venom historical and modern uses presented by erin hill
TRANSCRIPT
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Venom
Historical and Modern UsesPresented by Erin Hill
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Basilisk
Greek Origin Possible distortion
of cobra or asp Giant serpent or
serpentine rooster Immensely
venomous!
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Overview
Venomous Creatures Ancient Uses Science Modern Uses
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Venomous Creatures
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Insects
Wasps Sting is similar to bees’
Not fatal, but painful, swollen bites
Termites Explosive chemical warfare!
Some soldiers can “self-detonate” to take out enemies
Centipedes Females more poisonous than males
Ants Possibly fatal in allergic persons
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Ant
BeeTermite
Scolopendra (technically not an insect)
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Arachnids
Black Widow Bite is rarely fatal Spider is generally non-aggressive
Brown Recluse Fatal bites are rare
Tarantula Again, rarely fatal
Scorpions 1050 species dangerous to humans
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Brown Recluse
Black Widow Scorpion
Tarantula
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Marine
Jellyfish Tentacles armed with nematocysts
Lionfish Immediate pain from sharp spines
Stingray Few fatalities
Result from a tail impact to chest area
Cone Shell Highly toxic snails
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Cone Shells
Lionfish Stingray
Jellyfish
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Amphibians
Poison Arrow/Dart Frogs Famous for vibrant colors and toxicity Gather toxins from digested insects
Salamanders Like frogs, secretes poison through skin NOT a danger to humans
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Poison Arrow/Dart Frogs
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Reptiles
Gila Monster Bite hard and HANG ON
Rattlesnake Not as highly toxic as cobras
VERY aggressive nature
Coral Snake Follow red-yellow-black color pattern
Sea Snake Closely related to cobras
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Coral Snake
RattlesnakeSea Snake
Gila Monster
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Mammals
Soricidae Related to moles Poison flows through front teeth during
biting
Platypus One of two oviparous mammals Males possess sharp, poisonous spurs on
their inner hind legs
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Platypus
Soricidae
(detail of Platypus spur)
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Ancient Uses
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Healing and Religion
Ants Were used to treat skin diseases 2000
years ago New Guinea: sutures! Native American: Honeypot Ants Africa: Nile tribes used them to cure
neurological disorders Bury patients in a formicary (ant-farm)
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Narcotics
Spanish Fly Actually a type of beetle Popular ingredient in aphrodisiacs
Produces an itching sensation to exposed skin
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Weapons
Ants American Tropics: allow Army Ants to “march”
through homes to clear out pests
Sea Cucumbers South Pacific: toxic entrails used to poison fish
Poison Dart Frogs South America: true to their common names, are
still used to coat darts and arrows for hunting and warfare
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Science
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What’s Inside
Stingers Scorpions, Insects
With insects, stinging mechanism is usually ripped out after one attack
Fangs Snakes, Spiders
Toxin in injected directly into the blood– Often causes no damage externally or when
ingested
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Nematocysts Jellyfish
Whip-like stinging cell
Spines/Spurs/Barbs Lionfish, Stingray
Poisoning by contact with sharp surfaces
Other Frogs, Salamanders
External excretion
Cone Shell Stinging radula (tongue)
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Snake Skull with Hollow FangsJellyfish with Nematocysts
Sea Scorpion with Poison Spine
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How They Work
Most stings/bites from poisonous animals are not life threatening Many animals attack only when there in no other
option
Health is compromised if: Very young or very old Sick, immunodeficient, or severely allergic Amount of toxin ingested/applied Strike contacts chest or face
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Dermatonecrotic Causes lesions and burning to exposed
tissues Example: Box Jellyfish
Neurotoxin Cause paralysis or respiratory system,
cardiac system Example: Cone Shell
Must be injected or ingested
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Modern Uses
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Bees!
Apitherapy Refers to the use of honeybee (O.Apidae)
venom for medicinal purposes Melittin: very potent anti-inflammatory Apamin: enhances nerve transmission Dopamine: neurotransmitter similar to
adrenaline Seratonin: emotion-regulating neurotransmitter
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Current Applications Relieve arthritis and asthma Relief from acute conditions like tendonitis and chronic
conditions like back/neck pains Can be used to soften and break down scar tissue
Future Applications Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis
– Prolonged treatment time, but better overall results
In this case, the usual symptoms of reaction (itching, swelling, etc.) are the desired effect
Bee venom is used directly from the source Bees, handled by experienced keepers, are allowed to
sting the patient locally Storing the venom decreases the potency
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Poison Arrow Frogs
Batrachotoxin One of the strongest animal toxins
A single drop interferes with nerve impulse transmission Heart may stop functioning
Some frog-eating snakes are immune What makes their system different?
Before the heart stops, it is thrown into hypercontraction
Small amounts could be used as a cardiac stimulant after a heart attack
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Sea Cucumber
Holothurin Blocks nerve impulses Many side effects:
Prevents tumor growth Regulates heart rate Improves metabolism Provides glycosides
– Cardiac varieties increase force of heart contractions
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Scorpions
Giant Israeli Scorpion Peptide Chlorotoxin can be isolated from
the venom Only attaches to cancerous cells When paired with a chemotheraputic agent
(samporin), makes a drug that targets and attacks only cancerous cells
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Snakes
Some venoms can be used in small doses to prevent blood clots
Snake Milking A relatively harmless way to extract
snake’s venom Snake is coaxed to “bite” glass bowl/jar lid
Collected venom is used to make “anti-venom” to treat snake bites
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Milking a Snake
Applying Anti-venom to a Bite
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(Most) Photos and Information Courtesy of:
“Poisonous Plants and Animals” Team C007974, ThinkQuest 2000.
http://library.thinkquest.org/C007974/
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