INTELLIGENT URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM

KKKA6424

Task 4

Video sensor

PROF. IR. DR. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH OK RAHMAT

Done by:

ALAA.H.MOUSA ID: P71081

Introduction

Traffic cameras are an innovative and extremely functional use of video surveillance

technology. You've seen their footage during traffic reports on the TV news. They're

atop traffic signals and placed along busy roads, and at busy intersections of the

highway. Whether they're recording traffic patterns for future study and observation

or monitoring traffic and issuing tickets for moving violations, traffic cameras are an

explosively popular form of video surveillance.

Advantages of Traffic Surveillance Cameras Aid commuters - Traffic cameras placed at common congestion points on highways,

freeways, interstates and major arteries often share feeds with news outlets - both

radio and TV, which in turn pass them onto commuters in the form of traffic reports.

Normally, traffic flows do not vary much from day to day, but in the event of a severe

accident or road closure, a traffic alert can be extremely valuable for a time-crunched

commuter.

Valuable data - Traffic cameras that simply monitor car flows on roads and major

arteries are often maintained by state departments of transportation Along with

monitoring the roads for accidents or major closures, footage from traffic cameras is

influential in decisions regarding future road development and construction.

Enforce laws - Cameras used to enforce speed and red light laws are effective in

catching moving violations and issuing tickets.

Encourage safe driving - Visible surveillance cameras posted at intersections can

encourage safe driving habits and discourage moving violations.

1. AXIS Q87-E Network Camera Introduction

Is ideal for mission-critical surveillance scenarios that demand 24-hour monitoring

of restricted areas. The cameras offer pan/tilt flexibility and simultaneous video

streams from a visual camera and a thermal camera, and allow detection,

recognition and identification from one single unit. The IP66-rated, outdoor-ready

AXIS Q87-E Network Camera Series comprises of AXIS Q8721-E and

AXIS Q8722-E. AXIS Q8721-E — which provides a visual camera with 10x

optical zoom and autofocus, and thermal camera with 384x288 resolution—is

mounted on a motor that allows the entire unit to tilt and pan. AXIS Q8722-E

provides the same features but with thermal camera that offers VGA 640x480

resolution. The models are connected to the network using one Ethernet cable.

AXIS Q87-E models can pan 360° endlessly and tilt between -45° to +20° with a

preset accuracy of 0.02°. The operating temperature ranges between -30 ºC to 45

ºC (-22 ºF to 113 ºF)

The thermal camera can achieve higher detection accuracy than a visual camera

since a thermal camera detects an object or a person hidden in a shadow or in a

dark area. It can also function in complete darkness and adverse weather

conditions. However, the visual camera allows for recognition possibilities and at

night, it can benefit from optional PT IR Illuminator kit A for better identification.

The combined visual/thermal camera units provide a powerful surveillance solution

• Continuous rotation, endless 360° pan

• IP66-rated

• HDTV image quality

• Thermal imaging

The visual cameras can deliver several independent H.264 streams. Both visual

From that switch only one Ethernet cable is necessary to view both cameras.

The visual camera provides 10x optical zoom and auto focus, and on top of that

AXIS Q87-E is mounted on a Pan/Tilt motor. AXIS Q87-E models can pan

360° endlessly and tilt between -45 ° to +20° with a preset accuracy of 0.02°.

AXIS Q8721-E and AXIS Q8722-E cameras are available with either 35mm or

60mm lens for the thermal network camera; note that the thermal cameras come

in 30 or 8.3 fps.

Feature Network camera model

Outdoor vandal-resistant AXIS Q8721-E AXIS Q8722-E

Max video resolution Visual camera: 1920 x 1080

Thermal camera: 384 x 288

Visual camera: 1920 x 1080

Thermal camera: 640 x 480

Megapixel/HDTV Visual camera: 2 MP/720p Visual camera: 2 MP/720p

Optical zoom Visual camera:10x Visual camera:10x

Max detection range

Humans (m/yards) Thermal camera: 1200/1312* Thermal camera: 1800/1970*

Max detection range

Vehicles (m/yards) Thermal camera: 3700/4046* Thermal camera: 5500/6015*

Day & Night functionality

* With 60mm lens on the thermal camera.

