venezuela 2000 education for growth and social equity€¦ · 23.12.1993 · venezuela 2000...

Report No. 11130-VE

Venezuela 2000Education for Growth and Social Equity

Volume II: Statistical AnnexDecember 23, 1993

Population and Human Resources Operations DivisionCountry Department ILatin America and the Caribbean Regional OfficeFOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Document of the World Bank

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipientsonly in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwisebe disclosed without World Bank authorization.

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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Venezuela 2000: Education for Growth and Social EquityStatistical Annex

Table of Contents

Page No,.

Table 1: Education Expenditures by Level, 1984-93(in nominal Bs.) ........ ....................... I

Table 2: Annual Growth In Education Expendituresby Level, 1984-93 (in nominal Bs.) ..... .............. 2

Table 3: Education Expenditures by Level, 1984-93,(in constant 1987 Bs.) ............. 3

Table 4: Annual Real Growth in Education Expendituresby Level, 1984-93 (in constant 1987 Bs.) ...... ......... 4

Table 5: Education Expenditures by Level, 1984-93(percentage of total education spending) ....... ......... 5

Table 6: MOE Expenditures by Level, 1984-93(percentage of total MOE spending) .................... 6

Table 7: Education Expenditures by Level with AdministrativeCosts Pro-Rated, 1987-93 (in nominal Bs.) ..... ......... 7

Table 8: Annual Growth in Education Expenditures by Level,with Administrative Costs Pro-Rated, 1987-93(in nominal Bs.) ......... 8

Table 9: Education Expenditures by Level, with AdministrativeCosts Pro-rated, 1987-93 (in constant 1987 Bs.) .... ....... 9

Table 10: Annual Real Growth in Education Expenditures by Level,with Administrative Costs Pro-Rated 1987-93(in constant 1987 Bs.) ............. 10

Table 11: MOE Administrative/Overhead Expenditures by Level, 1987-93(in millions of nominal Bs.) .................. 11

Table 12: Education Expenditures by Level, 1987-92(percentage of total education spending) ................ 12

Table 13: MOE Expenditures by Level, 1987-93(percentage of total MOE spending) .13

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performanceof their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.

ii


Page No.

Table 14: MOE Expenditures by Level, 1987-93 (percentage oftotal MOE spending, excluding social programs) ..... . 14

Table 15: Inflation Index, 1984-93 ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Table 16: Basic Education Enrollments, by Sector, 1980-89 ..... . 16

Table 17: Number of Sections in Basic Educationby Sector, 1980-89 .17

Table 18: Evolution of Student/Section Ratio inBasic Education .......... .. . ... .... .. . . . 18

Table 19: Basic Education Enrollments and Sections byState, 1989-90 ......... .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . 19

Table 20: Enrollments in Basic Education by Areaand Sector, 1989-90 ........ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 20

Table 21: Number of Teachers in Basic Education With andWithout Certification, 1989-90 ...... . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Table 22: Enrollment by Age and Level, and Populationby Age, 1990-91 .......... . . . .. . ...... .. . . 22

Table 23: Enrollment by Age and Grade (Female), 1990-91 .23

Table 24: Enrollment by Age and Grade (Male), 1990-91 .24

Table 25: Enrollment by Age and grade (Rural), 1990-91 .25

Table 26: Enrollment by Age and Grade (Urban), 1990-91 .26

Table 27: Enrollments by Age, Gender and Level, and PopulationDistribution by Age, 1990-91 .27

Table 28: Primary School Enrollment ................... 28

Table 29: Enrollment by Age, Rural/Urban, and Level andPopulation by Age, 1990-91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Table 30: Gross and Net Enrollment Ratios, 1989-90 ..... . . . . . 30

iii


Page No.

Table 31: Enrollment Increases from 1980-90 .............. 31

Table 32: Gross Enrollment Ratios by State, 1989-90 .32

Table 33: Gross Enrollment Ratios in Basic Educationby Region, 1989-90 .33

Table 34: Expenditures on Materials and Textbooks(includes all expenditures) .................... 34

Table 35: Intake Rate to Basic Education ................ . 35

Table 36: School Age Population ..................... 36

Table 37: School Age Population ..................... 36

Table 38: Evolution of the Population Aged 6 - 17From 1977-1988 .37

Table 39: Student/Teacher Ratios and Gross EnrollmentRates in Pre-School .38

Table 40: Pre-School Enrollments by Sector, 1980-89 ..... . . . . 39

Table 41: Pre-School Teachers by Sector, 1980-89 ...... . . . . . 40

Table 42: Student/Teacher Ratios in Pre-School, by Sector,1980-89 .41

Table 43: Pre-School Enrollments and Teachers by State, 1989-90 . . 42

Table 44: Rural/Urban Distribution of Pre-SchoolEnrollments, 1989-90 .43

Table 45: National System Enrollments, By Level, 1987-1993 . . . . 44

Table 46: Total National Gross and Net Enrollments in SecondaryEducation, 1985-1989 ...................... . 45

Table 47: Gross Secondary Enrollments by State, 1985-1989 .... . 46

Table 48: Enrollments in Secondary Education .47

iv


Page No.

Table 49: Annual Growth Rates in Enrollments .... ......... 47

Table 50: Secondary Schools, By Type and Authority, 1987-1989 . . 48

Table 51: Enrollments by Academic Specialization, 1986/1987 ... . 49

Table 52: Enrollments in Secondary Education by Specialty,1983-1991 (Grades 10-11/12), and Enrollment in SecondaryEducation by Specialty, 1983-1991 (Diversified andProfessional Modalities Combined) .50

Table 53: Annual Change in Enrollment in Secondary Educationby Specialty, 1983-1991 (Grades 10-11/12) .51

Table 54: Secondary Education Teachers, by State andRelative to Enrollments (1989/1990) .52

Table 55: Teachers, By Authority, Qualifications, and S:TRatio (1989/1990) .53

Table 56: Teacher Training Enrollments at the SecondaryLevel, 1988 .54

Table 57: Secondary Education Expenditures, 1985-1991 .55

Table 58: Financing of Secondary Education, by Category,1990/1991 ............................. 56

Table 59: Secondary Education Student Costs, 1991 ...... . . . . 57

Table 60: Ministry of Education Estimates of Materials Deficitsfor Secondary Education Science Laboratories .58

Table 61: Secondary Education Promotion, Repetition, Dropcut andGraduation Rates, 1983-1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Table 62: Maximum Terminal Efficiency Rates for Secondary Education,by Academic Specialization, 1989/1990 ....... . . . . . 60

Table 63: Secondary Education Curricula Analysis ...... . . . . . 61

Table 64: Average Grades by State, In Grade 11 ....... . . . . . . 66

V


Page No.

Table 65: Simulated Financial Impact of No Higher EducationReform, 1991-2000 ........................ 67

Table 66: Simulated Financial Impact of Partial Higher EducationReform, 1991-2000 ........................ 68

Table 67: Simulated Financial Impact of Full Higher EducationReform, 1991-2000 ........................ 69

Chart 1: Projected Expenditures and Revenues for ProposedVenezuelan Loan Program ................. 70

Table 1: VENEZUELA - Education Expenditures By Level, 1984-1993(in nominal bolivares)

Year Pre-School Basic (1-9) Secondary Special/Adult Higher Other TOTAL MOE Other Inst. TOTAL ED.

1984 565,314,695 3,772,423,588 968,422,758 519,953,950 5,318,414.047 3,749,765,571 14,894,294,609 5,393,200,000 20,287,494,6091985 705,694,390 4,483,808,084 1,096,907,148 626,120,346 6,367,495,888 4,278,178,626 17,558,204,482 5,510,258,815 23,068,463,2971986 737,556,672 4,665,149,767 1,123,850,092 647,025,264 5,747,835,739 4,441,001,898 17,362,419,432 6,118,181,644 23,480,601,0761987 790,119,034 4,915,548,897 1,213,515,658 682,366,216 10,887,215,075 9,555,960,000 28,044,724,880 6,454,431,376 34,499,156,2561988 998,887,939 6,552,624,138 1,514,278,738 851,376,640 11,162,961,228 10,528,097,000 31,608,225,683 7,982,837,484 39,591,063,1671989 1,097,686,567 7,285,585,558 1,639,698,433 921,424,203 15,402,553,075 24,182,600,000 50,529,547,836 11,355,388,100 61,884,935,9361990 1,917,724,320 11,566,579,872 2,579,119,469 1,580,134,087 23,332,517,799 33,167,820,289 74,143,895,836 29,640,858,009 103,784,753,8451991 2,147,039,026 12,521,859,593 2,971,916,962 764,962,250 35,008,971,994 84,243,110,000 137,657,859,825 32,128,839,061 169,786,698,8861992 3,876,000,000 20,650,000,000 4,853,000,000 3,010,000,000 53,962,000,000 92,770,000,000 179,121,000,000 64,199,400,000 243,320,400,0001993 3,891,000,000 22,543,000,000 5,083,000,000 2,915,000,000 73,058,000,000 104,408,000,000 211,898,000,000

Source: Ministry of Education

Table 2: VENEZUELA - Annual Growth in Education Expenditures By Level, 1984-1993


1984 - - - -1985 24.8% 18.9% 13.3% 23.5% 19.7% 14.1% 17.9% 2.2% 13.7%1986 4.5% 4.0% 2.5% 5.0% -9.7% 3.8% -1.1% 11.0% 1.8%1987 7.1% 5.4% 8.0% 10.5% 89.4% 115.2% 61.5% 5.5% 46.9%1988 26.4% 33.3% 24.8% 27.3% 2.5% 10.2% 12.7% 23.7% 14.8%1989 9.9% 11.2% 8.3% 8.2% 38.0% 129.7% 59.9% 42.2% 56.3%1990 74.7% 58.8% 57.3% 88.8% 51.5% 37.2% 46.7% 161.0% 67.7%1991 12.0% 8.3% 15.2% 22.4% 50.0% 154.0% 85.7% 8.4% 63.6%1992 80.5% 64.9% 63.3% 46.6% 54.1% 10.1% 30.1% 99.8% 43.3%1993 0.4% 9.2% 4.7% -3.2% 35.4% 12.5% 18.3%Average 30.0% 25.6% 24.1% 29.0% 36.9% 59.3% 39.2% 44.2% 38.5%


Table 3: VENEZUELA - Education Expenditures By Level, 1984-1993(in constant 1987 bolivares)


1984 847,548,268 5,655,807,478 1,451,908,183 244,739,477 7,973,634,253 5,621,837,438 22,330,276,775 8,085,757,121 30,416,033,897

1985 958,823,899 6,092,130,549 1,490,362,973 273,975,003 8,651,488,978 5,812,742,698 23,856,256,090 7,486,764,694 31,343,020,784

1986 1,013,127,297 6,408,172,757 1,543,750,126 '90,867,974 7,895,378,762 6,100,277,332 23,849,477,242 8,404,095,665 32,253,572,907

1987 790,119,034 4,915,548,897 1,213,515,65, :33,911,330 10,887,215,075 9,555,960,000 28,044,724,880 6,454,431,376 34,499,156,256

1988 842,943,408 5,529,640,623 1,277,872,353 251,197,973 9,420,220,446 8,884,470,042 26,673,608,171 6,736,571,716 33,410,179,888

1989 487,860,696 3,238,038,026 728,754,859 143,158,646 6,845,579,144 10,747,822,222 22,457,576,816 5,046,839,156 27,504,415,972

1990 603,627,422 3,640,723,913 811,809,716 191,390,757 7,344,198,237 10,439,981,205 23,337,707,219 9,329,826,254 32,667,533,473

1991 559,853,723 3,265,152,436 774,945,753 194,034,280 9,128,806,257 21,966,912,647 35,895,139,459 8,377,793,758 44,272,933,217

1992 787,804,878 4,197,154,472 986,382,114 221,704,085 10,967,886,179 18,855,691,057 36,406,707,317 13,048,658,537 49,455,365,854

1993 590,171,394 3,419,232,519 770,969,210 442,135,598 11,081,146,671 15,836,189,898 32,139,845,290

Note: Assumes 1993 inflation at 34%


Table 4: VENEZUELA - Annual Real Growth in Education Expenditures By Level, 1984 - 1993

Year Pre-School Basic (1-9) Secondary Special/Adult Higher Other TOTAL MOE Other Inst. TOTAL ED.1984 - - - -1985 13.1% 7.7% 2.6% 11.9% 8.5% 3.4% 6.8% -7.4% 3.0%1986 5.7% 5.2% 3.6% 6.2% -8.7% 4.9% 0.0% 12.3% 2.9%1987 -22.0% -23.3% -21.4% -19.6% 37.9% 56.6% 17.6% -23.2% 7.0%1988 6.7% 12.5% 5.3% 7.4% -13.5% -7.0% -4.9% 4.4% -3.2%1989 -42.1% -41.4% -43.0% -43.0% -27.3% 21.0% -15.8% -25.1% -17.7%1990 23.7% 12.4% 11.4% 33.7% 7.3% -2.9% 3.9% 84.9% 18.8%1991 -7.3% -10.3% -4.5% 1.4% 24.3% 110.4% 53.8% -10.2% 35.5%1992 40.7% 28.5% 27.3% 14.3% 20.1% -14.2% 1.4% 55.8% 11.7%1993 -25.1% -18.5% -21.8% 99.4% 1.0% -16.0% -11.7%Average, -0.7% -3.0% -4.5% 12.4% 5.5% 17.4% 5.7% 11.4% 7.3%'84-89 -7.7% -7.9% -10.6% -7.4% -0.6% 15.8% 0.7% -7.8% -1.6%90-93 8.0% 3.0% 3.1% 37.2% 13.2% 19.3% 11.9% 43.5% 22.0%Source: Ministry of Education

Table 5: VENEZUEIA - Education Expeniturts by Level, 19641993(peretutage of totd education spending)

Year Pre-School Basic (1-9) Secondary SpeciaVAduh Inst/Colegios Univenziis Total High Ed. Other TOTAL MOE Other Ist. TCOTAL ED.

