vent 260 - water.nv.gov
TRANSCRIPT
VENT_260
VENT_260
••
•
EUREKA MEMORIES
- J J I -
Eureka County History Project Eureka County, Nevada
1993
j
EUREKA MEMORIES
A Series of Interviews with Fourteeen Individuals and Families
in Eureka, Nevada 1993
Oral histories conducted and edited by Robert D. McCracken Albert Biale Interview by Susan Gallagher
Eureka County History Project Eureka County, Nevada
1993
Cop
yrig
ht 1
993
Eur
eka
Cou
nty
His
tory
Pro
ject
E
urek
a C
ount
y C
omm
issi
oner
s E
urek
a, N
evad
a 89
316
Fir
st P
rint
ing
1994
CO
NT
EN
TS
· E
UR
EK
A M
EM
OR
IES
An
Int
ervi
ew w
ith
Wal
ter
Bau
man
n A
n O
ral H
isto
ry c
ondu
cted
by
Rob
ert D
. M
cCra
cken
P
hOio
grap
hs
Inte
rvie
w
Th
e M
iddl
e Y
ears
, An
Inte
rvie
w w
ith
Alb
ert
Bia
le
An
Ora
l H
isto
ry c
ondu
cted
by
Susa
n G
alla
gher
A
n I
nter
view
wil
h L
ucil
le A
llis
on
Est
ella
A
n O
ral H
isto
ry c
ondu
cted
by
Rob
ert D
. M
cCra
cken
P
hoto
grap
hs
Inte
rvie
w
An
Inte
rvie
w w
ith
Ler
oy E
tche
gara
y A
n O
ral H
isto
ry c
ondu
cted
by
Rob
ert D
. M
cCra
cken
P
hoto
grap
hs
Inte
rvie
w
An
Int
ervi
ew w
ith
Piel
rina
Dam
ele
Etc
hega
ray
An
Ora
l His
tory
cO
lulu
cted
by
Rob
ert D
. M
cCra
cken
P
hoto
grap
hs
Inte
rvie
w
An
Inte
rvie
w w
ith
Est
elle
Gen
soli
A
n O
ral H
isto
ry c
ondu
cted
by
Rob
ert D
. M
cCra
cken
A
n In
terv
iew
with
lo
uis
Gib
elli
ni
An
Ora
l His
tory
con
duct
ed b
y R
ober
t D
. M
cCra
cken
A
n In
terv
iew
wit
h H
erbe
rt H
awki
ns
An
Ora
l His
tory
con
duct
ed b
y R
ober
t D.
McC
rack
en
An
Int
ervi
ew w
ith
Mar
tin
Mil
ano
An
Ora
l His
tory
con
duct
ed b
y R
ober
t D.
McC
rack
en
Pho
togr
aphs
In
terv
iew
A
n In
terv
iew
wit
h 1.
N.
Reb
alea
li
An
Ora
l His
tory
con
duct
ed b
y R
ober
t D.
McC
rack
en
An
Int
ervi
ew w
ith
Isad
ore
Sar
a, J
r.
An
Ora
l His
tory
cO
lulu
cted
by
Rob
ert D
. McC
rack
en
Pho
togr
aphs
In
terv
iew
A
n In
terv
iew
wil
h A
ilee
n M
ahon
ey S
chla
ger
An
Ora
l His
tory
con
duct
ed b
y R
ober
t D.
McC
rack
en
Pho
togr
aphs
In
terv
iew
A
n I
nter
view
with
Flo
yd a
nd C
harl
ene
Sla
gow
ski
An
Ora
l His
tory
con
duct
ed b
y R
ober
t D.
McC
rack
en
An
Inte
rvie
w w
ith
Mar
iann
e S
mit
hwic
k A
n O
ral
His
tory
con
duct
ed b
y R
ober
t D.
McC
rack
en
bere
d th
at e
piso
de.
He
said
it
was
a l
ong
tim
e ag
o, b
ut I
sacc
a w
as t
urne
d lo
ose.
O
ver
in A
ustin
the
sam
e st
ory
was
told
, onl
y th
e fa
ther
wai
ted
until
the
youn
g In
dian
boy
rod
e by
on
hors
ebac
k af
ter
seei
ng h
is g
irlf
rien
d, a
whi
te g
irl,
and
sh
ot h
im in
the
bac
k. T
he g
irl n
ever
kne
w h
er f
athe
r ha
d sh
ot h
im.
She
had
a
nerv
ous
brea
kdow
n an
d he
sen
t he
r to
Cal
ifor
nia.
I
was
the
fir
st l
ady
scho
ol b
us d
rive
r in
Eur
eka
Cou
nty.
Y
ou h
ad t
o kn
ow
abou
t car
s (l
ike
chan
ging
tir
es)
and
have
a d
rive
r's
licen
se.
I st
ayed
dow
n at
S
adle
rs' r
anch
in th
e ol
d sc
hool
hous
e un
til F
rida
y an
d w
ould
the
n co
me
into
E
urek
a.
My
scho
ol k
ids
wer
e Ph
il an
d lo
hn B
row
n at
the
Siri
Ran
ch a
nd
Kat
hlee
n an
d Pa
ul S
adle
r.
Leo
nard
Fio
renz
.i dr
ove
the
othe
r si
de o
f D
ia
mon
d V
alle
y; h
e st
ayed
at
Ted
Tho
mps
on's
ran
ch.
Thi
s w
as i
n th
e da
ys
befo
re th
ere
wer
e fa
rmer
s in
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y.
26
ES
TE
LL
A
An
Inte
rvie
w w
ith
LE
RO
Y E
TC
HE
GA
RA
Y
LeR
oy a
nd M
ary
Jean
Etc
hcga
ray,
Eur
eka.
t98
5
An
Ora
l H
isto
ry c
ondu
cted
and
edi
ted
by
Rob
ert D
. M
cCra
cken
19
93
RM
,
ME
, R
M,
ME
, R
M,
LE
, R
M,
ME
, R
M-
OK
. O
ne o
f m
y ty
pist
s is
a l
ingu
ist
and
if y
ou s
ay it
a c
oupl
e o
f li
mes
sh
e ca
n t
ype
it ou
l ..
. sh
e ca
n w
rite
it o
ut p
hone
tica
lly.
S
o ju
st p
rono
unce
it a
co
uple
of
times
. T
arat
eila
. T
arat
ena.
S
ay i
t one
mor
e tim
e.
Tar
atei
la.
OK
, I
thin
k sh
e ca
n do
a p
rett
y go
od j
ob w
ith
il.
[Lau
ghte
rl
Wel
l, th
at l
angu
age
[Bas
que}
is
a lo
ngue
tw
iste
r.
Yea
h. A
nd w
hen
do y
ou t
hink
tha
t w
as t
aken
? D
h, t
his
was
...
pro
babl
y in
abo
ut 1
983
also
. '8
3, O
K.
Tha
t's g
reat
. W
hy d
on't
you
put
thos
e in
with
Pie
trin
a's
fold
er
righ
t th
ere.
CO
NT
EN
TS
A
n I
nte
rvie
w w
ith
LeR
oy E
tch
egar
ay
CH
AP
TE
R O
NE
3
Bac
kgro
und
info
nnat
ion
abou
t L
eRoy
's f
ath
er,
Fre
d, w
ho c
ame
to N
evad
a w
ith
his
twin
bro
ther
fro
m t
he B
asqu
e re
gion
of
Fra
nce
to h
erd
shee
p; F
red
and
his
brot
her
expe
rien
ce a
nor
ther
n N
evad
a w
inte
r o
n t
he r
ange
wit
hout
eve
n a
tent
; M
ary
Jean
E
lche
gara
y's
pare
nts,
bot
h o
f who
m c
ame
from
the
Bas
que
regi
on o
f F
ranc
e; o
n th
e sh
eeph
erdi
ng o
f th
e la
te l
SOO
s an
d ea
rly
1900
s; a
des
crip
tion
of
a sh
eeph
erde
r's
rout
ine
and
of h
is d
ogs;
hos
tili
ty b
etw
een
catl
lem
en a
nd s
heep
men
bef
ore
the
1930
5;
rem
arks
on
the
pla
nts
that
she
ep w
ill
eat;
the
bus
ines
s o
f sh
eeps
hear
ing;
Fre
d E
tche
gara
y w
orks
wit
h th
e K
itch
en b
roth
ers,
who
tak
e hi
m o
n a
s a
cow
boy
and
teac
h hi
m E
ngli
sh;
Fre
d an
d hi
s br
othe
r joi
n th
e O
ameJ
e br
othe
rs i
n a
shee
p op
era
tion
; ho
w s
heep
herd
ers
wou
ld w
ork
unti
l th
ey a
cqui
red
a he
rd o
f th
eir
own.
CH
AP
TE
R T
WO
10
A
she
ephe
rder
's b
edro
ll, a
nd s
urvi
ving
a w
inte
r in
the
ope
n --
-bec
omin
g se
nsit
ive
to
"cue
s" r
egar
ding
the
wea
ther
; rem
arks
on
the
stat
us o
f she
ephe
rdin
g in
Eur
eka
Cou
nty
in 1
993;
are
a pl
ants
tha
t ar
e po
ison
ous
to c
attl
e; h
ow F
red
spen
t 2
year
s ru
nnin
g a
Slag
e fr
om A
usti
n to
the
Mon
ilor
Val
ley
Ran
ch; h
ow F
red
and
his
brot
her w
orke
d to
ke
ep s
heep
ali
ve in
a h
arsh
win
ter;
the
shee
pher
der'
s li
fe a
t the
she
ep c
amp;
a d
iscu
ssi
on o
f th
e ca
reer
s fo
nn
er B
asqu
e sh
eeph
erde
rs h
ave
take
n up
; ho
w M
ary
Jean
's
mot
her
cam
e to
Eur
eka
from
Fra
nce
to w
ork
in a
hot
el,
and
a di
scus
sion
of
the
Bas
que
hOle
ls i
n E
urek
a; d
iffe
rent
loc
al t
eas
the
shee
pher
der
wou
ld b
rew
.
CH
AP
TE
R T
HR
EE
17
O
n t
he f
ood
at a
Bas
que
shee
pher
der'
s ca
mp:
the
rol
e o
f th
e ca
mp
ten
der
at t
he
shee
p ca
mp;
the
rol
e o
f ga
rlic
in
the
life
of
som
e im
mig
rant
fam
ilie
s; F
red
and
his
wif
e, P
ietr
ina,
buy
the
San
ta F
e R
anch
jus
t be
fore
the
Gre
at D
epre
ssio
n; l
eRo
y's
sc
hoo
l da
ys i
n E
urek
a an
d ho
lida
ys a
t th
e ra
nch,
and
a m
emor
y o
f re
turn
ing
to
Eur
eka
thro
ugh
heav
y sn
ow;
the
tele
phon
e lin
e th
at c
onne
cted
the
Ton
kin,
Thr
ee
Bar
and
10
ran
ches
in
the
1930
s an
d 19
405;
rec
alli
ng t
he w
inte
r o
f 19
48-1
949;
the
po
st o
ffic
e al
the
Ton
kin
Ran
ch;
the
unpa
ved
road
bet
wee
n E
urek
a an
d C
arli
n.
CH
AP
TE
R F
OU
R
24
leR
oy
rec
alls
his
sch
ool d
ays,
inc
ludi
ng p
layi
ng m
arbl
es a
nd s
ledd
ing
on t
he s
tree
ts
of
Eur
eka;
rem
arks
on
the
cur
rent
cli
mat
e in
Eur
eka
Cou
nty
and
the
clim
ate
of
the
1930
s; l
eRo
y a
nd M
ary
Jean
are
mar
ried
; 19
51-1
952
-an
othe
r ha
rsh
win
ter,
in
clud
ing
an a
eria
l ha
y dr
op;
furt
her
mem
orie
s o
f E
urek
a du
ring
leR
oy
's s
choo
lday
s,
incl
udin
g E
urek
a's
mov
ie th
eate
r, th
e B
asqu
e ho
tels
, the
gro
cery
stO
l'CS
and
Reb
alea
ti's
pow
er p
lant
.
ET
CH
EG
AR
AY
----
----
----
----
-----
--
CH
AP
TE
R F
IVE
31
G
as s
tati
ons
in E
urek
a in
the
194
Os;
irr
igat
ion
in D
iam
ond
Val
ley;
the
ran
ches
in
Kob
eh a
nd D
iam
ond
valle
ys, a
nd h
ow th
e sm
all r
anch
es h
ave
been
bou
ght u
p th
roug
h th
e ye
ars;
an
effo
rt to
mar
ket p
OIa
toes
fro
m D
iam
ond
Val
ley;
the
exce
!1en
t qua
lity
of
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y al
falf
a.
CH
APT
ER
SIX
38
Fu
rthe
r di
scus
sion
of D
iam
ond
Val
ley
alfa
lfa;
the
lar
ge g
old
min
e op
erat
ing
in E
ure
ka C
ount
y in
19
93;
on l
eRo
y a
nd M
ary
Jean
's c
hild
ren;
sel
!ing
the
San
ta F
e R
anch
, man
agin
g an
othe
r ar
ea r
anch
, th
en d
evel
opin
g a
prop
erty
in
Dia
mon
d V
al
ley;
fee
ding
cat
tle i
n th
e w
inte
r; r
emar
ks o
n th
e co
nfus
ing
regu
lalio
ns o
f the
BL
M
and
on a
pru
loso
phy
of ra
nge
usag
e.
CH
APT
ER
SE
VE
N
45
Dis
cuss
ing
the
ranc
hing
lif
esty
le;
mem
orie
s o
f vi
siti
ng E
urek
a in
pre
-aut
omob
ile
days
aft
er s
pend
ing
as l
ong
as a
yea
r-an
d.a
half
on
the
ranc
h; t
he i
ce s
old
in E
urek
a in
the
193
05, a
nd k
eepi
ng f
ood
fres
h be
fore
ref
riger
alO
rs w
ere
avai
labl
e; r
ecal
ling
the
His
key
Stag
e L
ine;
how
loc
al r
anch
ers
coop
erat
ed o
n sp
ring
and
fal
l ro
undu
ps
in t
he y
ears
bef
ore
the
Tayl
or G
razi
ng A
ct o
f 19
34; o
n ra
tlles
nake
s.
AD
DE
ND
UM
52
A
des
crip
tion
of th
e ho
g-bu
tche
ring
and
sau
sage
-mak
ing
that
too
k pl
ace
on t
he
Ferg
uson
Ran
ch,
and
how
lam
b an
d m
utto
n w
ere
pres
erve
d du
ring
war
m w
eath
er;
reco
llect
ions
of
the
annu
al w
ine-
mak
ing
at t
he F
ergu
son
Ran
ch.
2 E
TC
HE
GA
RA
Y
This
is
Rob
ert
McC
rack
en t
alki
ng t
o L
eRoy
and
Mar
y Je
an E
tche
gara
y at
the
ir
hom
e itl
Dia
mlJ
nd W
illey
, N
ewum
, Ju
ly /
4,
/992
.
RM
, L
E:
RM
, LE
, R
M,
LE
: R
M,
LE:
RM
: L
E:
RM
, L
E:
RM
, LE
,
RM
, L
E:
RM
, LE
:
RM
, L
E:
CH
AP
TE
R O
NE
leR
oy,
wou
ld y
ou s
tate
you
r fu
ll na
me
as i
t re
ads
on y
our
birth
cer
tific
ate?
le
Roy
Way
ne E
tche
gara
y.
Wha
t w
as y
our
plac
e an
d da
te o
f bi
rth?
I w
as b
orn
July
3rd
, 19
29,
in t
he E
lko
hosp
ital.
And
wha
t w
as y
our
fath
er's
full
nam
e?
Fred
Jea
n E
tche
gara
y.
Whe
n an
d w
here
was
he
born
? H
e w
as b
orn
in B
anca
, Fr
ance
. Fe
brua
ry 2
4th,
189
4.
And
he
was
of
Bas
que
desc
ent?
Y
es.
And
wha
t is
your
mot
her's
mai
den
nam
e, a
nd h
er p
lace
and
dat
e of
birt
h?
Piet
rina
Mar
gare
t D
amel
e. S
he w
as b
orn
Mar
ch 1
7th,
190
4, a
t th
e T
hree
-Bar
R
anch
, in
Kob
eh V
alle
y, t
he n
ext
valle
y w
est
from
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y.
Wha
t. w
as y
our
fath
er's
occu
patio
n?
He
was
16
year
s ol
d w
hen
he a
nd h
is t
win
bro
ther
, Joh
n E
tche
gara
y, c
ame
to
this
cou
ntry
, an
d th
ey c
ame
as s
heep
herd
ers.
The
y ca
me
to M
onito
r V
alle
y,
to t
he p
eopl
e w
ho h
ad t
he M
onito
r R
anch
the
re -
the
Lax
ague
s. W
hen
they
ca
me
over
, th
ey h
ad n
othi
ng.
The
Lax
ague
s pr
obab
ly h
ad t
o fo
rwar
d th
em
mon
ey f
or t
hem
to
even
hav
e th
eir
bed;
they
wer
e br
oke
whe
n th
ey g
ot h
ere.
A
nyw
ay, t
hey
wen
t out
to
herd
she
ep.
I ca
n re
mem
ber
my
dad
teU
ing
me
that
th
is w
as i
n th
e w
inte
rtim
e, a
nd t
hey
wok
e up
with
a f
oot
of s
now
on
thei
r be
d. W
ith t
he f
irst
mon
ey t
hey
mad
e, t
hey
boug
ht a
tent
. "T
hey
didn
't ev
en h
ave
a te
nt?
The
y di
dn't
even
hav
e a
tent
. If
I'm
not
mis
take
n, t
ents
wer
e $5
to
$7 -
my
dad
used
to
say,
"Fi
rst
6 bu
cks
wer
e sp
ent
for
a te
nt."
[L
augh
terl
The
ir o
ld
tent
was
the
flrs
t th
ing
they
inv
este
d in
. T
hey
had
a go
od t
arp
and
bedd
ing,
bu
t th
ey h
ad t
o pu
t sa
gebr
ush
unde
r th
eir
beds
so
the
wat
er w
ould
n't
wet
the
ta
rp e
very
nig
ht.
The
y ha
d to
put
aU
thei
r cl
othe
s an
d th
eir
shoe
s un
der
the
bed
at n
ight
to
keep
eve
ryth
ing
dry
for
the
next
mor
ning
. T
hey
put
the
tarp
on
sage
brus
h so
tha
t it
was
n't
dire
ctly
on
the
grou
nd?
You
mig
ht s
ay t
hat
sage
brus
h w
as t
heir
mat
tres
s. I
t ke
pt t
he t
arp
off
the
grou
nd s
o th
at t
he w
ater
cou
ldn'
t ru
n un
der
them
. H
ow w
as i
t th
ai y
our
fath
er a
nd h
is b
roth
er h
appe
ned
to c
ome
here
? I
imag
ine
they
wer
e aw
fully
poo
r. A
nd t
hey
wer
e al
l bi
g fa
mili
es -
I th
ink
ther
e w
ere
J I i
n th
e fa
mil
y. T
hey
wer
e th
e ol
dest
, so
the
y ha
d to
go
out
to
wor
k.
RM
: A
nd s
heep
herd
ing
was
the
occ
upat
ion
that
the
y ha
d in
Eur
ope?
LE
: W
ell,
yes.
Bac
k in
Fra
nce,
the
y ha
d a
few
mil
k co
ws
and
a fe
w s
heep
, an
d th
ai w
as h
ow t
hey
mad
e th
eir
livin
g. T
hey
stan
ed d
oing
tha
t as
sm
all
chil-
ET
CH
EG
AR
AY
3
RM
, L
E,
RM
, LE
: M
E,
LE:
ME
: R
M:
LE:
RM
, P
E:
RM
, P
E:
RM
LE
: M
E:
RM
: LE
: R
M,
LE:
RM
: LE
:
RM
, LE
,
The
y tr
uste
d us
. P
eopl
e w
ere
mor
e tr
ustw
orth
y th
en,
wer
en't
they
? Ye
s. A
nd I
kno
w t
he E
urek
a C
ash
Stor
e an
d K
itche
n B
roth
ers
Mar
ket w
ould
ha
ul a
nyth
ing.
Th
ey'd
hau
l pr
ovis
ions
in
from
Ren
o an
d S
acra
men
to i
n an
ol
d In
tem
atio
nal2
-ton
tru
ck. Y
ou c
ou
ldo
rdcr
a m
owin
g m
achi
ne a
nd a
buc
k ra
ke a
nd t
hey'
d ha
ul t
hat.
Is t
hat
righ
t! H
ow a
bout
gar
ages
? W
ere
ther
e m
any
gara
ges
in t
own?
T
here
was
Fra
nk M
cBri
de's
shop
and
gar
age.
H
erre
ra.
Cir
iaco
Her
rera
had
the
Eur
eka
Gar
age.
Joe
Reb
aJca
li ha
d a
gara
ge. (
Non
nan
is h
is b
oy.)
The
Reb
alea
tis
also
pro
vide
d th
e po
wer
. H
ow f
ar b
ack
does
the
Reb
alea
tis'
pow
er c
ompa
ny d
ate?
In
to t
he l
ate
'30s
-I'
d s
ay '
36
or
'37,
may
be.
Bef
ore
that
was
the
re p
ower
in t
own
or w
as it
ker
osen
e la
mps
? W
e al
way
s ha
d po
wer
for
lig
hts
whe
n yo
u w
ent
\0
scho
ol.
Wh
3t
abou
t w
hen
you
wen
t to
sch
ool,
Pie
trin
a?
Whe
n I
wen
t to
sch
ool,
we
did
n't
hav
e po
wer
. W
e ha
d ga
s la
mps
. S
o m
aybe
Reb
alea
tis'
was
the
fir
st e
lect
ric
pow
er in
tow
n?
Oh,
it
was
. E
ven
whe
n I c
ame
to E
urek
a it
was
sti
ll a
DC
cur
rent
, th
ough
. A
nd w
hen
did
you
com
e th
ere?
N
inet
een
fony
-tw
o.
Whe
n di
d th
ey g
o A
C?
Whe
n th
ey w
ent o
nto
the
Mou
nt W
heel
er s
yste
m?
No,
way
bef
ore
that
-pr
obab
ly '4
6, '4
7 o
r '4
8. I
rem
embe
r go
ing
up t
here
w
hen
they
ins
tall
ed t
he b
ig F
airb
anks
Mor
se e
ngin
e to
nip
to
AC
pow
er.
The
y br
ough
t in
a n
ew g
ener
atin
g sy
stem
whe
n th
ey d
id t
hat?
O
h, y
es.
A h
uge,
hug
e F
airb
anks
eng
ine
gene
rato
r. I
t w
as t
he f
irst
one
her
e.
, re
mem
ber
whe
n th
ey p
oure
d th
e ce
men
t, b
ut'
can
't r
emem
ber
the
exac
t da
te-
it se
ems
to m
e it
was
'46
or
'47.
Bef
ore
that
, th
ey w
ere
runn
ing
wit
h 2
Cat
erpi
llar
44 d
iese
ls f
or D
C {
dire
ct c
urre
nt].
I u
sed
to g
o do
wn
ther
e a
IO!
and
tink
er a
roun
d w
ith
them
. D
id t
he p
ower
pla
nt r
un 2
4 ho
urs
a da
y?
Ye>.
30
ET
CH
EG
AR
AY
~
LE:
RM
: LE
: R
M:
LE:
RM
:
LE,
RM
, LE
:
RM
: LE
:
RM
:
LE:
RM
,
LE:
RM
: L
E:
RM
: LE
: R
M,
LE:
CH
AP
TE
R F
IVE
In 1
952
Hig
hway
50
was
clo
sed
for
a co
uple
of
wee
ks b
etw
een
Eur
eka
and
Ely
. T
here
was
no
mai
l, no
gro
ceri
es o
r nn
ythi
ng.
The
rot
ary
snow
plow
s co
uldn
't ke
ep t
he r
oads
ope
n. J
oe K
itche
n us
ed t
o ha
ul g
roce
ries
fro
m E
ly t
o E
urek
a to
kee
p th
e to
wn
supp
lied
. H
e ha
d an
lnt
erna
tion
al t
ruck
wit
h a
stov
e in
it
to k
eep
groc
erie
s fr
om f
reez
ing.
He
was
an
old
shee
pher
oer/
cow
boy,
an
d he
jus
t pu
t hi
s be
d in
the
re a
nd s
taye
d th
ere
and
follo
wed
the
rot
arie
s.
Whe
n th
ey f
inal
ly g
ot t
he ro
ad o
pen,
he
got
the
groc
erie
s to
Eur
eka.
He
said
, '"
didn
't w
orry
. ,
was
nic
e an
d w
arm
. ,
had
plen
ty t
o ea
t, a
goo
d pl
ace
to
slee
p."
And
tha
t's h
ow h
e de
live
red
the
groc
erie
s to
kee
p th
e to
wn
goin
g.
Wha
t a
stor
y! T
hat
was
dur
ing
one
of
thes
e bi
g st
orm
s?
In
1952
. H
ow a
bout
lhe
one
in
'48
49
? ,
was
goi
ng 1
0 co
lleg
e in
'48
, so
I'm
not
sur
e w
hat a
ll tr
ansp
ired
. Jo
e K
itche
n w
as a
wfu
lly
good
fri
ends
with
my
dad.
Whe
n th
ey w
ere
youn
g gu
ys t
hey
cow
boye
d to
geth
er.
And
as
I sa
id,
Joe
taug
ht D
ad h
ow 1
0 sp
eak
Eng
lish.
A
t on
e ti
me
the
Kit
chen
bro
ther
s w
ere
prov
idin
g pa
rt o
f th
eir
own
beef
, w
eren
't th
ey?
Tha
t'S h
ow t
hey
slar
ted
the
stor
e he
re,
but
in l
ater
yea
rs f
eder
al i
nspe
etio
n ea
me
in o
n t
he m
eat
thin
g. B
y th
ai l
ime
they
'd d
isso
lved
the
ir c
attl
e he
rd
anyw
ay.
Wha
t w
ere
the
gas
stat
ions
in
Eur
eka
duri
ng t
he p
erio
o w
e're
tal
king
abo
ut?
The
re w
as H
erre
ro S
ervi
ce -
Uni
on 7
6 -
and
the
Eur
eka
Gar
age
was
Che
vro
n. A
nd F
rank
McB
ride
had
Hyi
ng A
gas
olin
e an
d B
apti
sta
Min
olet
ti h
ad
She
ll.
Wer
e th
ere
any
othe
r ga
s st
atio
ns i
n to
wn?
Y
es,
John
Rep
etto
up
ther
e ha
d so
me
She
ll.
He
used
10
sell
Shel
l bu
lk.
The
n th
ere
was
the
Sta
ndar
d O
il bu
lk p
lant
tha
t B
ill H
olla
nd h
ad.
Whe
re e
lse
in t
he a
rea
coul
d yo
u ge
t ga
s be
side
s in
Eur
eka?
Was
the
re a
ny
body
in
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y w
ho s
old
gas?
N
o, t
his
vall
ey w
as a
ll sa
gebr
ush,
exc
ept
for
the
few
ran
ches
tha
t ar
e al
ong
the
foot
hill
s.
Do
thos
e ra
nche
s al
ong
the
foot
hill
s go
bac
k a
long
way
s -
like
, to
the
fo
undi
ng o
f E
urek
a?
Yes
. B
ut o
ut i
n th
e ce
nter
of
the
valle
y ..
. ?
The
re w
as n
othi
ng.
Why
did
n't
they
hav
e an
ythi
ng o
ut h
ere?
T
here
wer
en't
dies
el e
ngin
es i
n th
is a
rea
for
wat
er p
umpm
g.
The
re w
asn'
t an
y w
ay t
o ge
t th
e w
aler
out
of
the
grou
nd?
The
re w
asn'
t m
ueh
wel
l dr
illi
ng o
r he
avy
equi
pmen
t ar
ound
. T
here
was
no
equi
pmen
t ev
en f
or t
he c
ount
y. A
ll th
ey h
ad w
ere
a co
uple
of
litt
le 2
-lon
In
tern
atio
nal
dum
p tr
ucks
, yo
u kn
ow,
and
an o
ld G
alli
on s
olid
rub
ber
tire
ET
CH
EG
AR
AY
31
RMo
LE
: RM
o
LEo
RMo
LE
; RM
o
LE
:
RM
:
LE
: RM
o L
E:
RMo
LE
: RM
o
ME
: RM
o
LE
: RM
o
LEo
ME
RM
:
LE
:
RM
: L
E:
RMo
LE
:
32
mot
or g
rade
r and
a I
iUle
0-6
CaL
Som
etim
es, w
hen
they
bla
ded
som
e o
f the
ro
ads,
the
y pu
lled
one
of
thos
e pu
ll-g
rade
rs b
ehin
d th
e C
at t
o he
lp t
he o
ther
gr
ader
out
. If
you
r ro
ad g
ot b
lade
d on
ce e
very
2 o
r 3
year
s yo
u w
ere
flyi
ng
high
. In
oth
er w
ords
, th
e co
unty
was
so
poo
r th
at t
hey
just
did
n't
rea
lly
have
any
th
ing?
R
ight
, th
ey d
idn
't h
ave
anyt
hing
. W
hy w
ould
n't
som
ebod
y co
me
out
here
in
the
vall
ey a
nd s
ink
a li
ttle
wel
l an
d pu
t a
win
dmil
l on
it?
T
hey
did
that
for
sto
ck w
ater
, but
ther
e w
as n
o fa
rmin
g he
re ti
ll a
t lea
st 1
958.
H
ow d
id t
he v
ario
us p
eopl
e ac
quir
e th
at l
and?
U
nder
the
Des
ert
Lan
d A
cl.
Who
is
a go
od p
erso
n to
tal
k to
abo
ul h
ow a
gric
ultu
re g
ot s
tart
ed i
n th
e va
lley
wit
h th
e D
eser
t L
and
Act
? I'
d s
ay t
alk
to D
on P
alm
ore
or
Don
Mor
riso
n. T
hey
farm
in
the
area
, an
d th
ey w
ere
som
e o
f th
e fi
rst
ones
her
e.
Th
e ne
xt v
alle
y ov
er is
Kob
eh. W
ere
the
ranc
hes
on
the
peri
pher
y o
f th
at o
ne
also
, o
r w
ere
they
out
in
the
cent
er o
f it
? T
hey
wer
e m
ore
out
on t
he p
erip
hery
. W
as i
t th
e sa
me
in N
ewar
k V
alle
y, w
here
you
r gr
andm
othe
r li
ved?
T
hat
was
the
sam
e st
ory.
It
was
als
o ar
ound
the
per
iphe
ry?
Yo..
The
n te
chno
logy
onl
y en
able
d th
em to
liv
e an
d m
ake
a li
ving
on
the
peri
ph
''Y.
Th
at's
bec
ause
of
the
snow
, 1 th
ink.
T
hat
's r
eall
y in
tere
stin
g. D
id th
e ce
nter
s o
f all
the
se v
alle
ys d
evel
op b
ecau
se
of
the
Des
ert
Lan
d A
ct?
Rig
ht.
Tha
t m
ade
a bi
g di
ffer
ence
in
term
s o
f th
e ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
of
the
coun
ty, d
idn
't i
t?
Rig
ht,
Onl
y a
very
few
of
the
ones
who
sta
rted
her
e ar
e st
ill
here
, th
ough
. 1
gues
s th
ose
men
I m
enti
oned
are
the
2 or
igin
als.
A
nd R
uth
Mar
tin.
L
et's
go
ove
r 10
Kob
eh V
alle
y -
tell
me
abou
t th
e or
igin
al r
anch
es.
