vegetation analysis of urban ethnic markets shows ......the chinatown market and its surrounding...

Correspondence

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol6/i1547-3465-06-063.pdf

Ethnobotany Research & Applications 6:063-085 (2008)

My Lien Thi Nguyen, Environmental Studies Program, Biology Department, Box 731, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604. [email protected]

Katherine T. Doherty, Department of Botany, University of Hawaiì, Honolulu, Hawaiì 96822. U.S.A. Julia Wieting, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaiì, Honolulu, Hawaiì, 96822. U.S.A.

est number of foreign-born residents in eight decades (Camarota 2005). This culturally rich population will un-doubtedly have a big impact on food choices in the U.S. due to the strong link between food and ethnicity (Kalcik 1984). Food markets are an important venue to study the dynamic use of plants by ethnic and immigrant commu-nities (Nguyen 2005b, Pemberton & Lee 1996, Porter-field Jr. 1951, Wang & Lo 2007, Whitaker & Cutler 1966). The market acts to bring people of similar culinary tradi-tions together as they provide the ingredients necessary for cuisine, which contributes to one’s sense of ethnicity (Cunningham 2001, You-Kai et al. 2004). They are also an area where people of similar cultural backgrounds can meet, exchange information and reinforce community ties (Carter 1988). Because the growing immigrant popula-tion will continue to have an effect on food plant diver-sity in the U.S., ethnobotanical studies for empirical data and analysis of ethnic markets and on food plant use are important to understand and address the needs of an in-creasingly diverse U.S. population.

At 17.2%, Hawaiì ranks fifth for states with the highest percentage of immigrants in the total population (Cama-

Vegetation Analysis of Urban Ethnic Markets Shows Supermarket Generalists and Chinatown Ethnic-specialist Vendors

My Lien Thi Nguyen, Julia Wieting and Katherine T. DohertyResearch

Abstract

The growing cultural diversity in the United States calls attention to ethnobotanical studies of urban ethnic food markets. These venues illustrate dynamic interactions between people and plants. A market survey of the Chi-natown markets in Honolulu, Hawaiì was conducted to collect empirical data on this culturally rich urban area. The objectives included: (1) To analyze the food plant richness of selected Chinatown markets in comparison to local mainstream supermarkets; and (2) To test the use of vegetation analysis to describe the structure of these markets (e.g., “ethnic markets”). Surveys and mapping of food plants at three market areas in Chinatown and three mainstream supermarkets were conducted between Feb-ruary and March 2006. Microsoft Excel and the Communi-ty Analysis Package programs were used to analyze and compare plant richness and the structure of vendors and markets. In all of the markets combined, 291 “fresh” food plant varieties were recorded, representing 42 plant fami-lies and a group of fungi. The mainstream supermarkets were more rich in varieties of food plants than the China-town market area (mean ± s, 144 ± 21 vs. 95 ± 23, p=0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). Allium cepa L. and Allium sativum L. were ubiquitous. The Mainstream market group con-tained significantly more sweet-fruits than the Chinatown market areas. Agglomerate cluster analyses revealed groupings of mainstream supermarkets, Chinatown mar-ket areas; further analysis of the Chinatown areas defined culturally identified “Filipino,” “Vietnamese,” and specialty fruits vendors. Mainstream supermarkets may be viewed as “generalists” while the Chinatown market areas and vendors may be viewed as “specialists” for an ethnic or cultural group or food plant commodity.

Introduction

In 2005, 35 million immigrants lived in the United States. That equates to 12% of U.S. population, and the high-

Ethnobotany Research & Applications64


rota 2005). Although Hawaiì is an area of high cultural and ethnic diversity, ethnobotanical information regarding its food markets is antiquated (Chung & Ripperton 1929); limited in breadth by focusing on a particular ethnic group (Nguyen 2006, Wester & Chuensanguansat 1994), plant form or taxa (Nguyen 2005a, Staples & Kristiansen 1999); or otherwise written for popular audiences (Bonk 1993, Kendrick 1999).

The Chinatown market and its surrounding historic dis-trict, in downtown Honolulu, has long been a gateway to Hawaiì for many immigrants from Asia. The first arrival of Chinese to Hawaiì was in 1789, but it was the arrival in 1852 of contract laborers needed for the growing sugar industry that led to the development of Chinatown. These early Chinese immigrants built stores to support the social and consumer needs of their Chinese community. Today Chinatown is known for its colorful and eclectic blend of many cultures, including Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Jap-anese, Korean, Thai, and Vietnamese (Carter 1988). Cul-tural groups have described it as an important place for fa-miliar traditional foods and contributing to their happiness with living in Honolulu (Nguyen 2003, Wester & Chuen-sanguansat 1994).

Yet, in an urban environment, people may have the op-tion of going to a mainstream supermarket to buy their foods. We pose the question: To what extent do these mainstream supermarkets provide the same food plants available in the ethnic markets? Few market surveys have considered this non-ethnic counterpart to the ethnic mar-kets (Pemberton & Lee 1996). To begin to understand the function of ethnic markets in relation to the mainstream supermarkets within an ethnically diverse community, we carried out a market survey and comparison of the food plant richness found in the Chinatown markets and main-stream supermarkets in Honolulu, Hawaiì.

Market studies typically include descriptive statistics to describe the richness and diversity of plant resources available (earlier cited market studies). Vegetation analy-sis applied in ecological studies is used to describe, map and analyze communities of plants to determine the fac-tors that control their presence and distribution (Causton 1988). Williams et al. (2000) used an ecological approach to analyze species richness and diversity of a medicinal market in Africa and conclude that the regional ethnic di-versity probably contributes to the diversity of medicinal plants available at the market. Salick et al. (2006) also employed a presence/absence analysis of plants in their study of Tibetan medicine plurality. While these studies focused on medicinal plants, we have found no market studies using an ecological approach to describe the simi-larities or associations of food markets with regard to their plant taxa and ethnic or cultural identity of the market or individual market stall (or vendor).

Our objective in this study is to apply vegetation analy-sis to a food market survey. Often people describe indi-vidual vendors by an ethnic identifier, such as the “Chi-nese-,” “Filipino-,” or “Vietnamese-shop” (Yim 1998). We are interested in using a vegetation analysis to search for evidence that individual vendors in Chinatown represent ethnic or cultural shops that are identifiable by: (1) cultural indicator species (Garibaldi & Turner 2004), food plants present in culturally specific cuisines (Nguyen 2007, Tan 2003); or (2) cultural plant assemblages, which are as-semblages of food plants characteristic or culturally rec-ognized for certain cuisines or food (Nguyen 2006, Rozin 1973). An example of a cultural plant assemblage would be a Vietnamese vendor typically sells a specific assem-blage of aromatic herbs used for a Vietnamese noodle soup.