1984 3% 19% 5% 3% 4% 22% 26% 18% 73% 27% 100%

1985 3% 19% 5% 3% 4% 23% 28% 19% 76% 24% 100%

1986 3% 20% 5% 3% 4% 20% 24% 19% 74% 26% 100%

1987 2% 14% 4% 3% 3% 28% 32% 28% 81% 19% 100%

1988 3% 17% 4% 4% 5% 23% 28% 27% 80% 20% 100%

1989 2% 12% 3% 5% 2% 22% 25% 39% 82% 18% 100%

1990 2% 11% 2% 8% 2% 20% 22% 32% 71% 29% 100%

1991 1% 7% 2% 4% 2% 18% 21% 50% S1% 19% 100%

1992 2% a% 2% 15% 2% 13% 22% 38% 74% 26% 100%

&uwme Mintuty of Educaton

Table 6: VENEZUELA - MOE Expenditures by Level, 1984-1993(percentage of total MOE spending)

Year Pre-School Basic (1-9) Secondary Special/Adult Higher Other TOTAL MOE

1984 4% 25% 7% 3% 36% 25% 100%1985 4% 26% 6% 4% 36% 24% 100%1986 4% 27% 6% 4% 33% 26% 100%1987 3% 18% 4% 2% 39% 34% 100%1988 3% 21% 5% 3% 35% 33% 100%1989 2% 14% 3% 2% 30% 48% 100%1990 3% 16% 3% 2% 31% 45% 100%1991 2% 9% 2% 1 % 25% 61% 100%1992 2% 12% 3% 2% 30% 52% 100%1993 2% 11% 2% 1 % 34% 49% 100%


Table 7: VENEZUELA - Education Expenditrwes By Level with Admninistrative Overhead Pro-rated, 1987-1993(in nominal bolivares)

Central BecaYear Pre-School\l Basic (1-9)\2 Secondary\3 Special/Adult Higher Administration\4 Alimentaria\5 Total MOE Other Inst. Total Education

1987 964,779,034 6,123,613,897 1,747,890,658 682,366,216 10,887,215,075 7,638,860,000 0 28,044,724,880 6,454,431,376 34,499,156,2561988 1,212,763,939 8,031,933,138 2,052,693,738 851,376,640 11,162,961,228 8,296,497,000 0 31,608,225,683 7,982,837,484 39,591,063,1671989 1,374,322,567 9,198,984,558 2,132,363,433 921,424,203 15,402,553,075 20,310,500,000 1,189,400,000 50,529,547,836 11,355,388,100 61,884,935,9361990 2,362,252,320 14,641,231,872 3,020,839,469 1,580,134,087 27,557,548,088 12,409,890,000 12,572,000,000 74,143,895,836 29,640,858,009 103,784,753,845

1991 5,316,851,026 34,446,392,593 4,702,271,962 1,851,662,250 35,008,971,994 27,728,610,000 28,603,100,000 137,657,859,825 32,128,839,061 169,786,698,886

1992 6,779,880,000 40,735.170,000 6,788,950,000 3,010,000,000 53,962,000,000 36,782,000,000 31,063,000,000 179,121.000,000 64,199,400,000 243,320,400,000

1993 7,946,520,000 50,593,680,000 6,772,800,000 2,915,000,000 73,058,000,000 29,671,000,000 40,941,000,000 211,898,000,000

\1: Pre-School includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment.

\2: Basic includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment.

\3: Secondary includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment, plus INCE.\4: Central Administration includes budget line items for central services, teacher support services,

educational planning, socio-economic programs (not including Beca Alimentaria), Biblioteca Nacional,MOE health services and non-attributable expenditures.

\5: 1990 expenditure was budgeted under a different Ministry.

Table & VENEZELA - Annual Growth in Education Expenditures By Levul, witb Adinative Ovaaeud Pro-ated, 1987-1993

Central BecaYear PmSchool\1 Basic (1-9)\2 SecondaryU3 Special/Adult Higher Administration\4 Alimentaria\5 Total MOE Other Institu. Total Education

1987 - - - - - - - - - -1988 25.7% 31.2% 17.4% 27.3% 2.5% 8.6% - 12.7% 23.7% 14.8%1989 13.3% 14.5% 3.9% 8.2% 38.0% 144.8% 59.9% 42.2% 56.3%1990 71.9% 59.2% 41.7% 88.8% 78.9% -38.9% 957.0% 46.7% 161.0% 67.7%1991 125.1% 135.3% 55.7% 22.4% 27.0% 123.4% 127.5% 85.7% 8.4% 63.6%1992 27.5% 18.3% 44.4% 46.6% 54.1% 32.6% 8.6% 30.1% 99.8% 43.3%1993 17.2% 24.2% -0.2% -3.2% 35.4% -19.3% 31.8% 18.3%Avg. 46.8% 47.1% 27.1% 31.7% 39.3% 41.9% 187.5% 42.2% 67.0% 49.1%

U: Pre-School inciudes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment.\2: Basic includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment.\3: Secondary includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment, plus INCE.\4: Central Administration includes budget line items for central services, teacher support services, Co




Table 9: VENEZUELA - Education Expenditures By Levd, with Administrative Costs Pro-rated, 1987-1993(in constant 1987 bodivares)

Central Beca

Year Pre-School Basic (1-9) Secondary Special/Adult Higher Administration Alimentaria Total MOE Other Inst. Total Education

1987 964,779,034 6,123,613,897 1,747,890,658 233,911,330 10,887,215,075 7,638,860,000 0 28,044,724,880 6,454,431,376 34,499,156,256

1988 1,023,429,484 6,778,002,648 1,732,231,003 251,197,973 9,420,220,446 7,001,263,291 0 26,673,608,171 6,736,571,716 33,410,179,888

1989 610,810,030 4,088,437,581 947,717,081 143,158,646 6,845,579,144 9,026,888,889 528,622,222 22,457,576,816 5,046,839,156 27,504,415,972

1990 743,548,102 4,608,508,616 950,846,544 191,390,757 8,674,078,718 3,906,166,195 3,957,192,320 23,337,707,219 9,329,826,254 32,667,533,473

1991 1,386,401,832 8,982,110,194 1,226,146,535 194,034,280 9,128,806,257 7,230,406,780 7,458,435,463 35,895,139,459 8,377,793,758 44,272,933,217

1992 1,378,024,390 8,279,506,098 1,379,867,886 221,704,085 10,967,886,179 7,476,016,260 6,313,617,886 36,406,707,317 13,048,658,537 49,455,365,854

1993 1,205,296,527 7,673,848,021 1,027,271,348 442,135,598 11,081,146,671 4,500,379,190 6,209,767,936 32,139,845,290 n.a. n.a.


\1: Pre-School includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment.

\2: Basic includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment.

\3: Secondary includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment, plus INCE.

\4: Central Administration includes budget line items for central services, teacher support services,

educational planning, socio-economic programs (not including Beca Alimentaria), Biblioteca Nacional,

MOE health services and non-attributable expenditures.\5: 1990 expenditure was budgeted under a different Ministry.


Table 10: VENEZUELA - Annual Real Grovnth in Education Expenditurs By Level, with Administative Coets Pro-rated, 1987 - 1993

Central BecaYear Pre-School Basic (1-9) Secondaiy Special/Adult Higher Administration Alimentaria Total MOE Other Inst. Total Education1987 - - - -1988 6.1% 10.7% -0.9% 7.4% -13.5% -8.3% -4.9% 4.4% -3.2%1989 -40.3% -39.7% -45.3% -43.0% -27.3% 28.9% -15.8% -25.1% -17.7%1990 21.7% 12.7% 0.3% 33.7% 26.7% -56.7% 648.6% 3.9% 84.9% 18.8%1991 86.5% 94.9% 29.0% 1.4% 5.2% 85.1% 88.5% 53.8% -10.2% 35.5%1992 -0.6% -7.8% 12.5% 14.3% 20.1% 3.4% -15.3% 1.4% 55.8% 11.7%1993 -12.5% -7.3% -25.6% 99.4% 1.0% -39.8% -1.6% -11.7%Avg. 10.1% 10.6% -5.0% 18.9% 2.1% 2.1% 120.0% 4.5% 21.9% 9.0%


\1: Pm-School includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment.\2: Basic includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment.\3: Secondary includes FEDE and supplemental union agreement expenditures pro-rated by enrollment, plus INCE.'4: Central Administration includes budget line items for central services, teacher support services,




Table 11: VENEZUELA - MOE Administrative/Overhead Expenditures By Level, 1987-1993(in millions of nominal bolivares)

Central Other Beca Union Other

Year Administration\l FEDE\2 INCE\3 Agencies\4 Alimentaria\5 Contracts\6 Transfers Subtotal Total MOE

1987 6,584.8 187.5 461.6 164.7 0.0 1,268.0 889.4 9,556,0 28,044.7

1988 7,531.2 207.5 449.3 176.9 0.0 1,574.8 588.4 10,528.1 31,608.2

1989 19,007.0 297.6 377.4 314.9 1,189.4 2,007.7 988.6 24,182.6 50,529.5

1990 10,705.7 405.8 256.5 362.5 12,572.0 3,298.6 1,341.7 28,942.8 74,143.9

1991 22,827.6 2,944.4 409.6 455.9 28,603.1 23,470.7 4,445.1 83,156.4 137,657.9

1992 25,625.7 1,331.0 726.0 410.3 31,063.0 22,868.0 10,746.0 92,770.0 179,121.0

1993 20,986.0 242.0 0.0 0.0 40,941.0 33,554.0 8,685.0 104,408.0 211,898.0

\ 1: Includes budget items for central services, teacher support services, planningand socio-economic programs (not including Beca Alimentaria)

\2: Includes budget categories 50, 70, 91, and 98.\3: For 1993, could not be separated from other budget items.\4: Includes National Library and MOE Health Institute\5: 1990 expenditure was budgeted under a different Ministry.\6: Includes budget allocations for collective contracts for teaching and administrative personnel


Table 12: VENEZUELA - EDUCATION EXPENDITURES BY LEVEL, 1987-1992(percentage of total education spending)

Central OtherYear Pre-School Basic (1-9) Secondary Special/Adult Higher Administration TOTAL MOE Inst. TOTAL ED.