Wer
e th
ere
a lo
t of
them
or
wer
e th
ere
just
the
ones
yo
u'v
e be
en t
alki
ng a
bout
? T
here
wer
e ju
st t
he T
hree
-Bar
, th
e S
anta
Fe
and
the
Fer
guso
n, w
hich
her
fo
lks
purc
hase
d, a
nd D
ry C
reek
and
Ack
erm
an a
nd th
e G
rubb
Fla
t and
Bea
n F
lat
and
Rob
erts
Cre
ek a
bove
Woo
d R
anch
. W
as t
he T
onki
n on
e o
f th
em?
No,
the
re's
a l
ittl
e su
mm
it y
ou g
o ov
er. T
onki
n is
in G
arde
n V
alle
y,
Oh,
OK
. A
nd t
hen
wha
t ab
out
lhe
orig
inal
ran
ches
of
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y? O
r ar
e th
ere
100
man
y to
do
tha
t?
Do
you
wan
t th
e ol
d na
mes
or
the
nam
es a
s o
f no
w?
ET
CH
EG
AR
AY
--....-
...
RM
: PE
: M
E:
RMo
LE
:
RI'Y
1: L
E:
RM
: P
E:
PE
:
RMo
PE:
LE
: R
M:
LE
:
RMo
LE
:
PE
: L
E:
RMo
LE
:
RMo
LE
: PE
:
RMo
PE
:
LEo
RMo
Wel
l, aC
lUal
ly b
oth,
if
you'
ve g
ot t
hem
. [L
augh
s]
The
re's
Sad
lers
', W
ell,
star
t ov
er h
ere.
W
hat's
thi
s ra
nch
over
her
e ca
lled
? S
ulfu
r, W
e ha
ve t
o st
art
righ
t ab
out
du
e no
rthw
est
of
here
. T
hat
's w
here
Gra
ndpa
sta
rted
. W
ho?
My
gre
at-g
rand
fath
er.
Wha
t was
his
nam
e?
John
-G
iova
nni -
Dam
ele.
H
eju
st le
ased
il.
He
only
had
a f
ew c
ows -I d
on't
kno
w,
12 o
r som
ethi
ng,
Th
ey d
idn
't s
tay
the
re v
ery
long
. A
nd h
e ch
op
ped
woo
d up
her
e in
M
cCul
loug
h,
Whe
re?
McC
ullo
ugh
Spr
ing.
Th
at's
up
Spr
ing
Val
ley
near
Eur
eka.
And
he
chop
ped
woo
d ov
er h
ere
in B
lack
Poi
nt.
And
he
had
his
fam
ily
at S
ulfu
r.
Wha
t's t
hat
ranc
h ca
lled
now
, o
r do
es it
hav
e a
nam
e?
It b
elon
gs t
o th
e B
uffh
ams
-Ja
mes
Buf
fbam
, W
e us
ed t
o c
all
it t
he o
ld
Rom
ano
Ran
ch.
Wha
t wou
ld b
e th
e ne
xt r
anch
up?
B
aile
ys'.
Som
e o
f th
e fa
mil
y is
sti
ll th
ere.
The
n th
ere'
s th
e S
adle
r R
anch
; it
's
a go
od r
anch
. A
nd t
he S
iris
. O
h, a
nd F
lynn
, th
at's
rig
ht. T
here
are
2 m
ore
-F
lynn
and
the
Sir
i R
anch
. B
asic
ally
, do
yOU
hav
e a
ranc
h ev
eryw
here
ther
e's
a ca
nyon
wit
h w
ater
? Y
es,
on t
his
side
of
the
valle
y. T
here
are
som
e sp
ring
s an
d sn
ow w
ater
ove
r
here
. B
ut in
any
can
yon
over
ther
e w
here
yo
u'v
e go
t w
ater
, w
heth
er it
's a
run
ning
st
ream
or
a sp
ring
. yo
u ge
t a
ranc
h. I
s th
at b
asic
ally
how
it
wor
ks?
Pre
tty
muc
h. I
n ot
her
wor
ds,
they
set
tled
whe
re t
here
was
wat
er.
Let
me
teU
you
a s
tory
: D
ante
Sir
i's d
ad o
wne
d th
e ra
nch
ov
er h
ere.
Dan
te
grew
up
and
hed
id m
ost o
f the
wor
k on
the
ranc
h, b
ut h
e an
d hi
s da
d co
uld
n't
ge
t al
ong.
He
wan
ted
to l
eave
and
he
did
n't
wan
t his
dad
to k
now
whe
re h
e w
as g
oing
. In
tho
se d
ays,
he
did
n't
hav
e a
car
-al
l he
had
was
a h
orse
. S
o
he t
ook
his
hors
e an
d pu
t sh
oes
on i
t, bu
t he
put
the
m o
n ba
ckw
ards
so
that
hi
s da
d co
uldn
't t
rack
him
. [L
augh
s]
Tha
t wou
ld m
ake
a go
od e
piso
de fo
r a
nove
l, w
ould
n't i
t? [
Lau
ghte
r] T
hat's
a go
od o
ne,
He
cam
e o
ver
to
Ton
kin
to m
y da
d an
d o
ne
of
the
stag
e dr
iver
s, A
ndy
Pas
tori
no, b
roug
ht th
e m
ail
over
. H
e w
as t
elli
ng th
em a
bout
it,
and
he a
sked
th
em i
f the
y ha
d se
en D
ante
, an
d D
ante
was
ove
r th
ere.
[L
augh
s]
He
didn
't g
o v
ery
far.
The
n h
e w
ent
back
. W
ould
tha
t ho
rses
hoe
tric
k re
ally
wor
k?
ET
CH
EG
AR
AY
33
LE,
RM
, M
E,
RM
· LE
: R
M,
LE:
PE
:
ME
, PE
:
LE:
R
M,
LE:
RM
, LE
: M
E,
LE:
ME
: LE
: M
E,
LE:
LE:
RM
, L
E:
RM
, LE
,
I d
on
'llh
ink
he
coul
d fo
ol h
is d
ad.
His
dad
pro
babl
y ha
d it
all
figu
red
OU
I. [L
augh
terl
T
hat'S
a g
ood
one.
T
hen
you
com
e on
Ihi
s {e
ast I
side
of
the
vall
ey.
Wha
t ar
e th
e ra
nche
s ov
er
here
? T
his
is n
on
h r
ight
her
e?
Yes
, fr
om n
orth
to s
ouIh
. A
nd I
his
mou
ntai
n ra
nge
is k
now
n as
the
...
D
iam
ond
Ran
ge. T
hey
call
[the
firs
t ran
ch]
the
old
Mau
Ran
ch. R
ighi
now
it
bel
ongs
to
Mil
ton
Tho
mps
on.
T th
ink
O.
R.
Mau
was
an
uncl
e to
my
mot
her.
The
y w
ere
cous
ins
10 m
e. O
. R
. had
th
e st
ore
in E
urek
a.
You
r m
othe
r al
way
s sa
id t
hey
wer
e co
usin
s.
The
y ha
d Ih
is p
lace
dow
n he
re,
too.
He
used
to
rent
the
ran
ge t
o sh
eep
men
. B
ut b
e ha
d th
e st
ore
in E
urek
a w
here
he
had
dry
good
s.
I fo
rgoll
o te
ll y
ou a
boult
he d
ry g
oods
sto
re.
Wer
e th
ere
oth
er d
ry g
oods
slo
res,
as
long
as
we'
re o
n it
? Y
es,
the
Eur
eka
Cas
h S
tore
. A
nd t
hey
carr
ied
a ge
nera
l li
ne o
f dry
goo
ds?
Oh,
yes
-an
d cl
othi
ng.
Kit
chen
s di
d to
o, b
y th
e ti
me
I go
t to
Eur
eka.
T
hat
was
aft
erw
ards
, tb
ough
, E
arli
er,
thos
e w
ere
the
only
clo
thin
g sl
ores
. W
hen
I ea
me
to E
urek
a, t
here
was
als
o E
vely
n R
anaz
zi.
Oh,
I f
orge
t ab
out
thaI
. T
hat'
s ri
ght!
S
he h
ad a
bea
uty
parl
or a
nd a
dre
ss s
hop
and
a va
riet
y sh
op.
I fo
rgot
abo
ut
her
too,
till
now
. Any
way
, th
e ne
xt r
anch
aft
er M
au c
om
ing
sou
th i
s C
ox.
I'm
not
too
sure
abo
ut th
at. T
here
was
ano
ther
litt
le p
lace
in th
ere,
but
I c
an't
te
ll yo
u w
ho i
t be
long
ed t
o. T
hen
the
mai
n ra
nch,
whe
re T
hom
pson
is ..
. T
hom
pson
ow
ns a
ll t
hose
gro
unds
, bu
t pr
ior
to T
ho
mp
son,
Man
in o
wne
d Ih
at.
Pri
or t
o M
arti
n, J
acob
sen
owne
d it
. M
ary
Jean
's d
ad w
as p
artn
ers
wit
h Ja
cobs
en w
ith
his
shee
p.
Com
ing
on d
own,
wha
t's
the
next
one
? L
ouie
Mag
gini
and
his
mot
her.
And
ther
e w
as o
ne h
omes
tead
sou
th ...
ther
e ar
e li
ttle
ran
ches
all
the
way
up
this
val
ley
here
in
thes
e ca
nyon
s. Y
ou h
ave
Wal
ther
s',
Min
olel
lis'
and
the
Cot
tonw
ood,
ow
ned
by H
andl
eys.
And
lat
er
ther
e w
ere
diff
eren
t ow
ners
-P
alm
as,
Hil
debr
and,
the
Ban
k R
anch
, W
ill
iam
s, 4
-Eye
d N
icks
, th
e D
ePao
li r
anch
(w
hich
is n
ow H
unte
rs')
, to
nam
e a
few
. G
oing
cle
ar d
own
to t
he h
ighw
ay t
o E
urek
a?
Cle
ar t
o E
urek
a. B
ut t
he 2
big
gest
on
es w
ere
the
Hu
nte
r R
anch
an
d t
he
Han
dle
y R
anch
. L
aBar
ry o
wn
ed t
he H
andl
ey R
anch
lat
er,
and
it'
s h
ad
sev
era
l o
wn
ers
sin
ce t
hen.
Th
ey'v
e al
l c
han
ged
han
ds.
In
fact
, Ji
m
Bau
man
n h
as t
he H
unte
r R
anch
now
. I
gues
s R
usse
ll h
as t
he
old
Han
dle
y
34
ET
CH
EG
AR
AY
--
RM
,
LE
:
PE:
RM
, LE
,
RM
,
LE:
RM
,
LE
:
RM
, L
E:
RM
, LE
: R
M,
LE:
RM
: LE
: R
M,
LE,
RM
, LE
, R
M,
PE:
R.1\1
: PE
: R
M,
PE:
LE:
RM
, LE
,
Ran
ch in
Cot
tonw
ood
. LaB
arry
s ha
d it
. B
asic
ally
the
se r
anch
es w
ere
prob
ably
ori
gina
lly
esta
blis
hed
whe
n E
urek
a go
t go
ing,
bec
ause
tha
t w
ay p
eopl
e co
uld
mak
e a
livi
ng h
ere.
A
s I s
aid,
the
y ra
ised
fru
it a
nd v
eget
able
s w
hen
Eur
eka
was
a b
oom
ing
min
in
g ca
mp.
T
hey
'd s
ell
thei
r ve
geta
bles
and
thin
gs in
tow
n an
d th
ey'd
alw
ays
have
mil
k co
ws
and
they
'd l
ake
mil
k to
tow
n.
And
eac
h on
e o
f th
ese
litt
le r
anch
es w
ould
su
pp
on
at
leas
t one
fam
ily?
I c
ould
sho
w y
ou p
lace
s th
at r
aise
d 10
and
12
kids
, bu
t th
ere'
s no
thin
g an
ym
ore.
The
y d
on
't e
ven
have
any
wat
er th
ere
toda
y.
In l
ine
wit
h th
e ch
ange
in
the
clim
ate
sinc
e '5
7 o
r so
, ar
e a
lot
of
the
old
spri
ngs
dryi
ng u
p a
nd s
o o
n?
I th
ink
so,
yes.
A l
ot o
f th
e w
eake
r one
s ar
e.
But
you
cou
ld t
ake
me
to p
lace
s w
here
the
y ra
ised
big
fam
ilie
s. a
nd t
here
's
not
even
any
wat
er th
ere
now
? I c
ould
take
you
up
Pas
tori
no C
anyo
n. T
hey
rais
ed I
I ki
ds t
here
. And
I'll
bet
yo
u th
is y
ear
you
coul
d ha
rdly
eve
n w
ater
a c
ow t
here
. I
do
n't
kno
w h
ow
they
sur
vive
d. T
here
wer
e cr
eeks
com
ing
out o
f th
ose
cany
ons.
H
ow a
bout
on
the
othe
r si
de o
f th
is m
ount
ain
rang
e?
The
re a
re a
101
of
spri
ngs
over
in t
here
. The
re a
re c
anyo
ns t
hat
have
run
off,
to
o.
Is t
hat
stil
l in
Eur
eka
Cou
nty?
N
o, t
hat
wou
ld b
e in
Whi
te P
ine
Cou
nty.
A
re m
ost
of
the
ranc
hes
alon
g th
e ca
nyon
sti
ll f
unct
ioni
ng,
or
are
mos
t o
f
them
kin
d o
f de
func
t?
The
onl
y on
es t
hat
are
func
tion
ing
are
the
Tho
mps
on R
anch
tha
t M
ilto
n ha
s no
w,
and
the
Cot
tonw
ood
and
the
Hun
ter
plac
e.
Why
are
n 't
the
othe
r on
es f
unct
ioni
ng?
The
y w
ere
just
all
sm
all
acre
ages
, la
ter
purc
hase
d by
lar
ger
oper
ator
s.
Just
guy
s ek
ing
out a
Jiv
ing?
Y
es,
ekin
g ou
t a
livi
ng d
urin
g th
e m
inin
g ca
mp
boom
day
s.
Whe
n w
ould
the
se r
anch
es h
ave
fold
ed?
It w
as b
efor
e m
y ti
me.
W
ere
lhes
e ra
nehe
s st
ill
goin
g w
hen
you
wer
e a
kid,
Pie
trin
a?
So
me
of
them
wer
e st
ill
ther
e w
hen
I w
as i
n hi
gh s
choo
l, b
ecau
se s
ome
of
the
kids
use
d to
com
e to
the
sch
ool
wit
h a
hors
e an
d bu
ggy.
T
hey
wou
ld c
om
e in
eve
ry d
ay o
n a
hors
e an
d bu
ggy?
Y
es,
or
hors
ebac
k.
Tha
t w
ould
be
a lo
ng r
ide,
wou
ldn'
t it
? F
or s
ome
of
them
, th
at w
as.
Whe
re i
s H
ilde
bran
ds',
for
inst
ance
? It
's n
orth
of
Hun
ters
' may
be 3
to
4 m
iles
. S
o y
ou
're
look
ing
at 6
or
7 m
iles
[o
ne w
ay].
W
hat
caus
ed t
hem
to
fold
? It
's t
he e
cono
mic
s.
ET
CH
EG
AR
AY_
35
RM
: T
hey
wer
e ju
st t
oo m
argi
nal?
L
E:
The
y w
ere
too
smal
l, tO
O m
argi
nal.
And
the
y st
aned
bri
ngin
g fo
od i
n on
the
ra
ilro
ad.
RI\f
: B
y ab
out
wha
t ti
me
wer
e m
ost
of th
ese
ranc
hes
kind
of d
efun
ct?
PE
: T
here
wer
en't
very
man
y le
ft d
urin
g th
e '2
0s. P
roba
bly
the
Dep
ress
ion
[was
a
fact
or],
the
n.
RM
: W
hat h
appe
ned
to th
e la
nd, t
hen?
Was
it i
ncor
pora
ted
into
som
e o
f the
larg
er
oper
atio
ns?
LE
: Y
es. F
or in
stan
ce, t
he C
otto
nwoo
d an
d th
e H
andl
ey p
lace
bou
ght t
he M
inol
etti
plac
e an
d th
e ol
d H
ilde
bran
d pl
ace.
M
E:
Pal
mas
. L
E:
Palm
as. T
hey
boug
ht t
hem
out
. R
M:
So
thes
e li
ttle
one
s w
ere
no l
onge
r su
ppor
ting
a f
amily
, bu
t w
ere
part
of
a la
rger
ope
rati
on.
LE
: Y
es.
RM
: A
nd t
hen
wit
h th
e D
eser
t L
and
Act
, yo
u go
t de
velo
pmen
t of
the
cent
ers
of
thes
e va
lley
s?
LE
: Y
es.
Mos
t o
f th
e pe
ople
who
sta
rted
her
e on
tha
t w
ent
brok
e, t
oo.
A lo
t o
f th
em c
ame
in h
ere
and
they
had
to
beat
all
the
brus
h do
wn
and
dril
l w
ells
, w
hich
is
expe
nsiv
e, a
nd l
evel
the
lan
d, w
hich
is e
xpen
sive
and
take
s a
lot
of
equi
pmen
t.
The
y st
aned
out
rais
ing
pota
toes
; the
y bu
ilt t
he p
otat
o sh
eds
over
her
e. S
tiem
le
and
Mel
Bai
ley,
I th
ink,
bui
lt th
e po
tato
she
ds, a
nd t
hen
they
got
all
the
guys
in
the
des
ert
entr
ies
in h
ere
to r
aise
pot
atoe
s. W
ell,
they
cou
ldn'
t ge
t th
e cr
ops
in o
n ti
me.
The
y co
uldn
't de
live
r th
e cr
ops,
and
som
e o
f th
em w
ere
outs
ide
-th
ey w
ere
froz
en -
so th
ey c
ould
n't
get
them
tra
nspo
rted
. The
n m
aybe
the
mar
ket
was
bad
in
L.A
. The
y w
ere
goin
g to
go
to L
.A.
wit
h al
l th
ese
pota
toes
, and
a lo
t of
them
just
fiz
zed
out.
Som
e o
f the
m w
ent
into
gra
in a
nd t
hey
sold
gra
in w
here
ver t
hey
coul
d, b
ut it
w
asn'
t eco
nom
ical
. Gra
dual
ly, d
iffe
rent
peo
ple
boug
ht p
orti
ons
of th
e fa
rms
and
star
ted
to r
aise
hay
. R
M:
So
it's
mai
nly
hay
now
? L
E:
It's
mai
nly
alfa
lfa.
The
gra
in w
ould
fre
eze
in J
une
and
July
. P
otat
oes
can
be
rais
ed h
ere,
but
...
R
M:
Why
don
't th
ey r
aise
the
m?
LE
: T
he m
arke
t. W
hen
I w
as m
anag
ing
for
DV
Ran
ch,
we
plan
ted
34 a
cres
of
seed
pot
atoe
s. [
Lau
ghs]
One
lot
of
17 a
cres
did
rea
l w
ell.
The
oth
er lo
t di
d w
ell,
but
we
got
a di
seas
e in
the
see
d -
they
cal
l it
blac
k le
g -
so t
hey
wou
ld h
ave
to b
e tr
ansp
orte
d fo
r ea
ting
pot
atoe
s. I
t did
n '\
hur
t the
m to
eat
. It
was
ver
y ex
pens
ive
to p
lant
see
d po
tato
es a
nd f
ertil
ize
them
and
eve
ryth
ing.
W
e di
d w
ell
on 1
7 ac
res.
On
the
othe
r 17
acr
es,
we
coul
dn't
affo
rd t
he
tran
spor
atio
n \0
L.A
. to
put
them
on
the
groc
ery
mar
ket.
Pot
atoe
s ar
e a
crop
w
here
the
y sa
y if
you
hav
e a
good
yea
r on
e ou
t of
eve
ry 5
or
7 ye
ars,
you
'll
mak
e m
oney
.
36
ET
CH
EG
AR
AY
RM
, L
E:
RM
, L
E:
RM
, L
E:
RM
: L
E:
RM
, L
E:
ME,
RM
, L
E:
RM
: L
E:
RM
, L
E:
Tha
t'll
carr
y yo
u ov
er f
or t
he b
ad y
ears
? Y
es.
Is th
e ha
y su
cces
sful
her
e?
It's
ver
y to
uchy
. Y
ou'v
e go
t to
rai
se tO
p qu
alit
y ha
y, b
ecau
se it
's g
ot to
go
as
dair
y ha
y in
ord
er to
mak
e it.
You
've
to g
et t
hat
top
pric
e.
You
've
got
to g
et t
he t
op p
rote
in?
Top
pro
tein
, top
TO
N (
tota
l di
gest
ible
nut
rien
ts),
and
it c
an't
gel
rai
ned
on,
beca
use
it co
sts
$35
to $
38 a
ton
in
frei
ght
to t
he C
alif
orni
a da
irie
s. W
ith
Mou
nt W
heel
er P
ower
rais
ing
thei
r ra
tes,
it's
get
ting
to
be a
touc
hy t
hing
. H
ow d
o yo
u se
e th
e fu
ture
of
fann
ing
in t
he v
alle
ys?
If th
e po
wer
rat
es d
on't
run
us
out,
we
mig
ht b
e ab
le t
o su
rviv
e -
if tr
ans
port
atio
n co
sts
don'
t ge
t to
o ba
d. I
t's a
ll a
mat
ter
of e
cono
mic
s.
Is t
here
pre
tty g
ood
dem
and
in L
.A.
for
the
dair
y ha
y?
The
re's
goo
d de
man
d fo
r to
p qu
ality
, but
you
hav
e to
spr
ay,
you
have
to g
et
your
wee
ds a
nd y
our
gras
ses
out.
The
re's
a l
ittl
e de
man
d fo
r T
imot
hy h
ay
here
now
-th
at g
oes
to th
e ho
rse
peop
le in
Las
Veg
as a
nd L
.A.
[Lau
ghte
r]
Now
the
y ev
en s
ell
it in
the
Bay
Are
a.
A lo
t o
f our
hay
goe
s to
Pet
alum
a, C
alif
orni
a, n
ot o
nly
to S
outh
ern
Cal
ifor
nia.
W
here
is
Pet
alum
a?
It's
on
the
coas
t dow
n by
San
ta R
osa.
TI
prob
ably
isn
't th
at m
uch
fart
her
ther
e th
an it
is
to L
.A.,
is i
t?
Oh,
it's
fur
ther
to L
.A. I
thin
k P
etal
uma
is c
row
ded
by th
e su
rrou
ndin
g to
wns
, so
they
don
't r
aise
any
hay
the
re. T
hey
have
to i
mpo
rt e
very
thin
g. I
n S
outh
er
n C
alif
orni
a I
gues
s th
ey p
roba
bly
rais
e so
me
alfa
lfa
off
and
on a
s a
spar
e cr
op.
Wha
t ki
nd o
f pr
otei
n co
nten
t do
you
get
here
? W
e're
loo
king
at
17 t
o 20
per
cent
.
ET
CH
EG
AR
AY
37
CO
NT
EN
TS
A
n In
terv
iew
wit
h E
stel
le G
enso
ll
CH
AP
TE
R O
NE
2
On
Est
elle
's I
tali
an-b
orn
pare
nts
-Ja
mes
Rog
anti
ni,
who
cam
e to
Eur
eka
to w
ork
in
the
cha
rcoa
l in
dust
ry,
and
Ann
eua,
who
cam
e to
Eur
eka
wit
h he
r pa
rent
s as
a
youn
g gi
rl;
how
Est
elle
boa
rded
in
Eur
eka,
and
her
mot
her'
s lo
w r
egar
d fo
r ra
nch
scho
ols;
Est
elle
rec
alls
her
fIrS
t da
y o
f sch
ool;
how
you
ng g
irls
am
used
the
mse
lves
in
Eur
eka
in t
he e
arly
190
0s, a
nd t
he c
loth
es t
hey
wor
e; I
ndia
ns o
n th
e R
ogan
tini
s'
Pin
to C
reek
Ran
ch.
CH
AP
TE
R T
WO
8
The
Chi
nese
pop
ulat
ion
in E
urek
a in
the
ear
ly 1
900s
; ea
rly
ranc
hes
in D
iam
ond
VaJ
ley;
cut
ting
ice
at t
he D
ePao
li R
anch
; tri
ps t
o D
uckw
ater
; rec
alli
ng A
. C.
Flo
rio;
re
mem
beri
ng t
he h
igh
scho
ol i
n E
urek
a, a
nd t
he t
own'
s da
nces
and
mus
ic;
disc
us
sion
of
the
Bas
ques
in E
urek
a; h
ealt
h ca
re in
Eur
eka
in t
he e
arly
190
0s.
CH
AP
TE
R T
HR
EE
14
E
stel
le's
hus
band
,Aug
ustu
s, s
erve
s in
Wor
ld W
ar I
; how
Est
elle
and
Aug
ustu
s m
et;
Est
elle
hel
ps a
sis
ter r
aise
her
fam
ily;
Aug
ustu
s'S
lif
e w
ork
as a
min
er;
reco
llec
tion
s o
f a
Eur
eka
hote
l, th
e m
ovie
the
ater
, an
d th
e E
urek
a Se
ntin
el a
nd i
ts e
dito
r, E
. A
. S
kill
man
, an
d hi
s w
ife,
Ett
a; r
emar
ks o
n th
e D
epre
ssio
n ye
ars
in E
urek
a; t
he r
ed
ligh
t di
stri
ct i
n E
urek
a; E
stel
le's
wor
k cl
erki
ng f
or t
he I
Gtc
hen
brot
hers
.
CH
AP
TE
R F
OU
R
21
Fu
nh
er d
iscu
ssio
n o
f cl
erki
ng a
t th
e K
itch
en b
roth
ers'
sto
re;
Est
elle
's s
econ
d jo
b.
clea
ning
the
bank
, and
her
thir
ojob
, wri
ting
aco
lwnn
fort
he E
urek
a Se
ntin
el;
Est
elle
's
mem
bers
hip
in v
ario
us E
urek
a se
rvic
e an
d so
cial
org
aniz
atio
ns;
the
last
ill
ness
of
Est
elle
's f
athe
r an
d hi
s de
ath
; on
Ital
ians
com
ing
to E
urek
a to
wor
k in
the
cha
rcoa
l in
dust
ry; o
n ba
king
bre
ad; E
urek
a's
sma1
llib
rary
i the
fri
endl
ines
s o
f Eur
eka'
s pe
ople
.
CH
AP
TE
R A
VE
28
M
emor
ies
of
wim
ers
and
a re
d w
ig a
nd c
omfo
rtab
le c
hair
s. a
nd o
f so
me
Eur
eka
wom
en.
GEN
SOL!
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
:
EG
: R
M,
EG
: R
M,
EG
:
RM
: E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
: E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
,
8
CH
AP
TE
R T
WO
Wer
e th
ere
any
blac
k pe
ople
liv
ing
in E
urek
a th
at y
ou r
ecal
l?
Yes
. A
girl
nam
ed J
essi
e an
d he
r fam
ily
live
d ne
xt d
oor t
o th
e sc
hool
. [J
essi
e]
used
to
help
tak
e ca
re o
f m
y si
ster
May
me'
s cl
othe
s.
Tha
t th
ey w
ere
iron
ed r
ight
and
eve
ryth
ing?
Y
es.
[The
re w
as a
lso]
a b
lack
man
tha
t 1
can
very
fai
ntly
rec
aJl
who
use
d to
g
o a
roun
d an
d si
ng. "
I can
't g
et '
em u
p, I
can
't g
et 'e
m u
p, I
can
't g
et '
em u
p in
the
mor
ning
."
But
tha
t w
as w
hen
r was
pre
tty
wel
l gr
own
and
we
had
mov
ed u
p to
Spr
ing
Str
eet.
You
men
tion
ed t
here
was
a C
hine
se c
ook
in t
own.
W
ere
ther
e an
y ot
her
Chi
nese
peo
ple
ther
e?
Oh,
yes
. T
hey
had
a C
hina
tow
n; t
he s
econ
d st
reet
fro
m M
ain
Str
eet.
G
oing
up
the
hill
? Y
es.
Was
it
quit
e la
rge?
Y
es,
it w
as.
r rem
embe
r go
ing
to o
ne C
hine
se f
uner
al w
hen
I w
as p
rett
y go
od s
ized
. T
hey
stre
amed
pap
ers
alon
g th
e w
ay.
And
the
y ha
d a
Chi
nese
gr
avey
ard.
E
very
body
waJ
ked
in t
hose
day
s, a
nd I
jus
t ha
ppen
ed t
o se
e w
hen
the
fune
raJ
wen
! by
. W
as t
here
a la
rge
Chi
nese
pop
ulat
ion?
T
here
use
d to
be
quit
e a
few
Chi
nese
. T
hey
didn
't h
ave
fam
ilie
s in
tho
se
days
; it
was
mos
tly
just
the
men
. B
efor
e m
y ti
me,
the
y us
ed t
o ce
lebr
ate
Chi
nese
New
Yea
r's
beca
use
they
had
a jo
ss h
ouse
. W
here
was
the
joss
hou
se l
ocat
ed?
Nex
t doo
r to
the
Sen
tine
l bu
ildi
ng.
I w
as n
ever
in i
t, t
houg
h.
Oh,
I w
ent
in
it w
hen
1 w
as g
row
n, b
ut th
ere
was
not
hing
lef
t by
that
tim
e. T
he
scro
unge
rs
arou
nd t
own
had
pret
ty w
ell
clea
ned
it ou
t. H
ow d
id t
he C
hine
se m
en e
arn
a li
ving
the
re?
The
y us
ed t
o w
ash
clot
hes
perh
aps,
or
som
ethi
ng l
ike
that
. S
ome
of
them
us
ed t
o cu
t w
ood.
Y
ou k
now
, yo
u co
uld
smel
l th
e dr
ugs.
1
imag
ine
it w
as
opiu
m.
You
rem
embe
r sm
elli
ng i
t?
Yes
, th
e (C
hine
se p
art
of]
tow
n sm
elle
d li
ke t
hat.
Als
o, d
urin
g P
rohi
biti
on,
they
had
und
ergr
ound
so
n o
f ru
nnel
s w
here
the
y w
ould
gam
ble;
the
y w
ere
all
good
gam
bler
s.
And
som
e o
f th
e bo
ys f
rom
Eur
eka
wou
ld b
e in
the
re.
And
of
cour
se,
they
'd l
ose
thei
r m
oney
. Y
ou m
ean
they
'd g
o in
to I
hej
oss
hou
se?
Go
into
the
back
of
thei
r ho
mes
-th
eir
litt
le h
ovel
s.
And
the
y w
ould
gam
ble
in I
here
? Y
es, i
n th
e ba
ck.
So
thai
att
ract
ed th
e yo
ung
peop
le.
The
y m
ade
thei
r mon
ey
that
way
. T
here
was
pro
babl
y ga
mbl
ing
in th
e ba
rs t
oo,
was
n't t
here
, in
Eur
eka
duri
ng
Pro
hibi
tion
?
GE
NS
OL
l
-
EG
: R
M:
EG
: R
M:
EG
: R
M,
EG
: R
M:
EG
:
RM
, E
G:
RM
: E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
,
EG
: R
M,
EG
:
Oh,
yes
. T
hey
had
gam
blin
g aJ
l ov
er N
evad
a. E
ven
thou
gh it
was
ill
egal
, th
ey a
ll di
d it,
did
n't
the
y?
Yes
, th
ey d
id.
Whe
n yo
u w
ere
grow
ing
up,
was
the
re a
ny a
ctiv
ity
in D
iam
ond
VaJ
ley?
I
mea
n, t
here
wer
e no
fan
ns o
ut i
n th
e m
iddl
e o
f th
e va
Jley
, w
ere
ther
e?
Oh,
no.
T
hat
aJl
cam
e la
ter.
Y
es.
But
I u
nder
stan
d th
at t
here
wer
e so
me
litt
le f
arm
s ar
ound
the
edg
e o
f th
e va
lley
in
the
cany
ons
arou
nd t
he m
ount
ain.
O
h, y
es.
