victor lacatus, research institute for vegetable and flower growing vidra, romania,...
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VICTOR LACATUS, Research Institute for Vegetable and Flower Growing Vidra, Romania, [email protected]
CARMEN GAIDAU INCDTP – Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute Bucharest, Romania [email protected]
AURA IONITA, POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]
MIHAELA NICULESCU INCDTP – Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute Bucharest, Romania [email protected]
MARIANA POPESCU SC PIELOREX SA, Jilava, Romania [email protected]
DOREL ACSINTE SC PIELOREX SA, Jilava, Romania [email protected]
LAURENTIU FILIPESCU POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]
FIELD TEST FOR FOLIAR NUTRITIVE PRODUCTS FORMULATED WITH
THE LEATHER PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES
2nd International Conference on Advanced Materials And Systems, Bucharest Romania, 2008
INTRODUCTION
Waste leather hydrolysates prove to be a valuable protein resource possible to be converted to added value commercial products as soil fertilizers, biodegradable polymers and additives for cosmetic industry, building materials, etc.
Colak, S., JALCA, 100,137, 2005; Cabeza, L.F., Clauson, S.M., Taylor, M.M., J.Am.Leather Chem.Assoc., 94, no.5, 1999, pp. 190; Gaidau, C., Ghiga, M., Filipescu, L., Stepan, E., Lacatus, V., Popescu, M., Excellence Research as a way to E.R.A, 2007, ISSN 1843-5904, Editors: Nicolae Vasiliu & Lanyi Szabolcs;
Chromium free protein hydrolysates with amino acids content, obtained by using chemical and chemical-enzymatic hydrolysis, may be used as foliar growth enhancers and bio-stimulators for fruit and vegetable crops.
Niculescu, M., Bajenaru, S., Gaidau, C., Simion, D., Filipescu, F., Rev Chimie 2009 under pressGaidau, C., Ghiga, M., Stepan, E., Taloi, D., Filipescu, L., Proceedings of 29th Congress of the International Union of Leather Chemists Association, Washington, 2007Gaidau, C., Ghiga, M., Stepan, E., Taloi, D., Filipescu, L., Rev. Chimie (Bucharest), 60(5):501-507, 2009Gaidau C, Ghiga M, Stepan E, Lacatus V, Cirjaliu-Murgea M, Ionita AD, Filipescu L (2008) CEEX Conference 2008, Brasov, Research a way to E.R.A., editors: Nicolae Vasiliu and Lanyi Szabolcs, ISSN 1844-7090, Editura Tehnica;
Our previous papers illuminate some particular ways to convey to these hydrolysis products specific foliar properties as: low surface tension, moderate viscosity and capacity to dissolve the usual macro and micronutrients and to penetrate leaf cuticular membranes.
This paper continue the above studies with the field test for several formulations of foliar nutritive fluids in which growth enhancing functions are carried by amino acids and peptides available in chromium free waste leather hydrolysates.
Also, some papers about growth enhancing, biostimulation and fungicide capacities of the basic formulation on which waste leather hydrolisates were grafted have recently published:
Chitu, V., Chitu, E., Nicolae, S., Filipescu, L., Ionita, A. and Murgea Cîrjaliu, M., Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 2009, 825:539-546; http://www.actahort.org/.
Cirjaliu-Murgea, M., Ionita, A., Chitu, E., Chitu, V., Filipescu, L., VI International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Crops, Faro, Portugal, 2008, under the auspices ISHS, Acta Horticulturae (under press);
Cirjaliu-Murgea, M., Ionita, A.D., Chitu, E., Filipescu L., Ann. Univ. Craiova, 12, no.48, 2007, pp. 183;
Cirjaliu – Murgea, M., Chitu, V., Chitu, E., Isopescu, R., Filipescu, L., 14th International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineerig Proceegings, Bucharest, Romania, 2005;
PURPOSE Successful chemical approach of the protein hydrolysates turn into suitable intermediate for foliar nutritive fluids production has to proceed with the field trial run and plant growth efficiency evaluation at least for some convenient formulations. This paper is reporting the studies undertaken for testing this new class of foliar nutrients through open field runs on some vegetable species, according to customary and standard schemes accepted for the evaluation and homologation of the fertilizers and growth enhancers.
