Summer Training Report

ON

COMPARISION BETWEEN VHF AND UHF RELATED TO WALKIE TALKIE

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree ofMASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Affiliated fromH.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar

Submitted To Submitted By MR Naveen Chhabra Hamid Hussain Lecturer UIT Dehradun

UTTARANCHAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEHRADUN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Behind every study there stands a myriad of people whose help and contribution

make it successful. I am especially thankful to MR Naveen Chhabra (Lecturer

UIT) & all my respected teachers Of UIT Dehradun as they have permitted me to

join this esteemed organization & provided with all the information & inputs that

was required to complete this project and added a new dimension and meaning to

my project.

I would also like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my bank guide, who

spent his valuable time and guided me. I have benefited a great deal from his

incisive analysis and erudite suggestions. The atmosphere of a learning

organization that he has created along with his peers not only helped me but all the

other trainees.

 Last but not the least I would like to extend my gratitude towards my parents & all

my friends & office staff whose constant support & encouragement was needed at

every stage.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the study entitled “Comparison Between VHF & UHF

related to Walkie Talkie ” being submitted by me in the partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

by UTTARANCHAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEHRADUN is a record

of my own work.

The matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted to any other

University or Institution. I further declare that all the information and facts

furnished in this project report are based on my intensive findings

HAMID HUSSAIN

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Declaration

CHAPTER 1

COMPANY PROFILE

CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 5

ANALYSIS & FINDINGS

CHAPTER 6

LIMITATION

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 8

SUGGESTION

• BIBLIOGRAPHY

• ANNEXURE

COMPANY PROFILE

Arya Omnitalk is a 50:50 joint venture between India's most reputed business

houses, the J M Baxi Group & Lalbhai Group, with combined revenues exceeding

25 billion rupees. The company specializes in offering GPS based Fleet

Automation & Management as well as Walky Talky solutions for managing

resources on the move, be they men, material, money or machines. Today, Arya

Omnitalk has successfully established itself as the largest Walky Talky Service

Provider in the country with a coverage footprint spanning 10 metros: Delhi,

Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Indore, Surat, Vadodara and

Vizag. Arya Omnitalk also offers a spectrum of cutting edge, field proven

solutions for empowering mobile resources in several industries such as BPOs /

Call Centers, Intra & Inter City Public Bus Services, Public Safety, Taxi Cabs,

Emergency Response Services, Cash Transportation, Airlines, etc, thus making it

India's most respected Mobile Resource Management outfit with the largest

number of GPS based Vehicle Tracking Installations to its credit.

In association with CSSI of France Arya Omnitalk has recently ventured into

Highway Traffic Management Solutions which include Automated Toll

Collection Systems, Emergency Call Networks,Traffic Information & Control

Systems,Fleet Management and On Board Software Systems.

Award

Imagine the power to communicate with a scattered group of people at one go.

Imagine communication without the hassle of dialing or waiting for the other

person to pickup. Imagine a dedicated communication line, devoid of network

congestions or interruptions. Now, stop imagining! Because Mpower Walky

Talky Solutions provide you all this and much more. In plain speak, the Mpower

Walky Talky Solution is a service allowing instant 2-way communication

between a group of people on a one-to-one and one-to-many basis.

Conventionally known as the Public Mobile Radio Trunking Service (PMRTS),

this solution facilitates efficient management of mobile resources, thereby

empowering you to be in total control. All the time. The result? Optimum

utilization of resources, faster turnaround time and enhanced organizational

efficiency leading to faster growth and healthy bottom lines.

The Mpower Advantage in a Nutshell:

Push-to-talk: Instant communication at the push of a button.

Unlimited group size for conferencing with private call facility.

Clutter-free, city-wide coverage.

No scope for misuse and external distractions.

Mission critical messaging facility*, both group and one-to-one.

Unlimited talk time at a low fixed cost.

Best suited for emergency response and crisis management.

No waiting, no dialing, no network congestions.

Total Command & Control: Management by listening in.

No licensing hassles. in select models only

Today the Mpower Walky Talky solution already has a coverage footprint

spanning 10 major cities including Delhi (NCR), Mumbai (Vashi, Thane, Vasai),

Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Indore, Surat, Vadodara and Vizag,

making it one of the largest service providers in the country. Ask any of our

existing customers and they will vouch for Mpower Walky Talky solutions as the

best fit for their communication needs, compared to any other option.

Technical Detail

Public Mobile Radio Trunking Service (PMRTS) is an instant, two-way mobile

(radio) communication service that allows a group of people to communicate with

each other, even if some or all of them are on the move. When radio channels are

trunked, it means that your radios automatically get a free 'path', at the press of a

button, to communicate with each other.

What are the types of Radios / Walky Talkies available?

The Walky Talkies can be divided into 3 broad categories:

Fixed Walkies

Walkies positioned at a central site like an office or headquarters where

dispatcher / manager can maintain contact with field staff. The equipment at

such a site is referred to at the base station.

Mobile Walkies

Walkies installed in vehicles are referred to as Mobile Walkies.

Portable Walkies

Walkies small enough to be carried around in hand are referred two as

Portable Walkies.

How does PMRTS differ from Conventional (VHF) Radios?