Methods

Our methods included a triangulation of market surveys and collections, descriptive statistics, and vegetation analysis:ungi(1) Between February and March 2006, the presence of fresh food plants at three market areas in Chinatown and three mainstream supermarkets were surveyed. An in-formed consent statement was prepared and given to the manager or representative seller of the market of the in-dividual vendors. Markets are reported anonymously. In addition to presence, we designated and recorded gen-eral food plant forms. These are artificial plant form des-ignations and do not necessarily equate to the botanical definition of the plant part utilized. These designations al-lowed us to compare markets according to their type of food plant offering and helped to facilitate the recording of plants in the markets. Plant forms included:

fruit-sweet, for botanical fruits that are eaten for their • sugar-sweetness; fruit-veg, for botanical fruits that are not sugar-sweet, • and often designated as “vegetable;” leafy-veg, leaves or different sections of plant sec-• tions that are generally eaten as a “vegetable;” root, any food plant part that grows beneath the soil • surface (e.g., true roots, corm, bulb, rhizome, tuber); aromatic (leafy or herbaceous plant with volatile oils • and generally used as an herb), flower, flower buds and blossoms sold as food, and • fungi. While fungi are not classified as plants, we in-• cluded them in our survey because they were present in the markets with the fresh food plants.

These designations of food plant forms may not satisfy all reviewers, but these divisions are a starting point for the analysis we make here. In addition to the objectives described above, this study was partly conducted as re-search experience for students in an undergraduate eth-nobotany course. This necessitated that the surveys be

Nguyen et al. - Vegetation Analysis of Urban Ethnic Markets Shows Supermarket Generalists and Chinatown Ethnic-specialist Vendors


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completed in one school semester. Thus, this survey is a snapshot of fresh food plant availability of the markets.

The three mainstream supermarkets were chosen due to their proximity to Chinatown. These markets included two national chains and one Hawai`i state-wide chain. The three market chains are the largest suppliers of food to Honolulu. These mainstream markets provide meats, fish, dried goods, and other household items, in addition to fresh food plants. To have comparable surveys, the three Chinatown market areas included individual ven-dors that serve as the meat, fish, dried goods, and fresh food plant suppliers within delimited areas of Chinatown. These Chinatown market areas included 2 to 5 fresh food plant vendors each, for a total of 12 individual fresh food plant vendors. The market areas were selected by their location in three separate areas of the Chinatown district. Plants specimens were collected in the Chinatown market areas to supplement previous research in the area (Nguy-en 2006) and to contribute to the voucher specimen col-lection of food plants in Chinatown, Honolulu at the Her-barium of the University of Hawai`i at Manoa (HAW). The mainstream markets are coded as M1, M2, and M3. The Chinatown market areas are coded C1, C2, and C3. In-dividual vendors within the Chinatown market areas are coded with the Chinatown market area designation, fol-lowed by the first letter of the vendor name (i.e., C1-P, C1-Y, C1-5, C1-M, C1-H, C2-L, C2-G, C3-C, C3-I, C3-S, C3-R, and C3-7).

(2) Microsoft Excel and SPSS 12.0 (Apache Software Foundation 1989-2003) were used to organize raw data and calculate descriptive statistics of the food plant rich-ness between the mainstream supermarkets and the Chi-natown market areas, among the mainstream and indi-vidual vendors within Chinatown market areas, and to compare the different food plant forms found in the mar-kets. The mainstream and Chinatown market areas rep-resented to two independent samples, and the parametric assumptions were not met due to the small sample size, therefore the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the means of food plant and form richness in the samples. (3) Agglomerate cluster analysis in the Community Anal-ysis Package (CAP) (Seaby et al. 2004) program was used to conduct the vegetation analyses of the markets and market areas. The basic process is that all the sam-ples (columns) start as separate groups that are joined together one at a time until a single group is formed using Ward’s, or minimum variance or error sums of squares clustering method for determining groups to be joined. At each iteration, all possible pairs of groups are compared and the two groups chosen for fusion are those which will produce a group with the lowest variance. The correlation coefficient calculated to measure the association between the groups was Jaccard’s Coefficient for dissimilarity (DJ), where DJ=0 indicates identical groups and the maximum positive value equals complete dissimilarity. Jaccard’s Co-

efficient, which is based on species presence only, was chosen to discount a similarity based on the species pres-ent and species that are not present which two groups would have in common (Causton 1988:87).

Results

Two-hundred ninety-three (293) fresh food plants were recorded (Appendix 1) in the mainstream supermarkets and Chinatown markets combined. The mainstream su-permarkets were more rich in varieties of food plants than the Chinatown market area (mean ± s, 144 ± 21 vs. 95 ± 23, p=0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). These market areas have in common 7% (21/293) of the entire plant list. Sep-arately, the mainstream supermarkets have 35% (78/224 mainstream total) of food plants in common, compared to Chinatown market areas of 24% (36/151 Chinatown to-tal). However, when the individual vendors that make up the Chinatown market areas are compared to each other, there is only a 1% (2/151 Chinatown total) similarity. The two food plants that are available from every mainstream market and individual Chinatown vendor surveyed are on-ions (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L). Their use by a wide rage of cultures and ethnic cuisines, as well as their ease of storage, could account for their com-mon presence. . . Vendors have told us that “everyone uses [these],” and customers buy them when shopping for other food items. This convenient shopping is appar-ent in that onions and garlic were often placed near the cash register of Chinatown vendors. Ginger (Zingiber of-ficionale Roscoe) was found in every mainstream market and all but one Chinatown vendor stand. The near ubiqui-tous presence of ginger can also be accounted for by its ease of long-term storage and its use in many different ethnic cuisines (Simoons 1991, Solomon 1996, Staples & Kristiansen 1999).

Food Plant Taxa

There are 42 plant families, as well as fungi, represent-ed in the entire survey. Fungi are found in all three Main-stream and Chinatown market areas. Eleven (26%) of the plant families were found at all of the markets sur-veyed. These families are Alliaceae, Apiaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Curcurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Musaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, and Zingiberaceae. The mainstream markets have 21 families in common (50% of the total number of plant families). Three of which are not present in the Chinatown markets: Asparagaceae, (i.e., asparagus [Asparagus officinalis L.]), Ericaceae (i.e., blueberries [Vaccinium sp. L.]), and Vitaceae (i.e., grapes [Vitis vinifera L.]). Although they are absent, grapes and asparagus have spread into Asian cuisines, while blue-berries are less popular (Simoons 1991, Solomon 1996).

The Chinatown market areas have 17 plant families in common (39% of the total number of plant families). Three



families common to the Chinatown market areas are not present in any of the mainstream markets: Arecaceae (i.e., coconut [Cocos nucifera L.]), Malvaceae (i.e., okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] and Jew’s mallow [Corchorus olitorius L.]), and Sapotaceae (i.e., star-apple [Chrysophyllum cainito L.]). These species represent food plants that are characteristic to local ethnic cuisines (e.g., okra and Jew’s mallow sold by Filipino vendors) and that are locally grown and harvested (Staples & Herbst 2005).