Som
e ni
ce r
anch
es -
very
, ve
ry l
ucra
tive
nm
ches
too
. D
o yo
u re
mem
ber
any
of
them
in p
arti
cula
r?
The
re w
as t
he e
x-go
vern
or S
adle
r's
ranc
h.
He
owne
d S
adle
r'S
Ran
ch u
ntil
hi
s ki
ds g
rew
up
and
the
boys
die
d an
d so
for
th;
then
he
sold
out
. A
nd t
hen
acro
ss t
he v
alle
y, t
here
was
Apo
nds'
. O
h an
d an
othe
r on
e -
I d
on
't r
ecal
l th
eir
nam
e, b
ut o
ne o
f th
em w
as p
opul
ar i
n po
liti
cs j
ust a
few
yea
rs a
go.
Yes
. T
hey
supp
lied
mil
k an
d pr
oduc
e to
tow
n, d
idn'
t th
ey?
Yes
. JU
St p
rodu
ce;
mil
k ha
d to
com
e fr
om c
lose
r. A
ltho
ugh
som
etim
es th
ey
wou
ld b
ring
ove
r so
me
cott
age
chee
se o
r so
met
hing
lik
e th
at,
whe
n th
ey
wou
ld c
ome
in f
rom
not
so
far
away
tha
t it
wou
ld l
ast.
Do
you
rem
embe
r an
ythi
ng a
bout
Pin
e V
aJle
y?
No,
1 w
as n
ever
oul
in
Pin
e V
alle
y.
Wer
e yo
u ev
er a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
Beo
waw
e?
No.
D
h!
1 w
as g
oing
to t
ell
you
abou
t ic
e-cu
ttin
g.
On
our
ranc
h w
e ha
d a
smaJ
l re
serv
oir,
but
the
win
d bl
ew s
o m
uch
all
the
tim
e th
at t
he w
ater
nev
er
reaJ
ly f
roze
har
d en
ough
. B
ut n
ot t
oo fa
r aw
ay (
from
hom
e], w
hen
we
wan
ted
ice
crea
m,
we
alw
ays
stop
ped
in a
t th
e D
ePao
lis'
, w
here
the
y so
ld i
ce,
and
boug
ht a
chu
nk o
f it
so w
e co
uld
have
ice
cre
am f
or h
ome
-w
hene
ver
we
had
com
pany
or
som
ethi
ng l
ike
that
. O
r fo
r ou
rsel
ves.
D
id t
he D
ePao
lis
have
an
ice
pond
? Y
es,
they
did
hav
e th
e ic
e po
nd d
own
ther
e, a
nd t
hey
sold
it.
And
the
y w
ould
cut
it
out o
f th
e po
nd?
Yes
. 1
was
nev
er in
it t
ill a
fter
1 g
rew
up,
but
I th
ink
they
sto
red
chun
ks o
f ice
in
str
aw.
The
y us
ed t
o pe
ddle
ice
aro
und
Eur
eka.
T
hey
mad
e m
oney
tha
t w
ay?
Oh,
yes
. D
id t
hey
have
had
a v
ery
big
ice
hous
e?
It w
asn'
t so
big
. It
was
sto
red
in b
lock
s.
Ref
rige
rato
rs h
ad c
ome
in a
bout
th
at t
ime;
the
woo
den
ones
-ic
e bo
xes.
I
rem
embe
r m
y si
ster
had
an
ice
box
that
she
use
d to
use
unt
il e
lect
rici
ty c
ame
to t
own,
B
efor
e th
at y
ou k
ept
your
thin
gs c
old
wit
h w
ater
runn
ing
over
a g
unny
sac
k on
a b
arre
l?
Yes
. I
did
that
too
. D
id y
ou d
o th
at i
n E
urek
a?
Yes
. I
rem
embe
r I
had
one
so th
at f
lies
wou
ldn'
t ge
t in
it. It
had
a m
osqu
ito
GE
NS
OL
I 9
-.
RM
, EO
:
RM
: E
G:
RM
: E
G:
RM
: EG
:
RM
,
EG
: R
M:
EG
: R
M:
EG
,
RM
, EG
:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G;
RM
, E
O:
RM
, E
G:
RM
: E
O:
RM
, E
G:
RM
,
10
bar,
and
then
you
had
drip
sac
ks o
n it
and
that
way
you
kep
t th
ings
coo
l. D
id y
ou e
ver
go d
own
to D
uckw
ater
at
all?
N
o, b
ut m
y fa
ther
use
d to
go
dow
n on
ce a
yea
r fr
om t
he r
anch
to
buy
pro
duce
for
the
win
ter,
beca
use
it w
as a
wan
ner
clim
ate.
H
e co
uldn
't gr
ow p
rodu
ce o
n hi
s ra
nch?
N
o, n
ot e
noug
h fo
r ev
eryb
ody
for
the
win
ter.
A
nd I
rec
all
my
olde
st s
iste
r w
enl a
long
with
him
one
tim
e, a
nd th
is la
dy h
ad c
hick
ens
in th
e ho
use.
The
y ha
d on
e he
n th
at w
as in
the
kit
chen
and
she
was
Jay
ing
an e
gg.
And
whe
n sh
e go
t up
OUI
of t
he c
upbo
ard,
she
sca
red
the
life
out o
f the
m.
[Lau
ghs1
I
can
imag
ine.
T
hat
was
dow
n in
Duc
kwat
er?
Yes
. {L
augh
terJ
W
he
n y
ou c
ame
back
, yo
u ha
d to
pas
s P
ogue
Sta
tion.
A
nd w
hat
was
tha
t?
Tha
t w
as ju
st a
way
pla
ce f
or p
eopl
e fr
om D
uckw
ater
. A
nd P
ogue
was
sup
po
sed
to b
e a
very
dir
ty m
an.
So w
hen
he w
as t
aken
to
the
hosp
ital -s
uch
as
we
had
-th
e so
·cal
led
nurs
e m
ade
a jo
ke o
f it
and
she
said
tha
t he
die
d fr
om h
is fi
rst
bath
. [L
augh
ter]
If y
ou r
ead
the
Sent
inel
boo
k, th
ey c
redi
t tha
I to
my
gran
dfat
her.
N
ow,
my
gran
dfat
her
was
any
thin
g bu
t di
ny.
But
the
boo
k m
iscr
edits
him
with
"dy
ing
from
his
firs
t ba
th."
M
aybe
Ihi
s w
ill h
elp
to s
et t
he r
ecor
d st
raig
ht!
Yes
. D
id y
ou k
now
A.
C.
Flor
io?
Oh,
yes
, 1 k
new
him
wel
l. T
ell
me
abou
t hi
m.
He
had
this
big
ran
ch d
own
in D
uckw
ater
whe
re t
hey
now
hav
e th
e In
dian
re
serv
atio
n.
Eve
ntua
lly t
hey
sold
it
to t
he g
over
nmen
t fo
r th
e re
serv
atio
n, y
es.
He
died
in
the
mea
ntim
e an
d so
his
wif
e w
ent
dow
n to
Fal
lon.
She
die
d do
wn
ther
e.
She
had
a ni
ce h
ome.
D
id t
hey
have
qui
te a
bit
of m
oney
? W
ell,
Ihey
wer
e su
ppos
ed t
o. T
hey
had
a ve
ry n
ice
hous
e th
at t
hey
lived
in.
Did
A.
C.
live
dow
n at
the
ran
ch a
t D
uckw
ater
? N
o, I
hey
alw
ays
cam
e to
tow
n.
He
was
kin
d of
a n
otor
ious
man
in a
way
. In
wha
t w
ay?
Wel
l, he
was
a s
heri
ff f
or a
whi
le.
But
[he
was
not
orio
us]
even
in
Eur
eka
befo
re m
y tim
e.
In w
hat
way
was
he
noto
riou
s?
Bec
ause
he
had
the
Nap
les
tem
per-
you
know
, the
y're
hot
-blo
oded
peo
ple.
Y
ou m
ean
Nap
les,
Ita
ly,
tem
per?
Y
es.
Is t
hat a
say
ing,
tha
t th
e N
eapo
litan
s ha
ve a
tem
per?
Y
es.
The
y're
from
sou
ther
n It
aly
too.
Any
way
, he
wou
ld p
ull
his g
un f
or n
o re
ason
at
all.
Is t
hat
righ
t? W
hen
he w
as s
herif
f'?
GE
NSO
L!
-'-
EO
:
RM
,
EG
;
RM
: E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
: E
O:
RM
, E
G:
RM
;
EG
:
RM
: E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, E
G:
RM
, EG
:
RM
,
Yes
. A
nd e
ven
befo
re th
at,
he's
sup
pose
d to
hav
e ca
rrie
d a
gun,
but
whe
ther
he
did
or
whe
ther
he
didn
't, 1
don
't kn
ow.
He'
s bu
ried
in E
urek
a.
Who
wer
e so
me
othe
r pe
ople
tha
t st
and
out
in y
our
min
d fr
om w
hen
you
wer
e gr
owin
g up
in
thos
e ea
rly
year
s, o
r fr
om t
hese
tim
es in
Eur
eka?
W
hen
1 gre
w u
p th
e R
atta
uj b
oys
had
grow
n up
in t
he m
eant
ime
and
one
of
thos
e w
as t
he s
heri
ff.
Wha
t w
as h
is n
ame?
Ja
mes
Rat
tazz
i. A
nd h
e w
as a
larg
e m
an, s
o th
ey a
lway
s sa
id h
e di
dn't
even
ha
ve to
car
ry a
gun
, his
loo
ks s
care
d th
em.
How
big
was
he?
W
ei!,
he w
as ju
st a
n or
dina
ry p
erso
n.
He
just
hap
pene
d to
be
larg
e-b
uil
thu
sky.
Any
how
, he
was
a g
ood
sher
iff.
W
as t
here
muc
h cr
ime
in E
urek
a?
Not
dur
ing
my
time.
Y
ou w
ent
all
the
way
thr
ough
sch
ool
in E
urek
a, d
idn'
t you
? O
h, y
es,
I gr
adua
ted
ther
e,
Tel
l m
e ab
out
goin
g to
hig
h sc
hool
in
Eur
eka.
Y
ou w
ould
hav
e be
en g
oing
to
hig
h sc
hool
in
the
earl
y 19
20s?
Y
es,
It w
as a
goo
d sc
hool
. W
e go
t jus
t exa
ctly
wha
t the
y m
ay g
et n
ow.
And
w
e ha
d Fr
ench
, of c
ours
e, T
he li
ttle
bit o
f Fre
nch
I did
rem
embe
r ha
s le
ft m
e a
long
tim
e ag
o.
But
I t
ook
2 ye
ars
of
that
, an
d [h
ad c
ours
es]
in g
ram
mar
an
d la
ngua
ge a
nd s
o fo
rth.
W
hat
kind
of
activ
ities
did
you
hav
e?
The
y sa
id t
hat
to p
lay
bask
etba
ll w
e ha
d to
sta
nd o
ut i
n th
e gr
avel
bec
ause
w
e di
dn't
have
a g
ymna
sium
. B
ut I
was
nev
er g
ood
at t
hat
type
of
thin
g
anyw
ay.
Did
you
hav
e da
nces
and
par
ties
and
thin
gs l
ike
that
? O
h, y
es.
And
as
we
got
olde
r, m
y fr
iend
use
d to
pla
y th
e pi
ano.
The
pia
no
was
alr
eady
wor
n ou
t, bu
t she
use
d to
pla
y it
and
we'
d da
nce
to th
at.
Do
you
rem
embe
r Ihi
s fe
llow
Kay
-w
hen
we
first
had
jazz
? li
e ca
me
to to
wn
with
a
cow
bell
and
stuf
f lik
e th
at t
o m
ake
nois
e th
at s
ound
ed l
ikej
azz.
W
hen
did
radi
o co
me
into
Eur
eka?
W
e!l,
I re
mem
ber
whe
n w
e ha
d th
e fir
st d
emon
stra
tion.
E
very
body
sto
od
outs
ide
on th
e st
reet
wai
ting
for
this
dem
onst
ratio
n, w
hich
nev
er s
how
ed u
p.
It n
ever
hap
pene
d?
No.
W
hat
year
wou
ld t
hat
have
bee
n, a
ppro
xim
atel
y?
I do
n't
rem
embe
r. W
e al
l ha
d ph
onog
raph
s be
fore
tha
t. D
id y
our
fam
ily h
ave
a ph
onog
raph
? Y
es,
we
had
a V
ictr
ola.
W
as i
t th
e ro
und
disc
s -c
yli
nd
ers
-or
flat
rec
ords
? M
y fr
iend
had
the
rou
nd o
ne -
Vic
trol
a, I
lhin
k it
was
cal
led.
B
ut e
very
bo
dy g
ot to
pla
y th
eir
[rec
ords
].
Was
that
a b
ig t
hing
in
peop
le's
live
s?
GE
NSO
L!
II
EO
:
RM
, E
O:
RM
: E
O:
RM
: E
O:
RM
,
EO
: R
M:
EO
: R
M,
EO
: R
M,
EG
: R
M:
EO
: R
M:
EG
: R
M,
EO
: R
M:
EO
:
RM
, E
G:
RM
: E
O:
RM
, E
O:
RM
: E
O:
RM
, E
O:
RM
, E
O:
RM
,
12
Oh,
sur
e.
You
alw
ays
had
to h
ave
mus
ic.
We
also
had
a t
own
band
. It
was
co
nsid
ered
a v
ery
good
ban
d in
tho
se d
ays.
D
o yo
u re
mem
ber
wha
t it
was
cal
led?
E
urek
a L
obst
er C
lub
Ban
d.
I w
onde
r w
hy t
hey
call
ed i
t th
aI.
I d
on
't k
now
. B
UI
they
use
d to
pla
y fo
r m
arch
es a
nd s
tuff
like
tha
t.
Did
the
y ha
ve p
arad
es in
Eur
eka
ever
? O
h, y
es.
Mem
oria
l D
ay t
hey
used
to
have
a b
ig-t
ime
[par
ade]
. A
nd I
re
mem
ber
we
alw
ays
dres
sed
in o
ur
fine
ry a
nd m
arch
ed a
ll th
e w
ay t
o th
e ce
met
ery.
D
id t
he I
tali
ans
live
in
thei
r ow
n se
ctio
n o
f to
wn
or
wer
e th
ey j
uSt
ever
yw
here
? N
o, t
hey
assi
mil
ated
. A
nd t
he C
hine
se h
ad t
heir
ow
n se
ctio
n, d
idn'
t th
ey?
Yes
. H
ow a
bom
the
Bas
ques
? T
he
Bas
ques
had
the
she
ep, o
f co
urse
, ou
t in
the
cou
ntry
. T
hey
wer
en't
in t
own?
N
o, a
nd w
hen
they
cam
e to
tow
n, t
hey
live
d it
up,
to t
ell
you
the
trut
h.
The
y di
d?
Yes
. A
nd t
hey
had
thei
r ow
n ea
ting
hou
se a
nd s
o fo
rth.
S
o th
e B
asqu
es w
ere
kind
of
segr
egat
ed t
hen?
O
h,
yes.
W
hat
did
peop
le t
hink
of
the
Bas
ques
? T
hey
thou
ght
they
wer
e pe
rfec
tly
all
righ
t. T
here
was
n't
any
disc
rim
inat
ion
agai
nst
Bas
ques
? N
o. T
hey
wer
e th
e pe
ople
that
had
the
shee
p. A
nd w
hen
they
cam
e to
tow
n,
the
boys
wer
e fl
ush,
so
you
cou
ld i
mag
ine
they
wou
ld l
ive
it u
p.
And
the
n sp
end
all
thei
r m
oney
and
the
n g
o b
ack
to th
e hi
lls?
T
hat's
rig
ht.
[Lau
ghte
r]
But
ther
e w
as a
lway
s so
meb
ody
ther
e to
tak
e th
eir
wad
or
wha
teve
r th
ey'd
bri
ng i
n.
Wer
e th
ere
a lo
t o
f B
asqu
e sh
eeph
erde
rs in
tho
se d
ays?
W
ell,
tha
t's a
ll th
ere
wer
e -
just
Bas
ques
fo
r sh
eeph
erde
rs.
It w
as b
ig s
heep
cou
ntry
, w
asn'
t it
? Y
es.
Was
she
ephe
rdin
g im
port
ant
for
the
Eur
eka
econ
omy?
Y
es.
Whc
re d
id t
he s
heep
herd
ers
get t
heir
sup
plie
s?
At
Bia
le's
mar
ket.
A
nd w
hat
they
did
n't
hav
e th
ere
at B
iale
's m
arke
t, t
hey
[bou
ght
in]
Elk
o.
Ely
was
n't
muc
h o
f a
tow
n in
tho
se d
ays,
bU
I E
lko
was
, be
caus
e it
was
on
the
mai
n ro
ad.
Wha
t di
d yo
u do
for
hea
llh
care
, w
hen
peop
le g
OI
sick
? W
e ha
d a
doct
or.
Was
the
re a
hos
pita
l th
ere?
OE
NS
OL
I
1
EO
:
RM
, E
O:
RM
, E
O:
RM
, E
O:
RM
,
EO
: R
M,
EO
:
Wel
l, th
ere
was
a m
akes
hift
hos
pita
l th
at n
obod
y w
ent 1
0 ex
cepl
whe
n pe
ople
gO
I to
o ol
d an
d th
ey h
ad t
o be
con
fine
d o
r so
met
hing
lik
e th
at.
Oth
erw
ise,
yo
u to
ok c
are
of
your
self
. S
o,
they
jus
t did
n'l
hos
pita
lize
peo
ple
in t
hose
day
s?
No.
B
abie
s w
ere
born
at
hom
e, w
eren
't th
ey?
Yes
. W
as t
here
a m
idw
ife,
or
did
the
dOC
lor
deli
ver
the
babi
es?
Th
e do
ctor
del
iver
ed t
hem
. T
here
wer
e so
me
wom
en w
ho u
sed
to g
o ar
ound
to
tak
e ca
re o
f th
e w
oman
. M
y m
othe
r di
d th
at.
Wha
t wou
ld h
appe
n if
a p
erso
n br
oke
thei
r le
g o
r som
ethi
ng a
nd h
ad t
o be
in
the
hosp
ital
? W
ell,
I gu
ess
you
wen
lto
Elk
o. T
hey
had
a go
od h
ospi
tal
ther
e.
How
did
you
get
the
re?
You
wen
t by
car
.
GE
NS
OL
! 13
An
Inte
rvie
w w
ith
FL
OY
D &
CH
AR
LE
NE
SL
AG
OW
SK
I
l C
harl
ene
and
Flo
yd S
iag
ow
ski
Pine
Val
ley,
Eur
eka
Cou
nty,
199
2
An
Ora
l H
isto
ry c
ondu
cted
and
edi
ted
by
Rob
erT
D.
McC
rack
e/l
1993
CO
"'T
EN
TS
A
n In
terv
iew
wit
h F
loyd
an
d C
harl
ene
Sia
gow
ski
CH
AP
TE
R O
NE
4
Bac
kgro
und
info
rmat
ion
on C
harl
ene'
s pa
rent
s an
d th
e ea
rly
loss
of
her
fath
er,
Cha
rlen
e is
bro
ught
up
in P
ine
Val
ley
by h
er g
rand
pare
nts,
Cha
rles
and
Mol
ly R
and;
C
harl
es w
orks
with
bul
l tc
ams
haul
ing
woo
d, a
nd h
is l
ater
car
eer
in c
arpe
ntry
in
Min
eral
Hill
and
Pal
isad
e; h
ards
hips
the
Ran
ds s
urvi
ved
thro
ugh
the
year
s, i
nclu
din
g de
aths
, an
eart
hqua
ke a
nd a
gra
ssho
pper
infe
stat
ion;
des
crib
ing
an i
nfes
tati
on o
f M
on
no
n c
rick
ets;
rec
olle
ctio
ns o
f th
e ra
bies
epi
dem
ic in
Pin
e V
alle
y co
yote
s fr
om
191.
5 to
193
.5.
CH
AP
TE
R T
WO
12
F
urth
er r
ecol
lect
ions
con
cern
ing
the
rabi
es e
pide
mic
; re
mem
beri
ng a
sca
bies
inf
es
tati
on, a
nd d
iscu
ssin
g tu
lare
mia
in t
he lo
cal
rabb
it p
opul
atio
n; C
harl
ene'
s tr
avel
s to
at
tend
sch
ool;
bac
kgro
und
info
rmat
ion
on F
loyd
's p
aren
ts a
nd F
loyd
's y
outh
on
a W
yom
ing
farm
; F
loyd
mov
es t
o N
evad
a an
d fi
nds
wor
k on
var
ious
ran
ches
, th
en
land
s aj
ob
on
the
Sad
ler R
anch
in D
iam
ond
Val
ley;
rem
embe
ring
the
Sad
ler
Ran
ch;
mov
ing
catt
le u
sing
hof
1iC
s; a
nigh
t sp
ent
at J
oe F
lynn
's r
anch
-ty
pica
l N
evad
a ho
spit
alit
y.
CH
AP
TE
R T
HR
EE
.2
0 T
he h
ard
wor
k o
f fe
edin
g ca
ttle
in t
he w
inte
r on
the
Sad
ler
Ran
ch;
mor
e di
scus
sion
o
f the
Sad
ler f
amil
y; o
n cl
eani
ng d
ilch
esan
d ha
ying
usi
ng h
orse
s; r
emar
ks o
n br
eaki
ng
hors
es;
how
to
choo
se a
goo
d ho
rse;
dri
ving
cau
le f
rom
the
Sad
ler
Ran
ch 1
0 th
e ra
ilro
ad a
t P
alis
ade
-an
imal
s th
at h
ad n
ever
see
n m
ore
than
a m
ud h
ole
wer
e su
dden
ly p
rese
nted
with
rai
lroa
d tr
acks
, tr
affi
c an
d a
rive
r.
CH
AP
TE
R F
OU
R
28
Rou
ndin
g up
cat
tle
in P
ine
Val
ley
in t
he f
all;
the
geog
raph
y o
f Pi
ne V
alle
y an
d th
e qu
alit
y o
f th
e fe
ed t
here
; av
aila
bili
ty o
f sto
ck w
ater
in P
ine
Val
ley;
rem
arks
on
the
pr
esen
ce o
f the
BL
M in
Eur
eka
Cou
nty,
and
som
e ba
ckgr
ound
on
the
tram
p sh
cepm
en
in t
he c
ount
y w
ho h
elpe
d ov
ergr
aze
the
rang
e pr
ior
to t
he 1
9305
.
CH
AP
TE
R F
IVE
35
F
urth
er r
emar
ks o
n th
e B
LM
, and
obs
erva
tion
s o
n th
e fu
ture
of
the
ranc
hing
ind
us
try
and
ranc
hing
as
a w
ay o
f lif
e; b
reed
s o
f caU
lc i
n P
ine
Val
ley;
the
win
ter o
f 18
89-
1890
; th
e im
port
ance
of
the
frei
ght
team
s o
f the
187
05 t
o th
e re
gion
bet
wee
n E
urek
a an
d P
alis
ade;
the
mer
its
of o
xen,
hor
ses
and
mul
es a
s fr
eigh
t an
imal
s; r
emem
beri
ng
Cha
rlen
e's
cous
in J
oe F
lynn
, a f
reig
hter
and
ran
cher
; th
e si
ze o
f Wil
liam
Pri
tcha
rd's
fr
eigh
t co
mpa
ny i
n P
alis
ade;
an
exte
nsiv
e de
scri
ptio
n o
f th
e in
tric
ate
wor
k o
f dr
iv
ing
a la
rge
frei
ght
team
.
SL
AO
OW
SK
J
~
CH
AP
TE
R S
lX
43
A c
onti
nuat
ion
of h
ow f
reig
ht t
eam
s ar
e co
nnec
ted
and
man
aged
; som
e di
ffer
ence
s be
twee
n ho
rses
and
mul
es a
s dr
ay a
nim
als;
fee
ding
and
wat
erin
g te
ams
of
frei
ght
anim
als;
how
to
tell
whe
n an
ani
mal
is
faki
ng p
ulli
ng it
s lo
ad;
Aoy
d en
ters
the
U.S
. A
nny
in 1
942
and,
in H
awai
i, be
com
es a
mul
e ha
ndle
r an
d th
en a
far
rier
; sp
endi
ng
his
last
arm
y da
ys in
Col
orad
o.
CH
AP
TE
R S
EV
EN
50
H
ow C
harl
ene'
s gr
andf
athe
r Cha
rles
Ran
d ca
me
10 N
evad
a w
hile
tran
spor
ting
som
e m
ules
; Cha
rles
mee
ts h
is w
ife,
Mar
y B
ooth
. at M
iner
al H
ill a
nd, a
ner
som
e ye
ars
in
Min
eral
Hill
and
Pal
isad
e, t
hey
buy
a ra
nch
in P
ine
Val
ley;
the
set
tlem
ent
of
Pin
e V
aJle
y an
d th
e bu
ildi
ng o
f Eur
eka
and
Pal
isad
e; a
des
crip
tion
of t
he m
ount
ains
bor
de
ring
Pin
e V
alle
y an
d th
e cr
eeks
tha
t fl
ow i
nto
and
thro
ugh
it; w
inte
rs i
n P
ine
Val
ley.
CH
AP
TE
R E
IGH
T
56
The
sea
sons
in P
ine
Val
ley;
mor
e hi
stor
y of
the
earl
y se
ttle
men
t of P
ille
Val
ley;
The
E
mig
rant
Tra
il a
nd t
he m
ail
rout
e fr
om S
alt
Lak
e C
ity t
o S
acra
men
to i
n 18
51;
re
mar
ks o
n Jo
e F
lynn
, hi
s ta
lent
s w
ith
hors
es,
and
how
he
frei
ghte
d fr
om 1
910
to
1912
, w
hen
the
Eur
eka
and
Pal
isad
e R
ailr
oad
was
was
hed
out;
mem
orie
s o
f ot
her
Min
eral
Hill
pio
neer
s; C
harl
ene'
s m
emor
ies
of
scho
ol d
ays
in P
alis
ade
in t
he l
ate
1920
5.
CH
AP
TE
R N
INE
63
A
des
crip
tion
of
the
rail
road
s in
Pal
isad
e; t
he c
onfl
uenc
e o
f P
ine
Cre
ek a
nd t
he
Hum
bold
t R
iver
; ea
rly
phon
e li
ne i
n P
alis
ade;
rec
olle
etio
ns o
f th
e sc
hool
in
Pali
sade
, an
d o
f ri
ding
the
nar
row
gau
ge b
etw
een
Pal
isad
e an
d th
e R
and
Ran
ch e
ach
wee
k; f
unhe
r m
emor
ies
of e
pide
ntic
s in
the
193
05; s
ome
of t
he m
en w
ho s
erve
d in
th
e ar
med
for
ces
from
Pin
e V
alle
y; F
loyd
and
Cha
rlen
e ar
e m
arri
ed.
CH
AP
TE
R T
EN
71
E
cono
ntic
im
prov
emen
ts i
n ra
nchi
ng i
n th
e 19
40s
com
pare
d w
ith
the
earl
y 19
305,
es
peci
ally
the
win
ter o
f 19
31-1
932;
how
peo
ple
lost
ran
ches
in t
he 1
9305
; a d
iscu
ssi
on o
f th
e va
riou
s ag
es a
t w
hich
cat
tle
have
bee
n so
ld t
hrou
gh t
he y
ears
, an
d th
e ty
pes
of c
attl
e pr
efer
red
at d
iffe
rent
tim
es:
the
era
of sh
eeph
erdi
ng in
Eur
eka
Cou
nty.
CH
AP
TE
R E
LE
VE
N
79
The
195
05 -
a ne
w h
ighw
ay li
nd a
new
pho
ne s
yste
m e
nter
Pin
e V
alle
y; l
ivin
g on
th
e S
lago
wsk
is' r
anch
: ru
nnin
g w
ater
and
pow
er c
ome
late
to th
e va
lley
; F
loyd
and
C
harl
ene'
s ch
ildre
n at
tend
hig
h sc
hool
in E
lko,
and
som
e o
f the
cha
llen
ges
of b
oard
ing
youn
gste
rs a
way
fro
m h
ome;
how
Flo
yd b
egan
to h
ay w
ith
mac
hine
ry i
n th
e 19
505;
on
wor
king
har
d an
d cr
eati
ng a
fin
e ra
nch;
the
sch
ool o
n th
e S
iago
wsk
is' r
anch
; th
e ir
on m
ine
in t
he C
orte
z R
ange
; m
ail
deli
very
in
Pin
e V
alle
y th
roug
h th
e ye
ars.
2 S
LA
GO
WS
KI
CH
AP
TE
R T
WE
LV
E
87
Rem
arks
on
the
canl
e bu
sine
ss in
the
1%
Os;
mov
ing
a ho
use
and
a va
ult
door
fro
m
the
Mou
nt H
ope
Min
e to
the
Sia
gow
skis
' ran
ch;
star
ting
the
scho
ol a
tlh
e ra
nch
in
the
1950
5: t
he S
iago
wsk
is m
ove
to t
he P
ony
Cre
ek R
anch
in
the
1970
5, a
nd t
heir
ch
ildr
en m
ove
onto
var
ious
loc
al r
anch
es;
Flo
yd b
uild
s th
eir
new
hom
e in
the
lal
e 19
705;
rem
aric
.s on
the
oil w
ells
in P
ine
Val
ley
and
on th
e C
arli
n an
d ot
her a
rea
gold
m
ines
; a
true
slO
ry o
f dri
ving
a b
ull
90 m
iles
in o
ne d
ay -
on h
orse
back
.
AD
DE
ND
UM
95
A
det
aile
d ac
coun
t o
f the
an
and
sci
ence
of
hitc
hing
, dri
ving
and
man
agin
g fr
eigh
l te
ams.
$LA
GO
WS
KI
3
FS:
RM
: FS
: C
S:
FS
:
CS
:
RM
, F
S:
CS
:
RM
, es
,
FS
: R
M,
FS:
CH
AP
TE
R T
WO
I re
call
Rei
nhol
d S
adle
r te
llin
g m
e on
e ti
me
he w
ent
to c
atch
his
wra
ngle
ho
rse
to w
rang
le th
e ho
rses
in.
He
said
whe
n he
put
the
bri
dle
up t
o hi
m, h
e ju
st d
ropp
ed e
very
thin
g an
d le
ft,
beca
use
the
hors
e ha
d be
en b
itte
n w
ith
a ra
bid
coyo
te in
the
nig
ht s
omet
ime.
W
ow.
So
he
prob
ably
wen
t an
d go
t hi
s gu
n an
d sh
ot h
im?
I su
ppos
e he
had
to
dest
roy
him
. N
ow,
anot
her
plag
ue w
as t
he r
abbi
ts.
The
y at
e yo
u ou
t of
hous
e an
d ho
me.
W
e've
had
sev
eral
inf
esta
tion
s o
f ra
bbit
s: I
rem
embe
r th
e fo
lks
did.
T
hey
wer
en't
that
bad
. T
hey'
d ge
t bad
, but
they
'd d
ie o
ff.
Am
ore
im
port
ant
one
wou
ld b
e to
tell
abou
t th
e sc
abie
s th
at t
hey
had
whe
n th
ey h
ad t
o di
p al
l th
e ca
llie
. Y
es, t
hat w
as b
ad to
o. T
hai w
as w
hen
' was
abo
ut 1
5. S
o y
ou s
ee,
it w
as o
ne
thin
g af
ter
anot
her.
T
ell
us a
bo
ult
he
scab
ies.
W
hat
is s
cabi
es,
to b
egin
wit
h?
It's
an
infe
stat
ion
of
tiny
mit
es t
he c
ows
get,
a sk
in m
ite
dise
ase.
The
y lo
se
thei
r ha
ir.
It's
a p
rett
y ri
sky
thin
g, a
nd t
hey
have
to
dip
the
catt
le in
a s
olu
tion
to
kill
it in
ord
er to
sto
p it.
T
hey
had
to b
uild
a d
ippi
ng b
ath
to p
ut t
he
catt
le t
hrou
gh t
he s
olut
ion,
and
tha
t's a
ll an
add
ed e
xpen
se a
nd a
dded
tim
e an
d tr
oubl
e.
I th
ink
a bu
nch
of
them
wen
t to
geth
er a
nd t
hey
buil
t a
cem
ent
floo
r in
the
co
rral
and
the
n it
wen
t do
wn
into
a b
ig c
emen
t ch
ute
and
then
und
er
neat
h th
is t
hey
had
a fu
rnac
e-li
ke t
hing
whe
re t
hey
chuc
ked
in w
ood
and
slu
ff to
kee
p [t
he d
ippi
ng s
olut
ion]
war
m t
hrou
gh t
he n
ight
. I
rem
embe
r w
alki
ng o
ver
ther
e w
ith
Gra
ndpa
to f
ire
it u
p at
nig
ht.
And
it
was
alw
ays
the
awfu
lest
-sm
elli
ng s
tuff
-it
mus
t ha
ve h
ad a
lot
of
sulf
ur i
n it.
It
smel
led
like
rO
tten
eggs
plu
s ot
her
thin
gs.
I re
mem
ber
' us
ed t
o ta
ke
sage
brus
h in
my
hand
, ru
b it
in
my
palm
, an
d pu
t it
over
my
face
, an
d sm
ell
the
sage
brus
h. O
f cou
rse,
'ju
st h
ad t
o go
ove
r w
ith
Gra
nd
pa
to s
ee
this
. [L
augh
s] I
was
just
a y
oung
tee
nage
r.
But
tha
t w
as a
ll a
n ex
pens
e.
All
the
diff
eren
t ra
nche
rs b
roug
ht t
heir
cat
tle
ther
e.
The
y w
ould
com
e o
ut o
f th
is c
hute
, and
you
had
pol
es w
ith
thes
e "S
n_sh
aped
thi
ngs
to p
oke
thei
r he
ads
dow
n in
the
sol
utio
n.
Oh,
the
y ha
d to
gel
the
ir h
ead
dow
n in
it,
did
n't
the
y?
The
y ha
d re
ally
to
be b
apti
zed
in t
hat
stuf
f.
ILau
ghte
r]
Th
ey'd
com
e ba
ck
up a
nd t
hen
they
had
a d
rain
pen
whe
re th
ey'd
sta
nd a
nd d
rip
and
they
had
li
ttle
dit
ches
in t
his
cem
ent s
o it
wou
ld r
un b
ack
dow
n in
the
val
. It
was
qui
te
an o
pera
tion
. 'c
an
't r
emem
ber
who
bro
ught
the
ir c
attl
e th
ere
to d
o it,
but
th
e di
ffer
ent
ranc
hers
in
the
vaJl
ey c
ame
and
put
them
thr
ough
tha
t. D
id
they
onl
y ha
ve t
o be
put
thr
ough
tha
i on
ce?
I be
liev
e so
. W
as t
here
just
one
ser
ious
out
brea
k o
f sca
bies
, or
have
the
re b
een
othe
r.>?
The
re h
ave
been
oth
er li
ght o
utbr
eaks
thro
ugho
ut th
e ye
ars,
but
if t
hey
hand
le
12
SL
AG
OW
SK
J
T
~
RM
, F
S:
RM
, es
, R
M:
FS:
CS
: R
M,
FS:
CS
: R
M,
FS
:
CS
: R
M,
FS
: C
S:
RM
: C
S:
RM
, C
S:
RM
, es
,
it im
med
iate
ly, t
hey
get i
t sto
pped
. B
ut th
is o
ne k
ind
of g
ot a
hol
d an
d al
l th
e pe
ople
in
the
vall
ey h
ad t
o di
p to
get
rid
of
it.
The
rea
son
we
talk
abo
ut t
hese
thi
ngs
is t
o m
ore
or l
ess
give
an
idea
of
the
trou
bles
and
set
back
s an
d th
e pr
oble
ms
and
expe
nses
the
y ha
d tr
ying
to
es
tabl
ish
a ra
nch.
Y
es -
it's
par
t of
the
life
her
e.
Tha
t's r
ight
. W
hat
abou
t th
e ra
bbit
s? T
hey
rise
and
fal
l, do
n't
they
? E
very
so
man
y ye
ar.>
. T
hey'
re s
tani
ng to
bec
ome
quit
e pr
eval
ent
now
. W
hat
caus
es t
he c
ycle
? It
's a
nat
ural
thi
ng.
It'll
take
the
m a
few
yea
rs t
o bu
ild
up to
a re
al p
robl
em.
And
at
that
tim
e, t
hey'
ll e
at a
lfal
fa f
ield
s an
d al
falf
a st
acks
. T
hey
're
a nu
isa
nce;
the
y do
a l
ot o
f da
mag
e. A
fter
they
get
10
a ce
rtai
n po
int,
the
y'll
get
tu
lare
mia
-ra
bbit
fev
er d
isea
se -
and
they
')] a
ll d
ie o
ff.
It's
just
a n
atur
al
cycl
e an
d th
ey'r
e go
ne a
nd y
ou d
on
't s
ee a
ny m
ore
for
man
y ye
ars.
N
atur
e ta
kes
care
of
it.
Is t
he tu
lare
mia
in t
he p
opul
atio
n al
l th
e ti
me
or d
oes
it ju
st c
ome
in n
ow a
nd
then
? It
mus
t be
ther
e al
l th
e tim
e.
But
whe
n th
ey g
et s
o th
ick,
that
will
tak
e th
em.
Tul
arem
ia i
s a
dise
ase
in h
uman
s to
o, y
ou k
now
. Y
es.
We
used
to
call
it
rabb
it f
ever
. T
hat's
wha
t ki
lls
them
off
-th
ey g
et t
oo n
umer
ous
and
the
dise
ase
take
s ov
er a
nd t
hey
die
off.
It'
s a
swel
ling
of
the
glan
ds a
nd ...
W
e w
ere
told
nev
er t
o to
uch
thei
r bl
ood,
esp
ecia
lly
in a
mon
th w
itho
ut a
n "r
."
I do
n't
kno
w a
bout
tha
t. W
e al
way
s le
ave
them
alo
ne-
won
't to
uch
them
. W
e st
ill
don'
t.
If th
ere'
s a
dead
rab
bit
arou
nd,
we'
re c
aref
ul o
f ho
w w
e di
spos
e o
f it.
F
loyd
's b
roth
er h
ad t
ular
emia
. S
o yo
u gr
ew u
p on
you
r gr
andp
aren
ts' r
anch
? 's
ure
did
. B
ut e
very
tim
e' h
ad to
go
to s
choo
l, r
had
to b
e se
nt a
way
. I
wen
t to
Elk
o an
d st
ayed
wit
h m
y au
nt -
she
taug
ht s
choo
l ov
er t
here
. I
stay
ed
wit
h he
r to
go to
fir
st a
nd s
econ
d gr
ade.
The
n he
r son
die
d; t
hat w
as a
noth
er
blow
. H
e w
as o
nly
13 o
r so
whe
n he
die
d.
The
n 1
was
sen
t ba
ck d
own
to
Pal
isad
e to
sch
ool.
And
tha
t's w
hen
we
used
to
ride
on
Ihe
old
trai
n. Y
ou'd
go
in
on a
Sun
day
afte
rnoo
n on
the
old
tra
in o
r in
the
lit
tle
mot
or c
ar a
nd
then
com
e ba
ck o
ut S
atur
day
mor
ning
. T
hat
was
a s
hort
wee
kend
, as
far
,
was
con
cern
ed.
Rig
ht -
very
sho
rt.
I ha
ted
it.
[Lau
ghs]
T
hen
my
uncl
e st
arte
d a
scho
ol o
ut o
n th
e ra
nch.
H
e ha
d th
e pl
ace
the
Bis
pos
have
now
. W
hat
wou
ld t
he r
anch
be
call
ed?
I gue
ss t
hey
call
it
the
Rai
nes'
pla
ce:
Bob
Rai
nes
had
it ye
ars
ago.
And
so
I w
ent
to s
choo
l in
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y to
o.
In t
hose
day
s it
took
5 t
o st
art
a
__
--'S
LA
GO
WS
KI
13
RM
, C
S:
RM
,
FS:
RM
, FS
: R
M,
FS:
R
M,
FS:
RM
, FS
:
RM
, FS
: Rl
'v1:
FS:
RM
, FS
:
RM
,
FS:
RM
, FS
: R
M,
FS:
RM
, FS
: R
M:
FS:
RM
, F
S,
RM
,
14
scho
ol a
nd 3
to
hold
it
out
here
in
thes
e bo
onic
s.
So I
was
a p
rett
y go
od
cand
idat
e fo
r ho
ldin
g a
scho
ol.
[Lau
ghte
r)
And
tha
t's a
bout
ali
i w
as.
J w
asn'
t muc
h of
a st
uden
t, I c
an te
ll yo
u. T
hen
I wen
t to
Ren
o to
hig
h sc
hool
an
d gr
adua
ted
from
the
re.
I sec
. So
you
wen
t to
a lo
t of d
iffe
rent
sch
ools
? O
b,
yes.
Th
ey
cou
ldn
't s
tand
me
very
lo
ng
. [L
au
ghs
] F
loyd
, why
do
n't
we
back
up
a bi
t and
get
you
r na
me
and
ever
ythi
ng li
ke w
e di
d w
ith C
harl
ene.
W
hy d
on't
you
tell
me
your
nam
e as
it
read
s on
you
r bi
nh c
enif
icat
e?
It's
Flo
yd C
arl
Sia
gow
ski.
A
nd
whe
n an
d w
here
wer
e yo
u bo
rn?
I was
bor
n in
Bur
nt F
ork,
Wyo
min
g, A
pri1
24.
1916
. A
nd
wh
at
was
yo
ur
fath
er'
s na
me?
E
li S
lago
wsk
i.
An
d d
o y
ou k
no
w w
hen
and
whe
re h
e w
as b
orn?
H
e w
as b
orn
in S
t. G
eorg
e, U
tah.
W
as h
e a
Mo
nn
on
?
Yes
, th
ey w
ere
Mor
mon
peo
ple.
H
e m
oved
fro
m t
here
up
into
the
Bri
dger
V
alle
y, w
here
he
and
my
mot
her h
omes
tead
ed in
190
0. A
nd t
hat's
whe
re th
e fa
mil
y w
as r
aise
d. T
hey
adde
d so
me
to th
e ho
mes
tead
, but
tha
t's w
here
we
wer
e ra
ised
. W
here
abou
ts i
n W
yom
ing
is t
he B
ridg
er V
alle
y?
It's
in t
he s
outh
wes
tern
com
er o
f th
e st
ate.
W
hat
nati
onal
ity
is S
iago
wsk
i?
Pol
ish.
W
as h
is f
amily
con
vert
ed to
LO
S in
Pol
and?
S
uppo
sedl
y th
e ol
d gr
andf
athe
r w
as to
be
a pr
iest
in t
he C
atho
lic
Chu
rch.
do
n't
kno
w w
hat h
appe
ned,
but
he
left
tha
t to
com
e to
this
cou
ntry
. H
e ca
me
over
her
e an
d th
en h
e go
t con
vert
ed s
omeh
ow,
I gu
ess.
I
see.
A
nd t
hen
ende
d up
in
St. G
eorg
e? A
nd w
as y
our
fath
er a
ran
cher
by
occu
pati
on?
Tha
t's
righ
t. A
nd w
hat
was
you
r m
othe
r'S n
ame?
M
y m
othe
r's
nam
e w
as S
usan
Mer
chan
t, an
d he
r fo
lks
cam
e fr
om A
ustr
alia
. Is
tha
t ri
ght?
Wha
t w
as h
er p
lace
and
dat
e o
f bi
rth
? I c
an't
tell
you
exac
tly,
but
it
was
abo
ut 1
878.
A
nd w
as s
he b
orn
in A
ustr
alia
? N
o, s
he w
as b
orn
dow
n in
St.
Geo
rge,
Uta
h, t
oo.
Wer
e he
r pa
rent
s co
nver
ted
to L
OS
in A
ustr
alia
and
mov
ed h
ere?
I
don'
t th
ink
they
eve
r w
ere
conv
erte
d; t
hey
wer
en't
Mor
mon
. B
ut t
hat's
w
here
the
y m
et.
And
the
n w
here
did
you
gro
w u
p?
I gre
w u
p th
ere
on H
enry
's F
ork,
whe
re D
ad h
omes
tead
ed.
How
did
you
get
oul
lO th
is c
ount
ry?
SL
AG
OW
SK
J ___
__
__
_ _
FS:
CS:
FS
:
RM
, FS
:
RM
,
FS:
RM
, FS
:
CS:
RM
, FS
: R
M,
FS:
RM
, FS
: R
M,
FS:
RM
, FS
:
The
y ha
d a
larg
e fa
mily
-I w
as o
ne o
f9 c
hild
ren.
And
nat
ural
ly, o
n a
smal
l ra
nch,
the
old
er c
hild
ren
mov
ed o
ut a
nd f
ound
wor
k in
dif
fere
nt a
reas
, be
· ca
use
ther
e w
asn'
t eno
ugh
for
ever
yone
. A
nd h
is m
othe
r di
ed w
hen
he w
as y
oung
. M
y m
othe
r di
ed y
oung
and
aft
er M
othe
r di
ed,
Dad
lea
sed
the
plac
e to
my
brot
her-
in·la
w a
nd m
y si
ster
, who
had
just
bee
n m
arri
ed.
Thr
ee o
f us
youn
ger
kids
sta
yed
wit
h th
em t
o fi
nish
the
eig
hth
grad
e in
the
sch
ool
ther
e.
I fi
n·
ishe
d th
e ei
ghth
gra
de r
ight
at t
he b
egin
ning
of
the
hard
Dep
ress
ion.
The
re
was
ple
nty
of h
ards
hip
righ
t the
n an
d I
was
n't
able
to g
o ou
t to
high
sch
ooL
T
hat w
as th
e en
d o
f my
scho
olin
g ri
ght t
here
. So
we
mov
ed o
ut to
fin
d w
ork
thro
ugho
ut th
ose
hard
tim
es.
My
brot
hers
and
I d
id v
ario
us th
ings
-w
orke
d ar
ound
var
ious
ran
ches
and
wha
tnot
bef
ore
I eve
r ca
me
here
. W
hen
did
you
firs
t co
me
here
'! In
the
spr
ing
of
1937
. A
fri
end
of
min
e w
ante
d to
com
e do
wn
here
bec
ause
he
sai
d w
ages
wer
e be
tter.
The
wor
k w
as m
ore
plen
tifu
l and
he
had
a br
othe
r in
Ely
, so
we
took
my
oid
Mod
el A
'28
For
d an
d he
aded
for
Ely
. W
hat
kind
of
wag
es w
ere
you
gett
ing
befo
re y
ou g
ot h
ere
as o
ppos
ed 1
0
whe
n yo
u go
t he
re?
I had
bee
n fo
rtun
ate
enou
gh to
hav
e a
job
on a
ran
ch u
p th
ere
at $
30 a
mon
th
and
foun
d.
"And
fou
ndT
' W
hat
does
tha
t m
ean?
T
hat
mea
ns b
oard
and
roo
m.
Tha
t's t
he w
ay t
hey
spok
e o
f it a
t th
ai li
me.
If
yo
u ha
d a
job
wit
h bo
ard
and
room
, il
was
a j
ob
for
a c
erta
in w
age
and
foun
d.
And
the
boar
d an
d ro
om w
asn'
t an
y C
onra
d H
ilto
n.
[Lau
ghte
r] S
omet
imes
it
was
just
the
sky
. Is
tha
i ri
ght?
O
h, y
es.
[Lau
ghte
r] W
hen
I com
e to
Nev
ada,
my
firs
t job
was
$45
a m
onth
. S
o yo
u ha
d a
50
per
cent
inc
reas
e in
pay
. R
ight
. T
hat'
s a
lot.
Whe
re w
as y
our
firs
ljob
'!
I w
ent
to w
ork
for
Fran
k C
alla
way
in C
urra
nt, a
t hi
s ra
nch
ther
e.
Tel
l m
e ab
out
Fra
nk C
alla
way
at C
urra
nt.
He
had
the
ranc
h an
d he
hir
ed a
lot
of
Indi
an h
elp
from
the
Duc
kwat
er R
es·
erva
tion
the
re.
Mos
t of
his
hel
p w
ere
Indi
ans.
B
ut h
e al
so h
ad t
he p
ost
offi
ce a
nd t
he l
ittl
e st
ore
ther
e.
Tha
t w
ould
be
whe
re th
e re
stau
rant
is
now
? T
hat's
the
pres
ent C
urra
nt r
esta
uran
t. H
e al
so h
ad r
ace
hors
es. A
nd it
am
used
m
e at
the
tim
e -
he h
ad a
par
imut
uel b
etti
ng s
yste
m s
etup
; he
coul
d ge
t [t
he
race
s] o
ver
radi
o an
d hi
s he
lp w
ould
com
e in
and
bet
on
thes
e pa
rim
utue
l be
tlin
gson
the
rac
ehor
ses.
and
I d
on't
thin
k it
cost
him
too
muc
h fo
r w
ages
be
caus
e he
was
get
ting
it b
ack
thro
ugh
the
bell
ing
on th
ose
hors
es.
I w
asn'
, us
ed to
thi
s ty
pe o
f th
ing.
so
he d
idn'
t get
any
of m
ine
back
. I w
as o
nly
ther
e a
shor
t ti
me.
[L
augh
ter]
SL
AG
OW
SK
l 15
--
--
-
RM
, R
M,
RM
,
FS:
CS
; R
M;
FS
;
RM
; F
S:
RM
, C
S:
FS
; R
M,
FS:
RM
, FS
; R
M,
FS:
RM
, FS
:
16
1 go
t sic
k an
d ha
d to
lea
ve.
It w
as a
ltin
d o
f a
diff
eren
t op
erat
ion.
H
e ha
d a
pret
ty g
ood
ranc
h an
d ra
n a
lot
of
canl
e th
ere.
H
ow b
ig w
as h
is r
anch
? I
do
n't
rec
all.
Tha
t's
been
a l
ong
tim
e ag
o an
d Io
nly
hel
ped
him
for
abo
ut a
w
eek.
We
bran
ded
up s
ome
calv
es a
nd g
ot s
ome
catt
le o
ut w
hile
t w
as th
ere,
an
d I
got
sick
. H
e w
ante
d m
e to
sta
rt i
rrig
atin
g an
d I
didn
'l sa
vvy
that
too
go
od,
and
I go
t th
e fl
u an
d I
left
the
re a
nd w
ent
back
to
Ely
. S
o I
was
the
re
a sh
ort
time.
H
e ha
d a
good
ran
ch t
here
. W
as t
here
qui
le a
bit
of
traf
fic
on
the
roa
d fr
om T
onop
ah t
o E
ly?
As
I re
call
. w
hen
I w
ent
from
Ely
to
Cal
law
ay's
ran
ch a
t Cur
rant
, it
was
all
gr
avel
roa
d. W
ith
that
Mod
el A
'28
, I f
ixed
abo
ut 3
tire
s. I
thi
nk, o
n th
e w
ay
ther
e.
lLau
ghle
rJ
II t
ook
abou
t al
l da
y to
get
the
re.
So
ther
e w
asn
't m
uch
traf
fic
on th
at r
oad.
T
here
was
n't
muc
h tra
ffic
per
iod.
the
n.
Did
you
ev
er g
et o
n do
wn
Rai
lroa
d V
alle
y o
r up
to
Duc
kwat
er o
r an
ythi
ng?
No.
Tha
t's
as f
ar d
own
in t
here
as
I got
. W
hen
I got
sic
k. I
wen
t bac
k to
Ely
. W
hen
I got
ove
r m
y si
ckne
ss,
I ca
me
on w
est
and
trie
d to
fin
d w
ork
at o
ld
Pop
Moo
rman
's p
lace
, and
he
didn
't n
eed
help
. T
hen
I wou
nd u
p in
Eur
eka.
W
here
was
Po
p M
oo
nn
an's
pla
ce?
He
was
abo
ut 3
0 m
iles
wes
t o
f E
ly o
n H
ighw
ay 5
0.
OK
. A
nd w
as t
hat
a bi
g ra
nch?
I
did
n't
thi
nk i
t w
as b
ig.
H w
as n
ice
outf
it.
And
wha
t ha
ppen
ed in
Eur
eka
then
? W
hat
was
Eur
eka
like
? T
here
was
not
muc
h go
ing
on,
real
ly.
It w
as p
retl
y qu
iet.
And
whe
n I c
ame
into
Eur
eka,
I w
as 5
00 m
iles
fro
m h
ome
or a
nyon
e th
at I
kne
w t
oo w
ell
and
I ha
d ab
out
$5 i
n m
y po
cket
and
I w
as o
ur o
f a
job
and
thin
gs w
ere
look
ing
a li
tlle
ble
ak.
I w
ent
into
Pet
e L
abor
de's
sal
oon;
he
had
the
old
Eur
eka
Hot
el.
Old
Pet
e ha
d be
en a
shc
cpm
an a
nd a
ran
cher
, an
d he
kne
w a
ll o
f th
e ra
nche
rs i
n th
e ar
ea.
1 as
ked
him
abo
ut f
indi
ng w
ork
beca
use
I to
ld h
im 1
w
as a
bout
out
of
mon
ey -
I to
ld h
im m
y c
ircu
mst
ance
s. P
ete
said
, "Y
es,
I th
ink
1 kn
ow w
here
you
can
get
wor
k."
He
said
, "P
at O
'Sh
ea ju
st l
eft
the
Sad
lers
. It
's b
een
a ha
rd w
inte
r.
Th
ey'r
e ou
t of
hay.
T
hey
're
tryi
ng t
o ge
t th
eir
catt
le o
ut a
nd I
thi
nk y
ou c
ould
fin
d w
ork
if y
ou w
ent
ther
e."
So
that
w
as a
goo
d le
ad f
rom
a f
ello
w w
ho k
new
. I
imm
edia
tely
got
in
my
oid
car
an
d dr
ove
dow
n to
Sad
lers
. W
here
was
Sad
ler'
s pl
ace?
A
t th
e B
ig S
prin
g, 3
5 m
iles
nor
th o
f E
urek
a in
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y.
And
wha
t ha
ppen
ed t
here
? I
wen
t to
wor
k fo
r th
em a
nd I
wor
ked
ther
e ab
out 4
yea
rs.
Til
l th
e D
epre
ssio
n w
as b
asic
ally
ove
r?
It w
as b
egin
ning
to
com
e ou
t o
f it
a l
iule
bit
, bu
t th
ey w
ere
stil
l in
tro
uble
. B
ut i
t w
as i
mpr
ovin
g, a
nd I
lik
ed t
he p
eopl
e so
wel
l.
It w
as a
won
derf
ul
fam
ily.
I
had
had
enou
gh h
ard
knoc
ks t
hat I
was
gla
d to
hav
e a
go
od
job
and
SL
AG
OW
SK
l
RM
, FS
; R
M,
FS:
RM
, F
S:
RM
, F
S:
RM
,
FS:
RM
, FS
:
RM
, FS
:
stay
the
re,
and
they
wer
e so
goo
d to
me.
W
hat
was
you
r pa
y th
ere?
F
orty
-fiv
e an
d fo
und.
S
o yo
u w
ere
stil
l w
ay a
head
of
wha
t yo
u ha
d in
Wyo
min
g.
It w
as a
n im
prov
emen
t.
Wha
t w
as l
ife
like
on
the
Sad
ler
Ran
ch?
It w
as v
ery
good
for
me.
The
y ha
d ju
st c
ome
thro
ugh
som
e ha
rd t
imes
wit
h th
e D
epre
ssio
n, n
atur
ally
. T
hey
wer
e bu
ying
the
plac
e fr
om a
n es
tate
. E
dgar
an
d E
thel
wer
e th
e ol
d fo
lks
ther
e on
the
ran
ch.
Edg
ar w
as t
he s
on o
f ol
d G
over
nor R
einh
old
Sad
ler.
The
y li
ved
in th
e bi
g ho
use
ther
e. Y
oung
Rei
nhol
d S
adle
r ha
d ju
st g
ot m
arri
ed t
o V
ema
-C
hris
, w
e ca
lled
her
. S
he w
as a
sc
hool
teac
her.
And
they
wer
e in
the
big
hou
se t
oo. T
iny
Sad
ler-
Flo
yd
w
as d
own
in th
e w
este
rn p
an o
f the
sta
te s
omew
here
, wor
king
wit
h a
surv
ey
outf
it, a
nd th
e yo
unge
st g
irl.
Vio
let,
was
in R
eno
in h
igh
scho
ol a
t th
at ti
me.
T
hey
had
this
goo
d ra
nch
oper
atio
n th
ere
and
need
ed h
elp
and
they
like
d m
y w
ork
and
I li
ked
the
fam
ily
and
Rin
ey a
s a
boss
, so
we
got
alon
g w
ell.
H
ow m
any
hand
s di
d th
ey h
ave
ther
e?
The
y on
ly h
ad o
ne o
ther
man
hir
ed.
Wha
t was
goi
ng o
n in
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y at
that
tim
e? T
here
was
no
irri
gati
on
then
, w
as t
here
? N
o. T
he
jack
rabb
itS
up
ther
e w
ere
carr
ying
the
ir lu
nch
acro
ss th
e fl
at w
here
th
ose
hayf
ield
s ar
e no
w.
Is t
hat
righ
t?
[Lau
ghsJ
W
ere
they
run
ning
Cat
tle i
n D
iam
ond
Val
ley?
T
hey
ran
catt
le n
orth
. T
here
wer
e ot
her
ranc
hers
in
ther
e.
At
that
tim
e, o
f co
urse
, th
ey d
idn
't h
ave
a st
ock
truc
k, s
o y
ou d
idn'
t tr
uck
the
hors
es o
ut t
o
do y
our
wor
k.
Eve
ryth
ing
was
don
e w
ith
hors
es -
the
hayi
ng o
pera
tion
w
as a
ll ho
rses
, you
r w
ork
wit
h th
e ca
ttle
was
all
hors
es. W
here
ver y
ou w
ent,
it
was
wit
h ho
rses
at
that
tim
e. T
here
was
a l
ot o
f w
ork
for
me.
Th
at's
the
ki
nd o
f w
ork
I li
ked
and
they
did
n't
espe
cial
ly c
are
for
the
ridi
ng p
an o
f it
, so
I d
id 9
0 p
erce
nt o
f th
at.
How
man
y m
iles
can
you
mak
e on
a r
easo
nabl
e da
y?
It de
pend
s on
var
ious
thi
ngs,
of c
ours
e.
I m
ight
tel
l yo
u ab
out
one
inci
dent
th
at w
ould
be
typi
cal.
The
y ha
d ca
ttle
at
the
You
ng R
anch
in J
iggs
and
the
y se
nt m
e to
get
the
m.
It w
as i
n [a
te N
ovem
ber
or
earl
y D
ecem
ber
-it
was
la
te a
nd t
here
was
sno
w o
n th
e gr
ound
. I
left
the
Sad
Jers
' ran
ch a
nd r
ode
to
Jigg
s in
one
day
; th
at's
55
mil
es.
I go
t th
ere
just
a l
ittl
e af
ter
dark
. M
rs.
You
ng f
ixed
me
a ni
ce s
uppe
r w
hile
I to
ok c
are
of
my
hors
e in
the
bam
and
sh
e ga
ve m
e a
good
bed
. T
he n
ext
mor
ning
the
2 b
oys
help
ed g
et t
he c
attl
e ro
unde
d up
out
of
the
fiel
d.
It w
as a
bout
[0
bel
ow t
hat
mor
ning
. W
e sa
ddle
d u
p j
ust
bef
ore
dayl
ight
and
wen
t do
wn
into
the
fie
ld a
nd g
athe
red
the
Sad
ler
catt
le o
ut o
f th
eir b
unch
and
I go
t sta
rted
. r g
ot i
nto
the
low
er e
nd o
f Dia
mon
d V
alle
y th
at
nigh
t w
ith
thos
e ca
ttle
and
I d
ropp
ed t
hem
at
dark
and
rod
e o
n i
n to
Joe
F
lynn
's r
anch
and
sta
yed
wit
h hi
m a
ll n
ight
. I
wen
t ba
ck t
he n
ext
day,
got
SL
AG
OW
SK
l 17
RM
, FS
:
CS
: FS
:
RM
, FS
: C
S:
FS
: R
M:
FS
: C
S:
FS:
IS
my
catt
le a
nd w
ent
on.
So
it w
as 3
-day
trip
. W
ow -
110
mil
es.
Tha
t's
fast
er th
an I
tho
ught
you
cou
ld g
o on
a h
orse
. T
hree
day
s w
as c
row
ding
thin
gs, b
ut it
was
typi
cal o
f the
wor
k th
at h
ad to
be
done
. B
ut r
emem
ber,
it w
as c
old.
H
e w
as tr
ying
to
get
to t
he f
ire.
[L
augh
sl
Whe
n I
left
the
m i
n th
e lo
wer
end
of
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y th
at n
ighl
, I
thin
k it
was
abo
ut J
O be
low
whe
n I g
ot i
nto
Fly
nn's
. It
was
a c
old
win
ter.
H
ow d
o y
ou s
tay
out
in t
hat
kind
of c
old?
Y
ou j
ust
sad
dle
up a
nd g
et r
ight
wit
h it.
Y
ou d
o aj
ob
. Y
ou h
um
p u
p a
nd t
ake
it.
Do
you
get u
sed
to i
t?
Oh,
yes
. Y
ou m
ight
tel
l ab
out
how
you
got
to
Joe
Fly
nn
's -
how
it w
as d
iffe
rent
in
thos
e da
ys.
You
cou
ld g
o i
nto
som
ebod
y's
hous
e an
d fe
el a
t ho
me.
I
had
met
Joe
Fly
nn s
ever
al t
imes
and
he
was
a f
ine
outs
tand
ing
man
. And
I
had
stay
ed a
t his
pla
ce a
cou
ple
of t
imes
, tak
ing
catt
le o
r bri
ngin
g th
em b
ack
ifil
was
a d
ista
nce
whe
re y
ou c
ould
n't
get
hom
e.
If y
ou
'd c
ome
to a
ran
ch
yo
u'd
sta
y ov
erni
ght
and
you
wer
e w
elco
me.
Jo
e F
lynn
was
ver
y go
od.
And
he
had
told
me,
"A
nyti
me
you
com
e he
re,
1 w
ant
you
to s
tay
over
; yo
u're
wel
com
e an
ytim
e."
Wel
l, w
hen
I ca
me
in t
hat n
ight
aft
er d
ark,
the
re w
as n
o o
ne
hom
e. A
nd J
oe
Fly
nn h
ad h
ad t
roub
le w
ith
peop
le s
teal
ing
groc
erie
s ou
t o
f hi
s ce
llar
and
th
ings
at
vari
ous
tim
es,
so h
e lo
cked
eve
ryth
ing
up w
hen
he l
eft.
He
was
ri
ding
for
cat
tle
over
the
mou
ntai
n an
d I d
idn'
t kno
w t
hat.
Tha
t tim
e o
f yea
r,
he g
ener
ally
cam
e do
wn
here
to
Pine
Val
ley,
bec
ause
he
boug
ht h
ay a
nd f
ed
his
catt
le.
So
I th
ough
t he
was
gon
e, a
nd 1
did
n't k
now
he'
d be
bac
k. A
nd i
t w
as s
o co
ld a
nd I
was
so
tired
fro
m t
he r
ide,
dri
ving
tho
se c
alli
e fr
om J
iggs
th
at d
ay.
I th
ough
t, "
Wel
l, I
'm g
oing
to
go s
ee i
f I c
an g
et i
n pa
st h
is l
ock.
" H
e ha
d ju
st a
nai
l dr
iven
in
his
win
dow
to
hold
it f
rom
sw
ingi
ng O
UI
and
he'd
ope
n it
to g
et a
ir in
the
hou
se.
Wel
l, I
pick
ed t
hat
nail
out a
nd c
raw
led
thro
ugh
the
win
dow
, unl
ocke
d hi
s do
or a
nd w
ent
back
ou
t and
put
the
win
dow
bac
k li
ke
I fo
und
it an
d ha
d th
e do
or o
pen.
[L
augh
erJ
I w
ent
in,
buil
t a
fire
, got
war
m
and
cook
ed m
ysel
f som
e su
pper
. A
nd a
bout
the
lim
e I
was
fin
ishi
ng m
y su
pper
, 1
hear
d a
nois
e ou
tsid
e an
d w
ent o
ut o
n th
e po
rch
and
it w
as J
oe F
lynn
. Jo
e sa
id, "
Hel
lo, w
ho's
the
re?"
[L
augh
s1
I to
ld h
im w
ho it
was
and
I s
aid,
"If
you
'd h
urri
ed u
p a
litt
le b
it, y
ou
'd h
ave
been
on
tim
e fo
r su
pper
."
[Lau
ghte
r]
Joe
said
, "Y
ou w
ait t
ill I
put
my
hors
e aw
ay."
He
put
the
hors
es a
way
-h
is
and
his
hire
d m
an's
-an
d he
cam
e ba
ck a
nd f
ixed
a m
eal.
We
wen
t to
bed
an
d ne
xt m
orni
ng h
e fi
xed
a go
od b
reak
fast
abo
ut d
ayli
ght.
I h
ad t
o go
bac
k an
d ge
t my
catt
le b
ut b
efor
e 1
left
, Jo
e sa
id, "
I w
ant
you
to t
ell
me
how
you
SL
AG
OW
SK
l
RM
, FS
: R
M,
FS
:
got
into
the
hou
se,
'cau
se'
had
it lo
cked
up.
" S
o I
said
, "W
ell,
com
e ou
t and
I'll
sho
w y
ou."
And
I p
icke
d th
at n
ail
out
in
the
win
dow
and
, I
said
"I
craw
led
in a
nd o
pene
d it
." [
Lau
ghte
rJ
I sa
id,
"I
wou
ldn'
t no
rmal
ly d
o th
at b
ut y
ou t
old
me' w
elco
me.
" H
e sa
id,
''I'm
gla
d yo
u do
ne i
t. I
thin
k a
lot
mor
e o
f yo
u th
at i
nste
ad o
f fi
ghti
ng t
he c
old
for
anot
her
IO-m
ile h
ard
ride
...
I th
ink
mor
e o
f yo
u fo
r do
ing
wha
t yo
u di
d."
He
said
, "I
'm n
ot l
ocki
ng m
y ho
use
agai
nst
peop
le
like
you
. It
's [
lock
ed]
agai
nst
peop
le w
ho w
ant t
o st
eal.
" T
hat'
s a
grea
t st
ory.
It
's t
ypic
al o
f th
e ho
spit
alit
y ou
t her
e.
Is t
he h
ospi
tali
ty l
ike
that
now
? In
pla
ces,
but
ver
y fe
w.
SL
AG
OW
SK
I 19
RM
, F
S:
es,
FS:
CS
: FS
:
CS
: F
S,
RM
, F
S:
RM
, C
S:
FS
,
20
CH
AP
TE
R T
HR
EE
Wha
t ot
her
reco
llec
tion
s d
o y
ou h
ave
of
the
Sad
ler
plac
e?
Mr.
Sad
ler
was
in
the
legi
slat
ure
at t
he t
ime.
E
dgar
and
Eth
el w
ere
mor
e o
r le
ss r
etir
ed,
and
Edg
ar w
as i
n th
e le
gisl
atur
e. T
hey
wer
e do
wn
ther
e in
the
w
inte
r m
onth
s so
me
and
we
wer
e th
ere
on
the
ran
ch.
Rei
nhol
d, t
heir
son
. ha
d ta
ken
over
the
ope
rati
on o
f th
e ra
nch.
A
nd T
iny.
W
ell.
Tin
y w
asn
't th
ere
yet.
My
firs
t w
inte
r the
re [
I did
l so
me
of t
he h
arde
st
wor
k I
ever
did
. R
einh
old
was
bui
ldin
g hi
s ne
w h
ouse
. an
d lh
ey h
ad t
he
foun
dati
on a
ll m
ade
and
they
wer
e ju
st p
utti
ng a
flo
or o
n it
. H
e ha
d be
en m
arri
ed t
o C
hris
for
not
ver
y lo
ng.
Yes
. T
hat
was
the
fall
of'
37
. T
hat w
inte
r, A
oy
d S
adle
r cam
e ho
me
and
the
2 o
f the
m, F
loyd
and
Rei
nhol
d, w
ere
buil
ding
on
that
hou
se to
fin
ish
it up
for
R
iney
. T
hey
fed
the
wea
ner c
alve
s an
d th
en w
orke
d o
n t
he h
ouse
eac
h da
y th
roug
hout
the
win
ter.
Th
e ot
her
hire
d m
an h
ad l
eft a
nd I
was
the
onl
y hi
red
man
, so
I ha
d to
fee
d th
e re
st o
f th
e ca
llIe
. A
nd a
s I
reca
ll t
here
wer
e ab
out
800
head
of
grow
n ca
ttle
to
be f
cd -
mos
tly
dry
stoc
k an
d on
e bu
nch
of
cow
s an
d ca
lves
. I
had
to h
arne
ss u
p m
y ho
rses
in t
he m
orni
ng b
efor
e br
eak
fast
, an
d in
the
win
tert
ime.
dur
ing
the
shor
t da
ys.
brea
kfas
t w
as ju
st a
bout
da
ylig
ht.
I'd
have
my
hors
es h
arne
ssed
and
fed
by
then
and
I w
ould
hav
e to
w
ork
4 he
ad o
f ho
rses
on
my
feed
rig
. S
o i
mm
edia
tely
aft
er b
reak
fast
I'd
ta
ke a
lunc
h an
d I w
ould
go
up b
y th
e sp
ring
and
ou!
to
wha
t th
ey c
alle
d th
e Jo
hn
's f
ield
-I th
ink
that
's 4
mil
es.
The
re 1
fed
3 bi
g lo
ads
of
hay.
H
e pi
tche
d it
off
the
wag
on.
Yes
. 1 w
ould
pit
ch l
oose
hay
. A
nd a
loa
d w
as a
ton
of
hay;
a t
on w
ould
fee
d lo
oco
w$
. S
o y
ou
'd h
ave
to m
ake
3 tr
ips?
Y
es.
I'd
pit
ch it
on
the
wag
on,
haul
il o
ut in
the
fie
ld a
nd p
itch
it o
ff f
or th
e co
ws
to e
at, t
hen
com
e ba
ck a
nd g
et a
noth
er lo
ad,
unti
l th
ey w
ere
fed.
The
n ,
wou
ld l
oad
a lo
ad a
nd h
aul
it ba
ck in
to th
e ne
xt f
ield
, w
her
e I
fed
that
loa
d an
d 2
mor
e th
at'
pitc
hed
ther
e, w
hich
wou
ld m
ake
the
6 lo
ads
' fe
d th
ere.
T
hen
I wou
ld l
oad
a lo
ad o
f ha
y th
ere
and
haul
it b
ack
up
abo
ve th
e sp
ring
, w
here
the
re w
as a
bun
ch o
f co
ws
and
calv
es,
and
feed
a l
oad
ther
e. T
hen
' w
ould
hav
e to
go
bac
k by
the
hou
se a
nd d
own
in t
he f
ield
2 m
ore
mil
es t
o ge
t a
load
of
hay
and
brin
g it
back
to
fini
sh f
eedi
ng t
he
cow
s an
d ca
lves
. W
hen
I un
hook
ed m
y te
am a
t ni
ght
in t
hose
sho
rt d
ays.
it
was
jus
t ab
out
dark
. S
o,
had
spen
t the
who
le d
ay w
orki
ng a
s ha
rd a
s I
coul
d pi
tchi
ng h
ay.
Ho
w d
id y
ou d
o i
t?
He
was
you
ng.
(Lau
ghte
r)
My
lun
ch.
whe
n I
took
it,
wou
ld b
e fr
ozen
ice
al
noon
. T
hose
mor
ning
s w
ere
very
col
d. M
any
mor
ning
s w
hen
I w
ent o
ut,
it w
as 1
0,2
0 t0
25
deg
rees
be
low
zer
o w
hen
I'd
leav
e th
ere.
D
rivi
ng 4
hea
d o
f ho
rses
is a
lit
tle
bit c
old
on t
he f
inge
rs.
SL
AG
OW
SK
I
RM
, FS
:
RM
, F
S,
CS
: FS
:
es,
RM
, r"'
5:
RM
, FS
:
RM
, FS
:
You
got
glo
ves,
I a
ssum
e?
Yes
, bu
t ho
ldin
g to
thos
e li
nes
in t
hat
pene
trat
ing
cold
was
har
ct I
'd t
ie m
y li
nes
up t
o th
e Ja
cob'
s st
aff a
nd b
eat
my
fing
ers
to k
eep
them
war
m a
nd l
et
the
team
go
by
them
selv
es.
Tho
se h
orse
s w
ere
pret
ty w
ell
trai
ned
and
whe
n I w
ould
hav
e a
load
of h
ay t
o p
ilch
off
to th
e co
ws,
the
y w
ere
trai
ned
to g
o in
a
huge
cir
cle
whi
le I
'd p
itch
it o
ff.
The
y kn
ew h
ow to
fol
low
the
feed
gro
und.
I
wor
ked
som
e w
ith
a bo
bsle
d w
hen
the
snow
was
goo
d.
Whe
n th
e sn
ow
mel
ted
it w
ould
get
dow
n in
loth
at a
lkal
i and
mud
and
get
wet
, so
I'd
sti
ll u
se
the
sled
; a w
agon
wou
ld b
og in
too
dee
p. A
ll w
e ha
d th
en w
as a
big
woo
den
whe
eled
wag
on, s
o it
was
bet
ter
to p
ull
thc
sled
wit
h 4
head
of
hors
es i
n th
e m
ud.
Tha
t's
wha
t I
used
mos
t o
f th
e w
inte
r. I
n th
e sp
ring
, of
cour
se,
on t
he
high
er g
roun
d, I
had
to
use
the
wag
on.
But
' fe
d th
ose
cow
s fo
r th
em t
hat
win
ter
and
I w
as a
litt
le b
it w
eary
by
spri
ng.
You
wer
e ea
rnin
g yo
ur m
oney
, w
eren
't yo
u?
I thi
nk s
o.
Bu
tth
cy w
ere
good
to
him
. H
e al
way
s fe
lt t
hey
wer
e ju
st l
ike
hom
e.
Mrs
. S
adle
r w
asju
st li
ke a
mot
her t
o m
e. A
s I
was
tell
ing
you
[off
the
tape
],
I la
cked
edu
cati
on.
She
wou
ld g
ive
me
mat
eria
l to
rea
d.
Bei
ng a
tea
cher
, sh
e co
uld
see
my
shor
tcom
ings
, an
d sh
e li
ked
me.
S
o sh
e w
ould
giv
e m
e m
ater
ial
to r
ead
and
then
sh
e'd
que
stio
n m
e to
see
if I
read
it.
Aft
er s
uppe
r at
ni
ght
whi
le s
he w
as w
ashi
ng t
he d
ishe
s, s
he'
d h
ave
me
read
to
her
to s
ee
how
I w
as i
mpr
ovin
g, a
nd s
he h
elpe
d m
e w
ith
my
wor
ds a
nd m
y u
nder
st
andi
ng.
'th
ough
t th
at w
as p
rett
y w
onde
rful
. T
he
mai
n th
ing
I re
gret
is
that
I ne
ver
told
her
how
muc
h I a
ppre
ciat
ed i
t. O
h, y
ou d
id tO
O, P
a T
ell
me
som
e m
ore
abou
t th
e da
ily
wor
k: o
n t
he r
anch
. W
ell,
on
tha
i ra
nch
ther
e's
a bi
g sp
ring
-lo
ts o
f w
ater
-an
d yo
u ha
ve t
o
irri
gate
to
rais
e a
hay
crop
. R
einh
old
did
all
the
irri
gati
ng a
nd h
e w
orke
d ha
rd a
t il
. H
e w
as a
har
d w
orke
r.
He
knew
how
to
get
the
besl
use
of
the
wat
er.
We
had
to c
lean
tho
se d
itch
es in
the
spr
ing
to c
lean
the
mos
s ou
t so
th
e w
ater
wou
ld r
un f
ree
to t
he p
atch
es h
e ir
riga
ted.
And
we
wer
e li
mit
ed o
n m
achi
nery
to
wor
k w
ith.
Th
ese
huge
dit
ches
wit
h th
e w
ater
com
ing
out
wou
ld b
e m
osse
d up
and
hav
e si
lt a
nd m
ud i
n th
em,
and
we'
d h
ave
to c
lean
th
at o
ut.
Rin
ey w
ould
tak
e 6
head
of h
orse
s an
d he
wou
ld r
ide
one
hors
e an
d dr
ive
thes
e ho
rses
, an
d'
wou
ld r
ide
a M
arti
n di
tche
r an
d ke
ep it
in
the
ditc
h to
thr
ow t
hat
muc
k o
ut.
Wha
t is
a d
itch
er?
The
Mar
tin
ditc
her
is a
iro
n V
-sha
ped
thin
g th
at's
str
aigh
t on
one
sid
e an
d ha
s a
blad
e o
n t
he o
ther
. T
his
blad
e th
row
s th
e di
rt o
ut t
o m
ake
a di
tch.
O
h, it
act
uall
y m
akes
a d
itch
. H
ow d
ecp
does
it
go?
Wel
l, i
t's
pret
ty l
imit
ed.
It'd
mak
e th
e di
tch
abou
t a
foot
dee
p; I
thi
nk t
he
blad
e w
as a
bout
6 f
eet
long
. A
nd o
n an
ang
le it
wou
ld m
ake
it 3
or
4 fe
et
wid
e.
But
the
se d
itch
es w
ere
way
big
ger
than
tha
t. T
hey
'd b
een
mad
e w
ith
a te
am a
nd s
lip
scra
per.
A
ll w
e co
uld
do w
ith
that
was
go
dow
n to
the
SL
AG
OW
SK
J 21
CS:
FS
:
CS:
RM
, FS
: R
M,
FS
: R
M,
FS
:
CS
: FS
:
RM
, F
S:
RM
, FS
:
RM
, F
S:
CS:
F
S:
CS;
FS
: R
M,
FS:
CS:
R
M,
FS
:
22
bolt
om to
kno
ck th
e si
lt a
nd t
he m
oss
out,
to c
lean
them
wit
h th
is d
itch
er.
As
the
mos
s an
d si
ll w
ere
loos
ened
, th
ey w
ould
be
flus
hed
dow
n th
e di
tch
and
out
by t
he w
ater
. T
hat
was
wan
n w
ater
too.
T
hat
prob
ably
cre
ated
mor
e m
oss.
Y
es.
The
y ha
ve b
ig d
itch
es O
Ut
from
thi
s hu
ge s
prin
g.
It's
a b
ig s
pri
ng
ab
out
12 s
econ
d fe
et o
f w
ater
. T
hat'
s a
lot
of
wat
er.
Tha
i w
as A
oy
d's
big
bat
htub
. H
e'd
go
up
ther
e an
d ta
ke a
bat
h in
the
win
ter
just
the
sam
e as
in t
he s
umm
er.
Doe
s th
e sp
ring
sti
ll f
low
? D
h, y
es.
The
pum
ping
has
n't
sto
pped
its
flo
w?
I d
on
't t
hink
so
-no
t th
at t
hey
know
of
yet.
The
y ke
ep a
che
ck o
n it
. W
hat
are
som
e m
ore
deta
ils
of
the
wor
k th
at w
ent
on
the
re?
Wel
l, I
had
to w
ork
in th
e ha
yfie
ld to
o, a
nd w
hen
we
put u
p th
e ha
y he
had
a
smal
l cr
ew,
but
they
ran
a l
ong
tim
e.
Wha
t do
you
cal
l a
smal
l cr
ew?
A s
mal
l er
ew w
as 2
mow
ing
mac
hine
s, 2
buc
k ra
kes,
one
14-
foot
hay
rak
e an
d a
stac
ker
team
-6
men
and
the
sta
cker
. It
take
s 7
men
for
the
cre
w.
And
qui
te a
num
ber
of
hors
es.
Dh,
yes
. E
ach
team
ster
cha
nged
hor
ses
at n
oon.
D
h, y
ou o
nly
wor
ked
a ho
rse
a ha
lf a
day
? T
hat
's r
ight
. It
's h
ard
wor
k.
Th
e fi
rst
2 ye
ars
I w
as t
here
in
the
hayi
ng
seas
on,
Flo
yd S
adle
r an
d I
drov
e th
e m
owin
g m
achi
nes.
O
ne y
ear
I re
call
w
e m
owed
70
days
wit
hout
a b
reak
. I m
owed
hay
wit
hout
a s
top
7 da
ys a
w
eek.
T
hat
's a
10\
of
hay.
T
hae'
s a
lot
of
hay
and
a lo
t o
f ti
me.
T
he
next
yea
r, I
ran
a bu
ckra
kc i
n th
e ha
yfie
ld,
and
the
next
yea
r r s
tack
ed f
or h
im.
I di
d al
l th
e st
acki
ng.
I w
as
tl)'
ing
to g
ain
a li
ttle
mor
e ex
peri
ence
in t
he v
ario
us p
hase
s o
f ra
nChi
ng.
And
the
n yo
u ro
de in
the
fal
l an
d yo
u br
oke
hors
es.
Dh,
I d
idn
't b
reak
any
hor
ses
for
Sad
lers
. I
thou
ght
you
brok
e ho
rses
. O
ne w
ork
hors
e is
all
I b
roke
for
Sad
lers
. I
did
n't
bre
ak a
ny h
orse
s th
ere.
Y
ou'v
e br
oke
hors
es t
houg
h?
Oh,
I'v
e br
oke
hors
es.
Oh,
lan
d!
Tel
l m
e ab
out
brea
king
hor
ses.
It
was
a w
hole
lot d
iffe
rent
than
tod
ay b
ecau
se a
ll th
e ho
rses
that
we
brok
e in
th
ose
days
wer
e ra
ised
out
on
the
rang
e, a
nd w
e d
idn
't b
reak
the
m u
ntil
the
y w
ere
4 o
r 5
year
s ol
d.
So
they
wer
e w
ild.
It
invo
lved
qui
te a
lit
tle
hass
le to
ge
t the
m g
entl
ed e
noug
h th
at y
ou c
ould
get
on
or o
ff th
em o
r pu
t yo
ur s
addl
e on
or
wha
teve
r you
nee
ded
to d
o.
It w
as h
ard
wor
k an
d da
nger
ous
wor
k. It
w
as a
dif
fere
nt p
roce
ss.
Now
mos
t o
f the
hor
ses
are
gent
led
from
a b
aby
colt
so
the
y're
not
afr
aid.
H
alf o
f yo
ur p
robl
em i
n th
e ea
rly
days
was
get
ting
a
SL
AG
OW
SK
I
RM
, FS
:
RM
, F
S:
RM
, F
S:
RM
, F
S:
RM
, F
S:
RM
, F
S:
hors
e ge
ntle
eno
ugh
to n
ot b
e af
raid
of
you.
W
hat a
re th
e sl
eps
you
wen
t thr
ough
to
take
a h
orse
off
a ra
nge
and
brea
k it
? W
hen
we'
d b
ring
the
m i
n o
ff t
he r
ange
, w
e'd
hav
e to
cut
the
m o
ul a
way
fr
om t
he o
ther
s an
d ge
t th
em i
n a
smal
l cor
ral.
We'
d ca
tch
them
by
the
fron
t fe
et a
nd t
hrow
the
m d
own
and
hogt
ie t
hem
so
the
y co
uldn
't g
et u
p.
The
n w
e'd
put
a h
acka
mor
e on
the
m.
We'
d l
et t
hem
up
and
tie
them
up
hig
h to
a
soli
d po
st w
ith
quit
e a
long
rop
e so
the
y co
uldn
't h
un
the
mse
lves
as
they
hu
ng b
ack.
W
e'd
ju
st l
eave
the
m a
lone
the
re a
nd l
et t
hem
sit
for
a w
hile
. T
hey
'd f
ight
Iha
l rop
e un
til
they
wou
ld l
earn
to
give
to it
. T
hey
'd h
ang
back
an
d fi
ght
it, b
ut t
hey
'd e
vent
uall
y gi
ve to
it.
The
n w
e'd
unt
ie th
em a
nd w
ork
wit
h th
em t
o ge
t th
em t
o co
me
to t
he p
ull
of
the
rope
. B
ut y
ou c
ould
n't
get
up t
o th
em;
you
cou
ldn
't t
ouch
the
m,
beca
use
they
w
ere
scar
ed t
o de
ath.
T
hey
wou
ld k
ick
or
stri
ke a
t ev
eryt
hing
tha
t ca
me
near
. S
om
e o
f th
em w
ould
eve
n fi
ght
you.
S
o yo
u ha
d to
wor
k w
ith
them
a
lot.
A
nd w
e w
ould
thr
ow t
hem
dow
n qu
ite
a lo
t th
at w
ay a
nd h
obbl
e th
eir
feet
so
they
'd s
tand
, an
d th
en y
ou
'd w
ork
them
gen
tle
wit
h a
gunn
y sa
ck.
Whe
n th
ey'd
gel
so
the
y w
eren
't a
frai
d y
ou
'd t
ie u
p a
hind
leg
and
wor
k w
ith
them
so
they
cou
ldn'
t ge
t aw
ay f
rom
you
but
yet
you
cou
ld to
uch
them
. O
nce
they
got
so
they
kne
w y
ou w
ould
n't
harm
them
, the
n yo
u co
uld
sadd
le
them
up
to
get
them
use
d to
the
sad
dle.
S
omet
imes
yo
u'd
tu
m t
hem
loo
se
then
and
tie
the
ir h
ead
arou
nd 1
0 on
e si
de s
o th
at t
he h
orse
wou
ld l
earn
to
give
to
tha
t ro
pe a
lit
tle,
and
the
n to
the
oth
er s
ide.
Y
ou'd
wor
k w
ith
them
th
at w
ay u
ntil
you
got
the
m g
entl
e en
ough
. W
ith
the
hind
leg
tie
d up
, yo
u co
uld
get
on a
nd o
ff.
The
y w
ould
sca
re a
nd c
aper
aro
und
a bi
t, b
ut t
hey
coul
dn't
get
aw
ay.
The
n th
ey'd
get
use
d to
the
sig
ht o
f yo
u on
the
ir b
ack.
A
nd f
rom
the
re o
n, w
hen
yo
u'v
e go
t the
m s
o yo
u ca
n ge
t on
them
, it
was
just
ge
t on
and
rid
e.
Did
thc
y bu
ck?
You
bet
. A
bout
90
perc
ent
of
them
did
. A
nd w
hen
you
firs
t ro
de o
utsi
de,
they
wou
ld s
tam
pede
and
run
bec
ause
they
wer
e sc
ared
to
dea
th.
You
cou
ldn'
t ho
ld t
hem
? O
h, n
o.
You
did
n't
have
that
muc
h co
ntro
l.
You
ju
st h
ad a
hac
kam
ore
on t
hem
? W
ell,
I al
way
s us
ed t
he s
naff
le b
it t
o br
eak
one.
B
ut w
heth
er y
ou u
sed
the
snaf
fie
bit o
r a h
acka
mor
e, y
ou d
idn'
t ha
ve m
uch
cont
rol t
o b
egin
wit
h. T
haI
wou
ld c
ome
wit
h a
litt
le u
se d
ay b
y da
y as
you
use
d th
em.
Wha
t do
you
do
whe
n a
hors
e ju
st r
uns
wit
h yo
u?
Th
e be
st t
hing
to
do
is ju
st le
t hi
m r
un -
alth
ough
the
re a
re s
o m
any
fenc
es
now
. A
nd t
hen
ther
e w
ere
was
hout
s. W
hen
we
wer
e st
arti
ng c
olts
, w
e ge
ner
ally
like
d to
hav
e so
meo
ne c
om
e al
ong
wit
h us
to
haze
and
tum
them
aw
ay
from
dit
ches
and
fen
ces
and
thin
gs,
if th
ey r
an.
How
far
wil
l a
hors
e ru
n?
Gen
eral
ly a
qua
rter
of
a m
ile
to h
alf a
mil
e.
The
y ru
n ou
t o
f ai
r a
litt
le a
nd
they
sta
rt t
o sl
ow d
own.
The
y'll
go
fun
her
than
that
, but
not
at
full
ste
am.
It
SL
AG
OW
SK
l 23
---
---
-----
RM
,
FS:
R.J.\
1: C
S:
FS:
RM
, FS
:
RM
, FS
: C
S,
FS:
RM
, FS
: C
S,
FS
:
RM
,
FS:
RM
: FS
:
RM
: FS
:
took
a l
ot o
f ti
me
and
a lo
t of
hard
wor
k: 1
0 br
eak
thos
e w
ild
hors
es.
How
long
wou
ld it
tak
e fr
om t
he l
ime
you
wou
ld s
Ian
unti
l th
e ti
me
you
had
them
so
tha
i th
ey w
ere
a de
cent
hor
se?
I al
way
s fi
gure
d it
take
s ab
out
3 ye
ars
to g
et a
hor
se i
nto
the
brid
le a
nd
wor
king
wel
l.
So it
was
a 1
01 o
f wor
k.
It d
epen
ds O
Il th
e ho
rse,
too
. B
ut y
ou
'd b
e ri
ding
a h
orse
wit
hm a
day
or
IWO
-y
ou
'd b
e o
n h
is b
ack
for
shor
t ti
mes
. T
hen
you
wor
ked
alon
g in
the
sna
ffle
bit
-y
ou
'd r
ide
him
in
the
snaf
fle
bit
for,
say,
a y
ear.
N
ow,
the
snaf
fle
bit
has
got a
hin
ge o
n it
in t
he m
iddl
e?
Rig
ht.
You
'd r
ide
him
in t
hat f
or a
yea
r bef
ore
yo
u'd
hav
e hi
m h
andl
ing
wel
l en
ough
tha
t yo
u fc
lt yo
u co
uld
put
him
in [
he h
acka
mor
e. T
hen
you
'd p
ut
him
in
the
hack
amor
e an
d y
ou
'd r
ide
him
for
alm
ost
a ye
ar a
nd g
et h
im t
o ha
ndle
rea
l w
ell
wit
h th
e ha
ckam
ore.
B
y th
at t
ime,
he'
s ge
ttin
g m
ore
exp
e
rien
ce a
nd w
orki
ng b
ette
r al
l th
e ti
me
and
you
can
cont
rol
him
wit
h th
at.
Onc
e he
han
dles
wel
l, t
hen
you
put
him
int
o a
2-re
in w
ith
a ha
ckam
ore
nose
piec
e w
ith
your
bri
dle
and
a cu
rb b
it.
He
wo
n't
lik
e it
al
firs
t, b
ut y
ou
can
stil
l ha
ndle
him
wit
h th
e ha
ckam
ore.
So
yo
u'v
e go
t him
in 2
rei
ns.
Th
en
he g
radu
ally
lea
rns
to h
andl
e w
ith
the
brid
le a
nd p
rett
y so
on y
ou
've
got
him
st
raig
ht i
n th
e br
idle
. Y
ou h
ave
10 r
ide
him
in
that
for
alm
ost
a ye
ar b
efor
e yo
u fe
el h
e's
real
ly b
roke
. S
o y
ou h
ave
a 3-
year
pro
cess
in
brea
king
a h
orse
. T
hat'
s w
hat I
thin
k.
Wel
l, t
hat's
the
Flo
yd S
lago
wsk
i w
ay.
He
pUIS
his
hea
rt r
ight
in
it.
A lo
t of
peop
le d
o il
dif
fere
ntly
. T
hey
go
into
it a
lilt
le f
aste
r an
d so
met
imes
it
do
esn
't w
ork.
You
can
spo
il a
hor
se a
wfu
lly
easi
ly;
you
can
give
him
bad
ha
bits
by
tryi
ng t
o g
o to
o fa
st.
Wh
at m
akes
a g
oo
d c
ow
hor
se o
ut h
ere?
W
ork.
W
ork
and
TL
C.
[Lau
ghs]
A
hor
se i
s an
ani
mal
tha
t ha
s a
101
of
ener
gy,
a lo
t o
f st
amin
a, a
nd e
no
ug
h
wor
k to
giv
e hi
m e
xerc
ise
is a
101
of
wor
k. If
you
giv
e hi
m e
noug
h w
ork
10
keep
him
in
good
sha
pe h
e le
arns
by
habi
t, a
nd t
he m
ore
wor
k yo
u g
ive
him
o
f th
e ri
ght
kind
, sh
owin
g hi
m t
he r
ight
thi
ng d
ay a
fter
day
aft
er d
ay,
the
bett
er h
e ge
ts a
t it.
C
an y
ou l
ook
at a
col
t an
d te
ll w
heth
er h
e's
goin
g 10
be
bett
er th
an a
vera
ge
or a
nyth
ing
like
tha
t?
Not
nec
essa
rily
. D
efin
itel
y yo
u w
ant
a ho
rse
wit
h go
od c
onfo
rmat
ion.
W
hy
? B
ecau
se t
hey
are
mor
e ac
tive
and
the
y ca
n ha
ndle
the
mse
lves
bet
ter.
Th
eir
legs
are
str
aigh
t.
Wha
t ex
actl
y is
go
od
con
form
atio
n?
I d
on
't k
now
how
to
desc
ribe
goo
d co
nfor
mat
ion.
Y
ou w
ant
stra
ight
leg
s
24
SL
AG
OW
SK
I
- ~
RM
, FS
:
cs,
FS:
RM
: FS
:
RM
, F
S:
RM
: FS
:
cs,
FS
: R
M:
CS
: FS
:
RM
:
and
you
wan
tlh
em t
o b
e de
ep t
hrou
gh t
he g
irth
. T
he f
irst
thi
ng y
ou l
ook
at
in a
hor
se i
s hi
s fe
et.
If a
hor
se h
as g
ot g
ood
feet
, yo
u ca
n lo
ok o
n fr
om
ther
e.
If h
e ha
sn't
got
go
od
fee
t, y
ou m
ight
as
wel
l ju
st d
isca
rd h
im.
Wha
t d
o g
ood
feet
loo
k li
ke?
Th
ey'r
e go
od s
olid
hoo
ves.
T
hey
're
not
spli
t, n
ot b
roke
, th
ey'r
e st
raig
ht.
And
he
can
carr
y hi
mse
lf.
You
wan
t go
od
fee
t, g
ood
stra
ight
legs
. Y
ou w
ant
a fa
irly
sho
rt b
ack
but y
ou w
ant a
lon
g sl
opin
g hi
p -m
usc
ula
r. Y
ou l
ook
for
the
mus
cle.
A
qua
rter
hor
se,
in o
ther
wor
ds.
You
lik
e a
long
nec
k -t
rim
, sl
ende
r, n
ot t
oo c
oars
e, a
nd y
ou w
ant
a ni
ce,
fine
hea
d th
at's
wid
e be
twee
n th
e ey
es a
nd s
ho
n b
etw
een
the
eyes
and
the
m
uzzl
e -
a sm
ooth
hea
d an
d ne
ck t
hat
blen
d in
to h
is b
ody
smoo
thly
. Y
ou
lake
hor
ses
of I
hat
kind
, an
d a
bigg
er p
erce
ntag
e o
f th
em a
re g
ood.
But
you
ca
n ge
t a
perf
ect
conf
orm
atio
n an
d ha
ve a
hor
se t
hat
do
esn
't a
mou
nt t
o a
grea
t lo
t. W
hat
abou
t pe
rson
alit
y an
d he
art a
nd t
hat
kind
of
thin
g?
Th
ey'r
e al
l dif
fere
nt -
as d
iffe
rent
as
hum
ans
are.
A p
erso
n w
ho b
reak
s lo
ts
of h
orse
s, r
ides
lot
s o
f ho
rses
, han
dles
lot
s o
f ho
rses
, wil
l fi
nd t
hat a
ll h
orse
s ar
e di
ffer
ent.
Y
ou h
ave
to o
verl
ook
a lo
t of
thei
r li
ttle
fau
lts
and
pick
out
the
good
qua
lity
and
bui
ld o
n th
at.
Wha
t d
o y
ou l
ook
for
in p
erso
nali
ty t
o m
ake
a g
oo
d o
ne?
Y
ou l
ike
a ho
rse
that
's a
lert
and
sen
siti
ve a
nd r
espo
nds
to y
our
rein
-a
hors
e w
ith
a Ii
ghl
mou
th.
Wh
at d
oes
a li
ght
mou
th m
ean
? T
hat
you
do
n't
hav
e to
pul
l ha
rd.
Wh
en y
ou t
ouch
the
rei
n o
r if
you
tou
ch
him
wit
h a
foot
, yo
u w
ant
him
to
resp
ond
imm
edia
tely
. A
lot
of
that
is
deve
lope
d an
d a
lot
of
it is
in
the
hors
e.
Som
e ho
rses
are
just
log
y an
d yo
u d
on
't w
ant
that
res
pons
e.
You
wan
t th
eir
trus
t 10
0.
[Tha
t ha
s to
do
wit
h] t
he w
ay y
ou b
ehav
e w
ith
them
. H
e ha
s on
e no
w t
hat
he's
hav
ing
a li
llIe
pro
blem
wit
h. B
oy, I
hat h
orse
ha
s go
t a b
eaut
iful
per
sona
lity
. I
love
it.
He
love
s m
e to
o. I
wal
k d
ow
n th
ere
and
he a
lway
s co
mes
and
nuz
zles
me
arou
nd.
And
nex
i th
ing
I kn
ow,
he
pull
s m
y ha
ir n
et o
ff.
[Lau
ghs]
B
ut y
our
hors
es a
re a
s di
ffer
ent a
s pe
ople
. D
oes
a co
wm
an d
evel
op a
rel
atio
nshi
p w
ith
his
hors
e, s
o to
spe
ak?
Oh,
yes
, yo
u tr
ust
lhem
. Y
es.
I th
ink
you
find
tha
t m
ore
in p
eopl
e w
ho d
o a
ll th
eir
wor
k on
onl
y o
ne
hors
e.
Th
ey b
ecom
e a
lill
Ie c
lose
r to
Iha
t ho
rse
and
depe
nd o
n hi
m a
lil
lIe
mor
e.
Yea
rs a
go w
hen
I w
as r
idin
g w
ith
outf
its,
we
had
fro
m 8
to 1
0 o
r 12
he
ad o
f ho
rses
in o
ur s
trin
g.
You
rod
e th
ose
diff
eren
t ho
rses
-m
aybe
you
ch
ange
d at
noo
n. A
nd y
ou h
ad a
lot o
r dif
fere
nt h
orse
s th
at y
ou r
ode.
If
you
w
ent
from
one
out
fit t
o an
othe
r, y
ou g
ot a
who
le n
ew b
unch
or
hors
es,
Wou
ld l
here
be
one
hors
e yo
u w
ould
pre
fer?
"O
h,
boy,
I'm
goi
ng t
o be
ri
ding
him
thi
s af
tern
oon,
" ra
ther
than
, "O
h,
god,
I g
ot o
ld s
o-an
d-so
."
SL
AG
OW
SK
I 25
FS:
CS:
FS:
RM
: FS
: C
S:
[Lau
ghte
r]
You
're r
ight
. Y
ou h
ave
cert
ain
hors
es t
hat
you
use
for
cert
ain
jobs
bec
ause
som
e ar
e be
tter.
Y
ou h
ave
som
e ho
rses
tha
t yo
u ca
n tr
ust
that
do
you
r wor
k a
lot b
elle
r th
an o
ther
s. Y
ou h
ave
som
e ho
rses
that
you
hav
e a
prel
ly h
ard
time
gell
ing
your
wor
k do
ne o
n.
You
lea
rn t
he p
arti
cula
r w
ork
that
you
hav
e fo
r th
at d
ay a
nd y
ou c
hoos
e th
e ho
rse
that
you
can
do
Ihat
on.
Y
es, o
r yo
u ch
oose
the
one
Ihat
has
the
mos
t m
iles
in h
im a
nd w
ill s
tand
up
unde
r it.
I'
ve h
eard
Flo
yd s
ay t
hat.
Yes
. A
nd s
ome
hors
es h
ave
mor
e en
dura
nce
than
olh
ers.
Now
, lik
e th
at t
rip
that
I t
old
you
I m
ade
toJi
ggs ..
. Y
ou h
ave
a 3-
day
ride
, one
day
rig
ht a
fter
th
e ot
her
of
long
rid
es l
ike
thaI
, it
tires
him
out
. H
e's
gal
to b
e to
ugh.
Y
ou c
ould
n't
do th
at o
n ju
st a
ny h
orse
, th
en.
No.
T
hat
55-m
ile
ride
had
sno
w.
and
mud
und
er t
he s
now
. T
hat's
har
d.
The
reas
on h
e kn
ows
so m
uch
abou
t ho
ofs
is t
hat h
e le
arne
d to
be
a fa
rrie
r in
th
e ar
my.
R
M:
Oh,
so
you
wen
t in
to t
he a
rmy
afte
r yo
u w
ere
dow
n he
re.
FS:
[Lau
ghs]
W
hen
I w
orke
d fo
r S
adle
rs t
here
we
cam
e th
roug
h Pi
ne V
alle
y ev
ery
fall
taki
ng t
he c
attl
e to
Pal
isad
e to
put
the
m o
n th
e ra
ilroa
d.
Whe
n th
ey s
old
callI
e in
the
fal
l th
en,
they
did
n't
com
e w
ith t
ruck
s 10
gel
the
m.
You
gO
t w
hat
you
had
for
sale
and
dro
ve t
hem
to
the
railr
oad
and
put
them
on
the
rai
lroa
d ca
rs a
nd th
e bu
yer t
ook
them
whe
reve
r he
wan
ted
them
to
go
~ t
o h
is f
eedl
ot.
So
it w
as k
ind
of a
har
d de
al.
26
Tho
se c
allI
e do
wn
ther
e w
ere
mor
e or
less
wild
and
whe
n yo
u br
ough
t the
m
into
the
rai
lroa
d, t
hey
had
neve
r se
en m
ore
wat
er t
han
that
litt
le s
prin
g ov
er
ther
e or
a m
udho
le to
dri
nk o
ut o
f. T
hey
didn
't kn
ow a
bout
cro
ssin
g w
ater
. T
hey
wou
ldn'
t cr
oss
a br
idge
~ t
hey'
d ne
ver
been
dri
ven
acro
ss a
bri
dge.
W
hen
you
peek
ed o
ver
that
hill
to
Pal
isad
e an
d he
ard
the
trai
n w
hist
le d
own
that
can
yon
and
it ec
hoed
up
and
dow
n th
at c
anyo
n, t
hey
just
mil
led
and
wer
e sc
ared
to d
eath
. A
nd y
our
hors
es w
ere
scar
ed o
f th
at t
oo.
We
wou
ld
driv
e th
e ca
ttle
into
a r
anch
whe
re a
ll th
e ra
nche
rs'h
ad g
ot t
oget
her a
nd p
ut a
se
t o
f sc
ales
. T
hey
all
wei
ghed
al
the
old
Bla
ir R
anch
. T
hen
it w
as a
mile
fr
om t
here
int
o th
e st
ocky
ards
at
Palis
ade.
W
e'd
take
tho
se w
ild c
attl
e, a
nd a
fter
we
got
them
wei
ghed
, w
e ha
d to
go
dow
n an
d cr
oss
the
rive
r. W
ell,
the
cow
s w
ould
n't
cros
s th
e br
idge
nor
w
ould
the
y fo
rd t
he r
iver
~ w
e hn
d n
hard
tim
e ge
ttin
g th
em t
o fo
rd i
t. O
f co
urse
at
that
tim
e o
f th
e ye
ar,
the
rive
r w
as l
ow a
nd t
hat
was
our
bes
t be
t. So
we'
d ha
ve to
for
ce t
hem
to c
ross
the
rive
r (it
was
onl
y ab
out
belly
dee
p).
And
the
n w
hen
we
cros
sed
the
rive
r, w
e cr
osse
d th
e na
rrow
gau
ge E
&N
{E
urek
a N
evad
a R
ailr
oad]
tra
cks,
and
we'
d go
ne o
ver
both
tun
nels
. W
e cr
osse
d in
and
wer
e on
the
nor
th s
ide
of
the
trac
ks I
hen.
W
e ha
d to
cro
ss
back
ove
r th
e S
outh
ern
Paci
fic
trac
ks, g
o do
wn
betw
een
the
E&
N tr
acks
and
Ih
e S
outh
ern
Paci
fic
trac
ks a
bout
a q
uart
er o
f mile
\0
the
stoc
kyar
ds. A
nd a
t th
aI t
ime
ther
e w
ere
prob
ably
30
or 4
0 pe
ople
in
Pali
sade
. A
nd t
he d
ogs
wer
e ba
rkin
g an
d th
e tr
ains
wer
e w
hist
ling
up
and
dow
n th
e ca
nyon
and
I
tell
you,
it w
as a
nig
htm
are
gett
ing
thos
e ca
llie
into
tho
se s
tock
yard
s be
fore
SL
AG
OW
SK
l
T
a tr
ain
cam
e al
ong
and
scar
ed t
hem
bac
k up
ove
r th
e hi
lls.
It w
as o
ne o
f the
w
orst
pla
ces
I ev
er f
ound
10
put
calt
le i
nto
the
stoc
kyar
ds to
shi
p th
em o
ff
the
ranc
h.
So t
hat
was
one
of
the
prob
lem
s w
e ha
d. If
we
had
150
or 2
00
head
of c
alli
e, 4
men
cou
ld h
and
le t
hem
. Fi
ve h
undr
ed h
ead
wou
ld h
ave
to
be t
aken
in 3
dri
ves
to a
void
gre
ater
pro
blem
s.
SL
AG
OW
SK
I 27
CS
: F
S,
RM
:
FS:
RM
, F
S:
CS
: F
S:
28
CH
AP
TE
R F
OU
R
You
say
, F
loyd
. th
at it
was
ver
y ha
rd t
o co
rral
tho
se w
ild
hors
es.
Oh,
yes
. It
was
a l
ot h
arde
r th
an c
attl
e.
I'v
e be
en to
ld th
at in
the
ear
ly d
ays
here
they
kep
t the
cat
lle
on t
he r
ange
all
ye
ar.
Dow
n so
uth
of A
usti
n, d
own
tow
ard
Ton
opah
, th
ey k
eep
them
on
the
rang
e al
l ye
ar,
but
here
you
fee
d th
em in
the
win
ter
now
. C
ould
you
dis
cuss
th
at?
In t
his
coun
try
the
win
ters
are
sev
ere
enou
gh t
hat
they
hav
e to
fee
d ha
y th
roug
h ab
out
3 to
4 m
onth
s o
f th
e w
inte
r.
The
Tay
lor
Gra
zing
Act
was
fo
nned
in
1934
and
, af
ter
that
tim
e, a
ll th
e ra
nche
rs i
n th
is c
ount
ry h
ad t
o ha
ve a
per
mit
to r
un c
attl
e ou
t on
the
rang
e. T
hey
turn
ed t
he c
attl
e o
ut i
n th
e sp
ring
and
use
d th
e ou
tsid
e ra
nge;
the
n th
ey h
ad t
o be
gat
here
d in
. In
Pin
e V
alle
y, i
n th
e fa
ll o
f til
e ye
ar,
we
wou
ld S
tart
at t
he s
outh
ern
end
dow
n at
the
ol
d P
lum
ber
plac
e.
How
far
wou
ld t
hat
be s
outh
of
here
? T
hat
's 8
mil
es.
(If
you
go b
eyon
d th
aI t
here
are
oth
er r
anch
es d
own
ther
e,
but
they
nev
er w
ere
invo
lved
wit
h th
e ro
undu
p on
thi
s en
d.)
Rig
ht a
fter
ha
ying
tim
e, t
hey
wou
ld a
ll ge
t the
ir s
addl
e ho
rses
in
,get
the
shoe
s on
them
. an
d Sl
art
to g
athe
r th
e ca
ttle
tha
t w
ere
sold
for
bee
f -th
e s
teer
s an
d he
ifer
s an
d th
e dr
y co
ws.
And
eac
h ra
nche
r fro
m P
alis
ade
up t
o h
ere
wou
ld s
end
a re
pres
enta
tive
-on
e m
an _
to
rid
e w
ith
the
grou
p. W
hen
they
rod
e ou
t of
Plu
mbe
rs'
ranc
h, P
lum
ber w
ould
be
the
boss
. H
e w
ould
spr
ead
the
men
out
on
the
rid
es a
nd h
e w
ould
be
the
boss
of
the
ride
rs i
n th
at a
rea
for
abou
t 4
day
s' r
ide
out
of
ther
e.
And
the
y w
ould
gat
her
all
the
catt
le t
hey
coul
d.
We'
d r
ide
out a
nd h
old
roun
dups
hig
h in
the
mou
ntai
ns a
nd g
athe
r the
ste
ers
and
anyt
hing
for
bee
f.
Whe
n w
e br
ough
t th
e b
eef
that
had
bee
n so
ld i
n.
we'
d le
ave
the
othe
rs o
ut th
ere.
Th
e ra
nche
r [w
hose
ran
ch w
e w
ere
wor
king
ou
t of
] ke
pt h
is c
attl
e th
ere
and
we'
d m
ove
the
rest
of
the
call
ie a
nd t
he
hors
es t
o th
e ne
xt r
anch
-sa
y he
re.
We'
d ri
de a
bout
3 d
ays
out
of
here
. T
hen
we'
d m
ove
the
catt
le a
nd th
e ho
rses
and
str
ays
onto
the
next
ran
ch a
nd
ride
out
of
ther
e, a
nd s
o on
all
the
way
dow
n th
e va
lley
. E
ach
ranc
her
wou
ld
take
ov
er a
s bo
ss n
t hi
s ra
nch.
It
wou
ld ta
ke a
bout
30
dnys
to r
ide
the
vall
ey,
and
by t
hen
ever
yone
wou
ld h
ave
thei
r bee
f in
on g
ood
past
ure,
all
but
a f
ew.
The
n ea
ch r
anch
er w
ould
rid
e to
gat
her
in a
ny l
ittl
e st
ragg
lers
tha
t w
e ha
d m
isse
d an
d ge
t th
eir
bee
f pre
pare
d an
d re
ady
to t
ake
to th
e ra
ilro
ad.
Eve
ry
one
had
to d
rive
to t
he r
ailr
oad
then
and
shi
p th
eir
beef
. R
emem
ber,
the
coo
ks w
ere
cook
ing
for
IS t
o 2
0 c
owbo
ys.
Yes
, the
wom
en a
t eac
h ra
nch
ther
e w
ould
coo
k fo
r th
e cr
ews.
And
of c
ours
e w
hen
you
had
that
man
y an
d ea
ch m
an h
ad 5
to 8
hea
d o
f sad
dle
hors
es, y
ou
had
quit
e a
cavv
y to
wra
ngle
eac
h m
orni
ng.
And
eac
h o
f the
cow
boys
wou
ld
take
a t
um w
rang
ling
thes
e ho
rses
in t
o us
e in
the
mor
ning
for
eac
h to
cat
ch
his
hors
e.
Aft
er t
he b
eef
was
gat
here
d an
d S
hipp
ed i
n ab
out
the
firs
t o
f N
ovem
ber,
we
wou
ld s
tart
the
rid
e to
gat
her
ever
ythi
ng.
Th
ey'd
gat
her
all
SL
AG
OW
SK
I
1
RM
: F
S:
C&
FS
:
RM
, FS
; R
M:
FS
:
RM
, F
S:
RM
:
FS
:
RM
: F
S:
RM
: FS
: R
M:
FS:
the
catt
le o
ff o
f th
e ra
nge
and
brin
g th
em i
nlO
the
fie
lds
and
hold
the
m o
n
thei
r m
eado
w p
astu
re u
ntil
the
y ha
d to
sta
rt f
eedi
ng.
The
n in
the
win
ter
mon
ths
they
wou
ld f
eed
unti
l sp
ring
and
whe
n sp
ring
cam
e an
d th
e gr
ass
star
ted.
the
y'd
go
bac
k to
ran
ge a
gain
. II
ow f
ar w
ould
you
go?
In
thi
s va
lley
we
wou
ld r
ide
as f
ar a
s th
e cr
est o
f th
e ra
nge.
The
re w
ere
also
ca
ttle
com
ing
into
thi
s va
lley
fro
m C
orte
z V
alle
y.
Yes
, tha
t's
wes
t. T
hey
call
it C
resc
ent
Val
ley
now
. T
hey
wou
ld d
rift
ove
r in
to I
his
vall
ey s
o th
ey w
ould
sen
d a
coup
le o
f re
pre
sent
ativ
es f
rom
the
ran
ches
ove
r th
ere
to g
athe
r th
ose
catt
le.
The
re w
ould
al
so b
e ca
llie
com
ing
from
lig
gs,
tha
t ar
ea i
n M
ound
Val
ley,
ove
r in
tO t
his
vall
ey,
and
they
wou
ld s
end
2 o
r 3
or
4 re
pres
enta
tive
s. S
o th
ey w
ould
rid
e w
ith
us h
ere
and,
whe
n w
e fi
nish
ed, t
hey
wou
ld t
ake
thei
r cat
tle
and
go
bac
k ho
me.
N
ow,
Mou
nd V
alle
y is
the
nex
t va
lley
to
the
east
? Y
es.
And
whe
re i
s th
e to
wn
of C
orte
z?
Th
e ol
d m
ine
was
rig
ht o
n th
e w
eSt
side
of
Mou
nt T
enab
o, j
ust
on
the
wes
t sl
ope
of
it.
The
old
tow
n w
as v
ery
near
to
the
Eur
eka
and
Lan
der
coun
ty
line
. W
hat
is t
his
rang
e to
the
wes
t cal
led?
T
hat'S
the
Cor
tez
Ran
ge.
Des
crib
e P
ine
Val
ley.
W
here
doe
s it
begi
n an
d w
here
doe
s it
end
and
wha
t do
es it
con
sist
of?
I
wou
ld h
ave
to c
all
Pin
e V
alle
y al
l th
e dr
aina
ge o
f P
ine
Cre
ek.
No
w t
hey
call
thi
s up
her
e on
Hen
ders
on C
reek
Gar
den
Val
ley.
The
y us
ed t
o ca
ll t
hat
othe
r on
e ov
er th
ere
Den
ay [
soun
ds li
ke D
aney
} V
alle
y; i
t's p
art o
f the
drn
in
age.
Th
ey a
re ju
st m
ini-
vall
eys,
you
mig
ht s
ay,
wit
hin
Pin
e V
alle
y.
I see
. A
nd P
ine
Cre
ek r
uns
no
nh
and
dra
ins
into
the
Hum
bold
t?
Rig
ht.
Pin
e C
reek
sta
rts
up h
ere
at t
he li
ttle
pas
s to
the
sou
th o
f Hor
se C
reek
o
ff o
f M
ount
Ten
abo.
H
orse
Cre
ek i
s th
e m
ain
trib
utar
y o
ff th
e he
ad o
f it.
G
arde
n C
reek
and
Den
ay C
reek
run
into
it, b
ut th
ey c
om
e in
fro
m t
he s
outh
. P
ine
Cre
ek r
uns
a li
llie
bit
nor
th o
f eas
t unt
il it
com
es to
Bla
ckbu
rn.
Th
ere'
s a
big
bend
in t
he c
reek
ther
e th
at g
oes
nort
h. T
hen
it go
es n
onh
to th
e G
reen
S
prin
gs d
own
ther
e. A
nd a
t Gre
en S
prin
gs it
turn
s al
mos
t due
wes
t in
to t
hat
litt
le n
arro
w c
anyo
n an
d it
mak
es a
cir
cle
to th
e no
rth
and
then
ano
ther
cir
cle
back
to
the
wes
t. T
hat
's a
lmos
t a
litt
le "
S"
shap
e th
roug
h P
ine
Cre
ek C
an
yon.
A
nd t
hat'
s ju
st a
mil
e fr
om w
here
it e
mpt
ies
into
the
Hum
bold
t.
Doe
s P
ine
Cre
ek r
un a
ll y
ear?
O
h, y
es.
And
how
abo
ut t
he t
ribu
tari
es?
Mos
t o
f th
e tr
ibut
arie
s dr
y up
, bu
t no
t ou
r cr
eek.
H
ot C
reek
her
e ru
ns c
on
stan
tly.
A
ll o
f th
e tr
ibut
arie
s fr
om t
he s
outh
eve
ntua
lly
dry
befo
re t
hey
get
here
. T
his
is t
he fi
rst
live
wat
er th
at r
uns
all t
he t
ime.
The
n T
rout
Cre
ek r
uns
SL
AG
OW
SK
I 29
•
CS:
FS
:
RM
: FS
:
RM
:
FS:
RM
: FS
:
RM
: FS
,
RM
FS
:
RM
: FS
: R
M:
FS:
RM
, C
S:
30
Ihe
year
rou
nd, a
nd P
adel
ford
Cre
ek r
uns
quite
wel
L B
ul n
ot a
llih
e ye
ar r
ound
. N
o, n
ot a
ll ye
ar.
Hot
Cre
ek a
nd T
rout
Cre
ek m
ake
moS
t ort
he h
ay m
eado
ws
dow
n th
roug
h he
re.
And
the
re's
Big
Spr
ings
in I
he b
otto
m d
own
here
-B
ig
Spri
ngs
at t
he S
tone
hou
se.
Whe
re a
re t
hose
big
spr
ings
? W
hat's
fee
ding
the
m, I
won
der?
In
the
old
Ran
d pl
ace
dow
n th
ere
and
the
Ston
e ho
use
...
year
s ag
o th
ey
used
to c
alil
hat S
tone
hou
se th
e to
le la
nds.
And
the
re a
re a
101
oftu
les
ther
e,
but
ther
e ar
e su
mp
hole
s -
spri
ngs
thai
com
e up
-an
d th
ey're
dee
p.
I do
n't
thin
k an
yone
kno
ws
the
sour
ce, r
eally
. C
ould
you
tal
k a
litlle
bit
aboU
l w
hat
the
callI
e fe
ed o
n w
hen
they
're
out
on
the
rang
e?
Wel
l, so
man
y pe
ople
who
tra
vel
thro
ugh
on t
he h
ighw
ay I
hink
tha
t thi
s is
a ve
ry d
esol
ate
area
-th
at th
ere
is n
othi
ng.
But
whe
n yo
u ge
t aw
ay f
rom
the
hi
ghw
ays,
aw
ay f
rom
mai
n tr
avel
rou
te, a
nd g
o ba
ck th
roug
h th
ese
hills
, you
lin
d a
lot
of
good
gra
ss a
nd a
lot
of
spri
ngs,
esp
ecia
lly i
n th
is n
orth
east
ern
part
of
the
Slat
e.
And
the
re a
re a
var
iety
of
gras
ses.
I'
m n
ot w
ell
enou
gh
info
rmed
to te
ll yo
u ju
st a
ll o
f the
type
s o
f gra
sses
, but
ther
e ar
e m
any
diff
er
ent
nativ
e gr
asse
s th
at a
re g
ood
and
a go
od S
lron
g fe
ed.
Thi
s is
typi
cal
and
good
liv
esto
ck c
ount
ry -
liv
esto
ck d
o ve
ry w
ell
here
. T
he
old
cow
buy
ers
year
s ag
o us
ed t
o co
me
in h
ere
to b
uy t
hese
dry
cow
s be
caus
e o
f the
har
d fa
l th
ey h
ad o
n th
em -
they
sla
ught
ered
out
bet
ter.
It w
as f
ar b
ette
r Ih
an I
he c
atlle
they
cou
ld g
et in
Cal
ifor
nia
that
wer
e on
lush
ap
pear
ing
gras
s.
The
y lik
ed l
hem
muc
h be
ller
beca
use
this
fee
d is
str
ong.
It
's a
bel
ler
fat.
I w
onde
r w
hy t
hai
is.
It's
lhe
high
er a
ltitu
de;
it's
str
esse
d a
lillie
mor
e.
And
the
mor
e st
ress
it h
as
\0 [
unde
rgo]
to g
et i
ts g
row
th, t
he b
ette
r qu
ality
it s
eem
s to
be.
Is
tha
t ri
ght?
T
hat's
wha
t I
lind.
O
n a
good
rai
ny y
ear,
whe
n w
e ha
ve m
ore
rain
fall
than
no
rmal
, th
e gr
ass
will
be
talle
r. H
ow t
all
will
it g
et?
Oh,
up
to I
or
2 fe
et.
But
it's
not
as
good
a q
ualit
y so
met
imes
as
it is
whe
n it
's d
own
at a
bout
8 in
ches
. T
he c
attle
will
be
falle
r an
d st
rOng
er.
And
the
ra
nche
rs h
ave
know
n th
at a
lllh
roug
h th
e ye
ars.
Thi
s is
goo
d st
ock
coun
try.
It
is n
Ot
wha
t I
call
farm
ing
coun
try,
bec
ause
you
're
limite
d on
wha
t cr
ops
you
can
grow
. Y
ou g
row
hay
for
the
cat
tle a
nd t
hat's
abo
ut th
e lim
it.
Why
lire
you
lim
ited
on I
he o
ther
s?
The
sea
sons
are
too
shor
t; tO
O m
uch
fros
t. W
hat
is yo
ur g
row
ing
seas
on h
ere?
Fr
om a
bout
the
mid
dle
of J
une
to t
he 1
st o
f Sep
tem
ber.
S
o yo
u ca
n't
real
ly h
ave
a ga
rden
her
e?
Oh,
yes
. W
e ha
ve a
gar
den.
Thi
s ye
ar, r
emem
ber,
spri
ng w
as S
O e
arly
. W
e ne
ver
plan
t sp
uds,
squ
ash,
bea
ns o
r co
m b
efor
e th
e 10
th o
f Ju
ne b
ecau
se
SLA
GO
WSK
I
FS:
CS:
FS:
RM
: FS
: R
M:
FS:
RM
: FS
:
RM
:
FS:
RM
: FS
: R
M:
FS:
RM
: FS
:
RM
: FS
: R
M:
FS:
you'
re g
oing
to g
et t
hat
fros
t in
Jun
e, u
sual
ly.
But
thi
s ye
ar w
e w
ent
ahea
d;
we
got
with
the
pro
gmm
. W
e go
t Sl
Ung
, too
. Y
es.
{Lau
ghs]
W
e ha
d to
rep
lant
the
com
and
the
squa
sh a
nd t
he b
eans
. T
he s
puds
sur
vive
d so
mew
hal,
butl
hey'
re p
retty
sor
ry -
kind
of a
nem
ic l
ooki
ng.
But
we
gar
den.
W
e ha
ve a
big
gar
den
all
over
up
here
. In
som
e o
f the
mor
e pr
otec
ted
area
s ba
ck in
thes
e ca
nyon
s th
ey d
on't
get t
hat
muc
h fr
ost,
and
som
e o
f the
m g
row
som
e fr
uil
and
a fe
w o
ther
thi
ngs.
B
ut
over
all.
it is
hve
stoc
k co
untr
y.
How
man
y cU
lling
s o
f ha
y do
you
get
? W
e ge
t 2 c
uttin
gs o
f al
falf
a an
d on
e o
f na
tive
hay.
A
nd a
bout
how
man
y Io
ns o
f alf
alfa
do
you
get t
o th
e ac
re h
ere,
wou
ld y
ou
say?
I
don'
t re
ally
kno
w.
Wou
ld y
ou g
et l
ess
than
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y or
wou
ld it
be
abou
t th
e sa
me?
I t
hink
a li
ttle
less
, bec
ause
they
let
the
hay
mat
ure
a lit
tle m
ore
here
and
they
fi
gure
on
2 cr
ops.
O
ver
Iher
e tll
ey c
ut i
t a
little
ear
ly b
ut t
hey
figu
re o
n 3
crop
s. T
hey
mig
ht g
et a
liU
le b
ette
r pr
oduc
tion
per
crop
; I d
on't
know
. I'
m f
asci
nate
d by
the
str
esse
d pl
ant
bein
g m
ore
nutr
itiou
s th
an t
he o
ne th
at
isn'
t. W
ould
str
esse
d al
falf
a be
bet
ter?
I
thin
k th
at'S
why
the
qua
lity
of a
lfal
fa in
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y is
as
good
as
it is
_
the
high
ele
vatio
n an
d th
e co
oler
tem
pera
ture
s ad
d a
lillIe
str
ess.
So
Dia
mon
d V
alle
y ha
s go
od q
ualit
y ha
y?
The
y ha
ve to
p qu
ality
hay
the
re.
And
you
rs w
ould
be
as g
ood
here
? O
h, y
es.
Are
mos
t of
lhe
peop
le h
ere
in a
lfal
fa o
r gr
ass?
W
ell.
the
ranc
hers
her
e m
ainl
y ha
ve g
rass
. A
lthou
gh I
shou
ldn'
t sa
y na
tive,
be
caus
e it
's b
een
plan
ted
in t
imot
hy a
nd r
edto
p an
d va
riou
s gr
asse
s.
BUI y
ou o
nly
get o
ne c
utti
ng o
f it?
T
hat's
rig
ht.
Whe
n th
ey o
rigi
nally
stn
ned
plan
ting
hay,
did
they
hav
e to
do
a lo
t of w
ork
ing
of t
he Il
Ind
to g
et it
leve
l an
d ev
eryt
hing
, or w
as it
in p
retty
goo
d sh
ape
to
begi
n w
ith?
Yea
rs I
Igo
I'm
sur
e th
ai i
t w
as r
ough
and
had
to
be w
orke
d so
me.
The
old
tim
ers
talk
abo
ut a
ll o
f th
e w
onde
rful
rye
gra
ss th
at w
as i
n th
e bo
ttom
land
s he
re a
long
the
se c
reek
s. A
nd i
i'S b
een
wri
tten
in s
ome
hist
ory
how
won
der
ful
it w
as t
hen
and
the
good
gra
ss a
nd e
very
thin
g.
But
I t
hink
the
y di
dn'l
take
eno
ugh
into
con
side
ratio
n.
I fu
lly b
elie
ve t
hai
the
rye
gras
s w
as t
hai
good
thr
ough
the
bot
tom
lan
ds a
nd u
p th
roug
h he
re.
But
now
the
y sa
y in
th
eir
wri
tings
tha
t it
has
dete
rior
ated
thr
ough
out
the
year
s, a
nd I
don
't be
lie
ve th
at is
tru
e, b
ecau
se th
ey'v
e ir
riga
ted
it.
If y
ou o
ver-
irri
gate
rye
gra
ss,
it w
ill d
ie o
ut.
