International Training

Veterinary Matters

Runa Hanaghan BVSc MRCVS

Deputy Veterinary Director

INTRODUCTION

Biosecurity

Population management

Duty of Care

Quality of life

Stress management

Biosecurity

BIOSECURITY

Purpose:

Minimise risk of infection

Minimise effects of an infection

Factors Affecting Spread:

Incubation

Excretion of infection

Carriers

TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION

Direct

Indirect

Zoonosis

Direct Transmission

Indirect Transmission

Floors/walls

Bowls/blankets

Air

People

Zoonosis

What is a zoonosis?

How can we deal with the

threat of disease?

Cleaning

www.disinfectants.defra.gov.uk

CLEANING

Remove all faeces

Clean thoroughly

Pressure hose

Disinfect

Leave 20-30 minutes

Dry

AIR MANAGEMENT

AIR MANAGEMENT

AIR MANAGEMENT

PEOPLE

Personal hygiene

Hand washing

Personal gels

clothing

How to Wash Your Hands

Rejects foreign cells e.g.

Organ transplants

The Immune System

Defends the body against

Foreign (non self) antigens

Rejects and destroys

abnormal cells e.g. cancer cells

Reactions to allergens e.g

Pollens, foods, drugs etc

Attacks body’s own cells

i.e. Autoimmune disease

FIGHTS INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

Immunity

Types of Immunity

Inherited Acquired Naturally Acquired Artificially

Immunity

Naturally Acquired Immunity

Active

following infection

(antibodies & CMI)

Passive

MDA

via dam’s milk (90%)

via placental transfer

Artificially Acquired Immunity

Active

vaccine or toxoid

Passive

injection of antibodies (antiserum)

Factors Affecting Immunity

• Feeding

• Pregnancy

• Stress

• Drugs

INFECTION & IMMUNITY

Immunity

Infection

Rising Infection and Immunity

Immunity

Infection

Infection

Excretion

starts

Symptoms

Infection and Immunity

Immunity

Time

Low infection

levels

Infection Symptoms

Excretion

starts

High and Low Levels of Infection

Immunity

Time

High infection

levels

Low infection

levels

Infection

Excretion

starts

Symptoms

MATERNALLY DERIVED

ANTIBODY

Weeks

MD

A

Vaccination

Low infection

level

MATERNALLY DERIVED

ANTIBODY

Weeks

MD

A

Vaccination

High infection

levels

Infection

Live Vaccines

‘Better’ stimulation of

immune system

V. rapid response

More persistent level of

immunity

Killed Vaccines

Generally require two injections for primary course

Require more frequent boosters

NB - both must pass the same safety tests

Vaccination

1

10000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Live

Killed

Antibody

titre

Age (weeks)

Other Disease Risks

Other Disease Risks

Picture courtesy of Sue Shaw

Other Disease Risks

Other Disease Risks

Other Disease Risks

MANAGEMENT

Quarantine

Isolation

Progression

Sectioning

Any Questions?

WHY MANAGE STRAYS?

Welfare

Zoonoses:

Rabies

Toxocara/Echinococcus

Enteric organisms

Insect borne organisms

Ringworm

Public nuisance

MEASURING NUMBERS

Mobility

Lack of individual identification

Catch/mark/release

Calculation

Alternatives

FACTORS AFFECTING NUMBERS

Food

Water

Nesting spaces

Birth rates

Disease

Mortality rates

METHODS OF CONTROL

Killing

Sanctuary

Trap/neuter/release

NEUTERING

Benefit to individual:

Reproductive system disease

Neoplasia

Behaviour

Population control

Cost

POPULATION DYNAMICS

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

8 pups/10yr 6 pups/10yr 6 pups/5yr 3 pups/5yr

Start

0%

70%

80%

90%

MALE OR FEMALE?

Males only

First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs

Result: 60 pups produced

Population 80 dogs

Neuter 9 adult males

Second year- 1 entire male, 9 neutered males, 10 females, 60 pups

Result: 60 more pups produced

Population 140 dogs

1 very tired but happy male

MALE OR FEMALE?

Females only

First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs

Result: 60 pups produced

Population 80 dogs

Neuter 9 adult females

Second year- 10 males, 9 neutered females, 1 entire female, 6 pups

Result: 6 pups produced

Population 86 dogs

www.icawc.org/tnr

Any Questions?

DUTY OF CARE

An animal’s needs:

for a suitable environment

for a suitable diet

to be able to exhibit normal behaviour patterns

to be housed with, or apart from, other animals

to be protected from pain, suffering, injury and disease

The Five Freedoms

Freedom from hunger and thirst

Freedom from discomfort

Freedom from pain, injury and disease

Freedom to express normal behaviour

Freedom from fear and distress

QUALITY OF LIFE

Animal’s feelings

Relationship to welfare

Affected by:

Housing

Exercise

Companionship

Feeding

Measurement

CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY

CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY

CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY

CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY

CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY

Questions so far?

STRESS MANAGEMENT

Mental stimulation

Social interaction – humans

Toys

Drugs

Nutraceuticals

SUMMARY

Biosecurity – down to you

Population management – down to

your relationships

Duty of care – your management

Quality of life – needs more work