The Chinatown market areas each have at least one unique family that is not present at any other market; none of the mainstream markets have any unique families. C1 has 6 unique families (14% of the total number of fami-lies): Scrophulariaceae (i.e., rice-paddy herb [Limnophila chinensis (Lam.) Yamazaki]), Sapindaceae (i.e., longan [Dimocarpus longan Lour.] and rambutan [Nephelium lap-paceum L.]), Polygonaceae (i.e., Vietnamese mint [Persi-caria odorata (Lour.) Soják]), Moraceae (i.e., kamansi, a seeded breadfruit [Artocarpus camansi Blanco] and jack-fruit [Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.]), Iridaceae (i.e., “red garlic,” [Eleutherine subaphylla Herbert]), and Clusiaceae (i.e., mangosteen [Garcinia mangostana L.]). Euphorbi-aceae (i.e., cassava [Manihot esculenta Crantz]) is found only in C2. C3 has one unique family: Moringaceae (i.e., the leaves and fruit of the drumstick tree [Moringa oleif-era Lam.]). All of these food plants are known to be used in Asian ethnic cuisines found in Hawai‘i or are fruits of warm climates that are locally grown and harvested. For example, M. oleifera trees are naturalized in Hawai‘i and the leaves and fruit, known as “drumstick pods,” are used especially in Filipino cooking (Corum 2000). Analysis by Food Plant Form

The majority of food plants in both the Mainstream (M) and Chinatown (C) market areas are fruits, both sweet (fruit-sweet) and those used as “vegetables” (fruit-veg), and other vegetative parts used as vegetables (leafy-veg) (Table 1). The Mann-Whitney test analysis of the different

Table 1. Average number of food plants present in different forms in Main-stream and Chinatown market areas. Significance levels obtained using the Mann-Whitney test. NA: Indicates that the presence of these categories was too low for testing. * Significance at the p=0.05 level.

Food PlantForm

Mainstream markets Chinatown marketsP valueNumber Mean (Std) Number Mean (Std)

1 Aromatic 3 8.3 (0.6) 3 7.3 (5.5) NA2 Flower 3 0.7(0.6) 3 2.3 (2.1) 0.373 Fruit-Sweet 3 44.0 (3.6) 3 20.0 (7.8) 0.05* 4 Fruit-Veg 3 33.0 (8. 9) 3 28.3 (6.5) 0.515 Fungi 3 4.7(0.6) 3 1.3 (0.6) NA6 Leafy-Veg 3 30.0 (8.7) 3 19. 7(3.2) <0.05*7 Root 3 23.0 (5.0) 3 15. 7(5.1) 0.13

forms of food plants indicates the Mainstream markets offers significantly more sweet fruits and leafy vegeta-bles than the Chinatown markets. For the fungi category, this difference is probably an artifact caused by the small sample size.

Vegetation Analysis

A vegetation analysis of the presence of food plants in the 6 main markets (M1, M2, M3, C1, C2, C3) using Ag-glomerate Cluster Analysis (Ward’s, Jaccard’s +/-) shows that there is an association (i.e., less dissimilarity) among the three Mainstream (M1, M2, M3) and three Chinatown (C1, C2, C3) markets areas (Figure 1). In the case of the Chinatown markets, C3, the Jaccard’s coefficient for dis-similarity (DJ) is higher than DJ for C1 and C2. This re-flects the cultural specificity of the food plants in the C3 area. We discuss C3 in greater detail in the next analysis of the Chinatown market analyzed as separate vendors. The agglomerate cluster analysis was re-run compar-ing all of the markets individually (i.e., three Mainstream market areas and the 12 individual vendors that make up the three larger Chinatown market areas). This analysis (Figure 2) also grouped the three Mainstream market ar-eas; in addition, the Chinatown vendors C1-Y, C1-M and C2-G. These are among the larger vendors in the Chi-natown market areas (sum food plants, Σf= 44, 41, 75, respectively) and would be closest in comparison to the generalist Mainstream markets. While C2-G is the largest of all the individual vendors in the Chinatown survey, ven-dors C1-P and C3-7 are richer in food plants (Σf=63, 48, respectively) than C1-Y and C1-M. We believe that the grouping of C1-Y, C1-M and C2-G, is a combination of their richness and an association of food plants common to the three vendors exclusively for the Chinatown areas. These include mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and other examples that include two of the three vendors, includ-ing celery (Apium graveolens L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa

L.), and taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott).

The same analysis also clustered the vendors that identified as Fili-pino, and those that were Vietnam-ese, based on particular associations of food plants. These are identified as the cultural plant assemblages that are characteristic for that ethnic or cultural vendor. In our survey, all of the Filipino vendors (C1-P, C3-C, C3-R, C3-I, and C3-7) have in com-mon the yard-long beans (Vigna un-guiculata subsp. sequipedalis (L.) Verdc.), okra (Abelmoschus esculen-tus (L.) Moench), small bitter melon



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(Momordica charantia L.), and a long, thin purple eggplant variety (Solanum melongena L.). These food plants, along with tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) that are very common in the markets, are used to make the traditional Filipino vegetable stew, pinacbet (Corum 2000). The im-portance of this cultural plant assemblage is evident in it being supplied in different forms (i.e., (1) whole and found in adjacent bins, (2) portioned and grouped together near the cash register, and (3) chopped into ready to cook pieces in one package). Other plants that grouped in the analysis and that some of these Filipino vendors sold are specifically associated with Filipino foods. These Filipino cultural indicator plants include, malunggay (Filipino-Ta-galog dialect) leaves and the drumstick pods of M. oleifera (previously described as a unique representative in the C3 area), the young leafy shoots of bitter melon, yard-long beans, chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz), and a variety of “Japanese” or “Kapocha/Kabocha” pumpkin called “Papaya Sweet” for its shape and flavor and specifi-cally identified by the vendors as “Filipino pumpkin” (Cu-curbita moschata Duch. Ex Poir.).

Vietnamese vendors were identified by the presence of ar-omatic leafy food plants characteristic to Vietnamese cui-sine. These Vietnamese cultural indicator plants include “Thai” basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), water mint (Mentha

aquatica L.), lizard’s tail herb (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.), rice-paddy herb (Limnophila chinensis subsp. aromatica (Lam.) Yamazaki), thorny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.), Vietnamese mint (Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják), and though also found in other markets, cilantro (Corian-drum sativum L.). These Vietnamese vendors also had a slightly greater percentage of aromatics (9% and 11%) than the average found in both the mainstream (8%) and Chinatown markets areas (7%), but this sample size is too small to test for a difference from the market areas.

An additional group identified as “specialty fruit vendors” clustered in this analysis. The specialty vendor C3-S, iden-tified as a specific ethnic fruit stand and vendor C1-5 sup-plies mostly sweet fruits (16:20 total food plants in C1-5) in the C1 market area.

Discussion & Conclusions

This study provides updated and empirical data on the food plant richness of culturally diverse Honolulu, Hawai‘i (U.S.). Mainstream supermarkets have a slightly greater richness of food plants than Chinatown market areas. A vegetation analysis approach enabled us to delineate the large Mainstream and Chinatown market areas as two distinct areas based on the available food plant varieties;

C1

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Figure 1. Agglomerate Cluster Analysis shows the similarity shared between the Mainstream markets and Chinatown markets areas resulting in two distinct groupings. The number scale shows Jaccard’s Coefficient for dissimilarity (DJ), where DJ.=0 indicates identical groups and the maximum positive value equals complete dissimilarity.



and when analyzing the individual vendors that make up the Chinatown market areas, confirmed cultural and spe-cialty markets based on the presence of cultural indica-tor food plants and their associated plant assemblages. Mainstream supermarkets can be viewed as “generalists,” supplying a wide range of food plants to fill the needs of a diverse community. The Chinatown market areas and vendors can be considered “specialists.”

We acknowledge the limitations of this study as a “snap-shot” survey of the markets during the spring season of Hawai‘i. A more comprehensive view of the markets in Ho-nolulu may be attained with continued surveys throughout the calendar year. Although analyses conducted in this study shows the presence of ethnic “specialists” vendors, these designations are not always so strict. We have ob-served ethnic specialty vendors selling food plants asso-ciated with other ethnic and cultural groups, and there are food plants that are used by more than one group of peo-ple in similar and different manners.

Our study serves to connect ethnobotanical research in a meaningful way to urban communities. Wang and Lo (2007) found that ethnic affinity affects immigrant choice of market venue more strongly than economic rationali-

ties. Culture and economy are deeply intertwined with each other in immigrant consumption behavior. Our study supports this by demonstrating that cultural assemblages of food plants available in the culturally affiliated China-town vendors are far more present and available than in the mainstream grocery stores in the same area of ac-cessibility. This study does not directly address issues of community and cultural vigor, but its results does show that ethnic communities influence food plant availability in an urban setting. This, in turn, is a reflection of ethnic com-munity cultural and nutritional health.

We posed the research question: To what extent do these mainstream supermarkets provide the same food plants available in the ethnic markets? Our results go beyond answering this question and the identification of generalist or specialty markets, and cultural assemblages, when in-terpreted with regard to ethnic and immigrant community vitality in a multicultural urban setting such as Honolulu.

Garibaldi and Turner (2004) found that identification and analysis of cultural indicator species such as cultural food assemblages can provide a starting point for further anal-ysis of cultural resistance in the face of change, and that loss of access to such species can symbolize a more dra-

Figure 2. Agglomerate Cluster Analysis of Mainstream (M) and individual Chinatown market area vendors (C), that in-clude Chinatown-generalists (C-G), Filipino (F), and Vietnamese (V) vendors. Specialty fruit vendors (S) are also clus-tered together. The number scale shows Jaccard’s Coefficient for dissimilarity (DJ), where DJ.=0 indicates identical groups and the maximum positive value equals complete dissimilarity. Individual vendors within the Chinatown market areas are coded with the Chinatown market area designation, followed by the first letter of the vendor name (i.e., C1-P, C1-Y, C1-5, C1-M, C1-H, C2-L, C2-G, C3-C, C3-I, C3-S, C3-R, and C3-7).

FMai

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40M

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1.61 1.21 0.81 00.40M1M3M2C1-PC3-CC3-IC3-RC3-7C1-YC2-GC1-MC1-5C3-SC1-HC2-L

C-G

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matic loss of language and culture (Garibaldi & Turner 2004).

Cristancho and Vining (2004) found that Cultural Keystone Species designates plant and animal species whose exis-tence and symbolic value are essential to the stability of a culture over time. This could be particularly relevant with-in multicultural, urban communities in order to retain and express culture. Further, cultures living in urban environ-ments do develop notions of Cultural Keystone Species (Cristancho & Vining 2004). We find that a comparable value of cultural food and plant assemblages reflect a cer-tain cultural keystone species aspect. Further, patronizing ethnic stores is a way of maintaining a sense of belonging to an ethnic community, and ethnic identity plays a critical role in the choice between ethnic and mainstream busi-nesses (Wang & Lo 2007). Our findings when combined with those of Wang & Lo (2007), Cristancho and Vining, 2004, and Garibaldi and Turner (2004) demonstrate the ethnic markets reflects ethnic communities in an urban setting through the assemblages of food plants that are culturally specific available in them.

As the cultural and ethnic diversity in the U.S. continues to grow, studies in urban ethnic market areas are impera-tive to gather empirical data to identify and study the bio-cultural diversity and implications of these sites. Based on this assumption and the analysis of our data it seems apparent that certain ethnic communities are thriving cul-turally in Honolulu. This information will be significant for understanding the dynamics of cultural food plant use that would be useful to local, non-governmental and govern-mental groups to access the needs and impact of the di-verse population in the U.S.

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71

App

endi

x 1.

Fres

h fo

od p

lant

s re

cord

ed in

mai

nstra

m s

uper

mar

kets

and

Chi

nato

wn

mar

kets

in H

onol

ulu,

Haw

ai`i.

Foo

d pl

ant f

orm

s: A

rom

atic

(A);

Flow

er (F

L);

Frui

t-Sw

eet (

FS);

Frui

t-Veg

(FV

); Fu

ngi (

FU);

Leaf

y-Ve

g (L

V);

Roo

t (R

). D

ata

spre

adsh

eet a

vaila

ble

at: w

ww

.eth

nobo

tany

jour

nal.o

rg/v

ol6/

i154

7-34

65-0

6-06

3.xl

s

Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Act

inid

iace

aeA

ctin

idia

del

icio

sa (A

.Che

v.)

C.F

.Lia

ng &

A.R

.Fer

guso

n

kiw

iFS

10

11

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

Alli

acea

eA

llium

am

pelo

pras

um L

.P

orru

m G

roup

leek

LV1

11

01

00

00

00

01

00

00

0A

llium

cep

a L.

Agg

rega

tum

G

roup

shal

lot

R1

11

11

10

00

10

11

00

00

1

Cep

a G

roup

‘M

aui’

onio

n (b

ulbs

) - M

aui

R1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Cep

a G

roup

‘Red

’on

ion

(bul

bs) -

Red

R1

11

11

00

10

00

01

00

00

0C

epa

Gro

up

‘Sw

eet’

onio

n (b

ulbs

) -

Sw

eet

R1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Cep

a G

roup

‘Y

ello

w’

onio

n (b

ulbs

) - Y

ello

wR

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

1

Cep

a G

roup

‘W

hite

’on

ion

(bul

bs) -

Whi

teR

10

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Alli

um c

hine

nse

G. D

on f.

onio

n (b

ulbs

) -

rakk

yo/c

u ki

euR

00

01

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

Alli

um fi

stul

osum

L.

onio

n (le

aves

) -

gree

n/sp

ring

A1

11

11

10

10

00

10

01

00

1

Alli

um s

ativ

um L

.ga

rlic

R1

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

1A

llium

sch

oeno

pras

um L

.ch

ives

A1

00

01

00

00

00

01

00

00

0A

llium

tube

rosu

m

Rot

tler e

x. S

pren

glch

ives

- C

hine

se

A0

10

10

00

10

10

00

00

00

0

Am

aran

thac

eae

Am

aran

thus

tric

olor

L.

amar

anth

LV0

00

10

00

10

00

00

00

00

0S

pina

cia

oler

acea

L.

spin

ach

LV1

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0A

naca

rdia

ceae

Man

gife

ra in

dica

L.

man

go

FS1

11

10

10

01

00

00

01

01

0



Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Man

gife

ra in

dica

L.