The
y'd
give
it
too
muc
h w
ater
and
it
wou
ld d
ie o
ut,
but
they
've
gone
in a
nd p
low
ed t
his
land
up
and
leve
led
it an
d pl
ante
d tim
Oth
y
SLA
GO
WSK
I 31
RM
, FS
: R
M:
FS:
RM
: FS
:
RM
, FS
:
CS:
FS:
CS:
FS
: R
M:
FS:
RM
:
FS:
RM
, FS
:
32
and
redt
op a
nd a
bel
ler
qual
ity
of
hay.
So
I th
ink
the
over
all
bott
om l
and
thro
ugh
here
whi
ch th
ey s
aid
is de
teri
orat
ed is
aC
lUal
ly b
ette
r, be
caus
e of
lhe
bett
er q
uali
ty f
eed.
Y
ou m
ean,
it's
pro
duci
ng m
ore
feed
tha
n it
was
ori
gina
lly?
Rig
ht. i
t pr
oduc
es b
ette
r an
d m
ore.
A
re t
here
any
gra
sses
tha
t th
e co
ws
do b
ette
r on
? O
h, s
ure.
T
here
are
som
e th
at a
re m
ore
pala
tabl
e an
d th
at t
hey
eal
bett
er
beca
use
they
lik
e it
bet
ter.
A
nd t
here
are
som
e th
at a
re b
ette
r qu
alit
y th
at
they
do
bett
er o
n.
Are
dif
fere
nt a
reas
kno
wn
for
one
type
of g
rass
ver
sus
anot
her?
D
h, y
es.
In d
iffe
rent
are
as,
diff
eren
t ty
pes
grow
bet
ter
than
Olh
er o
nes.
B
ut
it's
all
good
. A
nd t
his
coun
try
is w
ell
wat
ered
, if
the
wat
er is
tak
en c
are
of
righ
t. T
here
's e
noug
h w
ater
for
eve
rybo
dy?
Wel
l, fo
r st
ock
wat
er.
I'm
talk
ing
abou
t sto
ck w
ater
. A
ll al
ong
in t
hese
hil
ls
ther
e ar
e lo
ts o
f lit
tle
spri
ngs.
W
ell,
it's
hav
ing
its p
robl
ems
wit
h th
e dr
ough
t rig
ht n
ow.
But
the
othe
r day
w
hen
Flo
yd w
as u
p in
the
hill
s, h
e sa
id a
ctua
lly
that
old
dri
ed f
eed
is t
here
an
d iI
's g
ood;
it's
wat
er th
at's
a l
ittl
e pr
oble
m.
Peo
ple
in t
he B
LM
com
e ou
l he
re a
nd l
ook
oul
thro
ugh
and
see
this
sho
rt,
dry
feed
, an
d th
ey t
hink
the
callI
e w
ill s
tarv
e to
dea
th.
But
the
y ju
sllo
ok
at
thal
lilt
le o
ld d
ry f
eedt
hatl
hey
can
see
from
the
roa
d an
d th
ey d
on
't l
ook
at
the
cow
s.
And
the
cat
tle
are
fat
on t
his
dry
feed
. A
s lo
ng a
s th
ey c
an g
et
wat
er,
they
're
in g
ood
shap
e.
The
y ha
ve g
ood
fles
h an
d th
ey'r
e co
nten
ted
and
doin
g re
al w
ell
heal
thw
ise.
Tha
t's a
bet
ter
way
to
mea
sure
fee
d an
d its
qu
alilY
· B
ut t
he w
ater
's g
etti
ng t
o be
a li
ttle
pro
blem
on
the
rang
e.
Yes
, bu
t no
t tO
O ba
d in
thi
s ar
ea r
ight
her
e.
You
mea
n fo
r th
e w
ater
for
the
cow
s?
Yes
, sto
ck w
ater
. C
ould
you
tal
k ab
out
how
thi
ngs
wer
e in
the
day
s of
ope
n ra
nge
whe
n th
e T
aylo
r G
razi
ng A
ct c
ame
in '
34?
The
BL
M j
ust
is g
radu
ally
tig
hten
ing
its
grip
, is
n't
it?
Yes
. T
hey'
ve b
uilt
up
thro
ugho
ut t
he y
ears
and
the
y've
gra
dual
ly g
ot a
bi
gger
sta
ff in
the
re.
And
the
y co
me
out
thro
ugh
here
and
loo
k th
e co
untr
y ov
er a
lit
tle
tnor
e an
d ch
eck
it.
One
of
the
big
chan
ges
that
I s
ee i
n Ih
is
part
icul
ar a
rea
is t
hat
year
s ag
o, w
hen
I fi
rst
cam
e he
re i
n th
e la
te '
30s
and
earl
y '4
05,
ther
e w
ere
lots
of
shee
p in
thi
s co
untr
y. A
nd t
here
wer
e m
ore
catt
le th
an t
here
sho
uld
have
bee
n.
It w
as o
vers
tock
ed.
It w
as o
verg
raze
d?
I'm
sur
e it
was
ove
rgra
zed.
Whe
n th
e B
LM
cam
e w
ith
the
old
Tay
lor G
raz
ing
Act
, th
ere
wer
e a
lot o
f tr
amp
shee
pmen
in t
he c
ount
ry.
Wha
t I m
ean
by
tram
p sh
eepm
en -
the s
heep
men
her
e w
ould
bri
ng in
a f
ello
w f
rom
the
old
co
untr
y an
d ha
ve h
im h
erd
shee
p an
d he
'd t
ake
his
wag
es i
n sh
eep.
Pre
tty
SL
AG
OW
SK
l
RM
: FS
,
RM
, FS
,
soon
he'
d h
ave
a ba
nd, b
ut h
e w
ould
n't h
ave
any
base
pro
pert
y, a
nd h
e w
ould
ju
st g
o fr
om p
lace
to p
lace
. H
e'd
win
ter
in t
he s
outh
and
com
e no
rth
in t
he
sum
mer
, and
just
trai
l w
here
he
wan
ted
to.
And
the
re w
as q
uite
a n
umbe
r o
f th
em.
One
of
the
[Tay
lor
Gra
zing
Act
] re
gula
tion
s w
as t
hat
peop
le s
houl
d ha
ve b
ase
prop
erty
in o
rder
to h
ave
a ra
nge
perm
it, s
o th
ey s
topp
ed a
ll o
f th
e tr
amp
shee
pmen
. T
hen
they
lim
ited
eac
h ra
nch'
s ra
nge
acco
rdin
g to
the
amou
nt o
f ha
y it
cou
ld
prod
uce.
If
he
had
1000
hea
d of
cow
s in
the
win
ter
mon
ths,
the
n he
cou
ld
deve
lop
rang
e fo
r 10
00 h
ead
out
on t
he r
ange
. T
hat's
the
way
the
y de
ter
min
ed t
heir
[al
lotm
ents
}.
So
that
bro
ught
thin
gs m
ore
into
ord
er.
You
hav
e to
giv
e th
e B
LM
cre
dit
for
that
. I d
on
't g
ive
them
a 10
1 of c
redi
t [la
ught
er].
but
for
tha
t I w
ill.
You
can
't
take
aw
ay w
hat's
rig
ht.
So
that
hel
ped
the
rang
e qu
ite
a bi
t. T
hen
in t
he e
arly
day
s he
re,
the
shee
p us
ed t
o co
me
in i
n th
e sp
ring
; th
ey'd
sh
ear
them
jus
t be
fore
the
y'd
com
e in
. A
nd i
n th
e sp
ring
mon
ths,
in
earl
y A
pril
, you
get
a l
otof
bliz
zard
sand
col
d w
inds
and
the
y'd
be sh
eare
d. W
ell,
thos
e sh
eep
wou
ld g
et c
old.
A
nd i
n th
ose
bliz
zard
s, t
hey
wou
ld ju
st r
un
an
d th
ey'd
tum
the
m b
ack.
T
hey'
d go
one
way
and
the
n tu
m t
hem
bac
k;
they
'd h
ave
to h
erd
them
. S
o th
ey w
ere
in b
unch
es r
unni
ng b
ack
and
fort
h.
And
in
lam
bing
tim
e, t
hey'
d ha
ve a
ter
ribl
e ti
me
cont
roll
ing
them
in
thes
e st
onns
. T
hey
trom
ped
mor
e fe
ed t
han
they
ale
-th
ey t
rom
ped
the
earl
y fe
ed s
o ba
dly
that
the
y hu
n it.
T
hey
trie
d to
kee
p th
e co
yote
pop
ulat
ion
dow
n, b
ut o
ne s
prin
g up
her
e Ih
e Sa
!Jab
erry
s ha
d sh
eep
runn
ing
up o
n th
is r
ange
. T
hey
had
a go
vern
men
t tr
appe
r w
ith
them
in t
he s
prin
g to
tra
p co
yote
s an
d hu
nt d
ens
and
try t
o ke
ep
the
coyo
tes
out o
f th
eir
lam
bs,
but
the
coyo
les
took
so
man
y o
f th
eir
lam
bs
that
the
y to
ld m
e th
ey l
ost
near
ly 5
0 p
erce
nt o
f th
eir
lam
bs o
ne y
ear.
W
ell,
wit
h th
e co
yote
s be
ing
Ihat
bad
and
var
ious
thi
ngs,
they
sol
d th
eir s
heep
and
ch
ange
d to
cat
tle,
and
the
re w
ere
a nu
mbe
r o
f ot
her
peop
le w
ho a
lso
sold
th
eir
shee
p an
d ch
ange
d to
cat
tle.
W
hat
tim
e fr
ame
are
we
talk
ing
abou
t he
re?
We'
re t
alki
ng a
bout
the
mid
and
lat
e '5
0s.
As
we
got
away
fro
m t
hat
earl
y tr
ompi
ng b
y th
e sh
eep
in t
he s
prin
g, a
nd a
s th
e ca
ttle
num
bers
wen
t dow
n a
litt
le b
it,
that
hel
ped
the
rang
e; a
nd t
he r
ange
has
inc
reas
ed b
y le
aps
and
boun
ds.
We
also
had
bet
ter
cont
rol
on t
he w
ater
s an
d th
ings
-w
e d
id t
hat
ours
elve
s. m
ore
or le
ss.
The
ran
ge i
s fa
r be
ller
now
tha
n I'
ve
ever
see
n it.
T
hey
try
to te
ll yo
u, s
ome
of th
em, t
hat t
he r
ange
is d
ecre
asin
g. b
ut t
hat's
not
ri
ght.
I'v
e w
atch
ed i
t ov
er a
50-
year
per
iod
of
tim
e an
d I'
ve s
een
a bi
g in
crea
se i
n th
e fe
ed -
ever
ythi
ng is
jus
t in
bet
ter
Shap
e.
How
do
you
see
the
BL
M's
rol
e in
mai
nten
ance
of
the
rang
e no
w?
The
BL
M's
role
in i
t is
not
favo
rabl
e. T
hey
have
a b
ig s
taff
ove
r her
e at
Elk
o an
d al
so a
t B
attl
e M
ount
ain,
but
the
y ha
ve y
oung
peo
ple
who
hav
e go
ne
thro
ugh
rang
e cl
asse
s in
col
lege
. W
ell,
thos
e yo
ung
peop
le a
re a
ll ta
ught
one
pr
inci
ple,
one
thin
g, o
ne w
ay.
And
they
try
\0
bas
e th
eir k
now
ledg
e on
wha
t
SL
AG
OW
SK
l 33
RM
:
FS:
CS:
FS
:
RM
: FS
:
CS:
FS
:
34
they
've
been
tau
ght;
the
ir k
now
ledg
e is
not
bas
ed o
n co
mm
on s
ense
. A
nd
they
won
't ac
cept
the
kno
wle
dge
of
the
ranc
hers
who
hav
e be
en h
ere
for
man
y, m
any
year
s an
d se
en t
hese
cha
nges
. W
hat
is t
he b
ase
of
the
know
ledg
e th
at t
hese
you
ng c
olle
ge g
uys
are
tryi
ng
to p
ut o
ut?
The
y ta
lk a
bout
ran
ge i
mpr
ovem
ent
and
wha
t th
ey'v
e do
ne,
but
the
only
ra
nge
impr
ovem
ent
they
did
was
to
plan
t so
me
cres
ted
whe
at f
ield
s ar
ound
th
e va
riou
s co
untr
ies.
Tha
t has
inc
reas
ed th
e fe
ed n
o en
d, a
nd it
was
a g
ood
proj
ect.
One
of
the
thin
gs th
at I
hav
e w
ante
d th
em t
o do
for
yea
rs a
nd y
ears
w
as i
mpr
ove
wat
er.
And
of c
ours
e. I
'm ju
st a
s gl
ad th
ey d
idn'
t no
w, b
ut th
ey
wou
ldn'
t do
tha
t. N
ow,
that
's o
ne t
hing
we
do i
ndiv
idua
lly
here
tha
t ha
s im
prov
ed t
he r
ange
a l
ot ~ w
e ha
ve d
evel
oped
spr
ings
for
sto
ck w
ater
and
w
e ha
ve t
hat
wat
er ta
ken
care
of s
o it
's in
tro
ughs
and
it's
goo
d d
ean
wat
er
for
them
to
drin
k.
But
the
y w
ant
to i
nter
vene
in t
hat.
The
BL
M i
s tr
ying
ver
y ha
rd t
o ge
t th
e w
ater
aw
ay f
rom
the
Sla
te,
whi
ch
shou
ldn'
t be
don
e.
I do
n't
like
tha
t. O
h. T
he s
tate
con
trol
s th
e w
ater
now
, don
't th
ey?
Yes
. A
nd t
hey
shou
ld.
I ho
pe i
t st
ays
that
way
. N
ow t
he B
LM
wor
ks w
ith
the
Wil
dlif
e S
ervi
ce a
nd t
hey'
re a
llow
ing
them
to
ship
in a
ntel
ope,
elk
and
ev
eryt
hing
. T
hey'
re p
utti
ng o
n m
ore
of
this
for
the
spo
rtsm
an a
nd t
hey'
re
tryi
ng t
o cu
t us
bac
k on
AU
Ms
[ani
mal
uni
t m
onth
s} t
o ac
com
mod
ate
the
gam
e an
imal
s.
Wel
l, th
at's
a w
rong
pri
ncip
le.
And
the
y've
let
the
envi
ron
men
tali
sts,
to
a ce
rtai
n po
int,
infl
uenc
e th
em i
n th
e no
tion
tha
t th
e ca
ttle
are
ha
rmin
g th
e ra
nge.
A
nd w
e do
n't
beli
eve
that
; w
e ca
n pr
ove
othe
rwis
e.
Tel
l hi
m a
bout
the
rip
aria
n si
tuat
ion.
T
hey'
re tr
ying
to
fenc
e o
fflh
e cr
eeks
for
one
thin
g or
ano
ther
bec
ause
the
y th
ink
Ihe
stoc
k ar
e do
ing
so m
uch
dam
age
to it
. W
ell,
that
's a
cos
tly
prog
ram
th
at's
not
wor
th t
he e
ffor
t. I
feel
tha
t w
e pe
ople
who
are
usi
ng t
his
rang
e ha
ve b
ough
t th
is r
ange
with
our
mon
ey.
It's
a p
art
of
the
runc
h, b
utl
hey
're
tryi
ng to
tak
e us
off
of t
his.
And
the
ir p
rinc
iple
s ar
e al
l w
rong
. E
very
ran
cher
in
thi
s co
untr
y, I
wou
ld s
ay,
is t
ryin
g to
bet
ter
the
rang
e, b
ecau
se w
e've
got
so
ns a
nd g
rand
sons
com
ing
up.
We'
re n
ot t
ryin
g to
rui
n it.
W
e tr
y to
tak
e ca
re o
f it.
O
f co
urse
, yo
u're
goi
ng t
o ha
ve a
per
cent
age ~ p
roba
bly
10
perc
ent o
f tho
se r
anch
ers
coul
d ca
re l
ess
and
they
're
gree
dy a
nd t
hey'
ll t
ake
off e
very
thin
g th
ey c
an g
et, a
nd t
hey
abus
e th
eir
priv
ileg
es.
But
I'm
talk
ing
abou
t th
e m
ajor
ity,
pro
babl
y 90
per
cent
, w
ho t
ake
bett
er c
are
of
Ihe
rang
e an
d th
e w
ater
and
the
gra
ss a
nd e
very
thin
g el
se t
han
they
can
out
of
that
B
LM
off
ice.
SL
AG
OW
SK
I
FS:
RM
, FS
: R
M:
CS:
FS
:
RM
:
CS:
RM
, FS
:
CS:
FS:
RM
:
CH
AP
TE
R A
VE
For
inst
ance
, th
cse
youn
g pe
ople
tha
t the
y br
ing
inlO
the
BL
M t
o ad
min
iste
r w
ill c
ome
out
here
to
chec
k th
e ri
pari
an a
reas
and
wha
tnot
. T
hey
do
n't
w
ant
the
cow
s gr
azin
g al
ong
thes
e cr
eeks
bec
ause
they
're
afra
id a
ll th
e bu
gs
and
thin
gs a
long
the
cree
k w
ill d
ie.
Any
how
, the
y se
nd t
hese
peo
ple
out
into
th
e fi
eld
here
. T
hey'
ve h
ad a
litt
le s
chO
Olin
g an
d th
ey m
aybe
spe
nd a
n ho
ur
to a
hal
f a d
ay o
ut h
ere
on o
ne o
f th
ese
area
s, a
nd t
hey'
ll s
ay th
at iI
'S d
eter
io
rati
ng.
it's
goi
ng to
pot
, the
y're
ove
rusi
ng it
. T
hey
have
not
hing
to
com
pare
it
with
~ n
o ti
me
lim
it t
o co
mpa
re it
to.
W
e, o
ut h
ere,
who
hav
e li
ved
here
fo
r 50
yea
rs,
have
a b
euer
com
pari
son
for
it.
We
know
wha
t w
e're
tal
king
ab
out,
but t
hey
won
't ac
cept
thi
s.
Inst
ead
of b
eing
pub
lic
serv
ants
, th
ey t
ry,
and
som
etim
es d
o, d
icta
tc I
hcir
err
oneo
us w
ays.
H
ow d
o yo
u se
e th
e ou
tcom
e of
this
? O
h, I
wis
h I
knew
. S
ome
peop
le I
've
talk
cd t
o sa
y th
at t
his
is g
oing
to
be t
he e
nd o
f ra
nchi
ng.
and
Ihat
tha
t's t
he r
eal
inte
nt o
f th
e B
LM
. W
ell,
they
'd b
elle
r no
t ge
t to
thi
nkin
g th
at w
ay o
r it
will
be.
T
hat
is t
he r
eal
inte
nt, a
nd I
do b
elie
ve t
hat
they
're
goin
g to
rui
n th
e ra
neh
ing
indu
stry
, alm
ost,
bef
ore
they
com
e to
the
ir s
ense
s an
d ha
ve 1
0 ch
ange
. I
do b
elie
ve t
hat
they
will
in
tim
e co
me
back
. L
ives
tock
rai
sing
has
bee
n in
ef
fecl
sin
ce th
e be
ginn
ing
of
man
, and
it h
as a
lway
s be
en a
goo
d in
dusl
ry.
If
you
wor
k at
it r
ight
, li
vest
ock
will
tak
e ca
re o
f yo
u as
wel
l as
you
tak
e ca
re
of
it.
It a
lway
s ha
s th
roug
hout
the
yea
rs.
I th
ink
we'
re g
oing
10
have
som
e ba
d ti
mes
, so
me
ups
and
dow
ns a
nd h
ard
knoc
ks h
ere,
but
I t
hink
we'
ll
wea
ther
the
ston
n.
One
of t
he th
ings
I th
ink
the
peop
le in
the
BL
M d
on't
cons
ider
is th
e fa
ct t
hat
they
're
also
dea
ling
wit
h a
way
of
life
out
here
whi
ch i
s w
orth
pre
scrv
ing
too
. It
's a
s m
uch
a pa
rt o
f th
e en
viro
nmen
t ou
t he
re a
s so
me
of
the
plan
ts
and
soo
n.
Yes
, an
d a
lot
of
thes
e go
od r
anch
es a
re c
hang
ing
hand
s, g
etti
ng i
nto
the
hand
s o
fso
mc
fell
ow w
ho's
loa
ded
with
mon
ey b
ut d
oesn
't ha
vc t
hat m
uch
expe
rien
ce o
r do
esn'
t ca
re a
bout
the
are
a.
The
y're
tak
ing
them
ove
r an
d th
ose
ranc
hes
are
just
goi
ng r
ight
dow
nhil
l. Y
ou o
ught
to
see
that
ran
ch
whe
re F
loyd
sta
rted
up
-S
adle
r R
anch
. Is
tha
t ri
ght?
O
h, y
cs.
It's
terr
ible
. T
his
onc
fcllo
w h
as b
ough
t ran
ches
all
ov
er th
e co
un
try,
and
he
just
put
a c
aret
aker
ther
e.
The
car
etak
er t
akes
car
e o
f hi
s ca
ttle
an
d th
e th
ings
aro
und
Iher
e, b
ut h
e's
lim
ited
and
he
does
n't
care
. A
nd t
he
ranc
h pr
oper
ty i
tsel
f has
gon
e do
wn.
T
hc p
eopl
e w
ho a
re o
n th
ere
righ
t now
arc
som
c go
od c
onsc
ient
ious
peo
ple,
bu
t th
ey'r
e st
ilij
usl
wor
king
. T
hey
do
n't
car
e.
You
're s
ayin
g th
at th
e fa
mily
ran
cher
her
e ha
s a
long
.ter
m i
nves
tmen
t in
the
SL
AG
OW
SK
I 35
FS:
CS
:
RM
: FS
: C
S:
FS:
RM
, F
S:
RM
: FS
: C
S:
FS
:
CS
: F
S:
cs,
RM
:
FS:
RM
: FS
:
36
area
, w
here
as t
he b
ig g
uy d
oes
n't
hav
e an
att
achm
ent
to t
he l
and.
O
h, d
efin
itel
y.
I do
n't
mea
n to
sn
uff
out
som
ebod
y's
ligh
ts s
o o
urs
will
bur
n br
ight
er.
But
w
e ha
d a
hold
ing
dow
n he
re,
my
gran
dfat
her'
s ol
d ra
nch.
Whe
n w
e w
ere
disp
osin
g o
f it,
we
had
a ch
ance
to
sell
it
to s
ome
Ara
bian
. W
e co
uld
have
, bu
t F
loyd
sai
d, "
No
way
."
We'
re p
rese
rvin
g ou
r fr
iend
ship
s in
thi
s va
lley
an
d th
eir
inte
rest
in
live
stoc
k, a
nd y
ou
'd b
ette
r se
ll t
o so
meb
ody
like
tha
t. S
o w
e di
d. W
e ha
d a
chan
ce to
sel
l to
Dam
eles
, w
ho in
tur
n so
ld to
Tom
eras
. T
his
is r
anch
er t
o ra
nche
r to
ran
cher
, so
the
refo
re t
he r
anch
is
upgr
aded
. A
re t
he r
anch
es h
ard
to s
ell
whe
n a
pers
on w
ants
to?
N
ot r
eall
y.
We
coul
d ha
ve s
old
for
mor
e.
You
tal
k ab
out
the
fam
ily
ranc
hes,
and
1 w
ant
to s
ay a
thi
ng o
r tw
o ab
out
that
. It
's b
een
prov
en th
roug
hout
all
of
the
year
s th
at y
our g
ood
stro
ng f
am
ily u
nit,
and
your
fam
ily
oper
atio
n, i
s th
e ba
ckbo
ne o
f an
y co
untr
y.
Th
at's
rig
ht.
Whe
n it
fail
s, e
very
thin
g fa
lls a
part
. A
nd i
t's th
e sa
me
way
wit
h th
e ra
nche
s.
Th
e fa
mil
y ta
kes
care
of
the
fam
ily
ranc
h fo
r a
futu
re p
urpo
se a
s w
ell.
Yes
. H
e al
so t
akes
car
e o
f it
beca
use
he l
oves
it.
Th
at's
rig
ht.
H's
par
t of
your
life
. Y
ou'r
e pa
rt o
f it
and
it's
par
t o
f yo
u.
I kn
ow n
othi
ng a
bout
cit
y lif
e.
I'v
e ne
ver
live
d in
a c
ity.
[L
augh
ter]
I
have
no
ide
a ..
. Y
ou k
now
eno
ugh
abou
t it
to k
now
that
you
don
't w
ant t
o b
e th
ere.
[L
augh
s]
I'd
be
com
plet
ely
lost
. If
I di
dn't
have
thi
s, I
wou
ldn'
t kn
ow w
here
to
go
an
d w
hat t
o do
. A
nd th
ere
are
othe
r peo
ple
like
me
-it
's ju
st w
hat y
ou l
ike.
It
's t
he s
ame
way
wit
h o
ur
boys
; th
ey'v
e st
ayed
rig
ht w
ith
it.
The
y co
uld
have
gon
e an
d go
tten
the
big
mon
ey i
n th
e m
ines
, bu
t m
oney
was
n't
the
mai
n pu
rpos
e.
The
y li
ke t
heir
fam
ily
life.
A
nd t
hank
full
y th
ey'r
e li
ving
go
od f
amil
y li
ves,
rai
sing
the
ir k
ids
here
. T
hey
have
a d
iffe
rent
out
look
on
thin
gs.
Tha
I's
grea
t. T
ell
me
abou
t th
e di
ffer
ent
bree
ds o
f co
ws.
Are
the
re a
ny d
if
fere
nces
in
tenn
s o
f ho
w w
ell
they
thr
ive
or
in t
heir
qua
liti
es o
r an
ythi
ng
else
? T
hat
's a
n in
divi
dual
pre
fere
nce,
of c
ours
e. B
ut y
ears
ago
, w
hen
I fir
st c
ame
into
thi
s co
untr
y, 1
wou
ld s
ay 9
0 pe
rcen
t o
f th
e ca
ttle
wer
e th
e H
eref
ord
bree
d.
And
the
re w
ere
at t
hat
tim
e a
lot o
f S
hort
horn
cro
ss in
the
m.
Why
wer
e th
ey c
ross
ing
into
Sho
rtho
rn t
hen?
T
hat,
aga
in,
was
an
indi
vidu
al p
refe
renc
e.
I th
ink
they
tho
ught
the
y go
t a
litt
le b
igge
r ca
ttle
and
tha
t th
ey f
elt
they
got
cow
s th
at m
ilke
d be
tter
and
ra
ised
a l
ittl
e bi
gger
cal
f.
Tha
t w
as t
he p
urpo
se o
f th
at c
ross
. A
nd s
ome
peop
le li
ked
them
rea
l wel
l. I
neve
r li
ked
the
Sho
rtho
rn c
ross
wit
h th
e H
ere
ford
, be
caus
e th
ose
old
cow
s al
way
s lo
ok li
ke t
hey'
re r
eady
to
die.
Th
ey'r
e po
or a
nd s
craw
ny.
The
y ra
ise
a be
auti
ful
calf
, but
the
cow
her
self
is a
lway
s
SL
AG
OW
SK
I
poor
, so
1 n
ever
car
ed f
or t
hem
. I
thin
k w
e st
arte
d in
thi
s va
lley
pro
babl
y fi
rst
of
all
to c
ross
bree
d, a
nd I
sta
rted
to
cros
sbre
ed w
ith
Ang
us i
n m
y fi
rst
calf
hei
fers
, be
caus
e yo
u ge
t a
bett
er s
urvi
val
of
your
cal
ves.
R
M:
You
bre
ed t
he A
ngus
bul
l to
the
fir
st c
alf
heif
er?
FS
: R
ight
. A
nd th
at c
ross
has
pro
ven
to b
e on
e o
f the
bes
t fee
ders
in t
he f
eedl
ots,
an
d al
l o
f th
e bu
yers
lik
e th
em.
Th
ey'v
e do
ne r
eal
wel
l fo
r us
. A
nd w
e'v
e st
oppe
d w
ith
just
the
one
cro
ss.
Man
y o
f th
e ot
her
peop
le s
tart
ed t
o cr
oss
bree
d, a
nd t
hey'
ve p
icke
d up
wit
h th
ese
new
exo
tic
bree
ds. A
nd t
hey
neve
r st
oppe
d w
ith
on
e br
eedi
ng.
A f
ello
w a
t [R
eno]
, B
ill
Bar
rens
, w
as t
he c
attl
e sp
ecia
list
at
the
univ
ersi
ty.
He
had
a m
eeti
ng u
p he
re o
ne t
ime.
and
I a
sked
hi
m, "
Now
, I'v
e cr
osse
d w
ith
the
Ang
us,
but I
've
got s
ome
heif
er c
alve
s th
at
I'm
kee
ping
out
of
that
cro
ss."
And
I sa
id, "
Wha
t d
o I
do n
ow?"
H
e sa
id,
"Go
to
a th
ird
bree
d."
Wel
l, I
did
n't
bel
ieve
tha
t w
as r
ight
and
I
didn
'( d
o it.
M
any
of
the
othe
r pe
ople
did
-th
ey w
ent
to a
thi
rd b
rced
and
a
four
th b
reed
and
a f
ifth
bre
ed,
I did
n't
lik
e th
at i
dea
and
I ne
ver
did
do
it.
And
I'm
gla
d I d
idn'
t, b
ecau
se I
've
seen
so
man
y o
f th
e ot
hers
go
thro
ugh
a th
ird
and
a fo
urth
and
a f
ifth
bre
ed,
and
they
're
mix
ed u
p to
whe
re t
hey'
re
JUSt
mor
e o
r le
ss m
ongr
eliz
ed.
And
the
y're
not
a g
ood-
type
cat
tle.
N
ow
they
·re
tryi
ng t
o ge
t ba
ck to
a b
ette
r cr
oss.
B
ut i
t's a
ll in
divi
dual
fee
ling
on
that
. T
he o
rigi
nal c
altl
e in
her
e w
ere
Lon
ghor
n ca
ttle
. T
his
ranc
h w
e'v
e go
t dow
n he
re w
as t
he f
irst
ran
ch d
evel
oped
in t
his
valle
y.
RM
: W
hich
ran
ch i
s th
at?
FS
: R
ight
dow
n ac
ross
the
roa
d.
Tha
t w
as t
he o
ld o
rigi
nal
Cro
ss R
anch
. A
nd
that
was
the
ir b
rand
-a
cros
s.
It w
as e
stab
lish
ed b
y L
ewis
Bra
dley
, th
e go
vern
or o
f the
sta
te.
He
esta
blis
hed
that
ran
ch a
nd b
roug
ht L
ongh
orn
catt
le
in t
here
in
1864
. H
e w
as t
he f
irst
cat
tle
ranc
her
in t
his
coun
try.
He
deve
lop
ed r
anch
es i
n Ji
ggs
and
the
Mar
y R
iver
cou
ntry
ove
r th
ere;
he
had
call
Ie
all
over
, H
e ha
d a
huge
out
fit.
A
nd t
hey
tell
me
he b
roug
ht i
n so
me
of
{he
firs
t S
hort
horn
cal
lIe
from
the
Eas
t to
upb
reed
the
m.
RM
: W
hen
wou
ld t
hat b
e-
the
1870
5 or
'80
s?
FS
: T
hat
wou
ld h
ave
prob
ably
bee
n in
the
mid
-'70
s. A
t ab
out
that
tim
e so
me
of
the
othe
r ra
nche
rs b
egan
to
ship
in
a fe
w H
eref
ords
, an
d th
ey k
new
tha
t a
bett
er q
uali
ty c
attl
e w
as n
eede
d. S
o it
was
alo
ng a
bout
the
187
05 w
hen
they
br
ough
t in
the
fir
st H
eref
ords
. R
M:
Why
did
the
y kn
ow t
hat a
bet
ter
qual
ity
of c
ow w
as n
eede
d?
FS
: T
hey
wer
e fu
rnis
hing
bee
f to
thes
e m
ines
aro
und
this
cou
ntry
and
tho
se o
ld
Lon
ghor
n ca
ttle
wer
e to
ugh.
