vernacular settlement of jammu and kashmir
TRANSCRIPT
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Rural buildings in Kashmir are generally
made by the people for their own use
without the help of architects. The
various forms of construction have
evolved over time with the input of each
generation of artisans. Traditional rural
buildings use locally available materials and skills
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EVOLUTION OF RURAL
CONSTRUCTION IN KASHMIR
Rural buildings constructed in a traditional
way by the people (often referred to as
vernacular buildings)
become an integral part of the local cultural
heritage. These buildings often reflect the
strength of thecommunity to house itself independent of
any outside intervention. They are a
manifestation of architectural
systems optimized over time for a
particular context with regard to climate,
soil or the threat of naturaldisasters. Constructed from local materials
with local skills and a deep understanding
of local social and
economic constraints, traditional
architecture is in many aspects sustainable
architectureCGI roofing on timber with walls
of wood planks and logs
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Traditional architecture in manY
places continues to evolve, and
Kashmiri rural architecture is no
exception. A number of building
systemsin various parts of Kashmir have
developed
over time to accommodate local natural
and cultural factors, including the
impact
of earthquakes. These systems are notonly
part of the cultural heritage of Kashmir
but also add to its beautiful landscape.
Historically, the buildings have
depended
completely upon stone, mud, bricksand
wood for roofing as well as walling..
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Traditional flat mud roof on timber understructure with stone
masonary wall
Until 1970s the common building system in kashmir were brick or stone walls .some of
them were timber frame with timber and mud roofs.but asa durable wood became
expensive,corrugated galvanised iron sheets came to replace the wooden planks and
shingles .in areas where it is easy to transport these sheets,the change has been so far
reaching that the CGI sheeting now constitutes the most common form of roofing in the
region.
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Architecture by region
From the point of view ofarchitecture, Kashmir can bedivided into several regions
with the following
characteristics:
The Valley of Kashmir - Rural
The major factors that dictate thelocal architecture
are (a) easy access to good soil forbrick-making,
and to water and timber, (b) snowin winter, and (c)
possibility of earthquakes. As aresult, walls are made
mainly out of timber and bricks,baked or unbaked
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The most common wall types are load
bearing:
(a) baked brick (external wall) masonry
with mud or cement mortar, with or withoutplaster,
(b) unbaked brick (internal wall) with mud
mortar and mudplaster.
(c) unbaked brick with baked brick veneer(external wall) masonry with mud mortar,
with or without plaster.
(d) Dhajji timber framed constructions with
infill of baked brick in cement mortar or
unbaked brick masonry in mud mortar,both4" thick with timber frame. Many structures
which are typically single- and double-
storey have Dhajji walls in the upper storey
and the gables
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Wood shingle roofing on timber placed on brick masonry and
dhajji walls
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Baked brick wall Unbaked brick wall with timber element
Structures with Dhajji walls, as well as
those with the Taaq system of construction,
are known to resist earthquake forces
effectively. Hence, old structures that have
withstood many quakes are still standing.
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The Valley of Kashmir - Urban
The urban areas of the Valley have architecturethat is
distinct from all other areas. The main factor
determining this architecture is the high density of
development. This calls for vertical growth, resulting
into three to four-storey structures. The two most
common walling systems observed are: