEAR TO BECOME

PERMANENT CITIZEN

- AFTER FOUR YEARS, COULD BECOME

US CITIZEN

PASSED BY CONGRESS TO HELP VIETNAMESE

IMMIGRANTS

- REDUCED RESTRICTIONS ON ENTRY

INTO US

- DEFINED REFUGEE

- CREATED OFFICE OF REFUGEE

RESETTLEMENT

- SET NUMBER OF ANNUAL REFUGEE

ADMISSIONS TO 50,000 (EXCEPT FOR

EMERGENCIES)

- REFUGEE COULD ADJUST STATUS

AFTER ONE YEAR TO BECOME

PERMANENT CITIZEN

- AFTER FOUR YEARS, COULD BECOME

US CITIZEN

OTHER LAWSOTHER LAWS

- GRANTED ENTRY INTO US

TO CHILDREN OF AMERICAN

SERVICEMEN AND FORMER

POLITICAL PRISONERS

- GRANTED ENTRY INTO US

TO CHILDREN OF AMERICAN

SERVICEMEN AND FORMER

POLITICAL PRISONERS

Thank you for listening

BIBLIOGRAPHY