Conventional system is the foundation of two way radios. However, as the

number of users grow, frequency congestion occurs since there are only a finite

number of frequencies. The trunking system was then developed to more

efficiently meet the communication needs of a large amount of users by sharing a

small number of frequencies. Hence PMRTS is defined as the sharing of radio

channels amongst a number of different user groups on the same system without

over hearing or interfering with each other's conversations. Thus the basic

advantages of PMRTS against conventional radios are as follows:

Shares equipment such as repeaters in a more effective and cost efficient

manner

Increases probability of obtaining free channels, less waiting time and

improved productivity

Improves privacy of communication

Efficient use of spectrum

Eliminates the need to monitor channel before transmitting

Models Available

Mpower Walky Talky Solutions come with a choice of two Push-to-Talk handset

platforms, Motorola and Kenwood. Both of these are extremely rugged, reliable

and tested to Military Standards (810 C, D, E) for temperature and mechanical

shock, dust, vibration, humidity and rain. Needless to say, these will work

flawlessly in all conditions, favorable or hostile. A select range of Mpower Walky

Talky sets are also available in an 'intrinsically safe' version for highly

inflammable ambience. So, why wait? Choose Mpower Walky Talky Solutions

and have the power to control at your fingertips.

TK 980

MAX 638

Handheld Walky Talky

Industries Focus

In the globalised world, it's not just about serving the customer well, but also about

improving response time and productivity on an ongoing basis. Mpower delivers

instant, mission critical, city-wide wireless communication with your mobile

resources at the push of a button. The Mpower Walky Talky Solutions have been

successfully partnering customers across several industries.

Employee Transportation (BPO & Call Centers) 

  Transportation    

  Airlines    

  Oil & Gas    

  Muncipal Corporation

    

Other Industries:

  Construction & Project Management    

  Hospitals    

  Emergency Services    

  Security Services    

  Hospitality    

  Tours/Cab Services    

Courier & Cargo

Entertainment/Media

The Mpower Solution

One of the major concerns faced by Concessionaires - operating on a BOT basis -

is collection of the correct Toll amount - as applicable for the different classes of

vehicles - with pilferage (during collection of toll) being one of the major problems

faced in a manual system of operation. This calls for installation of semi/fully

automated Toll Collection Systems - offered by CSSI & Arya Omnitalk - with

automatic classification of vehicles and back end support/operation for discrepancy

management. The other important requirement that Concessionaires have is of a

HTMS system for surveillance of the plazas and highways for security reasons as

well as ensuring safety of the road users. The HTMS solution provided by CSSI

and Arya Omnitalk includes systems like Variable Message Signs (VMS), CCTV,

Metrological Stations, Automatic Traffic Counters cum Classifiers (ATCC), Radio

Communication Systems and Emergency Call Boxes that can be installed all along

the highways/expressway

Technical Detail

Arya Omnitalk & CSSI together bring world class Toll Collection and HTMS

Solutions to the Indian Concessionaires

Conventional Toll Collection Systems including manual and automatic

collection, based on reliable technologies (LCD monitor, touch screen

monitor, industrial computers, fast toll barriers, optical, wave and magnetic

sensors, LED displays).

Electronic Toll Collection including Free-Flow and Fast-Toll collection,

based on proven technologies (DSRC 5,8 GHz, video motion detectors,

Laser Scanners, optical separators).

Vehicle Classification System based on proven sensor technologies (weight,

length, height, axles, dual tire, profile, video).

Vehicle Enforcement System and Video Surveillance System.

Sub-Central Systems and Central Systems to collect, audit and report all

activities on the Toll Collection System (based on WAN and LAN

technologies).

Customer relation services with customer care centers, frequent user

discount management, user account management (point-of-sales or remote

reload, invoicing, payment management, legal follow-up).

Maintenance Management System including vehicle fleet and personnel

team management, spare parts and equipment management, statistical and

events reports, emergency recovery plan management.

HTMS

Emergency Roadside System with: Emergency Call Boxes (ERT) using

different technologies and media supports (Fibre copper cable, GSM/Radio

based on and/or market standards (VOIP, MTP, Microsoft,…); CSSI also

provides the Call Supervision System.

Weather Stations (WTHS) CSSI also provides the WTHS Supervision

System.

Advance Traffic Counters & Classifiers (AVCS) using different

technologies; CSSI also provides the AVCS Supervision System.

Variable Message Signs (VMS) based on different technologies (LED, Fibre

Optic); CSSI also provides the VMS Supervision System.

Radio Communication System (RCS) based on secured or encrypted

data/voice over Radio Frequency network; CSSI also provides the RCS

Control Centre.

CCTV Cameras with color and night capability ; CSSI also provides the

CCTV Supervision System.

Video Incident Detection System (VIDS) based on different technologies

(Infrared, motion sensor, virtual Loop, thermal signature); CSSI also

provides the VIDS Supervision System.

Slow Speed Weigh-In-Motion Systems (WIM) using different technologies

(piezo-electric sensor, strain-gauge platform); CSSI also provides the WIM

Supervision System (as part, or not, of a Toll Collection system or a

Classification System).

Human Resource

Our people are our greatest asset and we strive to provide an environment where

they can maximize their potential through robust people management practices

which encourages empowerment and meritocracy.

We endeavor to provide a work environment, which is balanced, enjoyable and

encourages calculated risk taking. Our industry aligned compensation structures,

institutionalized appraisal and feedback processes, reward and recognition

programs, and employee centric policies are all harmonized towards this

objective.

Having a workforce where more than one third have been with us since inception,

in an industry rife with attrition is testimony of the culture our employees have

built and experienced.

We invite you to be a part of this vibrant and growing organization.

 

On Career

AryaOmnitalk is an equal opportunity employer and employment decisions are

based solely on qualifications and abilities. This principle governs all aspects of

our employee engagement program be it hiring, job assignment, compensation,

career progression, training or any other aspect relating to human resources of the

organization.