FORMULATION AND VARIANTS SET UP
Hydrolysate compositions
Table 1.Composition of the protein hydrolysates
No. Parameters Standard analysis method
Hydrolysate 1 Hydrolysate 2Solution
compositionDry matter
compositionSolution
compositionDry matter
composition1. Dry matter, % STAS 6615/2-74 6.40 - 12.2 -2. Total ash, % SRENISO 4047-2002 - 9.84 - 26.463. Soluble substance, % - 5.77 90.16 8.84 73.544. CaO, % 0.11 1.72 0.25 2.85. Total
nitrogen, %SRISO 5397-96 1.02 15.94 1.16 9.65
6. Dermic substance, % SRISO 5397-96 5.73 89.53 6.52 54.247. Amino
nitrogen, %0.53 0.83 0.346 2.88
8. pH STAS 8619/3-90 11.12 9.49 -9. Cr2O3, % STAS 8602-90 0.00 0.00 - -10. Molecular
mass, Da.14300 - - -
Amino-acids distribution
Table 2. Aminoacids distribution in protein hydrolysateAmino acid Glycine Aspartic
acid Glutamic acid
Serine Histidine Tyrosine Proline
Concentration*, % 0.320 0.039 0.043 0.057 0.023 0.240 0.033
* based on the total dermic substance
PRODUCTS AND VARIANTS TESTESD DURING 2007 AND 2008 SEASON Table 3. Tested products and variants of the experiments on fitoxicity, germination and vegetable dinamic growth. Year 2007
Components
Product 1 Product 2Product 3
as blank for P1
Product 4as blank for
P2
Product 5Enriched
Hydrolisate 1
Product 6Enriched
Hydrolisate 2
Water
V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4 V 5 V 6 V 7Formic acid neutralized potassium naphthenate, mol/l 0,66 - 0,80 - - -
Carbonated potassium naphthenate, mol/l - 0,68 - 0,8 - -
Protein hydrolisate, g/l170,7 172,3 - - 863,3 850,2
Urea, mol/l2,22 2,26 2,75 2,63 2,25 2,24
MEA/TEA, mol/l 0,66 0,56 0,60 0,66 0,56 0,56
Boron, g/l 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2Zink, g/l 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2Copper, g/l 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
Molybdenum, g/l0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
*Concentration of each component is given in mole/L
Table 4. Tested products and variants of the experiments on vegetable growth. Year 2008
ComponentsProduct 1
Product 2
Product 3 as blank for P1
Product 4 as blank for
P2
Product 5Enriched
Hydrolisate 1Water
V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4 V 5 V7 Formic acid neutralized potassium naphthenate, mol/l 0,66 - 0,80 - - -
Carbonated potassium naphthenate, mol/l - 0,68 - 0,8 - -
Proteinaceous hydrolisate, g/l 170,7 172,3 - - 863,3 -Urea, mol/l 2,22 2,26 2,75 2,63 2,25 -MEA/TEA, mol/l 0,66 0,56 0,60 0,66 0,56 -Boron, g/l 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 -Zink, g/l 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 -Copper, g/l 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 -Molybdenum, g/l 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 -
Product 1 and Product 2 - full formulations containing potassium overbasic naphthenates and hydrolysate amino-acidsProduct 3 and Product 4 - partial formulations containing only the potassium overbasic naphthenates as bio-stimulatorsProduct 5 and Product 6 - partial formulations containing potassium only the hydrolysate amino-acids as bio-stimulators
ANALYTICAL MONITORING Analytical monitoring of the plants answers to the new class of emulsified nutritive fluids was made by common records of:
fruit number and weight per each harvest stage;
green and dry mass as well as rates of the accumulation of green and dry mass at each vegetative stage end;
gross production per stages and gross production per variants.
according to Undersander methods.
Undersander D, Mertens DR, Thiex N (2003) Forage Analysis Procedures, Laboratory Procedures, National Forage Testing Association (NFTA), July, 1993, www.foragetesting.org/lab.../part2.0.htm.
Simple statistical analysis tests was used to acknowledge the significance of recorded differences between measured parameters for experimental variants.