2.Thermal camera

Introduction

Thermal cameras have many advantages, such as allowing users to detect people,

objects and incidents in complete darkness and difficult conditions such as smoke,

haze, dust and light fog. Eliminating the need for floodlights, they reduce light

pollution. In addition, a thermal camera is a reliable platform for integrating

intelligent software applications. A conventional network camera reacts to changes in

the captured image and can, for example, be disturbed by shades and back lighting. A

thermal network camera detects the thermal radiation from the object, which is a more

static parameter compared to visual changes in an image.

Benefits of integrating intelligent video applications

Axis thermal network cameras are an excellent complement to existing video

surveillance installations as they expand the system’s video analytic capabilities, area

protection, such as thermal fences, providing discreet and cost-effective detection,

enhancing building security and emergency management.

The sensor in a thermal camera detects thermal radiation emitted from objects and

people. Thus, the sensor is not sensitive to changing light conditions, darkness or

other challenging conditions. This makes thermal cameras a perfect platform on

which to build more efficient 24/7 surveillance systems. Integrated with intelligent

video applications, such as video motion detection or tripwire, the camera can

automatically trigger an alert to the operator and at the same time trigger a

pan/tilt/zoom camera to supply video to the operator. All information is evaluated and

the operator can decide about the correct action to take

Motion detection

When an Axis thermal network camera has detected a moving object, it can trigger

other devices and actions such as sending an alarm to an operator, turning on flood

lights, or triggering a regular camera to retrieve visual information about the incident.

Since the camera will only record during the actual incident, the amount of recording

space will be minimized. This will facilitate video analysis and save valuable operator

time.

Tripwire detection

A virtual line can be placed in the image of the thermal network camera. The virtual

line will act as a tripwire. If an object crosses the virtual tripwire, the thermal network

camera can trigger another camera as in the motion detection example.

Integrating thermal network cameras with intelligent video applications has many

advantages. However, in order to get the optimum use of thermal network cameras

other things will have to be considered than when using conventional network

cameras. Definition of detection range, number of pixels across the object, and the

surrounding environment need to be considered. These parameters are of special

importance when integrating with an intelligent video application.

Definition of detection range according to Johnson’s criteria

The resolution required to detect an object is stated in pixels and is determined by

means of Johnson’s criteria. John Johnson, a US military scientist, developed this

method for predicting the performance of sensor systems during the 1950’s. An object

can be a person, typically defined with a critical dimension of 0.75 m (2.46 ft.) or a

vehicle, typically defined with a critical dimension of 2.3 m (7.55 ft.). Johnson

measured the ability of observers to identify scale model targets under various

conditions, and came up with criteria for the minimum required resolution. These

criteria provide a 50 % probability of an observer distinguishing an object at the

specified level. For a thermal sensor, the temperature difference between the object

and its background needs to be at least 2 °C. The levels of Johnson’s criteria used for

Thermal network cameras are as follows:

> At least 1.5 pixels are needed for detection, that is, the observer can see that an

object is present.

> At least 6 pixels are needed for recognition, that is, the observer can distinguish the

object, for example, a person in front of a fence.

> At least 12 pixels are needed for identification, that is, the observer can distinguish

an object and object characteristics, for example, a person holding a crowbar in his

hand. Johnson’s criteria were developed under the assumption that visible a human

observer processed information if an application algorithm instead processes the

information there will be specific requirements on the number of pixels needed on the

target for reliable operation. All intelligent video software algorithms need to work

with a certain number of pixels. The exact number may vary but as a as a rule of

thumb at least 6 pixels across the object are required, which is the same as recognition

according to Johnson’s criteria. Even if a human observer would be able to detect the

object, the application algorithm often needs a larger amount of pixels at a given

detection range to work properly.

Environmental considerations

It is essential to remember that Johnson’s criteria are valid only in ideal conditions.