1987 3% 18% 5% 2% 32% 22% 81% 19% 100%1988 3% 20% 5% 2% 28% 21% 80% 20% 100%1989 2% 15% 3% 1% 25% 33% 82% 18% 100%1990 2% 14% 3% 2% 27% 12% 71% 29% 100%1991 3% 20% 3% 1% 21% 16% 81% 19% 100%1992 3% 17% 3% 1% 22% 15% 74% 26% 100%


t)

Table 13: VENEZUELA - MOE Expenditures by Level, 1987-1993(percentage of total MOE spending)

CentralYear Pre-School Basic (1-9) Secondary Special/Adult Higher Administration TOTAL MOE

1987 3% % 6% 2 39% 27% 10 0 --1987 3% 22% 6% 2% 39% 27% 100%1988 4% 25% 6% 3% 35% 26% 100%1989 3% 18% 4% 2% 30% 40% 100%1990 3% 20% 4% 2% 37% 17% 100%1991 4% 25% 3% 1% 25% 20% 100%1992 4% 23% 4% 2% 30% 21% 100%1993 4% 24% 3% 1 % 34% 14% 100%


Table 14: VENEZUELA - MOE EXPENDITURES BY LEVEL, 1987-1992(percentage of total education spending, excluding social programs)

CentralYear Pre-School Basic (1-9) Secondary Special/Adult Higher Administration TOTAL MOE18 3% 22%-6% 2% 39%-27% 100-1987 3% 22% 6% 2% 39% 27% 100%1988 4% 25% 69% 3% 35% 26% 100%1989 3% 19% 4% 2% 31% 41% 100%1990 4% 24% 5% 3% 45% 20% 100%1991 5% 32% 4% 2% 32% 25% 100%1992 5% 28% 5% 2% 36% 25% 100%1993 5% 30% 4% 2% 43% 17% 100%


15

Table 15: VENEZUELA - Inflation Indicators

GDP Deflator Year

66.7 198473.6 198572.8 1986100 1987

118.5 1988225 1989

317.7 1990383.5 1991

492 1992659.3 1993

Table 16: VENEZUELA - Enrollments in Basic Education by Sector, 1980 - 1989

Annual Annual AnnualGrowth Growth GrowthRate RAte Rate

1980 Se 1983 % 1980-83 1986 % 1983-86 1989 % 1986-89

Total 3,158,466 100% 3,368,223 100% 2.2% 3,663,128 100% 2.8% 3,871,040 100% 1.9%Pubic;020 i-: :t0t -: -- - 2M756,95- -87030%. 3 2,9403 874.3 :2.2% 3 .87.0% 2.7% 339,i73 863% .6%

National 1,914,311 60.6% 2,022,794 60.1% 1.9% 2,153,361 58.8% 2.1% 2,241,276 57.9% 1.3%State 718,149 22.7% 795,471 23.6% 3.5% 902,067 24.6% 4.3% 971,260 25.1% 2.5%Municipal 115,190 3.6% 115,340 3.4% 0.0% 121,082 3.3% 1.6% 106,398 2.7% -4.2%Autonomou 8,945 0.3% 7,354 0.2% -6.3% 11,724 0.3% 16.8% 20,239 0.5% 20.0%

P~ivat: .4010S71 tl-0-127%; 4127% 02 1%: 474 994 13 0'.0 3.6% 531 67 :1 37%0 %


ON

Table 17: VENEZUELA - Number of Sections in Basic Education by Sector, 1980-1989

Annual Annual AnnualGrowth Growth Growth

1980 % 1983 % Rate 1986 % Rate 1989 % Rate

Total 93,883 100% 101,400 100% 2.6% 120,793 100% 6.0% 145,090 100% 6.3%Pbli-: 82,:-: 763- S8.2 88,74 87.5%: .4: 10-9--1% 54 2,26 8.% 73National 55,763 59.4% 59,194 58.4%F 2.0% 70,954 58.7% 6.2% 77,172 53.2% 2.8%Other Public 27,000 28.8% 29,547 29.1% 3.1% 33,045 27.4% 3.8% 51,354 35.4% 15.8%PrIvat 1112 .....26..1...44% 1~79 13 9?""" '99% 1,4 I1..... 7 : ~05%s,- ''"'Source: .- - , - A ... ......M........i.o......


Table 18: VENEZUELA - Evolution of Student/Section Ratio in Basic Education by Sector

Annual Annual AnnualGrowth Growth Growth

1980 1983 Rate 1986 Rate 1989 RateTotal 33.6 33.2 -0.4% 30.3 -3.0% 26.7 -4.2%Public 33.3: 33 F1 -0.2%~ 30.7~ 2.6%-ii 26.0~ 4S%

National System 34.3 34.2 -0.2% 30.3 -3.9% 29.0 -1.5%Other Public 31.2 31.1 -0.1% 31.3 0.2% 21.4 -11.9%

Private 36i1 31. -2%2 .8.i -37 32. 1 43 i%


co

Table 19: VENEZUELA - Basic Education Enrollments and Sections by State 1989/1990

Enrollment --- Sections -- Students/Section Ratio --Ree-ion Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total

Venezuela 3,339,173 531,867 3,871,040 128,526 16,564 145,090 26.0 32.1 26.7

Diat Federal .294,820 110,477 405,297 9,342 3,.206 12,548 31.6 34S 32.3Anzoategui 175,617 23,968 199,585 6,510 728 7,238 27.0 32.9 27.6'A .... 2 9- 6, 3 1 , --- ..Aragua 197,216 35,251 232,467 6,230 1,180 7,410 31.7 29.9 31.4

....na 95,994. 4,346 10~4 ~618200 -31. 20.Bolivar 177,397 32,612 210,009 6,484 921 7,405 27.4 35.4 28.4

Cara-obo- 234,830 54,407 2~8237- 7,14 1 857 9,003 32293: 3244Cojedes 39,566 2,478 42,044 1,884 77 1,961 21.0 32.2 21.4Fal 13, 10,64 142,75 6,523 6,834 2 34Guarico 108,730 5,137 113,867 4,756 168 4,924 22.9 30.6 23.1La 2:A9 23,616 265,05 - -- 2 730 0,42 249 32.4 25

Merida 107,591 12,505 120,096 5,452 330 5,782 19.7 37.9 20.8Miranda : 269,932 ~.94,794 364,72 I ,0 ~ 7 12,19 29 19 2

Monagas 116,100 4,336 120,436 4,380 184 4,564 26.5 23.6 26.4Nu-- - -a~'ta 51,474 5--,220 56,694 1,5 - 58 1,863 30.2 33.0 30

Portuguesa 117,910 5,666 123,576 5,195 166 5,361 22.7 34.1 23.1

Tachira 150,119 18,280 168,399 6,780 516 7,296 22.1 35.4 23.1T-u,j 1lo a 107,280 5.,l617 112,897. -.. 165 5,443 2 03 34.0 aa.7

Yaracuy 82,113 3,765 85,878 3,236 113 3,349 25.4 33.3 25.6

TF Amazonas 13,901 869 14,770 774 37 811 18.0 23.5 18.2TYelarac nc 8219,64 3725 25,818 3,23 123 9139 25.4 33.3 21.6


Table 20: VENEZUELA - Enrollments in Basic Education by Area and Sector, 1989/1990

Urban % Rural S Total

Total 3,056,264 79.0% 814,776 21.0% 3,871,040NbIiA~~~ 2,5313, O2 9159 8OXS1 41%3:39

National 1,871,263 83.5% 370,013 16.5% 2,241,276State 549,784 56.6% 421,476 43.4% 971,260Municipal 93,193 87.6% 13,205 12.4% 106,398Autonomous 19,062 94.2% 1,177 5.8% 20,239

Private.. 522~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~962 98.3% 8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9O5 1.7% 531~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~86......


0

Table 21: VENEZUELA - Number of Teachers in Basic Education With and Without Certification, 1989/1990

Non RatioCertified S Certified % Total Students Std/Tch

Total 146,949 80.4% 35,911 19.6% 182,860 4,402,907 24.1

National 92,245 85.4% 15,814 14.6% 108,059 2,241,276 20.7State 26,608 66.5% 13,400 33.5% 40,008 971,260 24.3Municipal 3,617 80.4% 881 19.6% 4,498 106,398 23.7Autonomou 960 81.1% 224 18.9% 1,184 20,239 17.1

. .... .... . .. .. ............ .......... : --- , .... ,.,, .---. .-,, ... -. . . . . - . . - . .Prce: 2inistryofEc3,519 89 5318


Table 22: VENEZUELA - Enrollment by Age and Level, and Population by Age, 1990-91

Age Pre sch 1-6 1-9 7-12 10-12 Total Population3 95,463 0 0 0 0 95,463 540,148

.......... 22..... 0 0 535 274,173 49,734 49,734 0 0 323,907 527,851i;000t- igg 6 370326 --3984601 398 t 06 . . 4363 Si8.9297 583 461,734 461,734 0 0 462,317 509,067

8 458421~~~~~~~458 58225 00,48,25 48696:w W00M 8 - < - - . . .. .... . ......

9 457,966 457,966 0 0 457,966 487,850

11 403,781 435,788 32,007 0 435,788 465,526-....--..2 25 3 4 9 0 2 0. .40..

13 139,763 362,807 223,783 739 363,546 442,292- -l4 6791 0 -28g9,861 .34"S96 . 302866: 430 58915 24,886 164,082 202,528 63,332 227,414 418,974

-1 6,4 Th4 15,8 81,250 1569 400817 1,454 26,110 86,292 61,636 87,746 397,531

..'" '''" ''. '"'"''"""''"''}''"""""''" ' ""' '""'""' "'' ' ' +'' .. . B .' ........ .. .... . .. ..

19 67 1,788 16,206 14,485 16,273 387,74420 - 25 44::::9 -- x .... ... ' X83

21 + 12 523 3,205 2,694 3,217 379,980

Source:B M'inistry' of Education........ B::: 9'..


Table 23: VENEZUELA - Enrollment by Age and Grade (Female), 1990-91

Age Pre_sch 1-6 19 7-12 10-12 Total3 48,591 0 0 0 0 48,591

.., ... , .,,,,,....i,,,, . ...... .. ....5 134,292 26,091 26,091 0 0 160,383

M.. 89 99,3 99 9, ..... . 211T135:~~~~~~~o.,-L...., , ,,,,,., ,, ;. W i... t07--..... ,e........7 265 228,369 228,369 0 0 228,634

.. 0............ 339 0 227,005 227,005 0 0 227,005~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ..... .... ... .> ...... .....

11 0 197,738 216,221 18,483 0 216,221~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~K................ .... S...

13 0 60,718 181,574 121,258 402 181,97614 0 27$14 t45,74~~~~~~~~~~~....... I25~~~~~~~S27 7~~~~996 .I53~~~~...... .....~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ... ,.-. .*..SA

15 0 10,114 82,896 110,568 37,786 120,682.............................. .... **StI.. ..... 16.... 0 2'i2 3 &1 :'4'843 51,250 .1,364.

17 0 610 13,046 46,599 34,163 47,20918 4.00 26 A19 0 35 949 8,364 7,450 8,399

20..... ....... . ~ 23.. . .. 2..... .1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... . .. - ........21.+ 0 . 9 173 1,514 1,350 1,523*'':.:..g.'....'~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~.'g .... .. 2 ..... . . .....

Tource: 0 9 173 Miniy114 1of50 1d523t


Table 24: VENEZUELA - Enrollment by Age and Grade (Male), 1990-91

Age4 Pre sch 1-6 1 7-12 10-12 Total3 46,872 0 0 0 0 46,872

. - - hX. , .............................................................. ........... h..

5 139,881 23,643 23,643 0 0 163,524,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,. , ,.,.,. .. , .,.,,[ , .......... . ....... .,,f ,,W6 19,82 I9~6 9,6 1992,

7 318 233,365 233,365 0 0 233,683t ... .... .... g Ba > X W w W W t g~~~~~~~~~. ... .. ..8'' 0 ~~~231.58 23,8200 23,

9 0 230,961 230,961 0 0 230,96110 &f -3, 2321462 0 32111 0 206,043 219,567 13,524 0 219,56712 -0tt x '. 135 913 0 79,045 181,233 102,525 337 181,5701. 0 6 144.' 10-'069. 4900 1441215 0 14,772 81,186 91,960 25,546 106,7321- 0 3 .''',830. 34,326 x8 6. ' -30 B ' ,'17 0 844 13,064 39,693 27,473 40,53718 - ' ' ' 184 ''"' ' 8,., 15,6 ,x1-'46''9g 19 0 32 839 7,842 7,035 7,874

, .. .. .... . ........ ..,SS. ...... - , t # B ' ' ' . - '

21+ 0 3 350 1,691 1,344 1,694~~~^,... S8.... ... ....... XX,

Sour l M0i 351,691 120f Edu.o9.


Table 25: VENEZUELA - Enrollment by Age and Grade (Rural), 1990-91

Age Pre sch 1-6 1-9 7-12 10-12 Total3 13,979 0 0 0 0 13,979-"4-"'........... .'V .. :. .0. 0 - ':

5 46,545 10,869 10,869 0 0 57,414: -. ':: '9~480 '9~O 0 0 I .47 127 117,716 117,716 0 0 117,843.: : :::::Q---: - ::.: : :::: 01 . -01 ::6 -:--.: 116s:: 3 K Q..:: :::: :-:6.....9 0 113,961 113,961 0 0 113,961

. . .... 0 112 449:11 0 99,341 101,069 1,728 0 101,069

: 2 --704 X266 722 0M :- --:-13 0 51,133 64,460 13,389 62 64,522

0-e 29 5fl -46 58 15456 5 44"97315 0 13,460 25,611 14,149 1,998 27,609*16 0 4,315 1}2s04 11,095 3W361 15,4117 0 1,152 5,014 7,198 3,336 8,350 9....... . 29 1*8 40.6 5&43919 0 65 601 2,034 1,498 2,0992. . .. - 24" ' ''''' '': " '''-56+4 1....