With an annual compounded growth rate of 91% in the last five years and

footprint coverage in all major cities nationally, we are forging ahead and our

human resource is the foundation for this growth. In order to enhance and

consolidate this explosive growth we are always on the lookout for talented

individuals who love challenges and have a passion to excel.

We recruit the best talent, offer competitive compensation, and provide a

dynamic and enabling work environment where employees can contribute and

grow through systematic career planning.

AryaOmnitalk actively participates in campus programs along with its parents

and is one of the highly preferred companies in several management and

engineering institutes.

Differenence between VHF and UHF

My band travels around the region a lot and several members use wireless

equipment (guitar, mic, or both) and it seems like almost everywhere we go at

least one of the systems doesn't work due to interference. So we've decided to

upgrade to frequency agile systems, however, I hear conflicting reports on whether

I should go with UHF or VHF units. Please advise."

The ability to vary the operating frequency of your wireless units should

dramatically increase the overall reliability of them as you travel. Whether you use

UHF or VHF is of less importance, unless you use many wireless systems on

stage, and by 'many' I mean more than 10 or 15.

Many people mistakenly think that UHF is an inherently better technology. It is

not. The difference between UHF and VHF transmissions is only the frequency

range or 'band' they are in. The technology, or principle of operation is the same.

UHF frequencies are higher so the componentry used in those devices must adhere

to very tight tolerances, and therefore tends to be more expensive, which helps

perpetuate the myth that the technology is better.

The main advantage of UHF operation is that there is less chance of interference.

One of the more common problems with wireless operation is interference

between wireless systems. Since there are considerably fewer UHF wireless

systems in use at present, the chances of this type of interference are reduced.

However, this problem can generally be avoided in VHF systems by properly

selecting operating frequencies.

If you're show utilizes many systems it can be easier to find good frequencies for

all of them to operate if they are in the UHF band. And though there is no

difference in technology, interference due to spurious outputs from other radio

frequency equipment is somewhat less of a problem at UHF frequencies because

there are fewer transmitters operating at frequencies likely to cause problems.

Interference due to electrical equipment, digital devices, computers and other

electronic equipment is also generally lower at UHF frequencies. This is because

noise from these sources becomes less intense as the frequency increases.

Interference of all types does not travel over as great a distance as at VHF

frequencies. So there are some 'advantages,' but they come at a cost, and

depending upon your situation may not be significant.

VHF systems cost less and have a wider variety of choices and options. They also

do work better than UHF systems in 'some' circumstances. For example, because

VHF frequencies are lower they can sometimes work better when the transmitter

and receiving antenna are not in sight of each other. Most UHF systems are in fact

considered 'line of sight' systems, but they can have more range than comparable

VHF systems.

Your Sweetwater Sales Engineer will be happy to weigh these and other pros and

cons against your budget with you.

You can get radios that use either UHF (Ultra High Frequency) or VHF (Very

High Frequency). The fundamental difference is in the range of frequencies that

they use. VHF radios have been around for much longer and are quite cheaper

compared to UHF. Because of that, there are a lot of VHF radios in existence

compared to UHF. Couple this to the fact that VHF has a much narrower spectrum

and fewer channels, it leads to congestion and greater chance of having

interference from other radios in the area.

The higher frequency of a UHF radio directly translates to a much shorter antenna,

allowing manufacturers to produce much more compact models. This is desirable

as smaller models are more portable and a lot less clumsy to manipulate. Though

both types of radios can reach great distances, VHF radios suffer from signal

degradation due to barriers in the landscape. These barriers can range widely from

mountains, hills, trees, and even buildings. This reduces the range of VHF radios

greatly, especially in urban locations. UHF waves can penetrate these barriers

much better and are affected less. UHF radios often tend to consume

their batteries a lot faster compared to VHF due to the higher frequency being

used. This might be bad for people who are away from a charging station for

extended periods of time

Both radios are good but there are certain situations that you might find one to be

better than the other. In rural areas where there are very few buildings and even

fewer tall ones, you can settle for the cheaper VHF radio. The fewer number of

people in the area also lessens the chance of interference since there are fewer

competing users. UHF radios are the best option when you intend to use it inside

city limits where you are surrounded by a lot of tall buildings and your signals are

expected to pass through multiple walls. The wider frequency spectrum of UHF

also lessens the chance of interference from other users, which is very likely

because of the great number of people in a relatively small area.

The mistaken idea that UHF wireless systems somehow have overwhelming

inherent advantages over VHF systems is widespread. However, the facts simply

do not support this notion. As is the case with many technical issues, there are both

advantages and disadvantages to UHF, as there are for VHF. Accordingly, in a

particular situation, UHF may, or may not, be the best choice. 

There are a number of important factors to consider. These include where the

systems will be used, how they will be used, and for what purpose or application.

Cost is always a concern and invariably plays at least some part in the final

decision. Other factors, such as whether the equipment will be used in many

different cities, may also be important. Only by considering the entire situation can

an informed choice be made. 

Simply put, UHF systems do not hold any large technical advantage over otherwise

similar VHF systems. The primary advantage of UHF operation is that there is less

chance of interference because of more available frequency spectrum. 

Interference due to spurious outputs from other radio frequency equipment is

somewhat less of a problem at UHF frequencies because there are fewer

transmitters operating at frequencies likely to cause problems. Interference due to

electrical equipment, digital devices, computers and other electronic equipment is

also generally lower at UHF frequencies. This is because noise from these sources

becomes less intense as the frequency increases. Interference of all types does not

travel over as great a distance as at VHF frequencies. 

