vegetation management in archaeological sites for the protection of the monument end the enhancement...
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VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE
HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
A G R I C U LT U R A L U N I V E R S I T Y O F AT H E N SL A B O R AT O RY O F F L O R I C U LT U R E A N D L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T U R E
E L E C T R A K A N E L L O UP h D c a n d i d a t e
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
THALIS – ARCHAEOSCAPE“Integrated management of vegetation at archaeological sites to
protect monuments and enhance the historical landscape”
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS - UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS
INTRODUCTION
THALIS – ARCHEOSCAPE Program work packages•WP.1: Assess current situation - Record vegetation in seven archaeological sites
•WP.2: Develop alternative methods of weed control for archaeological sites
•WP.3: Assess shrubby and herbaceous native species for use in archaeological sites
•WP.4: Develop design proposals for three selected archaeological sites
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
• Archaeological sites are grouped geographically into 51 Regional Archaeological
Ephorates
• Currently there are no official guidelines pertaining to vegetation management
in archaeological sites in Greece by the ministry of Culture
• Since there is no official protocol the director of each Ephorate decides what
methodology will be used in the sites that they oversee
• There is no official record of what methodologies are used
W. P. 1 C U R R E N T S I T U AT I O N – Q U E S T I O N N A I R E R E S E A RC H
QUESTIONNAIRE RESEARCH
into methodologies applied for weed management and archaeological landscape
perception and design, addressed to all Regional Archaeological Ephorates
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Obstruction of visitor access
Visual obstruction of the monument
Obstruction of excavation and restoration works
Threat of fire during the dry summer period
Mechanical damages
47.8
51.1
63
76.7
77.4
Which of these problems to you consider extremely serious that demand immediate
response?
Related to height growth of herbaceous species
Related to woody perennial species
W. P. 1 C U R R E N T S I T U AT I O N – Q U E S T I O N N A I R E R E S E A RC H
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
P R O B L E M S A S S O C I AT E D W I T H V E G E TAT I O N I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
I don’t know
Other
Tillage
Grazing
Chemical means (herbicides)
Hand weeding
String trimming
3.8
3.8
5.8
7.7
32.7
76.9
92.3
What methods do you use to limit unwanted vegetation in your ephorate?
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 1 C U R R E N T S I T U AT I O N – Q U E S T I O N N A I R E R E S E A RC H
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 1 C U R R E N T S I T U AT I O N – Q U E S T I O N N A I R E R E S E A RC H
String trimming and hand weeding• Expensive• Ineffective
Pesticides• Aesthetic and environmental degradation• Deterioration to architectural parts (if in contact)• Lack of trained personnel raises questions about personal and environmental safety
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
• Flaming
• Soil solarization
• Reburial
• Early fruit drop
• Precision application of pesticides
Methods that are friendly towards the monument and the environment
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SF L A M I N G
• Flaming is a process of exposing plant tissue to heat generated by a propane
flamer
• Non chemical method, acceptable in organic farming systems
• Plant tissue is not incinerated (not burning)
• Only for free surfaces
• Applied early in the growing season (December-January)
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SF L A M I N G
• Experimental fields in three archaeological sites
• Six flaming treatments and untreated control plots
• Measurements included % weed control, average height and plant biomass
weight Experimental field -Early Christian Amfipolis
C
4t3.5b3t3.5b2t3.5b
4t2b3t2b2t2b
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
F L A M I N G - R E S U LT S
Untreated control plots Best flaming treatment
Weed control (%) 0 95%Height (cm) 60 9Weight reduction (%)
0 95
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SF L A M I N G - R E S U LT S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SS O I L S O L A R I Z AT I O N
• Soil solarization is a process that includes soil mulching with plastic sheets during
the warmest months of the year (duration 6 weeks)
• Soil temperature is raised to levels that are capable of killing weed seeds
• Non chemical method, acceptable in organic farming systems
• Only for free surfaces
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SS O I L S O L A R I Z AT I O N
• Experiments were carried out in the Agricultural University of Athens
• Two types of plastic: clear and opaque
• Two application periods: early and late
• Two types of soil preparation: no preparation and tillage
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SS O I L S O L A R I Z AT I O N
Solarized plots
Untreated control plots
Oct MarFebJanDecNov
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SE A R LY F R U I T D R O P
• Many archaeological sites in Greece have olive trees as ornamental
• Olive fruits are dispersed through wind and birds - intense colonization of the
monument by olive treelings
• Prevention of the problem would be achieved by inducing vey early fruit drop before
the fruits are mature
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SE A R LY F R U I T D R O P
• Fruit drop can be induced by applying NAA (plant hormone), when fruits are 2-3 mm,
causing them to drop early
• Experimentation included five doses of NAA and untreated control branches
• Measurements included number of fruits before and after the treatments
0 100 200 300 400 5000
102030405060708090
32 42 50 73 74 81
ΝΑΑ Dose (ppm)
Frui
t dro
p (%
)W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SE A R LY F R U I T D R O P
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SR E B U R I A L
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SR E B U R I A L
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Gravel (5cm)GeotextileLECA (20cm)Geotextile
Quartz sand (2cm)Ceramic tiles
Woven geotextile
Non woven geotextile
Two types of geotextile: woven and non woven
Two types of rainfall: high and low
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SR E B U R I A L
Low rainfall
High rainfal
l
Jan SepJoulMayMar
