vibrational spectroscopy of surfaces and interfaceslgonchar/courses/p9826/p9826b... · vibrational...
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Vibrational spectroscopy of
surfaces and interfaces
F.Lagugné-Labarthet
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Outline
• Vibrational spectroscopy: what are we looking at?
• FTIR and RAMAN spectroscopy of surfaces,
interfaces, and thin films.
• Selection rules for these techniques applied to
surfaces or interfacessurfaces or interfaces
• advanced setup for surface characterization
• Introduction to nonlinear optical techniques for
surface characterization.
• Vibrational Sum frequency Generation : a surface
specific technique unlike Raman or FTIR
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Why is Molecular functionalities of surfaces Important ?
Molecular functionalities and organization
dictates macroscopic properties of materials
• Reactivity of surfaces and interfaces (catalysis, corrosion,
solvatation)
• Optical properties (Orientation of Liquid crystals, polymers)
Vibrational techniques sensitive to molecular
functionalities and orientation : FTIR, Raman,
SFG,
• Mechanical properties (adhesion, friction, )
• Interfacial phenomena (diffusion across membrane)
• Cristallographic alignement of cristalline surfaces
or nanostructures
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Thermal Activation of dihalopropanes on Pt (111).
Interest: production of propene, propane, cyclopropane and halopropanes
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Evidence for the formation of alkyl groups on metal surfaces upon thermal activation of chemisorbed alkyl
iodides. Left: Reflection absorption infrared spectra (RAIRS) from methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, and 2-propyl
moieties on Cu(110) prepared by thermal activation of the corresponding adsorbed alkyl iodide
precursors. Right: Static secondary ion mass spectra (SSIMS) from perdeutero methyl and ethyl fragments
chemisorbed on Ni(100).
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Evidence for the first of the two steps responsible for the oxidation of 2-propyl
groups to acetone on an oxygen-treated Ni(100) single-crystal
surface. Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) data is provided to
highlight the early insertion of an oxygen atom into the metal-carbon bond to form
an alkoxide intermediate;
F. Zaera, J. M. Guevremont and N. R. Gleason, J. Phys, Chem. B 105 (2001) 2257
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Assembly of CdS Quantum Dots onto Mesoscopic TiO2 Films
for Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cell Applications
Dye sensitization of mesoporous TiO2 electrodes have been extensively studied recently due to the light-harvesting
properties of the dye attached on the surface of the TiO2 nanocrystallite. Energy conversion efficiencies up to 11%
have been achieved using ruthenium complex as the sensitizer.1 As an alternative, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs)
which adsorb light in the visible region, such as CdS,2 CdSe, 3,4 PbS, 5 InAs, 6 and InP,7 have also been used as
sensitizers of DSSCs. It is also possible to utilize hot electrons to generate multiple electron-hole pairs per photon
through the impact ionization effect.8 Another advantage of the QD-sensitizers over conventional dyes is their high
extinction coefficient, which is known to reduce the dark current and increase the overall efficiency of a solar cell.
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Mapping the Moisture in your Skin
Figure 1. Spectrum of glucose dissolved in water. The
typical Raman spectrum of skin is shown for
comparison with arrows indicating regions that
Use of confocal Raman microscopy to probe the hydratation of skin if of
importance for many companies working in health and care.
Proter and Gamble, Loreal and many other companies have invested in these
non invasive techniques using light and optical fiber to map the hydratation
of skin in the stratum corneum.
depth profiles can be generated showing that the greater the stratum
corneum is hydrated the healthier is the barrier function of the skin.
comparison with arrows indicating regions that
clearly differentiate glucose from the other
components in skin.
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Let s review the common types of vibrational modes
Stretching symmetric
νs
Stretching asymmetric
νas
Bending mode
δδδδ
+ combinations + Fermi resonances=A vibrational spectra can be very complex
to analyse and generally we focuss on well defined peaks
νs νas δδδδ
Twisting mode
ττττRocking mode
ρρρρWagging mode
ωωωω
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From 3 atoms to 12 atoms: modes in benzene
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Vibrational spectroscopy
• Advantages:
-It provides molecular specificity (fingerprints)
-Table instruments. Turn key to some extent
-Database for identification
-In-situ and microscopy capabilities
-Large tunability of the photon source, UV, Vis, IR. (broadband or laser sources)
• Disadvantages
-Acquisition times always too long.
-sensitivity can be weak and is sample dependent
-Technique must be adpated to the type of sample.