UHF wireless systems always cost more than similar VHF wireless systems. The

extra cost of UHF equipment is due to the necessity of using more expensive ultra-

high-frequency parts, the greater total number of parts required and the need for

more expensive construction techniques. Other manufacturing costs are also

higher, especially the amount of time required to adjust the equipment and verify

its performance. While the cost difference between UHF and VHF equipment has

been declining, it is unlikely to disappear. 

Battery life for VHF wireless transmitters is almost always better than for similar

UHF units; over the life of a system the savings in battery costs can be very

significant. For larger wireless installations, the cost of antennas, cables, antenna

splitters and preamplifiers is usually much less for VHF systems and performance

is generally better. 

As can be seen, cost considerations tend favor the use of VHF systems, while UHF

systems are less likely to suffer interference. However, there are several other

applications issues that can affect the choice: 

Walkie Talkie

A walkie-talkie (more formally known as a handheld transceiver) is a hand-held,

portable, two-way radio transceiver. Its development during the Second World

War has been variously credited to Donald L. Hings, radio engineer Alfred J.

Gross, and engineering teams at Motorola. Similar designs were created for other

armed forces, and after the war, walkie-talkies spread to public safety and

eventually commercial and jobsite work. Major characteristics include a half-

duplex channel (only one radio transmits at a time, though any number can listen)

and a "push-to-talk" (PTT) switch that starts transmission. Typical walkie-talkies

resemble a telephone handset, possibly slightly larger but still a single unit, with

an antenna mounted on the top of the unit. Where a phone's earpiece is only loud

enough to be heard by the user, a walkie-talkie's built-in speaker can be heard by

the user and those in the user's immediate vicinity. Hand-held transceivers may be

used to communicate between each other, or to vehicle-mounted or base stations.

The first radio receiver/transmitter to be widely nicknamed "Walkie-Talkie" was

the backpacked Motorola SCR-300, created by an engineering team in 1940 at the

Galvin Manufacturing Company (fore-runner of Motorola). The team consisted

of Dan Noble, who conceived of the design using frequency modulation, Henryk

Magnuski who was the principal RF engineer, Marion Bond, Lloyd Morris, and

Bill Vogel.

Motorola also produced the hand-held AM SCR-536 radio during World War II,

and it was called the "Handie-Talkie" (HT).[1] The terms are often confused today,

but the original walkie talkie referred to the back mounted model, while the handie

talkie was the device which could be held entirely in the hand (but had vastly

reduced performance). Both devices ran on vacuum tubes and used high

voltage dry cell batteries. (Handie-Talkie became a trademark of Motorola, Inc. on

May 22, 1951. The application was filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark

Office, and the trademark registration number is 71560123.)

Radio engineer and developer of the Joan-Eleanor system Alfred J. Gross also

worked on the early technology behind the walkie-talkie between 1934 and 1941,

and is sometimes credited with inventing it.[2]

Noemfoor, Dutch New Guinea, July 1944. A US soldier (foreground) uses a

walkie-talkie during theBattle of Noemfoor. (Photographer: Allan F. Anderson.)

Also credited with the invention of the walkie talkie is Canadian inventor Donald

Hings who created a portable radio signaling system for his employer CM&S in

1937 which he called a "packset", but which later became known as the "walkie

talkie". Hings was formally decorated for its significance to the war effort. [3]

[4] Hing's model C-58 "Handy-Talkie" was in military service by 1942, the result of

a secret R&D effort that began in 1940.

Following World War II, Raytheon developed the SCR-536's military replacement,

the AN/PRC-6. The AN/PRC-6 circuit uses 13 vacuum tubes (receiver and

transmitter); a second set of 13 tubes is supplied with the unit as running spares.

The unit is factory set with one crystal and may be changed to a different

frequency in the field by replacing the crystal and re-tuning the unit. It uses a

24 inch whip antenna. There is an optional handset H-33C/PT that can be

connected to the AN/PRC-6 by a 5 foot cable. A web sling is provided.

In the mid-1970s the Marine Corps initiated an effort to develop a squad radio to

replace the unsatisfactory helmet-mounted AN/PRR-9 receiver and

receiver/transmitter hand-held AN/PRT-4 (both developed by the Army). The

AN/PRC-68 was first produced in 1976 by Magnavox, was issued to the Marines

in the 1980s, and was adopted by the US Army as well.

The abbreviation HT, derived from Motorola's "Handie Talkie" trademark, is

commonly used to refer to portable handheld ham radios, with "walkie-talkie"

often used as a layman's term or specifically to refer to a toy. Public safety or

commercial users generally refer to their handhelds simply as "radios". Surplus

Motorola Handie Talkies found their way into the hands of ham radio operators

immediately following World War II. Motorola's public safety radios of the 1950s

and 1960s, were loaned or donated to ham groups as part of the Civil

Defense program. To avoid trademark infringement, other manufacturers use

designations such as "Handheld Transceiver" or "Handie Transceiver" for their

products.

Development

Some cellular telephone networks offer a push-to-talk handset that allows walkie-

talkie-like operation over the cellular network, without dialling a call each time.

Walkie-talkies for public safety, commercial and industrial uses may be part

of trunked radio systems, which dynamically allocate radio channels for more

efficient use of limited radio spectrum. Such systems always work with a base

station that acts as a repeater and controller, although individual handsets and

mobiles may have a mode that bypasses the base station.