‘Cha

mpa

igne

’m

ango

- C

ham

paig

neFS

00

00

01

00

00

00

00

01

01

gree

nm

ango

- gr

een

FS0

00

00

10

00

00

00

00

10

0‘M

akua

gia

nt’

man

go -

Mak

ua g

iant

FS0

00

00

10

00

00

00

00

10

0A

nnon

acea

eA

nnon

a m

uric

ata

L.so

urso

p FS

00

01

01

10

00

00

00

01

00

Api

acea

eA

neth

um g

rave

olen

sdi

ll le

aves

/fenn

elA

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Api

um g

rave

olen

s va

r. du

lce

(Mill

er) D

Cce

lery

LV1

11

11

10

10

10

01

00

00

1ce

lery

org

anic

LV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0C

ente

lla a

siat

ica

(L.)

Urb

anpe

nnyw

ort

LV0

00

01

00

00

00

11

00

00

0C

oria

ndru

m s

ativ

um L

.ci

lant

roA

11

11

10

00

00

11

10

00

00

Dau

cus

caro

ta L

.ca

rrot

R1

11

11

11

10

10

01

01

00

1or

gani

cca

rrot

- or

gani

cR

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Ery

ngiu

m fo

etid

um L

.th

orny

cor

iand

er

A0

00

11

00

00

01

10

00

00

0O

enan

the

java

nica

DC

chin

ese

cele

ry/

wat

er d

rop-

war

tLV

00

01

00

01

01

00

00

00

00

Osm

orhi

za lo

ngis

tylis

(Tor

r.) D

Csw

eet a

nise

A0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0P

astin

aca

sativ

a L.

pars

nip

R0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0P

etro

selin

um c

rispu

m L

.pa

rsle

yA

11

10

10

00

00

00

10

00

00

‘Ital

ian’

pars

ley

- Ita

lian

A0

11

01

00

00

00

01

00

00

0A

race

aeC

oloc

asia

esc

ulen

ta (L

.) S

chot

tta

ro -

corm

R0

01

11

11

10

00

01

11

00

1ta

ro -

leav

esLV

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Chi

nese

’ /

‘Bun

long

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ro -

corm

, C

hine

se/B

unlo

ng

R0

00

11

00

00

10

01

00

00

0

‘Pur

ple’

taro

- pe

tiole

, pur

ple

LV0

00

10

01

00

00

00

00

00

0C

oloc

asia

gig

ante

a (B

lum

e) H

ook.

f.ta

ro -

petio

le,

gian

t, gr

een

LV0

00

11

00

00

01

10

00

00

0



73

Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Are

cace

ae

Coc

os n

ucife

ra L

.co

conu

tFS

00

01

11

10

00

01

00

01

00

Asp

arag

acea

eA

spar

agus

offi

cina

lis L

.as

para

gas

LV1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

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gani

cas

para

gas

- org

anic

LV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘W

ailu

a’as

para

gas

- Wai

lua

LV0

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0A

ster

acea

eA

rctiu

m m

inus

(Hill

) Ber

nh.

burd

ock/

gobo

R1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0C

hrys

anth

emum

cor

onar

ium

L.

chry

sant

hem

um

gree

nsLV

00

01

10

01

00

01

00

00

00

Cic

horiu

m e

ndiv

ia L

.en

dive

LV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘B

elgi

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rgan

icen

dive

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an,

orga

nic

LV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

es

caro

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01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Cic

horiu

m in

tybu

s L.

orga

nic

radi

cchi

o - o

rgan

icLV

01

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Cic

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p.ch

icor

yLV

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Cyn

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scol

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L.

artic

hoke

FL0

10

00

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00

00

00

00

00

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ctuc

a sa

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L.‘B

utte

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ttuce

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11

00

10

00

00

00

10

00

00

‘Gre

en le

af’

lettu

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Gre

en le

afLV

11

10

10

00

00

00

10

00

00

‘Iceb

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lettu

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Iceb

erg

LV1

11

11

10

10

10

01

00

00

1‘M

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LV1

11

00

00

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00

00

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Red

leaf

LV1

11

01

10

00

00

01

00

00

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10

00

00

00

00

00

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00

0

‘Rom

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11

10

11

00

00

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gani

cLV

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Bra

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cab

bage

LV

11

11

11

01

00

00

10

00

01



Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Bra

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Cze

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ge

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00

00

10

00

00

01

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00

00

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LV0

11

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00

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00

00

00

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0ka

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11

00

00

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00

00

00

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00

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flow

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broc

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LV1

11

11

10

10

00

01

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00

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01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

caul

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11

11

10

01

00

00

10

00

00

Cap

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Gro

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bbag

e - g

reen

LV1

11

11

11

10

10

01

01

00

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, w

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mLV

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

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cabb

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/pur

ple

LV1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0ca

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LV0

10

00

00

00

00

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Gro

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01

00

00

00

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00

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11

11

11

11

00

00

10

00

11

Chi

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11

11

10

01

00

00

10

00

00

Pek

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LV1

11

11

10

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10

01

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00

00

00

00

00

00

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10

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00

00

00

00

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with

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00

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00

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11

11

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00

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10

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11

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01

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00

0



75

Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

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on n

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Mai

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tow

n

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C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

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M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

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11

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10

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10

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11

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00

00

10

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01

red

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R0

00

11

01

10

10

01

00

00

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11

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10

00

01

00

10

00

00

Citr

ullu

s la

natu

s (T

hunb

.) M

atsu

m &

Nak

aiw

ater

mel

onFS

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Cuc

umis

mel

o L.

mel

on -

hone

ydew

FS1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0



Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Cuc

umis

mel

o su

bsp.

mel

o L.

Ret

icul

atus

Gro

upm

elon

- ca

ntal

oupe

FS0

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0C

ucum

is s

ativ

us L

.cu

cum

ber

FV1

11

11

10

10

00

01

00

00

1‘E

nglis

h’cu

cum

ber -

Eng

lish

FV1

11

10

00

00

10

00

00

00

0‘J

apan

ese’

cucu

mbe

r - J

apan

ese

FV1

11

01

00

00

00

10

00

00

0C

ucur

bita

mos

chat

a D

uch.

Ex

Poi

r.B

utte

rnut

gour

d - B

utte

rnut

FV1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘F

ilipi

no’ /

‘P

apay

a S

wee

t’go

urd

- Fili

pino

/P

apay

a S

wee

tFV

00

01

01

10

00

00

00

10

01

‘Kab

ocha

’go

urd

- Kab

ocha

FV1

11

11

10

00

10

11

00

01

1C

ucur

bita

pep

o L.

pum

pkin

blo

ssom

sFL

00

01

01

10

00

00

01

00

00

‘Aco

rn’

gour

d - A

corn

FV

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Spa

ghet

ti’go

urd

- Spa

ghet

tiFV

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Yel

low

’go

urd

- yel

low

FV0

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘Y

ello

w’ o

rgan

icgo

urd

- yel

low

or

gani

cFV

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Cuc

urbi

ta p

epo

sbsp

. pep

o L.