21+ 0 7 130 687 564 694

..' ..i .BBBSource: Miniy... .o Ed ucati


Table 26: VENEZUELA - Enrollment by Age and Grade (Urban), 1990-91

Age Pre sch 1-6 1-9 7-12 10-12 Total3 81,484 0 0 0 0 81,4844 -87~9X2 - -f tl0 0 - S0. .0 9..5 227,628 38,865 38,865 0 0 266,493

......... 6 31 2 299A21 0 . 330-S427 456 344,018 344,018 0 0 344,474

.i..iS:.:.::j0 ......... . ... 39 0 ~341~3921-'0000-.....,.'.,.,....,'...,.,...-""'.""'... ....... ..............9 0 344,005 344,005 0 0 344,005

. 0. .0 ...... .. 3 - a........1.I a a11 0 304,440 334,719 30,279 0 334,719

-i W-4 a v-- iEE l........ ...... . ... . . . 1.1 1.E-,7 *, . , ~ . . ... �,.,::~ ;::;~ , - :: ; i--.13 0 88,630 298,347 210,394 677 299,02414 0 38-453 245,243 219 440]'S 58915 0 11,426 138,471 188,379 61,334 199,805

16 0 2,086 ~~~~~~~60M3I: 12 94 : ,~9 14,80~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ....... ..a .....2M Zaim[17 0 302 21,096 79,094 58,300 79,396

18 0 ~~~ ~~~~45 599 3,14 3,9 36,18'9.~19 0 2 1,187 14,172 12,987 14,17420 -4 aa 25 a99 ... 4 a.9a 0

21+ 0 5 393 2,518 2,130 2,523

*- al a) 2 8 3. . T3 .04. ....... : ...... :.:.:.:.


Table 27: VENEZUELA - Enrollments by Age, Gender and Level, and Population Distribution by Age, 1990/1991

Pre - School Primary Secondary Population - Enr/AgeAge Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Ratio

3 95,463 48,591 46,872 0 0 0 0 0 0 540,148 264,742 275,406 17.7%::4--::4 6 T 4/ -8I,6- -4 226,861 113A11 113,456 A) 0 C) 0 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 0 '5324Z 258$24 269,802 61.4%5 274,173 134,292 139,881 49,734 26,091 23,643 0 0 0 527,851 258,824 269,027 61.4%

.... ........ ii$ s 828 39860 ....... 1.... i 43 5 S2 : $,47 26,72 87 583 265 318 461,734 228,369 233,365 0 0 0 509,067 249,721 259,346 90.8%7S. - .:: " " .:: .58," ""1:24 ' '::O :aw1. - 4, 2549 0 0 0 457,966 227,005 230,961 0 0 0 487,850 239,406 248,444 93.9%

,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,, . , .,,o le2A4$ .. 229,611 Z2,14 , , .: 0 0 4 7.w. , , 11 0 0 0 435,788 216,221 219,567 0 0 0 465,526 228,540 236,986 93.6%

,, .-.- .-.- -.,., .- ,,- . a, ....... V.-.-..... ....... ,..., .13 0 0 0 362,807 181,574 181,233 739 402 337 442,292 217,219 225,073 82.2%

: - ::I#: 4 b. 9,bl 45#d l 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~19I :::'014 . 0 : 39,81.. 1$~14S 14446 17,05 ......... .. 0,5..21.....29..74....15 0 0 0.164,082 82,896 81,186 63,332 37,786 25,546 418,974 205,854 213,120 54.3%:4) 43 0 41.1%4 Wz.-: 36W.--: g7 -.. :- .- 0 _60.. 0.... -4 ..... .-::243I --.. ..17 0 0 0 26,110 13,046 13,064 61,636 34,163 27,473 397,531 195,424 202,107 22.1%

..... .... ..... XX. 7.. 781 4,0 . CC 3I7. 1743 :5,0 :3117 M. to 9899 .14%19 0 0 0 1,788 949 839 14,485 7,450 7,035 387,744 190,812 196,932 4.2%

... . 0 0 0 44 <9.> .31 . I$ .. 5,54,1.::~ :.47l... .: t.: j -- 1t .8..........-..1.21+ 0 0 0 523 173 350 2,694 1,350 1,344 379,980 187,206 192,774 0.8%

STou. rc .:0 4 . .3 $ .....Mnit o Ec ...a


Table 28: VENEZUELA - Primary School Enrollment, 1990/1991

Total Female Male

Enrollment Grades 1-6 3,183,729 1,553,173 1,630,556Ex1ruIlin.i..-n Gr44s 1-9:41,1-29471 121O i63 ..... 7.6Enrollment ages 6-11 2,713,058 1,345,299 1,367,759EollWiment -aes6--14 3,782,067 i,8S1,217:t3 1 085OEnr. Prim-Sch ages 6-11 2,674,749 1,327,136 1,347,613'Enrt.rinh m gl 6-14 ; 73O,014 1 8$4,66 875,358Population ages 6-11 2,956,695 1,450,799 1,505,896Population Gli40 ages 6-14- t i0- 00tt004,2B3,A624-:2,102-482 2-181,142Gross Enr. Ratio 107.7% 107.1% 108.3%

NEnr,Ratjo 90~~~~~~S% 91 5% 8.Age Enr. Ratio 91.8% 92.7% 90.8%

Net Enr. Ratio 87.1% 88.2% 86.0%Age Enr,,'Rai 88,0% 8% ... 6- - -. 9%,


Table 29: VENEZUELA - Enrollment by Age, Rural/Urban, and Level and Population by Age, 1990/1991

Pre-School - - Primary Secondary ------- ------ Population- -Afe Total Rura Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

3 95,463 13,979 81,484 0 0 0 0 0 0 540,148 100,008 440,140: :---4- 226, #7 -$5 :1s912 0- : 0 : : 0 0 5 98804 434,4345 274,173 46,545 227,628 49,734 10,869 38,865 0 0 0 527,851 98,391 429,4606 ' '37','" '2' .31,721" " - }?":' '"39'-',601 ' 99'-'':480'' -'- 2921; ' 51829""9:7, 737 583 127 456 461,734 117,716 344,018 0 0 0 509,067 96,994 412,0738. :': 8:0o--: .. 0 . 0 458,215 116,823 341-392 0. 0 0 .~49864619 402,4279 0 0 0 457,966 113,961 344,005 0 0 0 487,850 95,503 392,347

.0 . 0 : 46-,64r 112,44s ... 3 0 0 476,72? 93~082 383,74811 0 0 0 435,788 101,069 334,719 0 0 0 465,526 91,403 374,123: -- : . 12 0 0 . 0 402 591 84 662 -- 317 935 0: 0 454 04S- :::: :63,76 13 0 0 0 362,807 64,460 298,347 739 62 6772442,22 627,583 354,72914:::'''::--:::' '' 0 ':':'ff: , 0 -9M- 44-618 245,243' : 13,005 - 3 0 430,89: 84,88 3 0115 0 0 0 164,082 25,611 138,471 63,332 1,998 61,334 418,974 62,006 356,96816"0 0.. 0 12,440 12,049 . .60,391 87,250 3,7364 83,889 407' 102 0 '4- 836: 17 0 0 0 26,110 5,014 21,096 61,636 3,336 58,300 397,531 58,832 338,699

i8 - i: :: ::-0 ''-' ' : ' '''': ' 0:-:: -- :::- 7 8 --i 98 --~~~~~~~:.::3 ,: .7 2' 9T ,::r.::: 318 . 0..: . 0 ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~7,807 1,808 I . 599 3277. 57. 0,9 3157 57 942 3357:19 0 0 0 1,788 601 1,187 14,485 1,498 12,987 387,744 57,384 330,360

... 0: ':-..0 : -: 9 : i '. : $56 4 3 :-::- : 2 94:21+ 0 0 0 523 130 393 2,694 564 2,130 379,980 56,235.323,745

"'T'tal' 634-812"" -'' 61 .tl-' ''"2:-99'O 4't''" 2,941 "--"911,-514:':'341,43 281,41 9 ' 41 '6""'0


Table 30: VENEZUELA - Gross and Net Enrollment Ratio1989/90

Enrollment Population Ratio

Grades 1-6 3,036,219 2,893,908 104.9%Ag_ 641 2,531,69- 2,893, sti5*908Grades 1-9 3,871,040 4,188,734 92.4%

Ages 6-14 3,57313 i874 8.%Grades 10-12 279,742 1,201,790 23.3%

Ag a 15-4 24~7 1,201,79-0 - 17,3%Higher 528,473 2,601,558 20.3%

Source Ministry of Education

w

Table 31: VENEZUELA - Enrollment Increases from 1980-1990

- Enrollment - - Population - - Age/Enroll. Ratios -Age 1980/81 1990191 1980/81 1990/91 1980/81 1990/91

3 47,439 95,463 443,952 540,148 10.7% 17.7%'"4'" ""''-''3''""5"1 '8 22687' ""'2X"' 533>22'"'"3""S1'.- 'A ' 42.%

5 176,396 323,907 416,925 527,851 42.3% 61.4%6 3O9~~430 436~327 408~2. 41.19758........... . . : .. -: .': -'' - - '.~ ~ - . .. . . . . ... .. .. .....:

7 355,937 462,317 400,938 509,067 88.8% 90.8%..8 " 6'' 8 " ' 2 '' 498X696 93 3%' .9.9%.

9 362,163 457,966 389,513 487,850 93.0% 93.9%* : ., 10.':' 35$,4S3'''' .46 '$45.85;044 . 76....92.3....7"''11 338,703 435,788 381,407 465,526 88.8% 93.6%1t '' 2.7'I00.42Z7 37~5 5~4 6S13 289,606 363,546 369,815 442,292 78.3% 82.2%

14 2394290 302~866 361 ~5SG 43O~589 66.2%": .. 10.3%15 189,714 227,414 353,661 418,974 53.6% 54.3%16 ,.,.,.,'."'' . ...... 3...... a s '8 .9 . ....17 83,945 87,746 337,416 397,531 24.9% 22.1%

19 21,821 16,273 317,078 387,744 6.9% 4.2%....,,, ,. .....

21+ 11,148 3,217 295,520 379,980 3.8% 0.8%


Table 32: VENEZUEIA - Gross Enrollment Ratios by State, 1989/1990

Enrollment - School Age Population - - Gross Enrollment Ratio-Pre-School Basic Second. Prechhool Basic Second, PeSho Basi Smn.d

Venezuela 570,615 3,871,040 279,742 519,498 4,188,734 1,201,790 109.8% 92.4% 23.3%Miranda 68,823 364,726 30,231 47,006 378,792 111,602 146.4% 96.3% 27.1%

. D , -,- Z ,, ' '- ' ff" i'- ' s - ..........................Disti~~~~dera1.72,~~~~013 ........ 11 4665 S,06 161% ~~ 2.2Carabobo 39,971 289,237 20,062 40,228 322,568 96,537 99.4% 89.7% 20.8%

Coje4e~~ 7,584 42,044 2~~~705 5~934 4729 1,1 27S 89 21Aragua 31,017 232,467 18,192 34,084 275,214 81,247 91.0% 84.5% 22.4%

Guarico 15,919 113,867 7,050 14,520 118,615 31,303 109.6% 96.0% 22.5%

Portuguesa 14,092 123,576 6,655 18,678 147,830 37,648 75.4% 83.6% 17.7% sZu1i~~ . 67,664 450499 33439 56~~~~38T 455,129 137,131 ~~~~20.0% 98.9%~ 2.........V hlfa ; - -- ;- ; 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--:::: .