Contemporary Use

Walkie-talkies are widely used in any setting where portable radio communications

are necessary, including business, public safety, military, outdoor recreation, and

the like, and devices are available at numerous price points from inexpensive

analog units sold as toys up to ruggedized (i.e. waterproof or intrinsically safe)

analog and digital units for use on boats or in heavy industry. Most countries allow

the sale of walkie-talkies for, at least, business, marine communications, and some

limited personal uses such as CB radio, as well as for amateur radio designs.

Walkie-talkies, thanks to increasing use of miniaturized electronics, can be made

very small, with some personal two-way UHF radio models being smaller than a

deck of cards (though VHF and HF units can be substantially larger due to the need

for larger antennas and battery packs). In addition, as costs come down, it is

possible to add advanced squelch capabilities such as CTCSS (analog squelch)

and DCS (digital squelch) (often marketed as "privacy codes") to inexpensive

radios, as well as voice scrambling and trunking capabilities. Some units

(especially amateur HTs) also include DTMF keypads for remote operation of

various devices such as repeaters. Some models include VOX capability for hands-

free operation, as well as the ability to attach external microphones and speakers.

Consumer and commercial equipment differ in a number of ways; commercial gear

is generally ruggedized, with metal cases, and often has only a few specific

frequencies programmed into it (often, though not always, with a computer or

other outside programming device; older units can simply swap crystals), since a

given business or public safety agent must often abide by a specific frequency

allocation. Consumer gear, on the other hand, is generally made to be small,

lightweight, and capable of accessing any channel within the specified band, not

just a subset of assigned channels.

Milatry

Military organizations use handheld radios for a variety of purposes. Modern units

such as the AN/PRC-148 Multiband Inter/Intra Team Radio (MBITR) can

communicate on a variety of bands and modulation schemes and

include encryption capabilities.

Amatuer

Walkie-talkies (also known as HTs or "handheld transceivers") are widely used

among amateur radio operators. While converted commercial gear by companies

such as Motorola are not uncommon, many companies such as Yaesu, Icom,

and Kenwood design models specifically for amateur use. While superficially

similar to commercial and personal units (including such things as CTCSS and

DCS squelch functions, used primarily to activate amateur radio repeaters),

amateur gear usually has a number of features that are not common to other gear,

including:

Wide-band receivers, often including radio scanner functionality, for listening

to non-amateur radio bands.

Multiple bands; while some operate only on specific bands such as 2

meters or 70 cm, others support several UHF and VHF amateur allocations

available to the user.

Since amateur allocations usually are not channelized, the user can dial in any

frequency desired in the authorized band.

Multiple modulation schemes: a few amateur HTs may allow modulation

modes other than FM, including AM, SSB, and CW,[5][6] and digital modes such

as radioteletype or PSK31. Some may have TNCsbuilt in to support packet

radio data transmission without additional hardware.

A newer addition to the Amateur Radio service is Digital Smart Technology for

Amateur Radio or D-STAR. Handheld radios with this technology have several

advanced features, including narrower bandwidth, simultaneous voice and

messaging, GPS position reporting, and callsign routed radio calls over a wide

ranging international network.

As mentioned, commercial walkie-talkies can sometimes be reprogrammed to

operate on amateur frequencies. Amateur radio operators may do this for cost

reasons or due to a perception that commercial gear is more solidly constructed or

better designed than purpose-built amateur gear.

Personal Use

he personal walkie-talkie has become popular also because of the U.S. Family

Radio Service (FRS) and similar unlicensed services (such as

Europe's PMR446 and Australia's UHF CB) in other countries. While FRS walkie-

talkies are also sometimes used as toys because mass-production makes them low

cost, they have proper superheterodyne receivers and are a useful communication

tool for both business and personal use. The boom in unlicensed transceivers has,

however, been a source of frustration to users of licensed services that are

sometimes interfered with. For example, FRS and GMRS overlap in the United

States, resulting in substantial pirate use of the GMRS frequencies. Use of the

GMRS frequencies (USA) requires a license; however most users either disregard

this requirement or are unaware. Canada reallocated frequencies for unlicensed use

due to heavy interference from US GMRS users. The European PMR446 channels

fall in the middle of a United States UHF amateur allocation, and the US FRS

channels interfere with public safety communications in the United Kingdom.

Designs for personal walkie-talkies are in any case tightly regulated, generally

requiring non-removable antennas (with a few exceptions such as CB radio and the

United States MURS allocation) and forbidding modified radios.

A Motorola FRS radio with labeled parts

Most personal walkie-talkies sold are designed to operate in UHF allocations, and

are designed to be very compact, with buttons for changing channels and other

settings on the face of the radio and a short, fixed antenna. Most such units are

made of heavy, often brightly colored plastic, though some more expensive units

have ruggedized metal or plastic cases. Commercial-grade radios are often

designed to be used on allocations such as GMRS or MURS (the latter of which

has had very little readily available purpose-built equipment). In addition, CB

walkie-talkies are available, but less popular due to the propagation characteristics

of the 27 MHz band and the general bulkiness of the gear involved.

Personal walkie-talkies are generally designed to give easy access to all available

channels (and, if supplied, squelch codes) within the device's specified allocation.