-Each techniques (i.e. Raman, vs FTIR vs SFG) have their own pros and cons.
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Vibrational spectroscopy: recap
• Energy levels in diaatomic molecule: the anharmonic potential
Ground state of a diatomic molecule
Anharmonic: the vibrational levels are not
spaced equallyElectronic transitions between the ground state and
First electronic exited state. The vibronic transitions
obey to Franck-Condon principle
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Electronic, vibrationnal and rotational levels of energy
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The Electromagnetic spectrum
Wavelength used for vibrational spectroscopy:
FTIR: resonant with absorption
Mid IR [λ=2.5-20 microns] [E=0.49-0.06eV]
Raman: Anti-Stokes shift
light sources 632.8 nm (He-Ne)
488 nm (Ar)
514.5 nm (Ar)514.5 nm (Ar)
647 nm (Ar)
752 nm (Kr)
UV: 325 nm (He-Cd)
Near IR: 1.064 µm
SFG: three wave mixing process. Mixture
between a fix wavelength (532 or 1.064 nm)
and a tunable laser light (mid IR). The sum of
the frequencies lies in the visible region
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The Electromagnetic field
Z
Z
Y
X
phase
−= )(2cos.0
c
nZtEEx πν
Intensité Angular frequency2
0EI =with ν=c/λ (frequency s-1)
or
ν is the wavenumber unit (cm-1)
λν
1=
λν
hchE ==
Energy of a quanta
phase
H: Planck constant
C: speed of light
h=6.626x10-34J.s
h=4.134x10-15 eV.s
1eV=1.60x10-19J
C= 3x108m/s
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Nonlinear optical processes
Coherent Processes
-SFH
-VSFG
Linear optical processes
Processus noncoherents
-UV-Visible
-FTIR
-Raman
Optical response upon light irradiation
P=χ(1).E+ χ(2):E.E+ χ(3) :E.E.E =3rd order THG,CARS
-Surface specificity
Noncentrosymetric arrangement
-molecular orientation : odd orders
-Raman
-no surface specificity
-molecular orientation
even orders
IR, Raman
Raman
SHG, SFG
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What are we looking at?
• The physical effects:
• IR absorption: absorption-transmission-reflexion mode (resonant)
• Raman: Scattering from sample (non resonant)
• SFG: reflexion but still resonant
• The physical principles:
• IR: variation of the dipolar moment along the normal coordinates
• Raman: variation of the molecular polarizability along the normal coordinates• Raman: variation of the molecular polarizability along the normal coordinates
• Sum frequency Generation: variation of both the dipolar moment and the polarizability.
Q∂∂α
QQ ∂∂
∂
∂ αµ
Q∂
∂µIR Raman SFG
1st rank tensor µµµµ: vector
(3 elements, x,y,x)
Bond is a spring
2st rank tensor αααα : 9 elements
(xx,yy,zz,xy,xz,yx,zx,yz,zx)
3D volume
3st rank tensor χ(2):
27 elements
Rubik’s cube
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Change of Polarizability
IR dipole moment
dµ/dq co o co o
νs νas
Raman
Ellipsoid
dαααα/dq
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Infrared spectroscopy of surfaces
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Ei
Ef
hν
Infrared spectroscopy
If hνννν=(Ef-Ei) there is Absorption of the input photons
We measure this absorption with respect to a reference (substrate)
IR absorption is a quqntitative analytical technique Abs= -log(I/I0)=E.c.l
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Selection rule at the metal surface:
a stationary wave is present at the
metal surface. Its polarization is
preferentially P polarized.
Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy : IRRAS
Light:
•Wavelength
•Intensity
•Polarization
•Phase (for coherent sources)
preferentially P polarized.
S polarized light in negligible at all
angles.
PM modulation uses the difference
between the polarization to probe the
nature and the orientation of species
at metal surfaces.
Larger P field at grazing angle ( ∼∼∼∼80 °°°°)
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Atenuated total reflection infrared
n2 index of the sample, n1 index of the
crystal
For internal reflection n1>n2
( )21 n−d penetration depth of in the sample
( )1
2sin 1
nn
c−=θ
221 )1/2(sin2 nnn
d
−
=
θπ
λ
n1=2.4 (ZnSe), germanium, diamond,=
n2=1.5 at 1000cm-1
Θ=45 º
d=2 microns
The penetration depth depends on the crystal index of refraction,
the angle of incidence
The crystals used for internal reflection will have different spectral
windows and different index of refraction
ZnSe for 20,000-650cm-1, Ge for 5,500-800cm-1
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θ22 sin2 −nD
m
n
Thickness of films
Using interferences=
Examples of ATR spectra of molecules adsorbed onto surfaces
Oscillations are due to the relection within the thin film
(parrallel surfaces)
m: number of fringes
n refractive index
θ: angle of incidence
Dn wavenumber region used (ν1- ν2)
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Example of thickness determination
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ATR with diamond: a single reflection is enough.