‘Zuc

hini

’go

urd

- Zuc

hini

FV1

11

10

10

10

10

00

01

00

1La

gena

ria s

icer

aria

(M

ollin

a) s

tand

ley

go

urd

- bot

tle

gour

d/O

poFV

11

11

01

10

01

00

00

10

11

Luffa

acu

tang

ula

(L.)

Rox

b.

gour

d - r

idge

d FV

00

00

11

00

00

01

01

10

11

Luffa

aeg

yptia

ca M

iller

go

urd

- spo

nge

FV0

00

00

10

00

00

00

00

01

0M

omor

dica

cha

rant

ia L

.

bitte

r mel

on le

aves

LV1

00

10

11

00

00

00

00

01

1go

urd

- bitt

er m

elon

FV

01

01

11

00

01

00

11

10

11

smal

lgo

urd

- bitt

er

mel

on, s

mal

lFV

00

01

01

10

00

00

01

10

11

Sec

hium

edu

le (J

acq.

) sw

artz

ch

ayot

e - l

eave

sLV

00

01

01

10

00

00

00

10

00

gour

d - c

hayo

teFV

00

01

11

11

01

01

11

01

01

Dio

scor

eace

aeD

iosc

orea

sp.

R1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0ya

mR

11

10

10

00

00

00

10

00

00

‘Cho

p S

uey’

yam

- C

hop

Sue

yR

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00



77

Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Dio

scor

ea s

p.or

gani

cya

m -

orga

nic

R0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0ya

mai

mo/

yam

aya

m -

yam

aim

o/ya

ma

R1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Eric

acea

eVa

ccin

ium

sp.

L.

blue

berr

yFS

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Eup

horb

iace

aeM

anih

ot e

scul

enta

Cra

ntz

cass

ava

R0

00

01

00

00

00

01

00

00

0Fa

bace

aeA

rach

is h

ypog

aea

L.pe

anut

sFV

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Med

icag

o sa

tiva

L.al

falfa

spr

outs

LV0

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0P

hase

olus

vul

garis

L.

strin

g be

anFV

11

11

11

01

00

00

10

10

01

orga

nic

strin

g be

an -

orga

nic

FV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0P

isum

sat

ivum

Ser

.‘S

now

’ pe

a - s

now

FV

00

11

10

11

01

00

10

00

00

‘Sno

w’ o

rgan

icpe

a - s

now

, org

anic

FV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0P

isum

sat

ivum

var

. m

acro

carp

on S

er.

‘Sug

ar s

nap’

pea

- pod

ded,

su

gar s

nap

FV0

01

11

00

10

00

01

00

00

0

‘Sug

ar s

nap’

or

gani

cpe

a - s

ugar

sn

ap, o

rgan

icFV

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(R

oxb.

) Ben

thta

mar

ind

- Man

ila/

cam

achi

leFV

00

01

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

Pso

phoc

arpu

s te

trago

nolo

bus

(L.)

DC

.w

inge

d be

anFV

00

01

01

10

01

00

01

10

11

Pue

raria

mon

tana

var

. lob

ata

(Lou

r.) M

err.

var.

loba

ta (W

illd.

) M

aese

n &

S. A

lmei

da

kudz

uR

00

01

10

10

00

00

10

00

00

Ses

bani

a gr

andi

flora

(L.)

Per

s.

sesb

anFL

00

01

01

10

00

00

01

00

00

Tam

arin

dus

indi

ca L

.ta

mar

ind

FV0

00

10

01

01

00

00

00

00

0Tr

ifoliu

m s

p.cl

over

spr

outs

LV0

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0Vi

cia

faba

L.

fava

bea

nFV

00

01

00

00

01

00

00

00

00

Vign

a ra

diat

a (L

.) R

. Wilc

zek

mun

g be

an s

prou

tsLV

01

11

10

01

01

00

10

00

00



Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Vign

a un

guic

ulat

a (L

.) W

alp.

cow

pea

FV0

00

00

10

00

00

00

10

00

0Vi

gna

ungu

icul

ata

subs

p.

sequ

iped

alis

(L.)

Wal

p.

subs

p. (L

.) Ve

rdc.

yard

long

bea

n - l

eave

sLV

00

01

01

10

00

00

00

10

10

yard

long

bea

nsFV

11

11

01

10

01

00

01

10

11

Fung

iA

garic

us b

ispo

rus

(J.E

. Lan

ge) P

ilát

m

ushr

oom

- bu

tton

FU1

11

11

00

10

00

01

00

00

0or

gani

cm

ushr

oom

- bu

tton

orga

nic

FU0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

‘Por

tabe

lla’

orga

nic

mus

hroo

m -

porta

bella

org

anic

FU0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Lent

inus

edo

des

(Ber

k.) S

inge

r

mus

hroo

m -

shita

keFU

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

orga

nic

mus

hroo

m -

shita

ke o

rgan

icFU

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Ple

urot

us o

stre

atus

Frie

s

mus

hroo

m -

oyst

er

FU0

10

10

11

00

00

00

10

00

1‘H

amak

ua A

li`i’

mus

hroo

m -

oyst

er,

Ham

akua

Ali`

iFU

10

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Ham

akua

gre

y’m

ushr

oom

- oy

ster

, H

amak

ua g

rey

FU1

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Tric

holo

ma

sp.

m

ushr

oom

- sh

imej

iFU

10

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Irida

ceae

Ele

uthe

rine

suba

phyl

la G

agne

p.re

d ga

rlic

R0

00

10

01

00

00

00

00

00

0La

mia

ceae

Men

tha

aqua

tica

L.m

int -

wat

er

A1

00

11

00

00

01

10

00

00

0O

cim

um b

asili

cum

L.

basi

l - s

wee

tA

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Tha

i’ba

sil -

Thai

A1

10

11

00

10

01

10

00

00

0P

erill

a fru

ctes

cens

(L.)

Brit

ton.

peril

la/c

hiso

A1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0R

osm

arin

us o

ffici

nalis

L.

rose

mar

yA

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Laur

acea

eP

erse

a am

eric

ana

Mill

.

avac

ado

FV1

10

10

11

00

00

00

00

10

0‘H

ass’

avac

ado

- Has

sFV

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00



79

Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Per

sea

amer

ican

a M

ill.

loca

lav

acad

o - l

ocal

FV1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0M

alva

ceae

Abe

lmos

chus

esc

ulen

tus

(L.)