Personal two-way radios are also sometimes combined with other electronic

devices; Garmin's Rino series combine a GPS receiver in the same package as an

FRS/GMRS walkie-talkie (allowing Rino users to transmit digital location data to

each other) Some personal radios also include receivers for AM and FM broadcast

radio and, where applicable, NOAA Weather Radio and similar systems

broadcasting on the same frequencies. Some designs also allow the sending of text

messages and

M-power versions, exempt from license requirements, are also popular

children's toys such as the Fisher Price Walkie-Talkie for children illustrated in the

top image on the right. Prior to the change of CBradio from licensed to "permitted

by part" (FCC rules Part 95) status, the typical toy walkie-talkie available in North

America was limited to 100 mill iwatts of power on transmit and using one or two

crystal-controlled channels in the 27 MHz citizens' band using amplitude

modulation (AM) only. Later toy walkie-talkies operated in the 49 MHz band,

some with frequency modulation (FM), shared with cordless phones and baby

monitors. The lowest cost devices are very simple electronically (single-

frequency, crystal-controlled, generally based on a simple discrete transistor circuit

where "grownup" walkie-talkies use chips), may

employ superregenerative receivers, and may lack even a volume control, but they

may nevertheless be elaborately decorated, often superficially resembling more

"grown-up" radios such as FRS or public safety gear. Unlike more costly units,

low-cost toy walkie-talkies may not have separate microphones and speakers; the

receiver's speaker sometimes doubles as a microphone while in transmit mode.

An inexpensive children's walkie-talkie.

An unusual feature, common on children's walkie-talkies but seldom available

otherwise even on amateur models, is a "code key", that is, a button allowing the

operator to transmit Morse code or similar tones to another walkie-talkie operating

on the same frequency. Generally the operator depresses the PTT button and taps

out a message using a Morse Code crib sheet attached as a sticker to the radio;

however, as Morse Code has fallen out of wide use outside amateur radio circles,

some such units either have a grossly simplified code label or no longer provide a

sticker at all.

In addition, personal UHF radios will sometimes be bought and used as toys,

though they are not generally explicitly marketed as such (but

see Hasbro's ChatNow line, which transmits both voice and digital data on the FRS

band).

t has enough power and range for most events - for a sports stadium, a festival site,

conference centre, and many other outdoor events.

VHF walkie-talkies have the longest range out of doors.

It is totally simple to use - just a rotary on/off/volume control and rotary channel

selector.

It has 16 channels, and each channel has a CTCSS code preset to screen out

interference from other radio users nearby.

The radio weighs only 338g, and measures 27cm x 6cm x 4cm including the

antenna.

It has a 1300mAh NiMh rechargeable battery pack. Spare battery packs can be

hired if requested.

The walkie-talkie has a robust integral spring-loaded belt-clip.

There is a socket to attach earpiece / microphones and headsets etc, which we also

hire out.

You can also hire leather cases with neck straps for a small extra cost.

These radios can also communicate with our "base station" ICOM radios, and use

our repeaters to extend range.

We have various specialist accessories available for these radios, including some

"mag mount" aerials for us in cars or to give longer range if one walkie-talkie is

used as a "base station", car power adapters and "aircraft" style full headsets with

boom mics.

Two-Way Radio Basics

Which is better UHF or VHF? UHF offers the best coverage and penetration inside

buildings or outdoors. VHF is fine in flat open areas or around wood structures.

How much power do I need? Power is a major factor in achieving the range and

coverage in a particular structure as well as providing a clear, crisp signal that is

easy to understand. Coverage is improved when power is increased.

How many Channels do I need? One channel per work group is typical. Use multi-

channels when separating multiple workgroups. Examples: Managers, shipping,

manufacturing, maintenance, security, general and sub contractors, different

departments such as stock, customer service, etc.

Do current Motorola radios talk to older models and other brands? Yes, as long as

the frequencies and codes match.

How many two-way radios can be used together? There is not limit.

How rugged are Motorola two-way radios? These radios are built rugged for

business and meet Motorola's accelerated life testing including a 5 foot drop to

concrete on all sides.

Can they be used with repeaters and base stations? CLP, RDU 4 Watt, RDV 5 Watt

and AX models are dealer programmable to work with repeaters and base stations.

See page 8 for Range Extender/Repeater.

Inexpensive FRS/GMRS Walkie-Talkies

While recreational models are inexpensive, their cost to use is 2 - 4 times greater

than business models over time. Units and batteries are replaced often. GMRS

requires FCC license just as business models, but are not legal to businesses,

violators subject to fines.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Range & Coverage

Most business users need to communicate “on-site” in and around their structures.

Coverage of their facility with a clear, intelligible signal is the primary concern.

Wide area coverage of several miles may require use of a “repeater”. HP Series

radios are compatible with repeaters.

Range is determined by several factors:

UHF provides the best coverage indoors and out, especially in steel and

concrete structures and large industrial or multi-story buildings. A 2 watt

UHF will provide better coverage inside industrial buildings than a 5 watt

VHF.

VHF is good for outdoor “line of sight” applications and inside wood

structures

Power More power provides greater coverage and penetration

Return On Investment

Watch your savings multiply when each worker saves just 5

minutes per hour

Hourly rateEach radio pays for

itself in...

Annual savings for

10 workers

$8 per hour 59 days $14,000

$12 per hour 40 days $21,000

$24 per hour 20 days $42,000

Obstructions Structures, metal, steel and concrete reduce range and coverage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Business Two-Way Radio Frequencies

Motorola professional two-way radios use frequencies reserved exclusively for

business users. There is no interference or channel congestion from FRS “family”

radios. Frequencies of XTN and CLS Series are user selectable. AX Series requires

programming by the dealer.