Petersen RG (2004) Agricultural field experiments: design and analysis. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, NY Hinkelmann K, Kempthorne O (2008) Design and Analysis of Experiments. I, II 2rd edn. Wiley, New York
LOCATION Institute of Research and Development for Horticulture and Vegetable Growing Vidra, Roumania, from March 2007 to October 2007, and respectively March 2008 to September 2008.
Experimental plots were located onto the flat fields inside the Sabar river meadow, 60 – 70 m altitude, 44° 15.6' north latutude, 26° 10.2' east longitude, 11 km south of Bucharest, Romania.
Mollic horizon of this area is made up by illuviated argilic chernozem soil, with loamy-clayey texture and moderately clay migration. The average multi-annual temperature and rainfall level at experiment location was 10.7ºC and 550 mm, respectively.
Dripping fertigation system applied to all experimental lots.
OBJECTIVES
2007 SIMPLE EXPERIMENTS WITHOUT BLOCKS OF REPETIONNS ON TOMATOS EGG PLANTS AND PEPPERSDYNAMIC GROWTHCROP PRODUCTION
2008EXPERIMENTS WITH BLOCKS OF REPETIONNS ON TOMATOS EGG PLANTS AND PEPPERSCROP PRODUCTION
RESULTS SEASON 2007 TOMATOES
Figura 1. Tomatos crop dynamics, kg/variant (Table 2b)
Figure 2. Tomatos fruit number dynamics, number/variant (Table 2a)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
10-20.07.2007 21-30.07.2007 31.07-09.08.2007
Tom
atoe
s fr
uit
sn
um
ber
, n
um
ber
/var
ian
t
19.08-18.09.2007 TOTAL
It seems the growth in crop production in coming mainly from the increase in fruit number and less from increase in fruit dimension and weight
Figure 3. Tomatoes green mass cumulative growth in stalks, grams/plant (table 3a)
100
150
200
250
300
350
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
18.06.200741APO
04.07.200757 APO
18.07.200771APO
13.08.200797APO
18.09.2007133APO
Gre
en m
ass
cum
ula
tive
acc
um
ula
tion
in
sta
lks,
gra
ms/
pla
nt
Stalks: Variants V1- V4 perform better than variants V4-V5
Figure 4. Tomatoes green mass cumulative growth in leaves and inflorescences, grams/plant (table 3 b)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
18.06.200741DAPO
04.07.200757DAPO
18.07.200771DAPO
13.08.200797DAPO
18.09.2007133DAPO
Gre
en m
ass
cum
ula
tive
acc
um
ula
tion
in le
aves
an
d in
flor
esce
nce
s,
gram
s/p
aln
t
At the beginning of season variants V1-Vr perform better than Water; at the end all the variants perform equally
Figure 5. Tomatoes green mass cumulative growth in fruits, grams/plant (table 3c)
100
700
1300
1900
2500
3100
3700
4300
4900
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
18.06.200741DAPO
04.07.200757DAPO
18.07.200771DAPO
13.08.200797DAPO
18.09.2007133DAPO
Gre
en m
ass
cum
ula
tive
acc
um
ula
tion
in f
ruit
s,
gram
s/va
rian
t
Decreases of variants V2 and V4 below water performance at the end of season, show the best performing plants might be the untreated ones. The increase in production might
be explained through inducing growth to all the plants as the best untreated plants
Figure 6. Tomatoes total green mass cumulative growth, grams/plant (table 4)
200
1200
2200
3200
4200
5200
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
18.06.200741DAPO
04.07.200757DAPO
18.07.200771DAPO
Tot
al g
reen
mas
s cu
mu
lati
ve
accu
mu
lati
on, g
ram
es/p
lan
t
13.08.200797DAPO
18.09.2007133DAPO
Total cumulative: V1-V6 in the first stages better than in the last 3 stages. Crop production is raise because all the plant growth as the best in untreated variants
Figure 7. Tomatoes green mass rate of growth, grams/plant/day (table 4b)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
18.06.200741DAPO
04.07.200757DAPO
18.07.200771DAPO
13.08.200797DAPO
18.09.2007133DAPO
Gre
en m
ass
rate
of
accu
mu
lati
on,
gram
es/p
lan
t an
d d
ay
Figure 8. Tomatoes dry mass cumulative growth in stalks, grams/plant (table 5a)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
18.06.200741DAPO
04.07.200757DAPO
18.07.200771DAPO
13.08.200797DAPO
18.09.2007133DAPO
Dry
mas
s cu
mul
ativ
e ac
cum
ulat
ion
in
stal
ks, g
ram
s/pl
ant
Figure 9. Tomatoes dry mass cumulative growth in leaves and inflorescences, grams/plant (table 5b)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