The weather conditions on site will affect the thermal radiation emitted from the

object and decrease the effective detection range. The detection range used in the

monographs above ideally requires a temperature difference of 2 °C between the

targeted object and the background. This section will further explain how

environmental factors will influence thermal camera performance.

Environmental factors that affect the thermal camera include weather conditions and

the temperature difference between the object and its background. An object with

almost the same temperature as the background, such as a body on a hot summer day,

is harder to distinguish from its background than an object with a greater temperature

difference, such as a car with a running engine on a cold winter day.

The two most important environmental factors that affect the image of an object in the

camera are absorption and scattering. They reduce the thermal radiation that reaches

the camera, thereby reducing the distance at which the camera can detect an object.

Scattering has a greater effect on the loss of thermal energy than absorption.

Absorption

Water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air are the primary causes of

absorption. During absorption, the heat radiated from the object is absorbed by water

vapor and carbon dioxide and loses some of its energy before reaching the camera the

water vapor content of the air affects image quality even in sunny and clear weather.

In winter, if all other weather conditions are the same, the water vapor content of the

air is lower than in summer. Since water vapor content is lower, the water molecules,

allowing more, absorb less thermal radiation thermal radiation to reach the thermal

network camera and resulting in better image quality when compared to a summer

day.

Scattering

During scattering, the thermal radiation from the object is dispersed when it hits

particles in the air. The loss of radiation is directly related to the size and

concentration of the particles, droplets or crystals that constitute polluting, condensing

or precipitating conditions such as smog, fog, rain or snow. Fog appears when water

vapor in the air condenses into water droplets. The droplet sizes vary with different

kinds of fog. In dense fog, the water droplets are bigger due to accretion, thus

scattering thermal radiation more than light fog. Also, fog scatters thermal radiation to

a larger extent than both smog and haze because of the greater size and concentration

of its water droplets.

Rain and snow

Even though raindrops are larger than fog droplets, their concentration is lower. This

means that rain does not scatter thermal radiation as much as fog does. The level of

scattering during snow is somewhere in between the range of fog and rain. Sleet or

wet snow has a scattering level more similar to rain, whereas dry snow is more similar

to fog.

3.Smart Camera III The digital camera concept for high-definition traffic enforcement images

Digital ROBOT Smart Camera III with up to 11MP

ROBOT Smart Camera III as detached camera head

Consistently tailored without compromise for every possible traffic enforcement

application, JENOPTIK Robot has the solution:

The compact camera includes an integrated processor or a remote processor

connected to the camera head by fiber optics. This is the only way to make use of the

advantages to ensure maximum benefit of each type of installation and to provide a

service-oriented solution. The resolution of the CCD ranges from 1.4 MP to 11 MP.

Features

• Own lens

• The same technology in a compact or divided form

• Tried and tested in rough environment on the road (Field-tested /proven in

practice/proven in use)

• Electrical isolation via fiber optics

The ROBOT SmartCamera III is a combination of a ROBOT SmartCamera III head

and a ROBOT SmartCamera III MPU (Main Processing Unit). The MPU is a special

module required for the operation of a camera head.. The MPU controls the connected

camera head and processes its data. The physical separation of the camera head and

the MPU allows many service-friendly and cost effective possibilities for the

implementation of technical traffic solutions.

4. Dome HD-SDI CCTV Surveillance Camera

HD-D20 Dome HD Camera features:

· HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs)

· Plastic Housing Designed for Indoor Surveillance

· Low Light and Zero Light Performance with 20 Infrared LEDs

· Resolution: 1080p (1920 x 1080)

· 4.3mm Fixed Lens supports a 91.2 degree field of view

· Black Base (Also available in White)

· Tri-axis mount for ceiling or wall installations

· 12v DC Power

· WDR / Wide Dynamic Range

· Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,

day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments

5.ANPR LPR Traffic CCTV HSBLC Camera

The camera JE-7800 is brilliant color by day, but at night, the camera will auto

switch to LPR mode and come into it's own. In other words this is not an Infra Red

(IR) camera to see people in the dark. It is designed to see number plates front or

rear. Even if the headlights are turned OFF, our NPR cameras will see the number

plate perfectly. A normal IR camera will reflect on the plate or have the opposite

effect.