Diamond hard material and n=2.4
Permitt the analysis of a quntity of materials: polymers, oxides, etc=
Needs a correction of the index of refraction for each wavelength in particular
for comparison with existing databases
Reflection spectra are dependent on the index of refraction of the crystal which
is a function of λ . Calculations may be needed for this.
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ATR scanning with 2D IR detector (FPA detector). Resolution 10 µm2
Visualization of
Polymer composites
Hydrocarbon resin
FPA: focal plane array. (16x16) to (64x64)
Polyester
Polyimide
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• IR onto surfaces: IRRAS
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Polarization Modulation Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy : PM-IRRAS
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PM-IRRAS at the water surface
Remember: Water aborbs IR beam!
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Signal detected by the IR detector
Idetected=Idc+Iac
( )[ ] ( )ispdc IRsRpJRRcI ωφ 000 ))((1 −++=
[ ] ( ) )2cos())((.2 002 tIRsRpJcI miac ωωφ −=
For reflection measurements
Frequency
of the modulator
74 khzAfter demodulation we get two signals : Idc and Iac
By tuning the phase of the modulator, φ0, we can arrange to have J0(φ0)=0 and
eliminate the modulation of the interferometer by ratioing Iac/Idc.
We then have: [ ][ ]RsRp
RsRpJC
I
IS
dc
ac
+−
==))((. 02 φ
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One have to consider the reflectivity of the bare substrate which gives
the enveloppe of the J2 function
[ ][ ]RsRp
RsRpJC
I
IS
dc
ac
+−
==))((. 02 φ
0
0
S
SS
S
S −=
∆S: sample
S0: substrate
The orientation of the bands depends The orientation of the bands depends
on the orientation of the dipolar moment
Positive or negative bands mean that dipoles
are organized differentlty
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For transmission measurements (ultra thin films on transparents substrates)
Sample becomes anisotropic upon irradiation
with a laser
Use of an electronic chain to
demodulate (lock in) and filter the
signals before fourier transformation
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PM-IRLD of thin anisotropic films
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Towards dynamical measurements
Of anisotropic materials.
∆A can be measured at regular intervals
Dynamical informations can be obtained
For azobenzene materials, dynamics of anisotropy
Creation and relaxations can be following withinCreation and relaxations can be following within
Seconds to minut time resolution.
Information about each vibrational mode
can be obtained
Cooperative motions
insensitive to anisotropy
Large interest of such methods for polymer
Characterization upon mechanical stress
(stretching)
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Raman Scattering and its application
to surfaces.
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Raman Scattering
Influence of the excitation wavelength.
Input energy larger than the energy required for absorption. This
energy wavepacket disturbs the polarizability of the molecule. When
the molecule goes back in its ground state, the difference of energy is
proportional to the vibrational levels of the molecule.
Energy (vis light)
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A few order of magnitudeD
Raman: small scattering cross sections
Raman Scattering: a weak processRaman Scattering: a weak process
Raman: small scattering cross sections
Can be significantly improved by two effects:
•Electronic Resonance
•Surface Enhancement
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Raman Stokes and antistokes=shift in frequency and drastic change in intensity
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Raman spectra of CCl4
-The spectrum is symétric in wavenumbers
-The Stokes and Anti-stokes are expressed relative to ν0
Raman signal is expressed as a shift: the Raman shift
This shift is comparable to the IR frequencies of the molecules
-The S and AS spectra is dyssymetric in intensity since its depends on
ii ννν −=∆ 0
-The S and AS spectra is dyssymetric in intensity since its depends on
the population of the starting level.