18.06.200741DAPO
04.07.200757DAPO
18.07.200771DAPO
13.08.200797ADPO
18.09.2007133DAPO
Dry
mas
s cu
mu
lati
ve a
ccu
mu
lati
on in
le
aves
an
d in
flor
esce
nce
s,gr
ames
/pla
nt
10
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
230
250
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
18.06.200741DAPO
04.07.200757DAPO
18.07.200771DAPO
13.08.200797DAPO
18.09.2007133DAPO
Dry
mas
s cu
mu
lati
ve a
ccu
mu
lati
on
in r
iped
and
un
rip
ed fr
uit
s,
gram
es/p
lan
t
Figure 10. Tomatoes dry mass cumulative growth in fruits, grams/plant (table 5c)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
18.06.200741DAPO
04.07.200757DAPO
18.07.200771DAPO
Tot
al d
ry m
ass
cum
ulat
ive
accu
mul
atio
n , g
ram
es/p
lant
13.08.200797DAPO
18.09.2007133DAPO
Figura 11. Tomatoes total dry mass cumulative growth, grams/plant (table 6a )
Figura 12. Tomatoes dry mass rate of growth, grams/plant/day (table 6 b)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
18.06.200741DAPO
04.07.200757DAPO
18.07.200771DAPO
13.08.200797DAPO
18.09.2007133DAPO
Dry
mas
s ra
te o
f ac
cum
ula
tion
,gr
ames
/pla
nt
and
day
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7Fruit production Fresh vegetative mass Dry vegetative mass
Rel
ativ
e gr
owth
, %
Figura 13. Tomatoes total relative growth in fruit production, fresh vegetative mass and dry vegetative mass (table 17)
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7Fruit production Fresh vegetative mass Dry vegetative mass
Rel
ati
ve
gro
wth
, %
Figure 14. Egg plants total relative growth in fruit production, fresh vegetative mass and dry vegetative mass (tabel 18)
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7Fruit production Fresh vegetative mass Dry vegetative mass
Rel
ativ
egr
owth
, %
Figure 15. Peppers total relative growth in fruit production, fresh vegetative mass and dry vegetative mass (table 19)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V7 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V7
Rel
ati
ve
gro
wt
, %
Crop production/plant
Fruit number/plant
Mean fruit mass
Figure 16. Tomatoes total relative growth in crop production/plant, fruit number/plant and mean fruit mass.
Season 2008
RESULTS SEASON 2008
Figure 17. Egg plants total relative growth in crop production/plant, fruit number/plant and mean fruit mass.
Season 2008
Figure 18. Peppers total relative growth in crop production/plant, fruit number/plant and mean fruit mass.
Season 2008
CONCLUSIONS
An innovative concept in the formulation and properties design of a foliar bio-fertilizer containing amino acids originating from proteinaceous waste leather hydrolysis was developed on the ground of foliar properties transfer from the emulsified naphthenic overbasic salts intermediaries to the careful selected mixtures of these intermediaries and waste proteinaceous hydrolysate. These mixtures act as growth enhancers and biostimulators in equilibrated formulations individually amended by adding micro and macronutrient, and additives for cuticle penetration easiness.
Efficiency of these foliar nutritive fluids was tested through trials on tomatoes and egg plants according to standard procedures accepted for the evaluation and homologation of new products for agricultural use. The trials have shown that the 30-60% increase in production is accompanied by significant raise in fruit number and quality when the new formulated products have been applied in suitable doses during the three main stages of growth.
The proteinaceous hydrolysates happen to be byproducts discharged from a well known polluting leather industy. Their anchoring in worthwhile and profitable products as foliar fertilizers is a routine deed to protect the environment. Therefore, not only the usefulness of manufaturing a required product has to be thought as a valuable opportunity, but also the chance to turn back to the nature a byproduct which otherway will come down as a polluter.
The work was carried out with the financial support of CNCIS, Program Idei, project 1035/2007
Acknowledgment
Thanks for your attention