veterinary neurology adventures in the nervous system
TRANSCRIPT
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Veterinary Neurology
Adventures in the Nervous System
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What Makes the Nervous System Unique?
Contains neurons Connects to and
influences all parts of the body
Electrically active and sends information great distances
The ethereal brain
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Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons Astrocytes
Oligodendroglial or Schwann cells Microglia
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Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons Astrocytes
Oligodendroglial or Schwann cells Microglia
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Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons Astrocytes
Oligodendroglial or Schwann cells Microglia
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Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons Astrocytes
Oligodendroglial or Schwann cells Microglia
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Types of Neurons
Bipolar• Special sensory
neurons Pseudounipolar
• Dorsal root ganglion cells
Multipolar• Most neurons
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Types of Neurons
Bipolar• Special sensory
neurons Pseudounipolar
• Dorsal root ganglion cells
Multipolar• Most neurons
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Function of Glial Cells
Oligodendroglial and Schwann cells• Nurture neurons
Astrocytes• Support• Blood-Brain barrier
Microglia• Immune function
(phagocytosis)
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Anatomy of the Action Potential
-70 mV resting membrane potential• maintained by
semipermeable membrane and Na-K pump
Ion selective pores Spatial and
temporal process
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Information Processing (neurotransmission)
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Cerebral Blood Flow
Brain equals 2% of BW Brain receives 15% of
cardiac output• gray matter 3 time > white
matter Brain uses 20% of body’s
O2• 50% in young animals (< 2
mo.)• No O2 reserve
– loss of consciousness in 10 seconds
– irreversible damage in 3-5 minutes
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CNS Energy Metabolism
CNS are entirely dependent upon O2 and glucose for energy
Production of ATP necessary to maintain the ion pump
Studying uses minimal energy
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CSF Circulation
66% Formed in the Lateral, Third & Forth Ventricles
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CSF Circulation
Flows from the Lateral Ventricle into the Third Ventricle through the Foramen of Monro
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CSF Circulation
Circulates around the Intrathalamic Adhesion and enters the Forth Ventricle via the Cerebral Aqueduct
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CSF Circulation
Passes down the Central Canal of the Spinal Cord and leaves the Ventricular System via the Forman of Luschka
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CSF Circulation
Passes cranially around the Brain and caudally down the Spinal Column in the Sub Arachnoid Space
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CSF Circulation
Absorbed via the arachnoid granulations in the venous sinuses and at the spaces formed where nerves exit the CNS
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CSF Function
Shock absorption
Waste sink Chemical
message system
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Divisions of the Nervous System
Cerebrum Brainstem
• Diencephalon• Mesencephalon• Metencephalon• Myelencephalon
Cerebellum Spinal Cord Peripheral (and cranial)
nerves
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Information to Assess a Neurologic Patient
History Physical
Examination Neurologic
Examination Minimum Data Base Ancillary Tests
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Neurologic History
Signalment• Age• Species• Breed• Gender• Color
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Neurologic History
Primary Complaint
Onset, Duration and Progression• Acute Non-
progressive• Acute Progressive• Chronic Progressive
Symmetry
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Neurologic History
Specific Questions• Vaccination
Status• Travel History• Toxin Exposure• History of
Trauma• Previous
Therapy• Other illness
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Neurologic Assessment
Is it a neurologic disease?• Seizures• Intention tremor• CN deficits
– Head tilt– Nystagmus
• CP deficits• Dysmetria• Paralysis
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Mechanisms of Disease
Degenerative Anomalous Metabolic Neoplastic/Nutritional Inflammatory/Infectious/Idiopathic/
Immune Mediated Traumatic/Toxic Vascular
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Degenerative Disease
Chronic and Progressive diseases
Most common in older animals
Can affect the nervous system directly or indirectly
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Anomalous Disease (Congenital)
Purebred animal
Young (or age specific)
Progressive (may have acute onset)
Symmetric or Asymmetric (most common)
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Anomalous Disease
MRI transverse MRI saggital
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Metabolic Disease
Young & Old Progressive Symmetrical Most common is
liver disease and hypoglycemia
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Nutritional Disease
Most common in young or sick animals (chronically)
Progressive Usually,
symmetricalBrainstem hemorrhages secondary to thiamine deficiency.
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Neoplastic Disease
Old and Young More common than
at any time in the past
Improved diagnostics like MRI
Surgery and 3-D Radiosurgery
Progressive & Asymmetrical
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Infectious/Inflammatory
Caused by infectious organisms (Young & Old)
Immune-mediated disease (Middle Age)
Affect CNS directly or indirectly
Progressive & Asymmetrical
CSF cytology form a dog exhibitinga mixed reaction with neutrophils,lymphocytes and macrophages.
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Idiopathic Syndromes
Specific neurologic syndromes
Many are immune medicated
Affect any part of the nervous system, but particularly the cranial nerves and pns
Middle Age
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Traumatic Disease
Acute Non-
progressive unless unstable
Usually, asymmetrical
Require immediate intervention
Any Age
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Toxic Disease
Young & Old Progressive Symmetrical Plants, Pesticides
(organophosphates), Heavy metals (lead), and Household chemicals
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Vascular Disease
Acute Non-
progressive Minimize the
collateral damage with anti-oxidants
Can improve dramatically in 3-5 days
Any Age