CLP Series radios are equipped with 90 UHF frequencies

CLS Series radios are equipped with 56 UHF frequencies

RDX radios are equipped with 89 UHF or 27 VHF frequencies, depending

on the radio model

Range and Coverage Guide

ModelInside Steel / Concrete

Industrial Buildings

Inside Multi-Level

Buildings

DTR Digital Up to 350,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 30 Floors

UHF 1 Watt Up to 200,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 10 Floors

UHF 2 Watt Up to 250,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 20 Floors

UHF 4 Watt Up to 300,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 30 Floors

VHF 2 Watt Up to 180,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 10 Floors

VHF 5 Watt Up to 250,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 15 Floors

RDX high power radios are programmable to match other models, other

brands, base stations and repeaters

XTN Series radios are equipped with 56 UHF or 27 VHF frequencies,

depending on the radio model

AX Series radios came with factory programmed frequencies and were also

custom programmable

RDX Two-Way Radio - VHF FREQUENCY CHART

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

1151.62

5025.0 11

151.65

5025.0 21

154.51

5025.0

2151.95

5025.0 12

151.68

5025.0 **22

154.52

7512.5

3152.88

5025.0 13

151.71

5025.0 23

154.54

0025.0

4152.91

5025.0 14

151.74

5025.0 24

153.00

5025.0

5151.70

0012.5 15

151.77

5025.0 25

154.65

5025.0

6151.76

0012.5 16

151.86

5025.0 26

158.40

0025.0

*7152.94

50

12.5 /

25.017

151.89

5025.0 **27

158.40

7512.5

*8151.83

50

12.5 /

25.018

151.92

5025.0      

*9 151.80 12.5 / 19 152.70 25.0      

50 25.0 00

**10151.51

2512.5 20

154.49

0025.0      

*Due to FCC regulations these frequencies (six in total) are different from

the previous Motorola Legacy Series radios. This means that if you select

the RDX radio in one of these frequencies the radio will not inter-operate

with an XTN radio. In order for a RDX radio to inter-operate with an

XTN radio, make sure you choose any of the frequencies (21 in total) that

are common for both radios.

**Bandwidth for frequencies 10, 22 and 27 are not selectable and

different from XTN. You might notice the communication quality

differences when using these frequencies to inter operate with XTN radios

CLP & RDX Two-Way Radio - UHF FREQUENCY CHART

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

1464.50

00

12.5 /

25.031

464.51

2512.5 61

467.18

7512.5

2464.55

00

12.5 /

25.032

464.53

7512.5 62

467.46

2512.5

*3467.76

2512.5 33

464.56

2512.5 63

467.48

7512.5

*4467.81

2512.5 34

466.03

7512.5 64

467.51

2512.5

*5467.85

00

12.5 /

25.035

466.06

2512.5 65

451.18

7512.5

*6 467.87 12.5 / 36 466.08 12.5 66 451.23 12.5

50 25.0 75 75

*7467.90

00

12.5 /

25.037

466.11

2512.5 67

451.28

7512.5

*8467.92

50

12.5 /

25.038

466.13

7512.5 68

451.33

7512.5

9461.03

7512.5 39

466.16

7512.5 69

451.43

7512.5

10461.06

2512.5 40

466.18

7512.5 70

451.53

7512.5

11461.08

7512.5 41

466.21

2512.5 71

451.63

7512.5

12461.11

2512.5 42

466.23

7512.5 72

452.31

2512.5

13461.13

7512.5 43

466.26

2512.5 73

452.53

7512.5

14461.16

2512.5 44

466.28

7512.5 74

452.41

2512.5

15461.18

7512.5 45

466.31

2512.5 75

452.51

2512.5

16461.21

2512.5 46

466.33

7512.5 76

452.76

2512.5

17461.23

7512.5 47

466.36

2512.5 77

452.86

2512.5

18461.26

2512.5 *48

467.78

7512.5 78

456.18

7512.5

19 461.28 12.5 *49 467.83 12.5 79 456.23 12.5

75 75 75

20461.31

2512.5 *50

467.86

2512.5 80

456.28

7512.5

21461.33

7512.5 *51

467.88

7512.5 81

456.33

7512.5

22461.36

2512.5 *52

467.91

2512.5 82

456.43

7512.5

*23462.76

2512.5 53

469.48

7512.5 83

456.53

7512.5

*24462.78

7512.5 54

469.51

2512.5 84

456.63

7512.5

*25462.81

2512.5 55

469.53

7512.5 85

457.31

2512.5

*26462.83

7512.5 56

469.56

2512.5 86

457.41

2512.5

*27462.86

2512.5 57

462.18

7512.5 87

457.51

2512.5

*28462.88

7512.5 58

462.46

2512.5 88

457.76

2512.5

*29462.91

2512.5 59

462.48

7512.5 89

457.86

2512.5

30464.48

7512.5 60

462.51

2512.5      

*Frequency limited to 2W maximum power output. When referring to

XTN radios, note that frequencies from #57 to #89 are 33 new additional

frequencies.

 

XTN Walkie-Talkie - VHF FREQUENCY CHART

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

1151.625

025.0 11

151.65

5025.0 21

154.51

5025.0

2151.955

025.0 12

151.68

5025.0 22

154.52

7525.0

3154.570

025.0 13

151.71

5025.0 23

154.54

0025.0

4154.600

025.0 14

151.74

5025.0 24

154.60

0025.0

5151.700

0

12.5 /

25.015

151.77

5025.0 25

154.65

5025.0

6151.760

0

12.5 /

25.016

151.86

5025.0 26

158.40

0025.0

7151.820

0*

12.5 /

25.017

151.89

5025.0 27

158.40

7525.0

8151.880

0*

12.5 /

25.018

152.92

5025.0

 9151.940

0*

12.5 /

25.019

154.70

0025.0

10151.512

525.0 20

154.49

0025.0

*Frequencies 7-9 are 1 watt only. Power is reduced on 2 watt models.