{ } 1
00 )/()ln[(4)/ln(−+−−= RRaSS
R IIk
hcT νννν
ν
with h=6.62.10-34J.s, c=2.997 108m.s-1, k=1.38 10-23J/°K
Reciprocally one can get the
temperature from a Raman spectra
that has a S and AS peaks
)/exp(.)(
)(4
0
4
0 kThcI
IR
R
R
aS
S ννννν
+−
=
Maxell-Boltzman law shows that the population varies exponentially with
the Raman frequency and Temperature
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Inte
nsité R
am
an r
ela
tive
coupure
de d
éte
ctionStokes Anti-Stokes
Exercise: label this figure
1540015600158001600016200
Inte
nsité R
am
an r
ela
tive
Nombre d'onde /cm-1
coupure
de d
éte
ction
15400 15600 15800 16000 16200
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Molecular Polarizability tensor: a few concepts
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Expression of Raman intensity
Intensity
Invariants
[ ] θϕψψϕθαψϕθθλ
αλ
ψ ϕ θdddTTn
II
nI
I
TIJ
TIJIJ
∫ ∫ ∫∝
∝
2
4
0
2
4
0
),,(),,().(
.
t
αxx α xy α xz•In normal Raman the Tensor is symetric, i.e.
α are the tensor elements
αxx α xy α xz
αyx α yy α yz
αzx α zy αzz
•The molecular polarizability is the susceptibility of a molecule
upon an external EM field.
•For a symmetrical tensor, each vibration has 6 chances to be
observed.
•Only one element of the tensor must exist so that the vibration
can be observed (with the ad hoc polarization combination)
•its trace is invariantXZZX αα =
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Action of an EM field on a molecule
Px
Py
Pz
=
α xx α xy α xz
α yx α yy α yz
αzx α zy α zz
Ex
Ey
Ez
EPrtv
α=Induced polarizability EM field
α∂rrrrrr
Q.Q 0Q
0=
∂α∂+α=αrrrrrr
[ ])t.2cos().t.2cos(E.Q.Q
)t2cos(.E.P 0000Q
000 πνπν
∂α∂+πνα=
=
rrrrrrr
)2cos( 00 tEE πν= )2cos(0 tqq πν=
....2
1... 2
2
2
0
0 +
+
∂∂
+==
EQdQ
dEQ
QEP
Q
rrrr
rrrr ααα
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[ ])t.2cos().t.2cos(E.Q.Q
)t2cos(.E.P 0000Q
000 πνπν
∂α∂+πνα=
=
rrrrrrr
( ) ( )[ ]t).(2cost).(2cos)t.2cos()t.2cos( 002
10 ν−νπ+ν+νπ=πνπν
Action of an EM field on a molecule
( ) ( )[ ]t).(2cost).(2cos.E.Q.Q
)t2cos(.E.P 00000Q
2
1000 ν−νπ+ν+νπ
∂α∂+πνα=
=
rrrrrrr
Rayleigh scattering: no change of frequency
Elastic scattering
Incident frequency ± frequency of the
oscillator Scattering of AntiStokes(+)
ou Stokes (-)
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Recap on Raman scattering
•Raman is a weak process
•Raman is scattering process that depends on the input wavelength
•Visible light is usually used
•Scattering= not an easy way to quantify the Raman signal (no reference)
•Raman signal depends on the polarization input of light
Advantages
•Visible light: easy to detect, can be easily combined with optical microscope
• technique more and more used in analytical science (forensics, Airport security)
•Excellent spatial resolution (limited by diffraction criterion)
Disavantages:
Weak process (long acquisition time), not surface specific.
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A few order of magnitudeD
Raman: small scattering cross sections
Can be significantly improved by two effects:
•Electronic Resonance
•Surface Enhancement
SERS Platforms : a way to enhance Raman scatteringSERS Platforms : a way to enhance Raman scattering
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The electric field E is enhanced at the surface of
metallic surfaces (Ag, Au, Pt, Cu=.)
Raman spectrum of liquid 2-mercaptoethanol (top) and
SERS spectrum of 2-mercaptoethanol monolayer
formed on roughened silver (bottom).
Spectra are scaled and shifted for clarity. A difference
in selection rules is visible: some bands appear only in
the bulk-phase Raman spectrum or only in the SERS
spectrum.
SERS Platforms : a way to enhance Raman scatteringSERS Platforms : a way to enhance Raman scattering
spectrum.
The change in intensity and frequency depends on the
orientation of the molecules on the metallic surface.
The symmetry is therefore different than in the bulk
SERS is complex: chemical nature, EM nature,
orientation nature.
What s more important is that enhancement of the
signal between 106 to 1014 can be reached thus leading
to shorter acquisition time of very diluted (or surface
systems)
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Normal Raman Scattering
Raman intensity depends exclusively
on the input of the Raman scattering
2
4
0ijNR N
II α
λ=
Surface Enhanced Scattering
Raman depends on how the
input field AND the Raman
scattering are indidually enhanced
222
4
1Ramanexctij EENISERS α
λ=
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Klarite substrates
(http://www.d3technologies.co.uk)
SERS Platforms : how to make them?SERS Platforms : how to make them?