Tachira 21,620 168,399 12,525 22,401 186,910 54,458 96.5%o 90.1% 23.0%

Trujillo 14,795 112,897 8,021 15,180 127,123 34,155 97.5% 88.8% 23.5%...... .. -. - 1073 -:3 5, i8S C 15,86- 27 70: % 8.6% c0 -

Anzoategui 26,476 199.585 14,936 25,518 203,424 55,149 103.8% 98.1% 27.1%Monagas~t 168 12,3 8,X4 -5,36 -24t985 32,1 10I% 9.4 5

Sucre 16,481 168,757 10,645 22,913 182,271 47,228 71.9% 92.6% 22.5%Nueva Esparta I 1,820 56,694 4,426 ;23-0; 5if1;5 16,3% ...- 4. --... .27. ..Bolivar 27,964 210,009 14,641 28,766 225,790 60,088 97.2% 93.0% 24.4%

TFAmazonas 2,408 14,770 64612 2,627 1,014 5,319 91.7% 70.3% 12.1%


Table 33: VENEZUELA - Gross Enrollment Ratios in Basic EducationBy Region, 1989/1990

Enrollment Population GER

Venezuela: 3,871,040 4,188 734 92.4%Capital 770,023 845,407 91.1%Cenitral: : -- --- -563 748 645,081 87.4%Southern 177,827 184,453 96.4%Zulia 617,242 656,307 94.0%Andes 450,199 455,129 98.9%Central Occidente 501,732 563,221 89.1 %iNortheast 545,472 566,785 96.2%Guayana 244,797: 272,354 89.9%:


Table 34: VENEZUELA - Expenditures on Materials and Textbooks (includes all expenditures)

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990(CURRENT PRICES)

Textbooks & Libraries $22,368,000 $11,200,000 $11,200,000 $18,532,000 $17,876,000 $43,432,000(CONSTANT 1985 prices)

Mate~ia1s (dota~kni) $891OO~OOO $2 M8323 8 $16:450-000' $562 . .6...

Yearly Change (%) 159.6% -27.2% 55.8%

Textbooks & Libraries $22,368,000 $9,001,148 $7,840,000 $10,017,297 $5,246,625 $9,048,333.Y,i,,,,,,y,,,..,,.,...,,,.,,,,,,v,,,...,,,. - .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ..... . ..... ..

% change (base= 1985) -59.8% 64.9% -55.2% -76.5% -59.5%


Table 35: VENEZUELA - Intake Rate to Basic Education

- Grade One - New Population IntakeYear Enrollment ReMeaters Entrants Age_7 Rate1980 550,441 79,643 470,798 400,938 117.4%

1982 574,113 84,651 489,462 420,643 116.4%o1983 -~~1 S411 4932 f,0 IA1984 585,160 84,345 500,815 443,378 113.0%

l 8 -598$4 > 3^4 M1~O 4-32- 113.3%1986 607,652 86,798 520,854 465,675 111.86%1.... . ...... 3 54~5147~ 68 1$ 0t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4X wr

1988 643,095 101,878 541,217 488,543 110.8%1986 607,652 1i,646 .. .. 5. - 49673 1.1%


36

Table 36: VENEZUELA - School Age Population

Age 1980 1985 1989 1990Total 15,023,880 17,316,738 19,245,521 19,734,968

0-4 2,288,889 2,558,511 2,708,476 2,739,38848l7,614 37, 179W 560,57 565726

I 468,974 521,393 548,072 553,548.6 5,:.... 4..93. -4 ::. W , :72.4

443,952 500,096 533,303 540,1484 ~~432,2n0 489,119 52.5.6.. 53324

5-9 2,010,392 2,273,390 2,494,042 2,542,2935 1416,925 4745519,498, 527,56 408,201 466,545 509,756 518,8297r 40,98 545399,332: $0,068 394,815 442,664 488,384 498,696

9 389413 431,1~~ ~ ~~24 :i:~471,72 8,10-14 1,874,472 2,006,567 2,214,190 2,269,182

10 385,041 419,610 465,5~19 476,72711 381,407 407,826 453,845 465,526i: 12f jf376,657 398347 44Z405 454 04813 369,817 392,315 431,437 442,292

. . .. ... ... ... .. ... -s ... .. Or .w"n ..................... : :h 46e sen-d :: :- -.s .......-.:

15-19 1,681,762 1,870,760 1,969,017 2,002,8481 0; j A-5 353661- 384,422 4-66] 8`970416 345,994 380,661 399,935 407,0821-tt--0 7: t337 416 3758 929 - 391 9 975I18 327,613 369,013 385,565 391,517

19 317,078 ~~~360,835 3162387,744:20-24 1,437,256 1,P678,986 1,834,331 1,867,585

20 306,482 352.9.. 3774593 38..,73121 295,520 345,350 373,821 379,980

H221 2 763 336,825::: 368 77.: F375,73

23 278,007 327,117 361,476 368,408Source: f - 240004 j271 484 316,699 35267 60 -293Source: Ministry of Education

Table 37: VENEZUELA - School Age Population

Age/Group 1980 1985 1989 19904-5 849,205 967,644 1,045,149 1,061,093

:- 7....2.. 7 2,214.494 2,440,082 24491,1886-14 3,467,939 3,801,432 4,188,734 4,283,624

..41216, 1,807,69 1,944.214 21537,152,98515-16 699,655 765,083 810,501 826,05617.24 -t- ;2E,41:9,36 24,663 2,992,847 3= 44,377:18-24 2,081,947 2,408,834 2,601,558 2,646,846


Table 38: VENEZUELA - Evolution of the Population Aged 6 - 17 Fron 177 - 198

1977 1978 1979 1980 1 1982 1 194 15 1986 1987 1988

Tot_Pop: 6-11 2,212,000 2,254,000 2,293,000 2,328,000 2,359,000 2,394,000 2,439,000 2,492,000 2,554,000 2,692,000 2,761,000 2,828,000

FP 'Pop, 6-:641 ... 1,90.50 1,973,0 2,06002,095,000 2,143,000 2,187,000 2t2M. 972.26..000:2,291,00 :1-:} 00&' 2 0 547

Tot_Pop: 12-17 1,085,000 1,106,000 1,125,000 1,142,000 1,157,000 1,174,000 1,197,000 1,223,000 1,253,000 1,321,000 1,354,000 1,387,000

FeR Pop ''12-1 :936,000 . 69,00 13,00000 -9 ::-9,00- 1,053,00 1.,075,000::' 1,0 0.1:..00 I1J11O,X-:- :1J6, . 5,"0 1,0,0

Source: OCEI

Table 39: VENEZUELA - Student/Teacher Ratios and GrossEnrollment Rates in Pre-school, 1989/1990

Students/Teacher Ratio GERRegion Public Private Total Pre-SchoolVenezuela 16.7 15.7 16.6 109.8%Dist Federal 15.3 16.5 15.6 126.1%Miranda 15.6 14.9 15.3 146.4%

Carabobo 19.6 16.5 18.9 99.4%Cojedes 11.5 15.6 11.6 127.8%Apure J14.0 2L1.6 44.1 90.0%Guarico 15.3 15.7 15.3 109.6%Falcon 15.1 15.4 15.2 119.3%Lara 19.5 16.5 19.1. 116.2%Portuguesa 14.0 16.7 14.2 75.4%Yaracuy 18.5 17.3 18.4 124.8%Zulia 01S2 J 60 17,1 120J0% 0-0Barinas 18.2 14.8 18.0 70.0%Merida 15.8 13.6 15.5 110.5%Takh,ra 5.4 139.76 152 95%Trujillo 15.7 11.5 15.5 97.5%Anzoategui 18.6 17.0 18.3 103.8%Monagas00-$0 i 2 - 0.6 12.2 19Sucre 18.7 18.0 18.7 71.9%Nueva Esparta 16.1 17.4 16.2 163.5%

Bolivar 18,0 1..... .`18. 97 2%,;Kl= -; X. : -O;a: :tt 8- TF Amazonas 12.2 12.2 91.7%TF Delta Amacuro 12.1 22.8 12.2 159.8%


Table 40: VENEZUELA - Pre-School Enrollments by Sector, 1980-1989

80-83 83-86 86-89 86-90Annual Annual Annual AnnualGrowth Growth Growth Growth

1980 % 1983 % Rate 1986 % Rate 1989 % Rate 1920 % Rate

Total 421,183 100% 523,318 100% 7.5% 558,376 100% 2.2% 570,615 100% 0.7% 629,812 100% 3.1%........ 4 .. %.4 : . % 8 3% % 7%3 4W 8583 4

National 287,828 68.3% 367,863 70.3% 8.5% 368,798 66.0% 0.1% 379,309 66.5% 0.9% 422,253 67.0% 3.4%State 38,978 9.3% 50,371 9.6% 8.9% 60,055 10.8% 6.0% 69,471 12.2% 5.0% 85,502 13.6% 9.2%Municipal 8,307 2.0% 9,173 1.8% 3.4% 10,331 1.9% 4.0% 7,752 1.4% -9.1% 3,457 0.5% -23.9%Autonomous 13,541 3.2% 15,346 2.9% 4.3% 29,166 5.2% 23.9% 18,605 3.3% -13.9% 21,422 3.4% -7.4%

Souc3 - % -M o E


Table 41: VENEZUELA - Pre-School Teachers by Sector, 1980-1989

1980-83 198386 1986-89Annual Annual AnnualGrowth Growth Growth

1980 S1983 % Rate 1986 Rate 1989 S Rate

Total 16,487 100% 19,448 100% 5.7% 23,178 100% 6.0% 34,450 100% 14.1%-ub1i~ - - 1 -2~89 % ~5w44O 79A% 6.3% 18~0... 6.6......7 2.4% .-National 10,365 62.9% 12,704 65.3% 7.0% 14,991 64.7% 5.7% 20,247 58.8% 10.5%State 1,531 9.3% 1,628 8.4% 2.1% 2,229 9.6% 11.0% 5,820 16.9% 37.7%Municipal 329 2.0% 418 2.1% 8.3% 534 2.3% 8.5% 551 1.6% 1.1%Autonomous 624 3.8% 690 3.5% 3.4% 934 4.0% 10.6% 1,759 5.1% 23.5%?rivate 3,63 22 I% 4.008 20.6. 3.33 4. .%3


C)

Table 42: VENEZUELA - Student/Teacher Ratios in Pre-School, by Sector, 1980-1989

1980-83 1983-86 1986-89Annual Annual AnnualGrowth Growth Growth

1980 1983 Rate 1986 Rate 1989 Rate

Total 25.5 26.9 1.7% 24.1 -3.6% 16.6 -11.7%ulk 2.b,.-.1 ,'S'.' -.-., ...., ,...,,,,,% 1..., ..,.,,,,,,6,National 27.8 29.0 1.4% 24.6 -5.3% 18.7 -8.7%State 25.5 30.9 6.7% 26.9 -4.5% 11.9 -23.8%Municipal 25.2 21.9 -4.6% 19.3 -4.1% 14.1 -10.1%Autonomous 21.7 22.2 0.8% 31.2 12.0% 10.6 -30.3%

i19 : 1.9 0.1 G~3% 205 I .1 a :` 15.7


Table 43: VENEZUELA - Pre-School Enrollments and Teachers by State, 1989/1990

Enrollment Teachers -Student/Teacher Ratio-Region Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total

Venezuela 475,137 95,478 570,615 28,377 6,073 34,450 16.7 15.7 16.6

Dist Federal 52,045 19,968 72,013 3,400 1,213 4,613 15.3 16.5 15.6Anzoategui 22,142 4,334 26,476 1,193 255 1,448 18.6 17.0 18.3Apure 7,234 1-8 74342 515 i.:.A....: 5+ -5 4.0 2... 14.Aragua 24,088 6,929 31,017 1,351 484 1,835 17.8 14.3 16.9Barinas 9,928 445 10,373 545 30 575 18.2 14.8 18.0

... ............. 24 42- 3 2 -27 6 1 338 8.01Carabobo 31,939 8,032 39,971 1,626 486 2,112 19.6 16.5 18.9Cojedes 7,459 125 7,584 648 8 656 11.5 15.6 11.6*alcon 194360 1,936.;; 296S 18 126 1440f 9 15.1 - 154I 15-21.2 :P4 4Guarico 15,198 721 15,919 994 46 1,040 15.3 15.7 15.3Lara 34,863 4,516 39,379 1,787 274 2,061 19.5 16.5 19.1

zM~erida . 164208 14 l 1 74919 - 28'' *1'. " 126 1154 1S5 1 155Miranda 45,398 23,425 68,823 2,916 1,571 4,487 15.6 14.9 15.3Monagas 15,976 904 16,880 774 74 848 20.6 12.2 19.9Nuva-p .4r 27 I2 m ... . 62 10 1: 1..... .:r::.:-..:::-.:: . ii ..... ?. ::- .-.- ::-::?:. :.::- : ; - :-:' 668 46.:-::::

Portuguesa 13,192 900 14,092 940 54 994 14.0 16.7 14.2Sucre 15,598 883 16,481 834 49 883 18.7 18.0 18.7Tachira 19,576 2,~044 2I~620 I~2 1 14S~01.4 13.7 15ITrujillo 14,209 586 14,795 906 51 957 15.7 11.5 15.5Yaracuy 13,249 536 13,785 718 31 749 18.5 17.3 18.4

TF Amazonas 2,408 0 2,408 197 0 197 12.2 #N/A 12.2TF Delta Amacuro 4,903 91 4,994 406 4 410 12.1 22.8 12.2


Table 44: VENEZUELA - Rural/Urban Distribution of Public Pre-SchoolEnrollments, 1989/1990

Urban % Rural % Total: :-::a:: :317 :84`7 -7 I98 1 59 3% -7015

......... 389,046:.: 899 801 18 4,137National 316,753 83.5% 62,556 16.5% 379,309State 47,015 67.7% 22,456 32.3% 69,471Municipal 7,294 94.1% 458 5.9% 7,752Autonomous 17,984 96.7% 621 3.3% 18,605

Pate- -: -: ::.:: 94,371- ::- 9. .8. 1107 :.2% 95,478.