The LPR camera is an all enclosed full body camera with auto iris vary focal 5-50mm

vary focal lens. It built in heater/blower for all weather conditions and designed for

capturing number plates at speeds in excess of 100kph

Main feature.

Sony 1/3" Supper HadⅡ CCD Recognize the plate number distinctly at any speed

World Best 600TV Line of Resolution

Built-in RS-485 Bus for remote access the menu to configure

6 - 50mm Auto Iris Lens

Built-in Heater & Fan,

IR Available distance: 1 - 40 Meters

Wide range operation temperature -40 to +60°C

IR Light Value can be adjustable and stored

Separate glass: no Light diffusion and fog proof

Shutter Speed 1/50 - 1/120,000 Adjustable IP65 Water-Proof

IR Cut Filter

It Can Keep Stable Work Under Any Climate

HSBLC and WDR function

1 channel alarm In/ Out

How they can be utilized in traffic management system. Cameras have dependably been a component in Intelligent Traffic Systems In any

case about whether; the part of cameras in these frameworks has changed. To start

with, cameras just served as a straightforward checking or catching gadget for

watching activity stream Today, the camera in an ITS framework is the improved

"eye" of the framework itself, helping astounding pictures that are utilized for

requesting movement control requisitions, for empowering extra vehicle

characterization. Cameras are intended to help all standard movement requisitions.

Around their numerous different characteristics, they offer:

• Easy joining

• High picture quality

• A high dynamic extent

• High affectability

• A remarkable value/execution proportion

Today's superior-cameras are the "advanced eye" for Intelligent Transportation

Systems (ITS), supplying high-determination pictures significantly under testing

conditions. Cameras give present day transportation frameworks the force of vision –

from distinguishing activity violations to movement checking and toll accumulation

frameworks. The video camera innovations utilized for these reasons fall into two

gatherings: mechanical cameras (machine vision) and system cameras Both camera

innovations offer diverse capacities past their unique ranges of provision, making

them good with a wide mixture of transportation tasks.

Ordinary provisions for video cameras in the ITS field are:

• Enforcement (e.g., speed authorization, red light implementation, and path violation

identification)

• Tolling (e.g., Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and toll authorization to counteract

misrepresentation)

• Traffic Monitoring (e.g., observing movement stream, way, and climate conditions,

and searching for mischance’s or different occurrences)

• Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) (eg. excursion time estimation,

stopping or access control results and in addition clever activity observing,

Risky Aspects of Traffic Security Cameras

Weather - Whether they're monitoring intersections or looking out for traffic jams,

traffic cameras are subject to damage caused by weather. Heat, wind, rain, snow and

ice can all damage or ruin a traffic security camera.

Accidents - Since they're placed on busy roads and intersections, there is also a

chance that accidents could damage traffic cameras.

Configuration Considerations for Roadway Cameras

Traffic monitoring cameras and red light or speed cameras have different purposes

and therefore desrve seperate consideration when installing. Consider the following

when looking to install traffic monitoring or red light cameras

For traffic surveillance cameras:

• What are the major roadways in your area?

• At what time is traffic in your area the heaviest (aka "Rush Hour")?

• Are there certain features in roadways where traffic naturally congests?

For speed and red light cameras:

• Are there any particular intersections in your area where accidents and violations

are common?

• Are moving violations a particular problem in your area?Setup Advice for Traffic

Surveillance Cameras

For speed and red light cameras:

• When installing cameras, make sure that all areas of the intersection are covered.

Usually, cameras are placed above the signals or mounted on each corner of the

intersection

• Consider installing a flash or other light source for night recording

• Consult with local law enforcement to find the most troublesome intersections

• Make sure your cameras are placed and calibrated to record the license plate data

off of violating cars.

• To protect cameras against the elements, place them in environment-controlled

housings.

For road surveillance and monitoring cameras:

• Place cameras so they overlook common congestion areas

• Make sure cameras have adequate visibility and a good view of all lanes involved

• Temperature and humidity controlled camera housings can help protect the camera

against weather.