•Nanofabrication to tune optical properties
- 3D Arrays with perfect reproducibility
- Design of 3D inverted pyramids on Silicon
and covered with gold metal.
-Limited to non transparent samples
Van Duyne and nanosphere Lithography
http://chemgroups.northwestern.edu/
vanduyne/group.htm
Tuning : 1 Geometries of
the structures
Tuning : 2 the gaps of
the structures for « Hot Spot »
engineering
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•Single or multiple layer
deposition
•Gold deposition by sputtering
or electrochemically (3D)
•Large area fabricated
•Low cost
•Transparent windows
II 2D SERS Platforms by LB on transparent slidesII 2D SERS Platforms by LB on transparent slides
LB Deposition of 2D crystals
2.5 cm
Ravaine et al. Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 598-605.
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II 2D SERS Platforms by LB on transparent slidesII 2D SERS Platforms by LB on transparent slides
590 nm nanospheres+30 Angstrom Ti+30 nm Gold
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SERS platform
SN
NO
2
II 2D SERS Platforms by LB on transparent slidesII 2D SERS Platforms by LB on transparent slides
SERS Spectra vs Normal Raman Scattering of a monolayer
Flat gold
Int x250
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II 2D SERS Platforms by LB on transparent slidesII 2D SERS Platforms by LB on transparent slides
Raman spectra collected with λλλλ=647 nm, 30 sec /spectrum, 220µµµµW, 100x obj.
Raman spectra of a monolayer, enhancements of about 104
A=290 nm spheres, E=1000 nm spheres
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II 2D SERS Platforms by LB on transparent slidesII 2D SERS Platforms by LB on transparent slides
Advantages: no defects, excellent control and reproducibilityD
Disavantage: small surfaces, pDe
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SERS platforms:
•From simple materials: rough gold or silver to more advanced
platforms that offer more reproducibility
•Importance to tune the plasmon frequency so that it matches
the laser input.
•SERS can occurs on surfaces as well as in liquids using nps.
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Nonlinear optical techniques:
SHG and SFG
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Si
surface
Ice
surface
solid-
liquid
interface
liquid-
liquid
interface
VSFG Spectroscopy
liquid
surface
polymer
surface
interface
chiro-
liquid
organic
mono-
layer
SFGinterface
Bloombergen ,Shen, years 1970
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• Advantage compare to linear optical spectroscopy
surface specific P(2ωωωω)=χ(2) E(ωωωω).E(ωωωω) , P and E
are vectors
Bulk →→→→ inversion symmetry
E and P change sign under inversion not χ
Advantages: surface & optics
E and P change sign under inversion not χ
Surfaces →→→→ broken symmetry no symmetry
inversion→→→→
Second order non linear optical processes are Surface
specific unlike Raman and FTIR
0)2( =χ
0)2( ≠χ
→→→→
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SFG setup for surface science
Nd:YAG
THG
1064 nm
355 nm SHG
532 nm
2)2( : IRVISSF EEI χ∝
355 nm
OPG/OPA/DFG
SHG
Sample
ωV
ωIR
ωSF
2 5 9. ~
~
µm15ps
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Infrared
VisibleSum-frequency
1>
ωIR
ωSFωV
Sum-frequency
Visible
IR
0>
ω
• conservation of energy: ωSF= ωVIS+ ωIR
• conservation of momentum: kxSF= kxVIS+ kxzIR
• second-order nonlinear optics: 2)2( : IRVISSF EEI χ∝
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Molecular orientation: SFG vs IR & Raman
• Microscopically, χ(2) is proportional to the derivatives of
the infrared dipole and raman polarizability
• So SFG can be used to determine molecular orientation
q
lm
q
n
q
lmnqQQ
a∂∂
∂∂
−=αµ
ωε02
1)(
θ
• So SFG can be used to determine molecular orientation
• Monolayer sensitivity: comparable to IR & Raman
IR: <cos2θ>
Raman: <cos2θ> & <cos4θ>
SFG: <cosθ> & <cos3θ>
z
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SFG study:
surface structure of acetonesurface structure of acetone
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Signal of the detected SFG:
Depends on the angles of incidence, the index of refraction the frequencies of the inputs
The experiments will give the effective susceptibilities, χχχχ(2)eff , that depends on the orientation
of the sample , the setup geometry.