Table 45: VENEZUELA - National System Enrollments,By Level, 1987-1993

Year Pre-School Basic Ed. Secondary Total1987 368,798 2,153,361 211,213 2,733,3721988 368,959 2,209,479 216,017 2,794,4551989 367,829 2,204,141 210,865 2,782,8351990 379,309 2,241,276 209,573 2,830,1581991 422,253 2,304,098 206,864 2,933,2151992 443,365 2,342,358 211,514 2,997,2371993 465,533 2,381,506 216,183 3,063,222

Source: Ministry of Education, Memoria y cuenta 1991and Ley de Presupuesto 1993

Table 46: VENEZUELA - Total National Gross and Net Enrollments inSecondary Education, 1985-1989

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

Total Enrollment 268,580 275,263 280,727 278,247 279,742Enrollment Aged 15-17 186,998 196,418 200,035 203,703 207,972Enrollment Aged 15-16 123,221 134,054 135,484 139,401 145,652

Population Aged 15-17 1,140,912 1,157,402 1,171,305 1,185,231 1,201,790Population Aged 15-16 765,083 776,705 787,219 798,0i9 810,501

Gross Enrollment (15-17) 24% 24% 24% 23% 23%Net Enrollment (15-17) 16% 17% 17% 17% 17%

Gross Enrollment (15-16) 35% 35% 36% 35% 35%Net Enrollment (15-16) 16% 17% 17% 17% 18%

LA V - k -k LA~pWk

t-7

'3 LALA 0' 8 - '30 @0' 0 t, U A 4.0 < LA '- 0

- I

g^wWx928otWN882288UsUx%8 ~~~~~~~~~~~at tn

I i4~~~~~~

9 IF~~

-o

LA Z >u ^? W~x w LA0 *000' '3'4A'440.A-4.

g'34.xtSS L A 4.>0'g L

m

.1^

9-V

47

Table 48: VENEZUELA - Enrollments in Secondary Education

Year National State Municipal Private Total

1980 163,131 1,417 264 57,455 222,2671981 168,597 1,442 272 55,304 225,6151982 174,356 1,958 278 52,707 229,2991983 181,285 2,030 285 52,920 236,5201984 195,295 2,398 183 55,553 253,4291985 208,552 2,357 162 57,409 268,4801986 211,167 3,101 154 60,795 275,2171987 216,107 2,656 116 61,938 280,8171988 210,865 1,814 ----- 65,568 278,2471989 209,573 1,802 ----- 68,367 279,742

Table 49: VENEZUELA - Annual Growth Rates in Enrollment


1981 3% 2% 3% -4% 2%1982 3% 36% 2% -5% 2%1983 4% 4% 3% 0% 3%1984 8% 18% -36% 5% 7%1985 7% -2% -11% 3% 6%1986 1% 32% -5% 6% 3%1987 2% -14% -25% 2% 2%1988 -2% -32% -100% 6% -1%1989 -1% -1% --- 4% 1%

Average 3% 5% -21% 2% 3%

PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ENROLLMENT


1980 73% 1-% 0% 26% 100%1981 75% 1 % 0% 25% 100%1982 76% 1 % 0% 23% 100%1983 77% 1 % 0% 22% 100%1984 77% 1 % 0% 22% 100%1985 78% 1 % 0% 21% 100%1986 77% 1 % 0% 22% 100%1987 77% 1% 0% 22% 100%1988 76% 1% 0% 24% 100%1989 75% 1% 0% 24% 100%

Average 76% 1% 0% 23% 100%

48

Table 50: VENEZUELA - Secondary Schools, By Type and Authority, 1987-1989

1987/88 1988/89 1989/90

1. DIVERSIFIED SCHOOLSA. Public- National 645 661 679- Municipal 2 0 0

- Autonomous 11 9 10SubTotal 658 670 689

B. Private- Unsubsidized 466 478 536- Subsidized 138 154 141

SubTotal 604 632 677

TOTAL DIVERSIFIED 1,262 1,302 1,366

2. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLSA. Public- National 18 21 32- Municipal 0 0 0- Autonomous 2 1 1

SubTotal 20 22 33


SubTotal 2 3 9

TOTAL PROFESSIONAL 22 25 42

3. COMBINED DIVERSIFIED/PROFESSIONALA. Public- National 34 41 41- Municipal 0 0 0- Autonomous 0 0 0

SubTotal 34 41 41


SubTotal 2 4 5

TOTAL COMBINED 36 45 46

GRAND TOTAL 1,320 1,372 1,454

Table 51: VENEZUELA - Enrollments by Academic Specialization, 1986/87

Sciences 178,825 67.3%Humanities 43,402 16.3%Agriculture 5,713 2.1%Industrial Arts 13,482 5.1%Nursing/Social Work 181 0.1%Business/Commerce 24,119 9.1%Art 100 0.0%Home Economics 85 0.0%

TOTAL 265,907 100%

Personnel in Secondary Education

Teachers and Tecnicos 17,458 86.4%Administrators 2,757 13.6%

TOTAL 20,215 100%

T6.W S2 VE26ZJJELgA - MoMb66 66 3 Em6 -7 - by Sp yI. 1631911" tG-.d I0.1112)

1.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(.

3o. ~~~~~~~~ ~~133.758 63% 163.63 63% I 78.250 06% 106066 69% 192.M4 69% 191.021 70%H 5~~0.12i II% S3,316 15% 34.614 11% 34.71 12% 34.66 12% 34.416 12%

Sa l 703 0% WI 0% 133 0% 344 0% 334 Os 0% -l ~A M 11.681 3% 11,3136 3% 12.037 is 12,204 4% 10,06 4% 7.464 Ss

C...--I ~~17.971 3% 19.203 is 50.036 is 21.906 3% 23.279 Ss 26.369 91% -SdI1W k 7.855 3% 3.152 is 7.430 3% 3.121 2% 2.939 1% 312 0%A& ..k 3.636 2% 57.73 2% 6.007 2% 5.692 2% 5.792 2% -3.924 1 %An3 232 0% 30 0% 169 0% ISO 0% 93 0% 100 0% - -1-13 - Os0% 0% 16 0% 233 9% 237 0% 132 0%

36T1a 223.737 97% 243,203 97% 240.32 917% 366,237 97% 270.677 96% . . 263.60 93% .-. 6.

-Ag.~.- 922 0% in 0% 010 0% gm 0% 1.006 0% 2.692 I1%1IhtA Af 4.747 2% 4.979 2% 5.401 2% S.49 2% 6.691 2% &,069 is

1.744 1%s 1,663 I% 1.8m I % 1.913 I % 2.110 1%s 3.401 1% -S.AidWk 370 0% 3623 Os 157 0% 13 0% .0% . ~ 0% -An 9 0% Ids 01% 46 0% - 0% 0% -0% ... Td-l3 0% . 0% 0% 3l3 0% 343 0% . % ----

abTmd ~7.73 3% 0.221 3% 0,313 3% 3724 3% 16.06 4% . ~ . 14.142 3% ... .. ..

TOTAL 236.320 1003% 233.429 I00% 26.36 100% 273.230 I00 310.727 100% 271.247 . 279.742 100% 273,118 . 273.726 .

ENR%OLLMEKNT IN SECON/DARY KD4X-AT3OI BY SPSCL4ALTY. IMU. 199Mta46i. -d Pd.W6i b%M. C-b.

1933 1904/1 % 1933/1 % 1336M7 % 1337/1 % 1661/1 % 16199 % 139Y91 % 199137/ B

133.750 63% 163.613 63% 171 250 66% 196.066 6% 192.203 61% 2m01900 72% 193.921 70% 194.733 71% I93.66 71%H ~~~30,021 13% 33.436 13% 34.614 13% 34.2M 12% 14.606 12% 33.261 12% 34.416 12% 36,624 13% 33.123 12%

o.L & l16. 763 0% 313 01% 033 01% 046 0% 324 0% .. 0% .. 0% - 0% .. 0%

(3.....S.o..y IS3.342 71% 199.932 791% 213.697 30% 221.112 0% 257.667 81% 234-36 04% 229.437 U2S 231,379 04% 23.1811 04%

2. Td-1 S.o.hy- ItdA,38 16.423 7% 16.363 7% 17.483 7% 17.694 6% 17.o31 6% 14.033 3% I3.493 6% 14.007 I3% 14.37-7 3%C.- C . 19.713 3% 21.006 3% 722,6t 3% 34.93 9% 23.624 9% 23.233 3% 27.630 l0% 23.174 13% 23.709 9%.Sao..W W 1,223 3% 3.404 3% 7.607 3 % 3.134 2% 2.0319 1 % 303 0% 312 0% 303 0% 303 0%

As..k- ~~~6.350 3% 6,399 3% 6.833 3% 6.660 2% 6.370 2% 3.013 2% 6.613 2% 5,736 2% 3.932 2%An3 232 0% 473 0% 213 0% ISO 0% 93 0% lo? 0% too 0% 107 0% 109 0%H-.Ba 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 144 0% 132 01% 172 0% 103 0%T.-.I s . 0% 0% 0% its 01% 36 0% - 0% - Os - 0% - 0%

T.-I -d 31.171 22% 533,497 21% 34.=33 20% 34.031 20% 33,060 19% 43,034 16% 34.30 1g% 43.779 16% 44.915 36%

TOTAL 236.20 100% 233,429 100% 244.710 100% 773.263 300 K3.77 100% 273.347 103% 271.762 IW% 273.118 100% 273,736 100%

F- P 9w w 41 1.4 3l92mP~o .b.d -.d1.. 1646-I. . 33% y-l. - 139"M0 .~68 .. & 130 t00&WS% d" -.10- - -.. d . b. So 6- 10% ISob

Table 53: VENEZUELA - Annual Change in Enrollment in Secondary Education by Specialty, 1983-l9I (Grader 10-11/12)

(est.) (programnmed)1984/S5 19S5186 1986/87 1987/88 1918/89 1989/90 1990/91 1991/929

1. Diversified Secondary-Sciences 7.8% 7.6% 4:4% 3.3% -100.0% - -100.0% --Humanities 8.5% 3.5% -1.0% 1.0% -100.0% - -100.0% --Sci. & Humanitics 6.6% 2.5% 1.6% 0.9% -100.0% - - =

-IndustralArts 1.8% 1.7% 1.0% -13.1% -100.0% - -100.0%-Coummercial 6.9% 8.5% 5.1% 6.3% -100.0% - -100.0% -- Social Work 3.8% -8.6% -31.3% 41.6% -100.0% - -100.0% --Agriculture 1.7% 4.8% -5.2% 1.8% -100.0% - -100.0%-Art 21.0% -44.6% 6.5% 48.3% -100.0% - -100.0%-Home Econoaics - - 1493.8% 0.8% -100.0% - -100.0%

SubToal 7.2% 6.1% 2.4% 1.6% -100.0% - -100.0% -

2. Professioal Secondary- Agriculture -5.7% 1.0% 12.5% 9.9% -100.0% - -100.0% --IndustrialAts 4.9% 8.5% 1.6% 18.1% -100.0% - -100.0% -

Commeieial 6.8% -1.4% 4.5% 10.4% -100.0% - -100.0% --Social Work -7.6% -54.1% -90.4% -100.0% - - --Art - -72.6% -100.0% - - - --Technical Services - - - 15.9% -100.0% - -

SubTotal 5.6% 1.2% 4.9% 15.2% -100.0% - -100.0% -

TOTAL 7.1% 6.0% 2.5% 2.0% -0.9% 0.5% -1.7% -0.5%

1.- General Secondary-Sciences 7.8% 7.6% 4.4% 3.3% 4.6% -3.0% -0.1% 0.5%-Humanities 8.5% 3.5% -1.0% 1.0% -3.9% 3.4% 6.4% -9.6%-Sci. & Humanities 6.6% 2.5% 1.6% 0.9% -100.0% - - -

