verbal rehearsal, semantic elaboration, and imagery
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Rehearsal, Semantic Elaboration, and Imagery Verbal Rehearsal
Determines what is encoded Semantic Elaboration
Perceptual representation is semantically elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Visual Imagery Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Rehearsal, Semantic Elaboration, and Imagery Verbal Rehearsal
Determines what is encoded Semantic Elaboration
Perceptual representation is semantically elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Visual Imagery Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Rehearsal A voluntary action may result in the
creation of a perceptual representation. Rehearsal is a voluntary action
such that he consequence of the action is identical to the perceptual representation of the input
whose purpose is the creation of a perceptual representation in either
Working memory Long-term memory
Development of Rehearsal Children under 5 or 6 do not
spontaneously rehearse. Can be induced to rehearse
Recall increases if children rehearse. But these young children revert to not rehearsing.
Third graders rehearse poorly, but eight graders distribute rehearsals well. Reflects improving metamemory with
schooling: Understanding of one’s own memory abilities.
Dual Aspect of Rehearsal Perceptual Aspect
The effect of rehearsal is to organize smaller patterns into larger ones.
There may be interference between the perceptual experience produced by rehearsal and an experience produced by an input.
Rehearsal takes time and this limits the amount encoded
Semantic Aspect
Dual Aspect of Rehearsal Perceptual Aspect
The effect of rehearsal is to organize smaller patterns into larger ones.
Tulving (1962) found that even when a list is presented in a different order on each study trial people always recall it in the same order.
Semantic Aspect
Dual Aspect of Rehearsal Perceptual Aspect Semantic Aspect
Distributed rehearsal encodes representation as part of long-term memory
Recognition does not require recency Part of polymodal semantic network
Recall may be possible Hence learning is a byproduct of
attention
Semantic Aspect of Rehearsal Distributed rehearsal determines
which representations are transferred from working memory to long-term memory. Primacy Von Restorff Effect Effect of rate of presentation
Effects of Distributed Rehearsal on List Learning Primacy
First few items receive more rehearsals, hence are more likely to be encoded and ultimately recalled.
Von Restorff Effect Distinctive item receives more rehearsals, hence is
more likely to be encoded and ultimately recalled. Rate of Presentation
The faster the presentation rate, the less time for rehearsal.
Hence, learning is a negative function of rate of presentation.
Effects of Distributed Rehearsal on List Learning Primacy
First few items receive more rehearsals, hence are more likely to be encoded and ultimately recalled.
Von Restorff Effect Rate of Presentation
Primacy is a function of number of rehearsals
Modigliani (1980) showed that the primacy effect is a result of distributed rehearsals.
Effects of Distributed Rehearsal on List Learning Primacy Von Restorff Effect
Distinctive item receives more rehearsals, hence is more likely to be encoded and ultimately recalled.
Rate of Presentation
Effects of Distributed Rehearsal on List Learning Primacy Von Restorff Effect Rate of Presentation
The faster the presentation rate, the less time for rehearsal.
Hence, learning is a negative function of rate of presentation.
Results From RSVP Studies (Potter 1975, 1976; Intraub 1980; 1981)
Task Identify pictures as belonging to a (complex)
category (e.g., decorations) or not. Very fast (114 msec) presentation rate.
Results Observers perform the detection task
accurately but do not remember most of what they have seen
Conclusion Attending to input without rehearsal is not
sufficient for transfer to LTM.
Rehearsal, Semantic Elaboration, & Imagery Verbal Rehearsal
Determines what is encoded Semantic Elaboration
Perceptual representation is semantically elaborated through use of structural descriptions
For example, word pair is elaborated into linking sentence.
The CAR hit the TREE.
Visual Imagery Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Linking Sentences
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60
Percent Recall
Study Generate
Bobrow & Bower (1969) compared the effect of reading a linking sentence to generating one for oneself on cued recall.
Yoked control subjects studied the linking sentences generated by one of the experimental subjects.
Rehearsal, Imagery, & Organization Verbal Rehearsal
Determines what is encoded Semantic Elaboration
Perceptual representation is semantically elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Linking sentences More generally, memory is a function of comprehension
Craik & Lockhart (1972) Bransford & Johnson (1972)
Visual Imagery Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Rehearsal, Imagery, & Organization Verbal Rehearsal
Determines what is encoded Semantic Elaboration
Perceptual representation is semantically elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Reduces the amount that needs to be encoded (chunking)
Has bootstrap effect as network expands Visual Imagery
Perceptual representation is semantically elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Bootstrap Effect There is a strong bootstrapping effect in
learning. The more that is known, the easier it is to acquire new information because it can immediately be encoded as part of a detailed representation
However, the combination of old and new information can lead to false memories
Knowledge can either facilitate or retard (Proactive Interference) depending on the relationship between the old and new information
Rehearsal, Semantic Elaboration, & Imagery Verbal Rehearsal
Determines what is encoded Semantic Elaboration
Perceptual representation is semantically elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Visual Imagery Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Rehearsal, Imagery, & Organization Verbal Rehearsal Semantic Elaboration Visual Imagery
Perceptual representation is semantically elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Learning is a positive function of the visual imagery of the study materials.
Learning increases when the student consciously attempts to generate visual images for the study materials.
Interactive imagery is more effective than discrete imagery for pairs and lists of study items.