Moe

nch

okra

FV0

00

11

11

00

00

01

11

01

1

Cor

chor

us o

litor

ius

L.Je

w’s

mal

low

/To

ssa

Jute

LV0

00

10

11

00

00

00

01

00

0

Mor

acea

eA

rtoca

rpus

cam

ansi

Bla

nco

brea

dfru

it - s

eede

d/ka

man

siFV

00

01

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

Arto

carp

us h

eter

ophy

llus

Lam

.ja

ck fr

uit

FS0

00

10

01

01

00

00

00

00

0M

orin

gace

aeM

orin

ga o

leife

ra L

am.

mor

inga

- le

aves

LV0

00

00

10

00

00

00

01

01

0m

orin

ga -

pods

FV0

00

00

10

00

00

00

10

01

0M

usac

eae

Mus

a x

para

disi

aca

L.ba

nana

blo

ssom

FL0

00

10

01

00

00

00

00

00

0an

gled

bana

na -

angl

edFS

00

01

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

‘App

le’

bana

na -

appl

eFS

11

00

11

00

00

00

10

01

00

larg

e ye

llow

bana

na -

larg

e ye

llow

FS1

11

11

01

01

00

01

00

00

0‘P

lant

ain’

bana

na -

plan

tain

FS0

01

01

00

00

00

01

00

00

0M

yrta

ceae

P

sidi

um g

uaja

va L

.gr

een

guav

a - g

reen

FS0

00

10

11

00

00

00

00

10

0N

elum

bona

ceae

Nel

umbo

nuc

ifera

Gae

rtner

lotu

s ro

otR

10

11

10

10

01

00

10

00

00

lotu

s sh

oots

LV0

00

10

01

00

00

00

00

00

0P

oace

aeC

ymbo

pogo

n ci

tratu

s (D

C.)

Sta

pfle

mon

gra

ssA

10

11

10

01

01

11

10

00

00

cf. D

endr

ocal

amus

asp

er (S

chul

t. &

Sch

ult.

f.) B

acke

r ex

K. H

eyne

bam

boo

shoo

tsLV

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Zea

may

s L.

corn

FV1

10

10

00

00

10

00

00

00

0



Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Pol

ygon

acea

eP

ersi

caria

odo

rata

(Lou

r.) S

oják

fragr

ant k

notw

eed/

Viet

nam

ese

min

tA

00

01

00

00

00

10

00

00

00

Ros

acea

eFr

agar

ia s

p.st

raw

berr

y FS

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Cal

iforn

ia’

stra

wbe

rry

- C

alifo

rnia

FS1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Mal

us d

omes

tica

Bor

kh.

‘Aom

ori J

apan

’ / ‘

Fuji’

appl

e - A

omor

i Ja

pan/

Fuji

FS0

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

‘Bra

ebur

n’ap

ple

- Bra

ebur

nFS

01

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Fuj

i’ap

ple

- Fuj

iFS

11

11

10

00

10

00

10

00

00

‘Fuj

i’ or

gani

cap

ple

- Fuj

i org

anic

FS0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘G

ala’

appl

e - G

ala

FS1

11

10

01

00

00

00

00

00

0‘G

olde

n D

elic

ious

’ap

ple

- Gol

den

Del

icio

usFS

11

11

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

‘Gol

den

Del

icio

us’

orga

nic

appl

e - G

olde

n D

elic

ious

org

anic

FS0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

‘Gra

nny

Sm

ith’

appl

e - G

rann

y S

mith

FS1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘G

reen

Cel

lo’

appl

e - G

reen

Cel

loFS

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Pac

ific

Ros

e’ap

ple

- Pac

ific

Ros

eFS

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Red

Cel

lo’

appl

e - R

ed C

ello

FS1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘R

ed D

elic

ious

’ap

ple

- Red

Del

icio

usFS

01

11

10

10

10

00

10

00

00

Pru

nus

arm

enia

ca L

.

apric

otFS

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Pru

nus

dom

estic

a L.

blac

kpl

um -

blac

kFS

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

red

plum

- re

dFS

01

11

00

00

10

00

00

00

00

Pru

nus

pers

ica

(L.)

Bat

sch

yello

wpe

ach

- yel

low

FS1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0w

hite

/ ‘Y

a’pe

ach

- whi

te/y

aFS

11

11

10

00

10

00

10

00

00

Pru

nus

pers

ica

(L.)

Bat

sch

var

. nu

cipe

rsic

a C

. Sch

neid

erne

ctar

ines

FS1

01

10

00

01

00

00

00

00

0‘W

hite

’ne

ctar

ines

- w

hite

FS0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0P

runu

s co

mm

unis

L.

pl

uot

FS0

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0



81

Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Pyr

us c

omm

unis

L.

‘Bar

tlett’

pear

- B

artle

ttFS

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Bos

c’pe

ar -

Bos

cFS

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘D’A

njou

’pe

ar -

D’A

njou

FS1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘C

omic

e’pe

ar -

Com

ice

FS1

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘F

orel

le’

pear

- Fo

relle

FS0

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘R

ed’

pear

- R

edFS

01

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Sec

kel’

pear

- S

ecke

lFS

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Pyr

us p

yrifo

lia (B

urm

.) f.

Nak

ai‘K

orea

n’pe

ar -

Kor

ean

FS1

00

11

01

01

00

01

00

00

0‘K

orea

n S

ingo

’pe

ar -

Kor

ean

Sin

goFS

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Rub

us id

aeus

L.

rasp

berr

yFS

01

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Rub

us s

p.bl

ackb

erry

FS0

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0R

ubia

ceae

C

itrof

ortu

nella

mic

roca

rpa

(Bun

ge) W

ijnan

dska

lam

ansi

FS0

00

11

01

00

00

10

00

00

0

Rut

acea

e

Citr

us h

ystri

x D

C.

kaffi

r lim

e le

afA

00

01

00

00

01

00

00

00

00

Citr

us m

axim

a (B

urm

.) M

err.

pom

elo

FS0

01

10

11

00

00

00

00

10

0C

itrus

par

adis

i Mac

fad.

‘Cal

iforn

ia R

ed’

grap

efru

it -

Cal

iforn

ia R

edFS

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

orga

nic

grap

efru

it - o

rgan

icFS

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Rub

y’gr

apef

ruit

- Rub

yFS

10

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Tex

as’

grap

efru

it - T

exas

FS1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0C

itrus

retic

ulat

a B

lanc

o‘C

alifo

rnia

’ta

nger

ine

- Cal

iforn

iaFS

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Cle

men

tines

’ta

nger

ine

- cl

emen

tines

FS1

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

‘Hon

ey’ /

loca

lta

nger

ine

- ho

ney/

loca

lFS

11

11

11

10

00

00

10

01

01

‘Tan

gelo

’/ ‘M

ineo

la’

tang

elo

- min

eola

FS0

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0



Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Citr

us s

inen

sis

(L.)

Osb

eck

‘Car

a C

ara’

oran

ge -

Car

a C

ara

FS0

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘K

ona’

oran

ge -

Kon

aFS

01

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘loca

l’or

ange

- lo

cal

FS1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘N

aval

’or

ange

- na

val

FS1

11

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘S

wee

t’or

ange

- sw

eet

FS0

10

11

00

01

00

01

00

00

0‘S

wee

t’ or

gani

cor

ange

- sw

eet-

orga

nic

FS0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Citr

us X

aur

antii

folia

(C

hris

tm.)