GeneralSecondary 7.9% 6.9% 3.5% 2.9% 2.9% -2.1% 0.8% -1.1%

2. Tehnical Secondary-IndustrialArts 2.7% 3.7% 1.2% -3.5% -17.7% 10.2% -9.6% 2.6%-Commercial 6.9% 7.7% 6.1% 6.6% -9.4% 18.9% -16.2% 2.6%-Social Work 3.3% -10.4% -32.5% 41.8% -83.1% -38.2% 61.2% 0.0%- Agricultr 0.6% 4.3% -3.0% 3.0% -15.4% 13.8% -12.5% 2.7%-Art 87.7% -54.5% -16.3% 48.3% 15.1% -6.5% 7.0% 1.9%- Home Ecnxics - - - - - -10.8% 15.2% 21.7%- Technical Services - - - 15.9% -100.0% - - -

TebnicalSecondary 4.5% 2.6% -1.5% -1.9% -17.3% 14.6% -13.1% 2.7%

TOTAL 7.1% 6.0% 2.5% 2.0% -0.9% 0.5% -1.7% -0.5%

52

Table 54: VENEZUELA - Secondary Education Teachers, By State andRelative to Enrollments (1989/90)

Student:Total Total Teacher

Enrollment Teachers Ratio

National 279,742 30,447 9

Federal District 36,115 4,118 9Anzoategui 14,936 1,436 10Apure 2,963 349 8Aragua 18,192 1,823 10Barinas 5,525 556 10Bolivar 14,641 1,280 11Carabobo 20,062 2,108 10Cohedes 2,705 308 9Falcon 10,260 1,310 8Guarico 7,050 782 9Lara 17,333 1,756 10Merida 8,907 1,044 9Miranda 30,231 3,442 9Monagas 8,042 853 9Nueva Esparta 4,426 418 11Portuguesa 6,655 803 8Sucre 10,645 1,074 10Tachira 12,525 1,757 7Trujillo 8,021 992 8Yaracuy 5,732 628 9Zulia 33,139 3,433 10T.F.Amazonas 578 71 8T.F.D.Amacuro 970 106 9

Table 55: VENEZUELA - Teachers, By Authority, Qualifictions, and S:T Ratio (1989/90)

% With % WithoutPercent S:T Teaching Teaching

Teachers\1 Distribution Students Ratio Degree Degree

1. Public 22,647 70% 211,375 9 82% 18%

Diversified 19,482 86% 198,502 10 84% 16%Professional 2,071 14% 12,873 6 66% 34%

2. Private 9,531 30% 68,367 7 82% 18%

Diversified 9,163 96% 67,098 7 82% 18%Professional 292 4% 1,269 4 69% 31%

3. Total 32,178 279,742 9 77% 18%

Diversified 28,645 89% 265,600 9 84% 16%Professional 2,363 11% 14,142 6 67% 33%

\1: Number of teacher do not sum to total because about 4% of all teachers workin both diversified and professional schools.

Table 56: VENEZUELA - Teacher Training Enrollments at the Secondary Level, 1988

UPEL Natural Social Agri-Institutions Sciences Sciences Spanish Math English culture Industrial Commercial Total

1. Pre-Service TrainingIP/Caracas 722 643 632 665 416IP/Barquisimeto 639 344 452 160 449 208 213 356 2,821IP/Maturin 646 345 448 222 257 225 - 370 2,513IP.Maracay 1,082 601 537 339 667 - - - 3,226IP/Martinez 104 326 - 258 - 394 - 1,082IP/Rural/Macaro - - - - - - - - 0IP/Rural/Rubio - - - - - - - - 0

2. In-Service TrainingIUMPM\# 66 27 14 15 11 5 11 7 156

3,259 2,286 2,083 1,659 1,800 438 618 733 9,798

\#: Data from 1987

Table 57: VENEZUELA - Secondary Education Expenditures, 1985-1991

(nominal bolivares)

1985 1986 1987 1988 19X9 1990 1991\1

Secondary Education\2 1,096,907,148 1,123,850,092 1,213,515,658 1,514,278,738 1,639,698,433 2,578,177,407 2,594,596,962% of MOE Budget 6.25% 6.47% 4.33% 4.79% 3.32% 4.46% 2.07%% of National Spending 0.97% 0.91% 0.67% 0.77% 0.51% 0.43% n.a.

Unit Expenditures\3 5194 5240 5547 7120 7757 12302 12027Unit Expenditures in US$ 692.59 646.94 382.52 491.04 226.16 256.29 207.36

(1987 Constant Bolivares)

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991\1

Secondary Education\2 1,567,010,211 1,438,988,594 1,213,515,658 1,169,327,211 687,504,584 767,314,704 593,729,282Annual Change n.a. -8% -16% -4% -41% 12% -23%Unit Expenditures\3 7,421 6,710 5,547 5,498 3,253 3,661 2,752Annual Change n.a. -10% -17% -1% -41% 13% -25%

GDP Deflator\4 70 78.1 100 129.5 238.5 336 437

\1: Budgeted, not expended\2: Considers only direct expenditures and excludes MOE administrative overhead (about 35% of direct costs in 1990)\3: Considers only direct expenditures and enrollment in public schools\4: Assumes 1991 Inflation at 25%

Table 58: VENEZUELA - Financing of Secondary Education, By Category, 1990/91(in current Bolivares)

1990 1991

Personnel 2,261,306,407 96.7% 2,710,276,928 91.8%

Materials/Services 67,113,834 2.9% 77,736,034 2.6%

Repairs*Procurement of Machines 10,000,000 0.4% 165,000,000 5.6%

Equipment/Furniture

2,338,420,241 100% 2,953,012,962 100%

1990 1991

Non-Salary Expenditures 367 1,125

Per StudentNon-Salary Expenditures 7.64 19.40

Per Student in US$

*: 97% of materials and repairs are for professional schools, not diversified.

57

Table 59: VENEZUELA - Secondary Education Student costs, 1991

CostBs. US$

1. Textbooks- Spanish 250 4.31- Math 390 6.72- History 300 5.17- English 280 4.83- Chemistry 240 4.14- Physics 310 5.34- Biology 210 3.62- Geography 280 4.83- Workbooks/Supplies 1,000 17.24

Total 3,260 56.21

2. Transportation\#2,700 46.55

3. Food\*3,600 62.07

4. Uniform\##500 8.62

5. Opportunity Cost\**80,000 1,379.31

TOTAL COSTS 90,060 1,552.76

\#: Estimated at Bs. 15 per day.\*: Estimated at Bs. 20 per day.\##: Does not include shoes.**: 10 Months' Estimated Wages of

Worker with Basic Education

Table 60: Venezuela - Ministry of Education Estimates fo Materials Deficits for Secondary Education Science Laboriatories

Total Labs with Materials Deficits % of Estimated Cost of Resupplying Labs

Number Number All Labs w/ (USS)

of of MaterialsState Schools Labs Biology Physics Chemistry Total Deficit Biology\ I Physics\2 Chernistry\3 Total

National 662 3258 540 540 540 1620 50% 14,931,000 6,225,120 3,988,980 25,145,100

Distrito Federal 47 343 57 57 57 171 50%: 1,576,050 657,096 421,059 2,654,205

Anzoategui 33 192 32 32 32 96 50% 884,800 368,896 236,384 1,490,080

Apure 19 44 7 7 7 21 48% 193,550 80,696 51,709 325,955

Argua 39 199 33 33 33 99 50%: 912,450 380,424 243,771 1,536,645

Barinas 21 66 7 7 7 21 32% 193,550 80,696 51,709 325,955

Bolivar 31 117 20 20 20 60 51% 553,000 230,560 147,740 931,300

Carabobo 30 153 : 26 26 26 78 51% 718,900 299,728 192,062 1,210,690

Cojedes 12 37 : 6 6 6 18 49% 165,900 69,168 44,322 279,390

Falcon 32 190 32 32 32 96 51% 884,800 368,896 236,384 1,490,080

Guarico 16 88 : 15 15 15 45 51% 414,750 172,920 110,805 698,475

Lara 50 228 38 38 38 114 50%: 1,050,700 438,064 280,706 1,769,470

Merida 31 111 19 19 19 57 51% 525,350 219,032 140,353 884,735

Miranda 43 213 36 36 36 108 51% 995,400 415,008 265,932 1,676,340

Monagas 27 133 22 22 22 66 50% 608,300 253,616 162,514 1,024,430 (

Nueva Esparta 10 57 10 10 10 30 53% 276,500 115,280 73,870 465,650

Portuguesa 28 138 23 23 23 69 50%: 635,950 265,144 169,901 1,070,995

Sucre 33 154 26 26 26 78 51% 718,900 299,728 192,062 1,210,690

Tachira 38 206 : 34 34 34 102 50% 940,100 391,952 251,158 1,583,210

Trujillo 38 146 24 24 24 72 49%: 663,600 276,672 177,288 1,117,560

Yaracuy 19 79 13 13 13 39 49% 359,450 149,864 96,031 605,345

Zulia 60 338 56 56 56 168 50% 1,548,400 645,568 413,672 2,607,640

T.F.Amazonas 2 12 : 2 2 2 6 50% 55,300 23,056 14,774 93,130

T.F.D.Amacuro 3 14 : 2 2 2 6 43%: 55,300 23,056 14,774 93,130

\1: MOE Estimated Unit Cost for Resupply: $27,650\2: MOE Estimated Unit Cost for Resupply: S 11,528\3: MOE Estimated Unit Cost for Resupply: $7,387

Note: 1991 Exchange Rate: 58 Bs. = US$I

Table 61: VENEZUELA - Secondary Education Promotion, Repetition, Dropoutand Graduation Rates, 1983-1989 (in percent)

1983/84 1984/85 1985/86 1986/87 1987/88 1988/89

Promotion- Grade 10 74.8 72.9 71.3 71 70 74

Repetition-Grade 10 8.8 9.5 9.4 10.5 11.2 9- Grade 11 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.7 5.2 4

Dropout- Grade 10 16.4 17.6 19.3 18.5 19 17 v<-Grade l1 0.6 6.1 5.7 6.1 n.a. n.a.

Graduation- Grade l1 94.8 89 89.5 89.2 n.a. n.a.

Source: Memoria y Cuenta, 1990; Informe Diagnostico Acerca de laEducacion Media Diversificada y Profesional en Venezuela, 1990.

Table 62: VENEZUELA - Maximum Terminal Efficiency Rates for Secondary Education, ByAcademic Sepcialization, 1989/90

Sciences & SocialHumanities Agriculture Industry Commerce Work

Diversified Secondary

- Grade 10 130,191 1,382 2,886 13,804 51

- Grade 11 99,246 1,229 2,443 10,445 37

- Grade 12\1 - 1,315 2,115 - 224

Professional Secondary

- Grade 10 1,619 4,783 1,834 4,608

- Grade 11 - 1,073 3,195 1,567 3,710

Combined- Grade 10 130,191 3,001 7,669 15,638 -

- Grade 11 99,246 2,302 5,638 12,012

Max.Term.Efficiency\2

- Diversified 76% 89% 73% 76% 73%

- Professional - 66% 67% 85%

- Combined 76% 77% 74% 77% 73%

\1: For technical specializations only

\2: This assumes all students enrolled in last year of studies graduate.