The tensor elements χχχχ(2)ijk can be determined knowing the angle of incidence and index of
refraction
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Local field correction
Effective susceptibilities are
Function of the tensor elements
This can be very difficult depending of the symetry of the surface (27 tensor elements)
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Molecule Ordering interaction
Methanol CH3 up H-bonding
Water OH up H-bonding
Motivation: ordering at acetone surface?
H
CH3
O
H
Water OH up H-bonding
ACETONE ??
O
H
CH3
C
CH3
O
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How to determine molecular orientation?
χχχχ (2)(ωωωω) of liquid surface
from SFG measurement
αααα(2) (ωωωω) of single molecule
�Molecular orientation
distribution f (θθθθ , φφφφ, ϕϕϕϕ)αααα(2) (ωωωω) of single molecule
from calculation
∫∫∫ ∑ ⋅⋅⋅=nml
lmnqsijkq faNA,,
dddsin),,())()()(()( ϕφθθϕφθnkmjli
Amplitude of χ (2) Amplitude of α (2)
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Three independent χ(2) elements
Because the liquid surface is azimuthally isotropic and
the molecule is achiral, there are only three independent
non-vanishing χ(2) elements
• χyyz = χxxz • χyzy = χzyy = χxzx = χzxx •χzzz• χyyz = χxxz • χyzy = χzyy = χxzx = χzxx •χzzz
SSP PPP SPS
SF - VIS - IR polarization combinations
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0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
-42 m
4V
-2)
SSP
0.4
0.8
1.2
PPP
SFG spectra
• peak at 2926 cm-1 is
CH3 symmetric stretch
• Fitting the spectra ⇒the amplitudes of χ (2)
| χχ χχeff|2
(1
0-4
2
0.0
0.4
2800 2900 3000
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Wavenumber (cm-1)
SPS
(Ar+)SSP = (1.95±0.20)×10-9 m2V-1s-1
(Ar+)PPP = (-0.84±0.08)×10-9 m2V-1s-1
(Ar+)SPS = (0.00±0.34)×10-9 m2V-1s-1
∑ Γ+−+=
q qqIR
q
NRIRi
A
ωωχωχ )2()2( )(
the amplitudes of χ
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Calculation of α(2) of one single molecule
calculated through the derivatives of
infrared dipole and raman polarizability.
(ar+,a1)ξξζ = 1.64×10-27 m4V-1s-1
(ar+,a1)ηηζ = 2.79×10-27 m4V-1s-1
(ar+,a1)ζζζ = 2.40×10-27 m4V-1s-1
(ar+,b2)ζξξ = -1.15×10-27 m4V-1s-1
(ar+,b2)ξζξ = -1.15×10-27 m4V-1s-1
q
lm
q
n
q
lmnqQQ
a∂∂
∂∂
−=αµ
ωε02
1)(
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Molecular orientation
�χχχχ (2)(ωωωω) of liquid surface
αααα(2) (ωωωω) of single molecule
θθθθ0 ~ 69°°°°
σσσσθθθθ ~ 27°°°°
ϕϕϕϕ ~ 0°°°°
φφφφ ~ isotropic
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� Crystalline acetone shows an ordered layered structure.
the C=O bond is parallel in plane and the CCC plane is
perpendicular to the plane (θ ~90°, ϕ~0°) .
� Surface tension study of acetone shows the free energy
Relevant facts
� Surface tension study of acetone shows the free energy
per molecule is γ /NS = 5.7×10-21 J , comparable to that
of water, implying a comparable molecular interaction...
� Molecular Dynamics simulation, the computation result
shows that at acetone surface CH3 points up .
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Water, H2O
Acetone, CH3−CO−CH3
Acetic acid, CH3−CO−OH
Acetonitrile, CH3-CN
Dimethylsulfoxide/DMSO, CH3−SO−CH3
− − −
List of Liquids been studied
2-Propanol, CH3−(CH−OH)−CH3
2-Pentanol, CH3−(CH−OH)−(CH2)2−CH3
Ethylene glycol, OH−(CH2)2−OH
Hexane, CH3−(CH2)4−CH3
Cn-alcohol, CH3−(CH2)n-1−OH, n=1,2, ... 8
......
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Conclusion on SFG
For liquids with H-bonding or dipole-dipole interaction
• surface structure more or less crystal-like
• associated with strong surface tension
• long-chain molecular more ordered