Sw

ingl

elim

eFS

11

11

10

01

01

01

10

00

00

Citr

us X

lim

on (L

.) O

sb.

lem

onFS

11

11

11

01

11

01

11

00

01

Sap

inda

ceae

D

imoc

arpu

s lo

ngan

Lou

r.lo

ngan

FS

00

01

00

10

10

00

00

00

00

Nep

heliu

m la

ppac

eum

L.

ra

mbu

tan

FS0

00

10

00

01

00

00

00

00

0S

apot

acea

e

Chr

ysop

hyllu

m c

aini

to L

.gr

een

star

app

le -

gree

nFS

00

00

01

00

00

00

00

01

00

purp

lest

ar a

pple

- pu

rple

FS0

00

10

11

00

00

00

00

10

0M

anilk

ara

zapo

ta (L

.) P.

Roy

en

sapo

tillo

FS0

00

11

01

00

00

10

00

00

0P

oute

ria c

ampe

chia

na

(Kun

th) B

aehn

i

egg

fruit/

cani

stel

FS0

00

00

10

00

00

00

00

10

0

Sau

rura

ceae

H

outtu

ynia

cor

data

Thu

nb.

lizar

d’s

tail

herb

A0

00

11

00

00

01

10

00

00

0S

crop

hula

riace

ae

Lim

noph

ila c

hine

nsis

sub

sp.

arom

atic

a (L

am.)

Yam

azak

iric

e pa

ddy

herb

A0

00

10

00

00

01

00

00

00

0

Sol

anac

eae

Cap

sicu

m a

nnuu

m

var.

annu

um L

.‘A

nahe

im’

pepp

er (p

unge

nt)

- Ana

heim

FV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

‘Fre

sno’

pepp

er (p

unge

nt)

- Fre

sno

FV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0



83

Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

C

apsi

cum

ann

uum

va

r. an

nuum

L.

gree

npe

pper

(pun

gent

) - g

reen

FV0

10

11

10

10

00

10

10

00

0

Gro

ssum

G

roup

gre

enpe

pper

(sw

eet)

- gre

enFV

11

11

11

01

01

00

10

00

01

Gro

ssum

Gro

up

gree

n, o

rgan

icpe

pper

(sw

eet)

- gr

een

orga

nic

FV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Gro

ssum

Gro

up

oran

gepe

pper

(sw

eet)

- ora

nge

FV1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Gro

ssum

G

roup

red

pepp

er (s

wee

t) - r

edFV

11

11

11

01

01

00

10

00

01

Gro

ssum

G

roup

yel

low

pepp

er (s

wee

t) - y

ello

wFV

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Hab

ener

o’pe

pper

(pun

gent

) - H

aben

ero

FV0

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

‘Haw

aiia

n’pe

pper

(pun

gent

) - H

awai

ian

FV1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

‘Indi

an S

uvw

ala’

pepp

er (p

unge

nt)

- Ind

ian

Suvw

ala

FV0

00

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

1

‘Jal

apeñ

o’ g

reen

pe

pper

(pun

gent

) - g

reen

Jal

apeñ

oFV

00

01

10

01

00

00

10

00

00

‘Jal

apeñ

o’ re

dpe

pper

(pun

gent

) - r

ed J

alap

eño

FV0

00

11

00

10

00

01

00

00

0

‘Pas

silla

’pe

pper

(pun

gent

) - P

assi

llaFV

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

pung

ent c

var

grou

pspe

pper

(pun

gent

) - l

eave

sLV

00

00

01

00

00

00

00

00

01

‘Ser

rano

’pe

pper

(pun

gent

) - S

erra

noFV

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

smal

l red

pepp

er (p

unge

nt)

- sm

all r

edFV

00

01

11

11

01

11

11

00

00

yello

wpe

pper

(pun

gent

) - y

ello

wFV

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00



Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Lyco

pers

icon

esc

ulen

tum

Mill

er

tom

ato

- red

FV1

11

11

11

10

10

11

11

01

1‘C

herr

y’to

mat

o - c

herr

yFV

00

01

10

10

01

00

10

00

00

‘Clu

ster

’ / ‘V

ine’

tom

ato

- Clu

ster

/Vin

eFV

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Gra

pe’

tom

ato

- Gra

peFV

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Ham

akua

’to

mat

o - H

amak

uaFV

00

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Hyd

ro’

tom

ato

- Hyd

roFV

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Kam

uela

’to

mat

o - K

amue

laFV

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

loca

lto

mat

o - l

ocal

FV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘R

oma’

tom

ato

- Rom

aFV

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Rom

anita

’to

mat

o - R

oman

itaFV

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Tom

atill

o’ o

rgan

icto

mat

illo

- org

anic

FV0

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘Y

ello

w C

herr

y’to

mat

o - Y

ello

w

Che

rry

FV1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Sol

anum

mel

onge

na L

.gr

een,

roun

d,

Filip

ino

eggp

lant

- gr

een,

ro

und,

Fili

pino

FV0

00

10

11

00

00

00

00

01

1

purp

le, b

ig, r

ound

eggp

lant

- pu

rple

, bi

g, ro

und

FV1

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

purp

le, l

ong

eggp

lant

- pu

rple

, lon

g FV

11

11

11

11

01

00

11

10

11

purp

le, l

ong,

thin

eggp

lant

- pu

rple

, lo

ng, t

hin

FV0

00

10

11

00

00

00

11

01

0

purp

le, r

ound

, or

gani

ceg

gpla

nt -

purp

le,

roun

d, o

rgan

icFV

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Sol

anum

torv

um S

war

tzw

hite

/gre

en, ‘

Thai

’eg

gpla

nt -

whi

te/

gree

n,Th

aiFV

01

01

11

10

00

01

00

10

01

Sol

anum

tube

rosu

m L

.po

tato

- w

hite

R

11

01

10

01

01

00

10

00

00

‘Aria

mo’

pota

to -

Aria

mo

R1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘G

old’

/ ‘Y

ello

w’

pota

to -

Gol

d/Ye

llow

R1

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0‘R

ed’

pota

to -

red

R1

10

01

10

00

00

01

00

00

1‘O

kina

wan

Whi

te’

pota

to -

Oki

naw

an

Whi

teR

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00



85

Fam

ily (G

roup

)M

ain

mar

ket a

reas

Sepa

rate

Chi

nato

wn

vend

ors

Spec

ies

Cul

tivar

/gro

up/

char

acte

rC

omm

on n

ame

Mai

nstre

amC

hina

tow

n

C1-P

C1-Y

C1-5

C1-M

C1-H

C2-L

C2-G

C3-C

C3-I

C3-S

C3-R

C3-7

M1

M2

M3

C1

C2

C3

Sol

anum

tube

rosu

m L

.‘R

usse

t’po

tato

- R

usse

tR

11

10

11

00

00

00

10

00

01

Vita

ceae

Vi

tis v

inife

ra L

.‘B

lack

See

dles

s’gr

apes

- B

lack

S

eedl

ess

FS0

11

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

‘Gre

en S

eedl

ess’

grap

es -

Gre

en

See

dles

sFS

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Red

Glo

be’

grap

es -

Red

Glo

beFS

10

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

‘Red

See

dles

s’gr

apes

- R

ed

See

dles

sFS

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Zing

iber

acea

eZi

ngib

er o

ffici

nale

Ros

coe

gi

nger

R1

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

01

1gi

nger

bud

FL1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

vegetation analysis of urban ethnic markets shows ......the chinatown market and its surrounding...

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