Diplomas Issued 94461

61

Table 63: VENEZUELA - SECONDARY EDUCATION CURRICULA ANALYSIS

1. Diversified Secondary - Science Specialization

Year I Year 2Student % of Student % of

Subject Hours/Wk Time Hours/Wk Time

Spanish 2.25 9% 1.5 7%Math 3 13% 3 14%Physics 3 13% 3 14%Chemistry 3 13% 3 14%Biology 3 13% 3 14%Earth Sciences - 0% 2.25 11%English 2.25 9% 2.25 11%History 3 13% - 0%Geography - 0% 2.25 11%Philosophy 2.25 9% - 0%Design 1.5 6% - 0%Phys.Ed. 0.75 3% 0.75 4%

Total 24 100% 21 100%

Total Sciences 12 50% 14.25 68%Total Languages 4.5 19% 3.75 18%

2. Diversified Secondary: Humanities Specialization

Year I Year 2Student % of Student % of

Subject Hours/Wk Time Hours/Wk Time

Spanish 2.25 10% 3.75 16%Math 3 14% 2.25 10%English 2.25 10% 2.25 10%French 3 14% 3 13%Latin/Greek 2.25 10% 2.25 10%History 3 14% - 0%Geography - 0% 2.25 10%Art History 2.25 10% - 0%Philosophy 3 14% 3 13%Sociology - 0% 3.75 16%Phys.Ed. 0.75 3% 0.75 3%

Total 21.75 100% 23.25 100%

Total Humanities 8.25 34% 9 43%Total Languages 9.75 41% 11.25 54%

62

Table 63, Continued

3. Diversified Secondary - Agriculture Specialization

Year I Year2 Year 3Student Student Student Student Student Student

Subject Hours/Wk HoursfWk Hours/Wk Hours/Wk Hours/Wk Hours/WkTheory Practice Theory Practice Theory Practice

Spanish 2.25 - - -

Math 3.00 - 2.25Physics 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50Chemistry 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50Botany 0.75 1.50 - - -

Zoology 0.75 1.50 - - -

English 2.25 - 2.25 - -

Conservation - - 1.5 - -

Rural Workshop - - - 2.25 -

Crops - - - 6 - 6Entomology - - - 1.5 -

Plants - - - 1.5 -Vegetables - - 0.75 1.5 -

Soils - - - - 1.5 2.25Ag. Extension - - - - 2.25 -

Farm Administration - - - - 2.25 -

Rural Legislation - - - - 1.5 -

Irrigation/Drainage - - - - 0.75 3Crop Disease - - - - 1.5 1.5Forestry - - - - - 1.5Elective - - - - - 1.5Work/Study - - - - - 15History 3.00 - - - -

Geography - - 2.25 - -

Ag. Machinery - 3.75 - - -

General Ag. - 2.25 - - -

General Animal - 2.25 - - -

Phy.Ed. - 0.75 - 0.75 - 0.75

Total 15.00 15.00 12.00 16.50 9.75 31.50

% Agriculture 43% 57% 100%% General 58% 43% 0%

% Theoretical 50% 42% 24%% Practical 50% 58% 76%

63

Table 63, Continued:

4. Professional Secondary - Agriculture Specialization

Year 1 Year 2Student Student Student Student

Subject Hours/Wk Hours/Wk Hours/Wk Hours/WkTheory Practice Theory Practice

Spanish 2.25 -

Math 3.00 - 2.25Physics 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50Chemistry 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50English 2.25 - -

History 3.00 - -

Geography - - 2.25 -

Crops - 3 - 4.5Fodder Cultivation - 1.5 -

Phy.Ed. - 0.75 - 0.75Soils and Fertilizer 1.5 1.5 -

Rural Workshop - 2.25 -

Plant Physiology 1.5 1.5 -

Ag. Extension - - 2.25 -

Farm Administration - - 1.5 -

Conservation - - 1.5 -

Crop Protection - - 1.5 1.5Irrigation and Drainage - - 1.5 1.5Elective - - - 2.25Work/Study - -

Total 16.50 13.50 15.75 13.50

% Agriculture 53% 62%% General 48% 38%

% Theoretical 55% 54%% Practical 45% 46%

64


5. Diversified Secondary - Industria! Arts Specialization

Year 1 Year2 Year 3Student Student Student Student Student Student

Subject Hours/Wk Hours/Wk Hours/Wk Hours/Wk Hours/Wk Hours/WkTheory Practice Theory Practice Theory Practice

Spanish 2.25 - - - - -

Math 3.00 - 3.00 - 1.50 -

Physics 3.00 - 3.00 - 1.50 -

Chemistry 3.00 - - - - -

English 2.25 - 2.25 - - -

History 3.00 - - - - -

Geography - - 2.25 - - -

Design - 1.5 - 2.25 - 2.25Phy.Ed. 0.75 - 0.75 - - -

Electricity - 9 - 13.5 - 18Industrial Relations - - - - 2.25 -

General Technology - - - - 1.5 -

Total 17.25 10.50 11.25 15.75 6.75 20.25

% Industrial Arts 38% 58% 89%% General 62% 42% 11%

% Theoretical 62% 42% 25%% Practical 38% 58% 75%

65


6. Professional Secondary - Industrial Arts Specialization

Year I Year 2Student Student Student Student

Subject Hours/Wk Hours/Wk Hours/Wk Hours/WkTheory Practice Theory Practice

Spanish 2.25 - - -

Math 3.00 - 3.00 -

Physics 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50Chemistry 1.50 - - -

English 2.25 - 2.25 -

History 3.00 - - -

Geography - - 2.25 -

Design - 1.5 -

Phy.Ed. - 0.75 - 0.75Electricity - 12.75 - 16.5Business Administration - - 1.5 -

Total 13.50 16.50 10.50 18.75

% Industrial Arts 53% 69%% General 48% 31%

% Theoretical 45% 36%% Practical 55% 64%

Table 64: VENEZUELA - Average Grades by State, In Grade 11(Percentage Distribution Across Grade Range 10-20)

--------------- --------------- ------------- --------------- --------------- GRADE- --------------- ---- -_-----_10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

NATIONAL 0.0 11.4 34.4 24 13.5 8 4.5 2.6 1.3 0.4 0.0

FEDERAL DISTRICT 0.1 13 36 23 13 8 4 2 1.0 0.2 0.0

ANZOATEGUI 0.1 15 37 21 12 7 4 2 1.0 0.5 0.0

APURE 0.3 19 37 23 11 6 2 1 0.3 0.1 0.0

ARAGUA 0.0 9 33 24 15 9 5 3 1.0 0.5 0.0

BARINAS 0.0 8 35 27 15 7 4 2 1.0 0.1 0.0

BOLIVAR 0.0 11 36 23 13 8 5 2 1.0 0.3 0.0

CARABOBO 0.0 10 35 24 14 9 5 3 1.0 0.1 0.0

COJEDES 0.0 10 36 23 15 8 5 2 1.0 0.1 0.0

FALCON 0.0 15 38 21 12 7 4 3 1.0 0.3 0.0

GUARICO 0.0 12 33 23 12 7 3 2 1.0 0.3 0.1

LARA 0.0 12 38 24 12 7 4 2 1.0 0.5 0.0

MERIDA 0.1 13 33 25 14 8 5 2 1.0 0.2 0.0 07

MIRANDA 0.0 13 35 24 13 7 4 2 1.0 0.3 0.0

MONAGAS 0.0 9 31 28 17 9 4 2 1.0 0.5 0.1

NUEVA ESPARTA 0.1 14 32 20 14 9 5 4 3.0 1.0 0.1

PORTUGUESA 0.0 14 36 24 12 5 4 3 0.6 0.3 0.0

SUCRE 0.0 8 25 27 18 10 6 3 2.0 1.0 0.2

TACHIRA 0.1 10 30 24 15 10 6 3 2.0 0.4 0.0

TRUJILLO 0.1 12 35 23 13 8 5 3 1.0 0.4 0.1

YARACUY 0.0 11 35 25 14 8 3 3 1.0 0.2 0.0

ZULIA 0.0 7 33 26 14 9 5 4 2.0 1.0 0.1

AMAZONAS 0.0 7 31 29 19 8 4 2 0.5 0.0 0.0

DELTA AMACURO 0.0 18 37 20 10 7 4 2 1.0 1.0 0.0

Table 65: VENEZUELA - Simulated Financial Impact of No Higher Education Reform, 1991-2000

1992 public base expenditure (US$) 770,885,7141992 unit cost 1,9741990 costs of scholarship 0private exp on tuition fee: 01991 public inst. enrollment: 379205enrolment growth rate: 3.00%

NO REFORM

Public Public Costs to Govt. Total Annualhigher ed Unit base associated Costs of public Private Total Govt. savings

Year enrollment cost expenditure with loans scholarship expenditure expenditure expenditure due to reform -.4US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$

1991 379,2051992 390,581 1,974 770,885,714 0 0 770,885,714 0 770,885,7141993 402,299 1,974 794,137,406 0 0 794,137,406 0 794,137,4061994 414,368 1,974 817,961,528 0 0 817,961,528 0 817,961,5281995 426,799 1,974 842,500,374 0 0 842,500,374 0 842,500,3741996 439,603 1,974 867,775,385 0 0 867,775,385 0 867,775,3851997 452,791 1,974 893,808,647 0 0 893,808,647 0 893,808,6471998 466,374 1,974 920,622,906 0 0 920,622,906 0 920,622,9061999 480,366 1,974 948,241,593 0 0 948,241,593 0 948,241,5932000 494,777 1,974 976,688,841 0 0 976,688,841 0 976,688,841

Table 66: VI-NEZUELA - Simulated Financial Impact of Partial lligher Education Reform, 1991-2000

1992 public base expenditure (US$): 770,885,714Unit cost 1,974Unit tuition cost 500unit non-tuition costs (30% of the unit cost): 592average loan size per student per year: 500initial # of loans (40% of the total public enroll. in 1991) 151,682average size of scholarchip (for domestic students): 500initial #of scholarships (10% of the tot. pub. enrol. in 1991) 37,921private exp. on tuition per student per year: 500initial # self-financ. students (50% of the tot.pub enrol. in 1991) 189,6031991 public higher ed. enrollment: 379,205enrolment growth rate: 3.00%

PARTIAL REFORM

00Public

base Private ExpendituresPublic expenditure Costs to Govt. Total --------------------------- Annual

higher ed Unit (unit cost-500 associated Costs of public students students Total Govt. savingsYear enrollment cost *enrollment) with loans scholarship expenditure without loans with loans expenditure due to reform

USS US$ US$ USS USS USS USS US$ USs

1991 379,2051992 390,581 1,974 575,716,615 7,030,461 19,529,058 602,276,133 97,645,288 78,116,230 778,037,651 168,609,5811993 402,299 1,974 592,988,114 7,241,375 20,114,929 620,344,417 100,574,646 80,459,717 801,378,780 173,792,9891994 414,368 1,974 610,777,757 7,458,616 20,718,377 638,954,750 103,591,886 82,873,508 825,420,144 179,006,7781995 426,799 1,974 629,101,090 7,682,374 21,339,928 658,123,392 106,699,642 85,359,714 850,182,748 184,376,9821996 439,603 1,974 647,974,122 7,912,845 21,980,126 677,867,094 109,900,631 87,920,505 875,688,230 189,908,2911997 452,791 1,974 667,413,346 8,150,231 22,639,530 698,203,107 113,197,650 90,558,120 901,958,877 195,605,5401998 466,374 1,974 687,435,746 8,394,738 23,318,716 719,149,200 116,593,580 93,274,864 929,017,644 201,473,7061999 480,366 1,974 708,058,819 8,646,580 24,018,277 740,723,676 120,091,387 96,073,110 956,888,173 207,517,9172000 494,777 1,974 729,300,583 8,905,977 24,738,826 762,945,386 123,694,129 98,955,303 985,594,818 213,743,455

Table 67: VENEZUELA - Simulated Financial Impact of Full Higher Education Reform, 1991-2000

1992 public base expenditure (US$): 770,885,714unit cost: 1,974teaching unit cost (70% of the unit cost): 1,382non-tuition cost (30% of the unit cost): 592average size of loan per year: 1,382initial # of loans (40% of the total public enroll. in 1991) 151,682average size of scholarchip (for domestic students): 1,382initial # of scholarships (10% of the tot. pub. enrol. in 1991) 37,921private exp on tuition fee per student per year: 1,382initial # self-financ. student (50% of the tot.pub enrol. in 1991) 189,6031991 public higher ed. enrollment: 379,205enrolment growth rate: 3.00%

FULL REFORM

Publicbase Private Expenditures

Public expenditure Costs to Govt. Total ----- ----------- Annualhigher ed Unit (non-tuition cost associated Costs of public students students Total Govt. savings

enrollment cost *enrollment) with loans scholarship expenditure without loan with loan expenditure due to reformYear USS US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$

1991 379,2051992 390,581 1,974 231,302,157 19,429,381 53,970,503 304,702,042 269,852,517 215,882,013 790,436,571 466,183,6721993 402,299 1,974 238,241,222 20,012,263 55,589,618 313,843,103 277,948,092 222,358,474 814,149,668 480,294,3031994 414,368 1,974 245,388,458 20,612,631 57,257,307 323,258,396 286,286,535 229,029,228 838,574,158 494,703,1321995 426,799 1,974 252,750,112 21,231,009 58,975,026 332,956,148 294,875,131 235,900,105 863,731,383 509,544,2261996 439,603 1,974 260,332,616 21,867,940 60,744,277 342,944,832 303,721,385 242,977,108 889,643,325 524,830,5531997 452,791 1,974 268,142,594 22,523,978 62,566,605 353,233,177 312,833,026 250,266,421 916,332,624 540,575,4691998 466,374 1,974 276,186,872 23,199,697 64,443,603 363,830,172 322,218,017 257,774,414 943,822,603 556,792,7341999 480,366 1,974 284,472,478 23,895,688 66,376,912 374,745,078 331,884,558 265,507,646 972,137,281 573,496,5162000 494,777 1,974 293,006,652 24,612,559 68,368,219 385,987,430 341,841,094 273,472,875 1,001,301,400 590,701,411

70

Chart 1: Projected Expenditures and Revenues forProposed Venezuelan Loan Program

US$ millions180 -

160 -Total Expenditures

140-

120-

100

80

60

40

20O-l l

1 5 10 15 20Year

venezuela 2000 education for growth and social equity€¦ · 23.12.1993 · venezuela 2000...

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