T
hey
coul
d st
and
this
cou
ntry
all
righ
t, bu
t th
ose
stee
rs d
idn'
t m
atur
e ti
ll t
hey
wer
e 8
or
9 ye
ars
old.
R
M:
Is t
hat
righ
t?
FS:
Yes
. A
yea
rlin
g L
ongh
orn
wou
ldn'
t be
as b
ig a
s a
wea
nerc
alf.
It t
ook
thos
e cr
itte
rs f
orev
er t
o m
atur
e.
And
tha
t's w
hat
they
wer
e se
llin
g fo
r be
ef h
ere.
A
nd t
hey
knew
tha
t th
ese
othe
rs w
ould
mat
ure
fast
er.
And
the
Lon
ghor
n w
as t
ough
mea
t.
SL
AG
OW
SK
l 37
I
RM
:
FS:
RM
:
FS;
RM
:
FS:
RM
: FS
:
RM
:
FS:
RM
,
FS;
RM
,
FS:
RM
; FS
:
RM
: FS
:
38
Wer
e th
ey t
ough
bec
ause
they
wer
e ol
der
whe
n th
ey w
ere
butc
here
d, o
r jus
t be
caus
e th
ey w
ere
natu
rall
y lO
ughe
r?
I th
ink
it w
as a
var
iety
of t
hing
s. T
hey
wer
e a
thin
, ski
nny
cow
with
str
ingy
m
eat.
and
the
y w
ere
olde
r an
d w
hatn
ot.
lth
ink
peo
ple
wan
ted
a li
ttle
bet
ter
beef
. T
hat's
real
ly i
nter
estin
g. S
o th
e bo
ttom
line
was
tha
t th
ey c
ould
mak
e m
ore
mon
ey w
ith
anot
her
bree
d he
re b
esid
es t
he L
ongh
orns
. T
hey
felt
they
cou
ld,
but
whe
n th
ey b
roug
ht t
hose
oth
ers
in a
nd t
hen
thos
e ha
rd w
inte
rs h
it,
they
los
t m
ore
of
them
too
. T
hey
wer
en '\
as
hard
y -t
hey
co
uldn
't st
and
the
hard
win
ters
and
rus
tle a
s w
ell.
So
you
had
othe
r pr
ob
lem
s.
So
it w
as a
trad
eoff
. So
meb
ody
told
me
that
the
win
ter
of
1890
was
rea
lly
bad.
E
ight
een
eigh
ty-n
ine
and
'90
kille
d a
lot
of c
attle
. D
id it
kill
the
Lon
ghor
ns t
oo?
Yes,
it
kill
ed a
lot
of t
hem
too.
B
ut t
hese
oth
er c
attle
are
not
as
hard
y an
d it
kille
d m
ore
of t
hem
. A
nd t
hey
wer
en't
putti
ng u
p ha
y ye
t. A
nd i
s it
true
that
189
0 w
as w
hen
they
dec
ided
they
sho
uld
be p
uttin
g up
the
ha
y?
Tha
t's w
hen
they
sta
rted
in
this
cou
ntry
, al
thou
gh t
hey
put
up a
litt
le h
ay
befo
re th
at th
roug
hout
the
year
. B
ut it
was
just
eno
ugh
for
thei
r sad
dle
hors
es;
they
wer
e us
ing
a lo
t o
f sad
dle
hors
es.
The
y ha
d to
rid
e th
em in
thi
s w
inte
rtim
e to
wat
ch t
hese
cat
tle.
So 1
890
was
kin
d o
f a w
ater
shed
yea
r her
e in
ten
ns o
f sw
itchi
ng f
rom
a li
ttle
bit o
f ha
y to
a lo
t o
f em
phas
is o
n ha
y.
Aft
er t
hat
win
ter,
they
bro
ught
in
mac
hine
ry a
nd s
tart
ed t
o ir
riga
te a
nd p
ut
up h
ay.
And
tha
t bec
ame
a re
ally
maj
or f
ocus
of t
he w
hole
wor
k, d
idn'
t it?
Bec
ause
ob
viou
sly
ther
e's
a lo
t o
f wor
k in
put
ting
up a
ll th
at h
ay.
Yes
. H
owev
er, i
n th
is v
alle
y th
ey w
ere
putti
ng u
p ha
y do
wn
here
as
earl
y as
187
0 on
the
Cro
ss R
anch
and
on
the
old
Hay
Ran
ch a
nd d
own
thro
ugh
the
Val
ley.
All
of th
ese
ranc
hes
wcr
e pu
tting
up
hay
in t
he e
arly
'70s
bec
ause
of
the
frei
ght
team
s th
at w
ere
goin
g th
roug
h he
re.
The
y'd
feed
tho
se f
reig
ht
team
s, a
nd th
ey w
ere
putti
ng u
p ha
y fo
r th
em, n
ot f
or th
e ca
ttle;
the
cattl
e ra
n on
the
rang
e.
The
fre
ight
tea
ms
wer
e go
ing
to E
urek
a.
Rig
ht;
and
Palis
ade.
It
's a
little
har
d to
bel
ieve
, an
d ha
rd t
o fa
thom
in
the
min
d, t
hat
they
use
d th
e fr
eigh
t ha
uled
out
of
Palis
ade
to M
iner
al H
ill t
o bu
ild a
tow
n o
f 500
peo
ple
and
they
bui
lt [E
urek
aJ f
rom
187
0 to
'75
to 6
000
or 7
000
peop
le.
And
tha
t w
as b
efor
e th
e ra
ilroa
d. A
ll th
e m
ater
ial
to b
uild
th
ose
tow
ns a
nd d
evel
op t
hose
min
es a
nd a
ll ca
me
out
of P
alis
ade.
It
cam
e do
wn
this
val
ley?
B
y fr
eigh
t te
am.
Can
you
im
agin
e ho
w m
any
frei
ght
wag
ons
and
team
s th
at
took
?
SLA
GO
WSK
I
RM
: FS
:
RM
; FS
:
RM
, FS
:
RM
: FS
:
RM
: FS
;
RM
: FS
; R
M,
FS:
CS:
FS;
RM
: FS
:
RM
:
Incr
edib
le.
Wha
t ki
nd o
f an
imal
s w
ere
they
usi
ng?
The
y us
ed a
lot
of
bull
team
s to
sta
rt w
ith.
The
n af
ter
Pritc
hard
sta
rted
his
fr
eigh
t ou
t of
ther
e, h
e sh
ippe
d in
a lo
t o
f mul
es f
rom
Mis
sour
i an
d he
use
d m
ostly
mul
es.
Why
wer
e th
ey i
nitia
lly u
sing
oxe
n?
The
oxe
n's
a go
od f
reig
ht a
nim
al.
The
y w
ere
toug
her.
they
wer
e sl
ower
, but
th
ey w
ould
pul
l a h
eavi
er lo
ad.
The
y m
aint
aine
d be
tter
than
hor
ses
did
on a
lo
ng h
ard
pull,
and
esp
eCia
lly t
hrou
gh m
ud;
they
cou
ld h
andl
e th
e m
ud a
nd
the
slow
goi
ng b
ette
r w
ith t
he h
eavi
er lo
ad t
han
hors
es c
ould
. N
ow,
I don
't kn
ow h
ow th
ey r
este
d bu
ille
ams,
but
aco
w h
as to
hav
e tim
e to
eat
and
che
w
her c
ud a
nd r
est.
How
the
y m
anag
ed t
hat
I don
't kn
ow,
but t
hose
old
thin
gs
mai
ntai
ned
betle
r, th
ey s
aid,
tha
n ho
rses
did
. W
ould
the
y be
abl
e to
che
w t
heir
cud
whi
le th
ey w
ere
pull
ing?
N
ot t
oo e
asily
. T
hey
gene
rnlly
hav
e to
lie
and
res
t to
do
that
. So
it
was
al
way
s a
mys
tery
to
me
just
how
the
y m
aint
aine
d.
Wha
t w
ere
the
adva
ntag
es o
f m
ules
in
haul
ing
frei
ght?
M
ules
cou
ld l
ive
on s
cant
ier
rntio
ns t
han
the
hors
e, a
nd t
hey'
re to
ugh.
The
y do
a lo
t o
f ha
rd w
ork.
T
here
's q
uite
a d
iffe
renc
e be
twee
n yo
ur m
ule
team
an
d yo
ur h
orse
tea
m.
Joe
Flyn
n fr
eigh
ted
a lo
t w
ith t
eam
s, a
nd h
e to
ld m
e th
at a
mul
e te
am c
an l
ug a
ny l
oad
they
'll s
tan.
If
they
've
got
a he
avy
load
an
d th
ey c
an s
tart
it, t
hey
canj
usl k
eep
right
on
wal
king
. T
hey
can
mai
ntai
n an
d ke
ep g
oing
whe
re a
hor
se c
an't.
The
hor
se w
ill s
tan
a lo
t he
avie
r lo
ad
than
he
can
lug.
And
you
hav
e to
sto
p an
d re
st a
hor
se l
earn
mor
e of
ten.
O
h.
But
if
a m
ule
can
star
t it
off,
you
don'
t ha
ve t
o st
op a
nd r
est
him
? T
hat's
wha
t he
cla
imed
. O
nce
they
're b
roke
in r
ight
and
kno
w h
ow t
o ta
ke
care
of t
hem
selv
es, t
hey
will
lug
alo
ng w
ith a
load
that
they
can
sta
rt ~ th
at
is,
in n
orm
al c
ondi
tions
. S
o a
hors
e ha
s go
t m
ore
torq
ue, I
gue
ss, o
n th
e in
itial
pul
l?
Yes
. T
hey
can
Star
t a h
eavi
er l
oad,
but
they
can
't m
aint
ain
it.
Whe
re d
o th
e ox
fit
into
tha
t?
An
old
ox t
eam
is ju
st p
lain
toug
h. W
hen
they
lea
n in
to a
load
, it's
goi
ng to
m
ove.
[L
augh
s]
Esp
ecia
lly i
n m
ud.
The
y ca
n be
in m
ud c
lear
to t
heir
kne
e jo
ints
and
stil
l jus
t ke
ep a
·plu
ggin
g al
ong,
whe
re a
hor
se w
ill n
ound
er a
nd
quit.
A m
ule
won
't ha
rdly
go
into
it, b
ut a
n ol
d ox
tea
m ju
st k
eeps
goi
ng o
n.
May
be t
hat's
wha
t th
ey m
ean
whe
n th
ey s
ay d
umbe
r th
an a
n ox
tea
m.
[Lau
ghs]
I
don'
t kn
ow a
bout
tha
t -he
did
n't
know
abo
ut t
hat.
You
've
men
tione
d th
e na
me
Joe
Flyn
n.
Who
was
tha
t?
Old
Joe
Fly
nn w
as C
harl
ene'
s m
othe
r'sco
usin
. H
e w
as b
orn
and
rais
ed h
ere
in M
iner
al H
ill.
He
was
a g
reat
guy
. H
e fi
nally
had
a r
anch
up
here
in h
is
late
r ye
ars,
but
in
his
youn
ger
days
he
frei
ghte
d ou
t o
f M
iner
al H
ill
to t
he
railr
oad,
and
he
frei
ghte
d ov
er f
rom
Buc
khor
n to
Bla
ckbu
rn a
nd o
ver
out o
f B
ullio
n do
wn
to t
he P
adel
ford
Ran
ch.
So
he s
avvi
ed f
reig
ht t
eam
s.
Was
he
usin
g m
ules
?
SLA
GO
WSK
I 39
~
FS,
RM
, FS
:
RM
, FS
:
RM
, FS
:
RM
, FS
,
RM
:
FS:
RM
, FS
:
40
No,
he
used
hor
ses.
The
old
fre
ight
com
pany
thaI
cam
e in
to P
alis
ade
owne
d by
Will
iam
Pri
tcha
rd h
ad l
he b
igge
st n
umbe
r o
f fr
eigh
t te
ams
of
any
in t
he
sla
le-o
r in
the
who
le c
ount
ry, a
s fa
r as
tha
t'sc
oncc
med
. T
hey
figu
red
that
w
hen
he g
ot s
lart
ed o
ut o
f Pal
isad
e he
had
ove
r 50
0 w
agon
s an
d ov
er 2
000
head
of
wor
k an
imal
s.
Rea
lly?
Tha
t w
as a
big
ope
rati
on.
Tha
i's ri
ght.
And
he
was
the
one
who
bui
lt th
e ra
ilroa
d gr
ade
from
Pal
isad
e to
Alp
ha.
Dh.
And
the
re m
ust
have
bee
n ot
her
frei
ghte
rs a
s w
ell?
Y
es, t
here
wer
e m
any
indi
vidu
al t
eam
ster
s.
But
he
was
one
big
co
mp
an
y
he f
reig
hted
fro
m E
urek
a 10
Ham
ilto
n an
d P
ioch
e an
d fr
om E
urek
a to
B
elm
ont,
and
he c
arri
ed o
n fr
om t
here
. B
ut th
ink
of h
aulin
g al
l th
e fo
od a
nd
the
clot
hing
and
the
mat
eria
l to
bui
ld t
hose
sto
res
and
mil
ls a
nd m
ines
and
ev
eryt
hing
; ev
eryt
hing
was
hau
led
by f
reig
ht te
Bm
fro
m P
alis
ade
to E
urek
a.
The
y sa
id t
here
was
a c
onst
ant
stri
ng o
f du
st d
own
this
val
ley
both
way
s,
haul
ing
the
ore
back
and
so
on.
(Aft
er r
evie
win
g th
is m
anus
crip
t, I
real
ized
the
hig
hly
tech
nica
l m
ater
ial o
n fr
eigh
t te
ams
need
ed f
unhe
rela
bora
tion
. I
have
pro
vide
d an
add
endu
m f
or
the
read
er w
ho i
s in
lere
sted
in
this
top
ic;
it be
gins
on
page
95.
) H
ow l
arge
wer
e th
e te
ams?
T
hey
used
fro
m 1
2 to
20.
Bac
k in
the
Mid
wes
t, in
the
fan
ning
cou
ntry
,lhey
w
orke
d bi
gger
team
s th
an t
haI
on s
ome
of
the
com
bine
s an
d th
ings
-yo
u m
aybe
had
40
head
. B
ut t
hey
had
them
as
man
y as
10
anim
als
wid
e an
d on
ly 4
lon
g. O
ut h
ere
in t
his
brus
h co
untr
y, in
the
roug
h te
rrai
n, a
ll th
ey h
ad
was
JUSt
a l
ittle
2-t
rack
wag
on r
oad,
so
they
had
to
stri
ng t
hem
oul
. It
re
quir
ed a
goo
d sk
inne
r to
han
dle
them
. A
nd t
hey
wer
e pu
lling
2 w
agon
s, w
eren
't th
ey?
Oh,
the
y pu
lled
2 an
d 3
wag
ons,
with
the
conu
niss
ary
wag
on b
ehin
d th
at.
If
they
cam
e to
a r
ight
ste
ep g
rade
, the
y ha
d 10
dro
p th
eir w
agon
s an
d ta
ke o
ne
wag
on u
p an
d la
ke th
e te
am
bac
k an
d br
ing
anot
her
wag
on u
p; i
t was
slo
w.
Or
if it
was
mud
dy a
nd b
ad a
nd t
hey
got
stuc
k in
the
mud
, the
y ha
d to
dro
p al
l bu
t on
e w
agon
. D
o yo
u kn
ow a
nyth
ing
abou
t the
ski
nner
's s
kills
? I d
on't
know
how
a p
er
son
coul
d ha
ndle
a 2
0-he
ad le
arn!
{L
augh
ter]
t
know
how
the
y ho
oked
the
m u
p an
d ho
w t
hey
drov
e t!"
!em
. Sa
y on
the
w
agon
of
a 20
-mul
e te
am,
they
use
d a
big
stou
t le
arn
for
the
whe
el t
eam
. T
hat
was
the
ir b
est
team
-on
e th
at c
ould
hol
d th
e lo
ad a
litt
le w
ithou
t us
ing
the
brak
e.
Wha
t do
you
mea
n by
hol
d th
e lo
ad a
littl
e?
Wel
l, if
he h
appe
ned
to g
odow
n a
little
dow
ngra
de, t
hey
coul
d ho
ld b
ack
som
e on
it.
Of c
ours
e th
ey u
sed
a br
ake,
but
if
il w
as j
ust a
liu
le, t
he l
earn
cou
ld
hand
le t
haI.
So
they
use
d th
e bi
g te
am t
here
. A
nd th
e sk
inne
r rod
e th
e le
ft o
r ne
ar w
heel
er.
(fh
ey c
alle
d th
em th
e w
heel
er
s.)
He
had
a sa
ddle
on
it an
d he
rod
e hi
m.
The
n im
med
iate
ly a
head
of
SLA
GO
WSK
I
1
them
wer
e w
hat
they
cal
led
the
poin
ters
. T
hey
wer
e ho
oked
rig
ht t
o th
e to
ngue
of
the
wag
on.
The
ir s
tret
cher
s w
ere
hook
ed r
ight
10
the
end
of
the
tong
ue.
The
whe
eler
s di
dn't
guid
e th
e w
agon
, bu
t th
e po
inte
rs d
id.
Whe
n th
ese
poin
ters
tur
ned,
the
y pu
lled
the
tong
ue o
f the
wag
on.
The
ton
gue
of
the
wag
on w
as r
igid
. T
he w
heel
ers
didn
't ha
ve to
hol
d th
at u
p-
it w
as b
uilt
rigi
d. I
t had
to b
e ri
gid
and
held
itse
lfup
bec
ause
ther
e w
as to
o m
uch
wei
ght
-it
wou
ld m
ake
sore
s on
the
ir n
eck
and
both
er th
em.
So
the
poin
lers
gui
ded
the
wag
on, a
nd i
mm
edia
tely
ahe
ad o
f the
m w
ere
the
swin
g te
ams.
R
ight
in t
he l
ead
wer
e w
hat
they
cal
led
the
lead
ers -t
he fi
rst
ones
, way
OUI
on
lead
. A
ll in
bet
wee
n th
em a
nd t
he p
oint
lea
rn w
ere
swin
g le
ams,
as
they
cal
led
them
. A
nd t
hey
all
wor
ked
with
JUSt
a c
ross
-che
ck to
ho
ld t
hem
fro
m s
prea
ding
apa
n.
The
whe
eler
s ha
d lin
es o
n th
em -
cros
s-ch
ecks
whe
re t
he s
ltinn
er c
ould
dr
ive
them
-ho
ld t
hem
or t
um t
hem
or
wha
teve
r he
nee
ded
to d
o.
He
had
a lo
ng je
rk li
ne t
hat
wen
t ri
ght u
p al
ong
thos
e ho
rses
, rig
ht t
hrou
gh t
he h
igh
ring
in t
he h
ame
on t
he l
eft s
ide
of e
very
lef
t-ha
nd a
nim
al 1
0 th
e le
ft bi
t rin
g o
f the
left
lea
der.
And
they
had
cro
ss-c
heck
s on
the
lead
ers.
H
e ha
d a
chec
k fr
om h
is b
ridl
e bi
t ba
ck to
the
low
er h
ame
ring
on
the
off
hors
e.
And
fro
m
his
ham
e rin
g to
the
off
lead
er,
it w
ent
by a
nd u
nhoo
ked
to t
he o
utsi
de, t
he
righ
t ri
ng o
n hi
s bi
t th
at d
idn'
t hoo
k to
the
righ
t. H
e al
so h
ad o
ne o
n th
e le
ft on
e, b
ul h
e ha
d a
jock
ey s
tick
that
wor
ked
on t
he h
ame
ring
to
that
off
ring
. W
hen
the
sltin
ner
wan
ted
to t
um t
o th
e le
ft,
he g
ave
a co
mm
and
of
"Ha.
" T
hat
mea
nt l
efl.
And
he
wou
ld p
ull
on t
his
jerk
tin
e, a
nd th
at w
ould
pul
l on
th
e le
ft b
it o
f thi
s ho
rse,
and
as
he lu
med
the
chec
k re
in o
ver h
ere
wou
ld p
ull
the
left
hor
se w
ith h
im a
nd t
hey
wou
ld t
um.
And
if
he w
ante
d to
go
to t
he
righ
t, he
'd g
ive
a je
rk o
n th
at je
rk l
ine
and
that
hor
se w
ould
Ihr
ow h
is h
ead
up a
nd th
aI w
ould
pul
l on
this
che
ck a
nd tu
m h
im t
o th
e ri
ght.
And
he'
d ca
ll "G
ee,"
and
as
he t
hrew
his
hea
d an
d hi
t th
at c
heck
rei
n, it
wou
ld t
um h
im to
th
e ri
ghl.
As
he t
urne
d to
the
rig
ht,
that
jock
ey s
tick
wou
ld p
ush
the
othe
r ho
rse
to t
he r
ight
and
the
y'd
tum
10
the
righ
t. N
ow,
thes
e ho
rses
, as
the
y w
orke
d, w
ould
fol
low
the
roa
ds.
The
y le
arne
d to
fol
low
tha
t ro
ad a
ll th
e lim
e, s
o th
ey d
idn'
t ha
ve t
o tu
m t
hem
that
muc
h.
But
the
road
was
cro
oked
and
if t
hey
had
a sh
arp
tum
to
mak
e, t
hose
lead
ers
wou
ld c
ome
arou
nd t
hat
lum
and
whe
n th
ey d
id t
hat,
they
'd p
ull
a lo
ng
chai
n th
at w
ould
pul
l ac
ross
. W
hen
it w
ould
hit
the
leg
on t
haI
next
sw
ing
team
hor
se o
r m
ule,
he
wou
ld j
ump
over
the
cha
in a
nd p
ull
to t
he
outs
ide.
A
nd t
hen
whe
n th
ey c
ame
arou
nd,
he'd
be
pulli
ng t
o th
e ou
tsid
e,
pulli
ng th
at c
hain
. T
he c
hain
wou
ld s
win
g ba
ck a
nd h
it th
e ne
xt o
ne, a
nd h
e w
ould
jum
p th
at c
hain
. A
ll th
ese
swin
g te
ams
wou
ld j
ump
that
cha
in a
nd
they
wou
ld p
ull
out
to k
eep
the
chai
n in
a h
alf c
ircl
e so
tha
t th
ey w
ould
n'l
pull
the
wag
on o
ff th
e ro
ad.
So a
ll o
f the
m, c
lear
bac
k 10
the
poin
ters
, wou
ld
jum
p ov
er th
at o
n a
shar
p tu
m a
nd t
hey'
d be
pul
ling
out.
And
the
y w
ere
just
tie
d w
ith c
ross
-che
cks
to h
old
them
tog
ethe
r; n
obod
y w
as d
oing
any
thin
g w
ith t
hem
. T
hey
JUSt
jum
ped
that
cha
in.
The
n as
the
lead
ers
wou
ld c
ome
SL
AG
OW
SK
l 4
\
RM
o F
S:
RM
: F
S:
RMo
FS
:
CS
: FS
: C
S:
FS
:
RM
o F
S:
RM
o F
S:
R.:.'v
f :
FS
:
42
out
stra
ight
and
tha
I ch
ain
wou
ld c
row
d hi
m,
he'
d ju
mp
bac
k ov
er it
How
hig
h o
ff th
e gr
ound
was
the
cha
in?
Abo
ut a
fOOl
off
the
grou
nd.
Tha
t'S v
ery
impr
essi
ve.
It w
as a
qui
le a
n ar
t fo
r II
skin
ner
to d
o I
hal.
And
he
had
a sw
ampe
r to
hel
p hi
m w
ith
all
thos
e ho
rses
. It
was
nO
lhin
g bu
t ha
rd w
ork.
D
id l
hey
unha
rnes
s th
em a
t ni
ght?
O
h, y
es.
The
y un
harn
esse
d th
em a
nd tu
rned
them
loos
e 10
gra
ze.
Now
, all
of
thes
e po
inte
rs a
nd s
win
g te
ams
and
the
lead
ers
had
ligh
t har
ness
es.
All
the
y ha
d w
as a
col
lar
and
the
lugs
and
the
y ha
d a
back
ban
d th
at c
ame
back
to
a cr
oupe
r, a
nd t
hey
had
lazy
str
aps
that
com
e o
fflh
e si
de a
nd c
arri
ed th
eir t
ugs
so t
hey
did
n't
ste
p ov
er t
he t
ugs.
It
was
ju
st a
lig
ht h
arne
ss;
they
had
no
brea
st s
trap
s o
r ho
ldba
ck s
trop
s o
r an
ythi
ng,
All
the
y w
ere
doin
g w
as p
ull
ing.
N
ow,
your
bac
k te
am h
ad p
ull
stra
ps th
aI t
hey
hook
ed t
o th
e ne
ck y
olk
so t
hey
coul
d ho
ld b
ack
on t
hem
, br
itch
ing
on t
heir
har
ness
and
the
who
le
wor
ks.
You
say
he
had
a sa
ddle
on
that
hor
se.
Yes.
T
hey
had
a li
ght
sadd
le t
hat
they
put
on.
E
ven
thou
gh t
hey
had
the
harn
ess
on?
Yes
, th
ey h
ad t
heir
har
ness
rig
ged
...
wel
l, th
ey w
ould
n't
ride
bar
ebac
k, a
s m
any
mil
es a
s th
ose
guys
rod
e.
ILau
ghs]
H
ow m
any
mil
es w
ere
they
mak
ing
a da
y?
Tha
t var
ied.
dep
endi
ng o
n th
e te
rrai
n an
d th
e w
eath
er a
nd th
e lo
ad a
nd c
ount
ry
and
ever
ythi
ng.
Wha
t w
ould
be
a go
od d
ay?
Gen
eral
ly I
thi
nk a
tea
m w
ith
a he
avy
load
wou
ld m
ake
arou
nd 2
0 t
o 25
m
iles
. A
nd h
ow l
ong
of
a da
y w
as t
hat?
T
hat
'd b
e pr
etty
lon
g dn
y -n
bo
ut
10 h
ours
. T
hey
had
to s
top
at n
oon
and
Jet t
he h
orse
s re
st a
lit
tle
and
wat
er th
em.
The
y ha
d to
hnv
e th
eir
rest
.
SL
AG
OW
SK
I
-,--
RM
o
FS
:
RMo
FS:
CH
AP
TE
R S
IX
How
did
you
lea
rn s
o m
uch
abou
t th
is?
Did
you
eve
r dr
ive
team
s. o
r w
as it
th
roug
h In
lkin
g 10
old
-tim
ers?
I d
rove
a l
ot o
f tea
ms
but I
've
talk
ed to
a lo
t of o
ld· t
imer
s an
d I'
ve
read
a l
ot.
Wit
h a
long
ten
m,
they
wou
ld b
e pu
llin
g 3
henv
y w
agon
s, w
ith
the
com
mis
sa
ry w
agon
beh
ind
wit
h th
eir
hors
e fe
ed a
nd t
heir
ow
n fe
ed a
nd t
heir
bed
s an
d al
l o
f th
at.
The
y ha
d to
hav
e a
ligh
t w
agon
for
tha
t, yo
u se
e.
The
wng
ons
had
to b
e co
uple
d ri
ght.
too
. Y
ou h
ad I
hat
long
cha
in b
etw
een
all
of
the
hors
es c
lear
bac
k to
the
wag
on.
But
bet
wee
n th
e w
agon
s. y
ou h
ad
a co
up
lin
g-t
hey
h3d
ach
ain
that
cam
e ba
ck p
ast t
he to
ngue
to
the
hors
es,
and
then
fro
m t
he b
ack
of
that
axl
e it
hook
ed t
o a
link
in t
here
. T
he
fron
t o
f th
e ax
le w
as h
ooke
d th
ere
and
the
back
of
it ho
oked
her
e.
All
thi
s pu
lled
fr
om t
he c
hain
and
the
axle
s o
f you
r wag
ons,
so
ther
e'd
be a
pul
l al
llhr
ough
th
ere.
The
n fr
om t
here
bac
k th
ey h
ad a
rod
bac
k to
the
back
of t
he w
ag
on
w
halt
hey
call
ed a
fin
gerl
ink
hook
. Tha
t hoo
ked
into
a c
hain
und
er th
e to
ngue
o
f th
e tr
ail
wag
on a
nd th
e tr
ail
wag
on h
ad a
sha
rp t
ongu
e, b
UI
it ha
d a
clev
is
on
the
end
of
that
ton
gue
and
it ho
oked
ont
o a
hom
on
the
reac
h o
f th
e le
ad
wag
on -
just
a lo
op th
at h
ooke
d ov
er it
. A
nd t
his
hom
was
abo
ut 1
8 in
ches
lo
ng.
So
this
thi
ng t
hat
hook
ed o
ver
it ho
oked
int
o yo
ur c
hain
dow
n un
der
here
and
pul
led
the
load
of t
hat w
agon
by
the
chai
n un
dern
eath
. B
ut it
wou
ld
slid
e up
on
the
hom
whe
n th
ey s
topp
ed.
Th
ey'd
bri
ng t
heir
team
to
a S
top
on a
sli
ght
dow
ngra
de j
f th
ey c
ould
, o
r jf
th
ey w
ere
goin
g up
grad
e. t
hey'
d lo
ck t
he h
ind
brak
e an
d th
en y
our
lead
w
agon
s w
ould
rol
l ba
ck.
But
thi
s cl
evis
on
the
hook
up w
ould
sli
de u
p on
th
is h
om o
n ea
ch w
agon
and
then
whe
n y
ou
r tea
m s
tart
ed, t
hey
only
had
one
w
agon
to
sta
rt.
Th
ey'd
sta
rt t
hat
wag
on a
nd i
t w
ould
get
to
rol
ling
bef
ore
this
on
e ca
me
tigh
t. T
hen
they
'd s
tart
the
sec
ond
wag
on. T
hat
slac
k w
ould
gi
ve t
hem
a c
hanc
e to
just
sta
rt o
ne w
agon
at
a ti
me.
Onc
e th
ey g
ot r
olli
ng,
they
cou
ld k
eep
goin
g.
Yes
. T
hey
cou
ldn'
t sta
rt t
he w
hole
thi
ng a
s a
dead
wei
ght,
cou
ld t
hey?
N
o, t
he w
hole
thin
g w
ould
be
too
hard
to g
et s
tart
ed r
olli
ng.
And
the
n w
hen
it w
as o
n a
stee
p hi
ll g
oing
up,
they
rou
gh-l
ocke
d th
e la
st w
agon
and
the
n th
e O
ther
s w
ould
com
e ba
ck o
n th
at h
ook.
S
o th
ey h
ad t
o st
art
just
one
, co
me
agai
n, a
nd s
tart
the
nex
t on
e.
And
wit
h th
e ro
ugh·
lock
sys
tem
the
y ha
d br
akes
on
and
the
driv
er w
ho r
ode
his
hors
e ha
d a
rope
bac
k to
a b
rake
rig
ht
behi
nd h
im.
He
coul
d pu
ll t
hat
rope
to
bra
ke t
hat
wag
on,
but
his
swam
per
had
to b
rake
the
oth
ers.
H
e'd
clim
b up
on
the
side
and
loc
k hi
s br
ake
in a
lo
ck s
yste
m t
hey
had
ther
e.
And
if i
t w
as s
o st
eep
that
the
bra
kes
wer
e ju
st d
ragg
ing
alon
g an
d W
OU
ldn'
t ho
ld i
t ba
ck,
they
had
to
roug
h· lo
ck.
The
y al
l ha
d a
roug
h-lo
ck s
yste
m.
It
was
a c
hain
fas
tene
d to
the
bed
of
the
wag
on t
hat
wen
t dow
n to
a l
ong
shoe
w
ith
angl
e ir
ons
up o
n th
e si
des
of
it.
Th
ey'd
dro
p th
at d
own
on t
his
chai
n an
d le
t th
e w
agon
rol
l in
to t
hat.
Whe
n th
e w
agon
got
int
o th
at,
the
chai
n
SL
AG
OW
SK
l 43