XTN / CLS Two- Way Radio - UHF FREQUENCY CHART

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

Positi

onMHz.

Bandwid

th

1464.50

00

12.5 /

25.021

461.33

7512.5 41

466.21

2512.5

2464.55

00

12.5 /

25.022

461.36

2512.5 42

466.23

7512.5

3467.76

2512.5 23

462.76

2512.5 43

466.26

2512.5

4467.81

2512.5 24

462.78

7512.5 44

466.28

7512.5

5467.85

00

12.5 /

25.025

462.81

2512.5 45

466.31

2512.5

6467.87

50

12.5 /

25.026

462.83

7512.5 46

466.33

7512.5

7467.90

00

12.5 /

25.027

462.86

2512.5 47

466.36

2512.5

8467.92

50

12.5 /

25.028

462.88

7512.5 48

467.78

7512.5

9461.03

7512.5 29

462.91

2512.5 49

467.83

7512.5

10461.06

2512.5 30

464.48

7512.5 50

467.86

2512.5

11461.08

7512.5 31

464.51

2512.5 51

467.88

7512.5

12461.11

2512.5 32

464.53

7512.5 52

467.91

2512.5

13 461.13 12.5 33 464.56 12.5 53 469.48 12.5

75 25 75

14461.16

2512.5 34

466.03

7512.5 54

469.51

2512.5

15461.18

7512.5 35

466.06

2512.5 55

469.53

7512.5

16461.21

2512.5 36

466.08

7512.5 56

469.56

2512.5

17461.23

7512.5 37

466.11

2512.5

 

18461.26

2512.5 38

466.13

7512.5

19461.28

7512.5 39

466.16

2512.5

20461.31

2512.5 40

466.18

7512.5

 

AX Two-Way Radio - FREQUENCY / CODE CHART

ChannelFrequency Mhz

Code HzAXU4100-UHF AXV5100-VHF

1 464.5000 151.6250 67.0

2 464.5000 151.6250 77.0

3 464.5000 151.6250 88.5

4 464.5000 151.6250 179.9

5 464.5000 151.6250 none

6 464.5500 151.9550 67.0

7 464.5500 151.9550 82.5

8 464.5500 151.9550 94.8

9 464.5500 151.9550 179.9

10 464.5500 151.9550 none

Interference Eliminator Codes

Interference Eliminator Codes prevent hearing other nearby businesses's operating

on the same channel. This promotes workgroup efficiency as your group is not

interrupted hearing these other users. Business two-way radios are set to the same

frequency and code setting that will communicate with each other. There are 121

codes available on XTN, CLS and AX Series two-way radios. Codes are easily

changed by the user on the XTN and CLS Series.

CLS Series 83 38 121

RDX Series 83 38 121

XTN Series 83 38 121

AX Series 83 38 121

VHF and UHF radios: What's The Difference?

VHF radios transmit on frequencies around 146 - 174MHz (wavelength around 1.8 - 2 metres)

UHF radios transmit on frequencies around 420 - 470MHz (wavelength around 0.6 metres)

VHF versus UHF - Difference In Practical Terms

The first thing to realise is that for many short-distance applications for walkie-talkie radios, both VHF and UHF radios will work just fine.

However, VHF radios will in general transmit a bit further than UHF radios in open conditions, for the same power output.

UHF radio signals will usually penetrate and propagate better inside buildings than VHF radio signals.

Test Radios To Make Sure They Will Work In Your Location

The above is a very simple "rule" - that VHF is better for outdoor, open conditions and UHF is better for use within or between buildings.

Reality is more complex than this - in some buildings, depending on the materials used in the construction, VHF waves will go through some walls better than UHF.

It pays to test radios out in the intended location before an event or occasion where you must rely on them.

If you want to try out a couple of our radios in your premises with a view to purchasing some, or if you want to test if they will cover the site of an event for which you want to hire some walkie-talkies, please contact us and we can usually arrange this.

Compact and Light Weight

Provides businesses with that competitive edge, Motorola has developed an easy-

to-use, affordable wireless solution - CLS Business Walkie's. CLS Business two-

way radio helps businesses offer superior customer service, the CLS allows

employees to react quickly to request and have instant access to one another. CLS

two-way radios and headsets are designed with business in mind, providing

functionality at the push of a button. No monthly fees or service contracts required.

1 Watt transmit power

1 and 4 Channel models

56 Built-in user changeable UHF frequencies (12.5 KHz. channel spacing)

Interference eliminator with 121 codes (83 digital DPL, 38 analog PL)

LCD display with battery meter and signal strength indicator

Audio accessory jack - Use with speaker microphone and headsets

VOX - Voice activated transmit with select audio accessories

Cloning capable - Quickly copy settings from unit to unit (requires #56531

6-unit charger)

Call Alert button with 3 selectable tones

VibraCall® - Alerts the user with vibration instead of sound (CLS1410)

 

Wireless Callbox Units

Customers or workers can get assistance quicklyPress the button and send your own customized message, up to 10 seconds long (depending on model), to all two-way radio equipped workers. Ideal for unstaffed departments, gates, receiving areas, and more.

Monitor sales or work areas, doors, docks, gates, equipment, etc.

Use with you present business UHF/VHF two-way radiosThe Wireless Callbox uses business frequencies and is compatible with most

Motorola and other Business two-way radios. It is low cost, completely wireless and battery powered.