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Wov
en g
eote
xtile
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SR E B U R I A L
Low rainfall
High rainfal
l
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Non
wove
n ge
otex
tile
Jan SepJoulMayMar
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SP R E C I S I O N A P P L I C AT I O N O F H E R B I C I D E S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Precision application of herbicides either by injection or by brushing the stem
Treelings of Ailanthus altissima and Capparis spinosa
Solution:100 g Round-Up 68 SG per 300 ml νερού
W. P. 2 W E E D C O N T R O L M E T H O D S F O R A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E SP R E C I S I O N A P P L I C AT I O N O F H E R B I C I D E S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Treated treelingsSeptember 5,
2014
September 30, 2014
Untreated control
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 3 A S S E S S S H R U BY S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
020406080
100120
What kind of plants you would prefer to be used in an ar-chaeological site ? (rate as 1, most attractive to 5, less at-
tractive)
54321
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
A S S E S S S H R U BY S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
SELECTION CRITERIA• Protection of the monument (species without aggressive root systems, that do not
easily establish on walls, within cracks, or spread uncontrollably) • Historical significance to the archaeological site • Type of growth • Plant height and width • Ornamental value
• Selection of 12 native species• Study of propagation protocols (in vitro, ex vitro, seed, graft)• Establishment in archaeological sites
A S S E S S S H R U BY S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
Anthyllis hermanniae Anthyllis barba-jovis
Calamintha nepeta Calamintha creticaBallota acetabulosa
Atriplex halimus
A S S E S S S H R U BY S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
Ballota acetabulosa
Teucrium capitatum
Thymelaea tartonrairaThymelaea hirsuta
Lomelosia hymettiaLomelosia cretica
A S S E S S S H R U BY S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
Propagation Establishment in archaeological sites
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 3 A S S E S S H E R B A C E O U S S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
WILD FLOWER MEADOWS IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE• Aesthetically pleasing• Low maintenance• Suppression of weed populations
Purpose of this w.p. was to study the establishment of sown wild flower meadows appropriate for use in archaeological sites
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 3 A S S E S S H E R B A C E O U S S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
Seed mixes designSpecies were selected among 350 taxa that were recorded in seven archaeological sites across Greece during W.P.1 of the program
W. P. 3 A S S E S S H E R B A C E O U S S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Species selection criteria• Low average height• Sufficient ground cover• Lack of aggressiveness towards the monument• Seed availability in the local and international market
Two seed mixesM1: International market seedsM2: Local market seeds
W. P. 3 A S S E S S H E R B A C E O U S S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Species Num of seeds/m2
Num of seeds/m2
g/m2
1 Bellis perennis 2ν 140 0,022 Calendula arvensis ν 70 0,913 Heliotropium europium 2ν 140 0,114 Lotus corniculatus 2ν 140 0,135 Matricaria recutita 2ν 140 0,016 Medicago lupulina ν 70 0,127 Medicago polymorpha ν 70 0,338 Papaver rhoeas 2ν 140 0,019 Plantago lanceolata ν 70 0,1210 Portulaca oleraceae 2ν 140 0,0211 Trifolium repens 2ν 140 0,0912 Trifolium subterraneum ν 70 0,8313 Veronica persica 2ν 140 0,0614 Viola arvensis 2ν 140 0,06
Total 1.610 2,82
W. P. 3 A S S E S S H E R B A C E O U S S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Είδος Num of seeds/m2
Num of seeds/m
2
g/m2
1 Matricaria recutita 2ν 240 0,032 Medicago polymorpha 2ν 240 1,133 Papaver rhoeas 2ν 240 0,024 Portulaca oleraceae 2ν 240 0,115 Taraxacum officinale 2ν 240 0,136 Trifolium campestre ν 120 0,177 Trifolium repens 2ν 240 0,16
Total 1.560 1,75
W. P. 3 A S S E S S H E R B A C E O U S S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Μ1 Μ20
50
100
150
200
250
300267
247
Num
ber
of s
eedl
ing
per
m2
W. P. 3 A S S E S S H E R B A C E O U S S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
Calendula arvensisTrifolium subterraneum
Medicago polymorphaMatricaria recutita
Plantago lanceolataVeronica persicaPapaver rhoeas
Viola arvensisTrifolium repens
Bellis perennisHeliotropium europium
Lotus corniculatusMedicago lupulina
Portulaca oleraceae
0 20 40 60 80 100100
733837
3212
95
200000
Seedling emergence (%)
Medicago polymorpha
Matricaria recutita
Papaver rhoeas
Trifolium campestre
Trifolium repens
Portulaca oleraceae
Taraxacum officinale
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
43
36
18
14
7
0
0
Seedling emergence (%)
W. P. 3 A S S E S S H E R B A C E O U S S P E C I E S F O R U S E I N A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
With mowing Without mowingΜ1
Μ2
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 4 D E V E LO P M E N T O F D E S I G N P R O P O S A L S F O R T H R E E A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
Yes No I don't know
78.8
19.2
1.9
Is vegetation an inte-gral part of the ar-chaeological land-
scape?
Yes No I don't know
100
0 0
Can a landscape de-sign improve the func-tionality and appear-
ance of a site;
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 4 D E V E LO P M E N T O F D E S I G N P R O P O S A L S F O R T H R E E A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
PRINCIPLES•The new plantings should not put to risk or hide existing structures
•Species that are connected to the local ancient history or endemic species are the most
suitable
•Low maintenance cost should be taken into consideration
•Attention should be given to the creation of shady spaces for the visitors of the site
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 4 D E V E LO P M E N T O F D E S I G N P R O P O S A L S F O R T H R E E A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
Amfipolis
Kolona
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
W. P. 4 D E V E LO P M E N T O F D E S I G N P R O P O S A L S F O R T H R E E A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S I T E S
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
F U T U R E W O R K
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUMENT END THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
THANK YOU